THE RENAISSANCE

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING

Q1.Where did Renaissanse begin?

Ans:The Renaissanse began in Rome in Italy.

Q2.What are the two features of the Renaissanse?

Ans:Humanism and Rationalism are the two features of Renaissanse

period.

Q3.How did the Printing Press inspire the Renaissanse?

Ans:The printing press brought about revolutionary changes in the field of

knowledge . With the help of printing machine about 24,000 prints of a book

in a year.

Q4.What is the modern name of Constantinople?

Ans:Istanbul is the harbour city of modern day Turkey.It was earlier called

Constantinople,and even before that Byzantium.

Q5.Who are the three famous writers of Renaissanse period?

Ans:Petranch,Dante and Boccacio are the three important writers of

Renaissanse period.

Q6.Who wrote the book Decameron?

Ans:The Decameron was written by Boccacio, an expert storyteller.

Q7. Who is William Shakespeare ?

Ans :William Shakespeare is a great dramatist who has written many plays.

Julius Ceasar ,Romeo and Juliet ,King Lear ,Macbeth are some of the

famous plays by Shakespeare .

Q8.Where is St.Peter‟s church?

Ans:St.Peter‟s church is in Rome and the exquisite renaissance

architecture can be seen here.

Q9.Who are the famous artists of the renaissance period?

Ans:The well known artists of the renaissance period are

a)Leonardo-da-vinci who painted Monalisa and The last supper.

b)Michael Angelo who was also a sculptor.

Q10.Name the two well known scientists of the renaissance period?

Ans:Copernicus of Poland and the Italian astronomer Galileo Galileo are

the two great scientists of the renaissance.

Religious reformation

I.Answer the following in one or two sentences each:

Q1.What is „Sale of Indulgences‟?

1:Pope Leo X needed money to reconstruct St.Peter‟s church in Rome.To

this end the belief that all those who brought sale of indulgences would be

freed of the sin and go to heaven was cultivated.

Q2.Who is Martin Luther?

2.Martin Luther was the leader who led religious reformation movement in

Germany.

Q3.Who are Protestants?

3.Christianity was split into Catholics and Protestants.Martin Luther‟s

followers or those who protested against the church were called as

protestants.

Q4.What is „Counter Reformation‟?

4.The reformation brought about within the Roman Catholic church is called

as counter reformation.

Q5.Who established „Jesus Association‟?

5.Ignatious Loyola established „Jesus Association‟.

II.Discuss:

What is the role of Martin Luther in the religious reformation

movement?

Ans: Martin Luther a priest at St.Augustine church translated the Bible into

German . He wrote 95 statements against the sale of Indulgences .Luther

enjoyed the support of the Kings and therefore could not be punished by

the pope .Luther‟s followers were called as protestants a new sect in

Christianity.

Geographical discoveries

I.Answer the following in one word or sentences each:

Q1.Who is Macro polo?

1.Marco Polo ,a European merchant had visited China and India by land

and had given a vivid description of the fabulous wealth and prosperity of

these countries to his countrymen.

Q2.Who referred to the southern tip of Africa as „Cape of Storm‟?

2.King John II named the southern tip of Africa „Cape of good hope‟.

Q3.What name did Columbus give to the natives of America?

3.Christopher Colombus called the natives of America as Red Indians.

Q4.Which was the ship that first circumnavigated the earth?

4.Victoria under the captainship of „Sebastian Delcano‟ was the first ship

that circumnavigated the globe .

Q5.Which sailor‟s voyage proved that the earth was round?

5.Ferdinand Megallan was the first to circumnavigated the world.

ACTIVITY IN THE CLASSOOM

Discuss:

Q1. Discuss with your friends the effects of geographical discoveries.

Ans:The geographical discoveries had a strong influence on not just

European civilization but also the people and culture of Asia ,Africa and

America.

*Expansion of trade:- The Europeans converted the newly discovered lands

into their commercial colonies .As a result global trade expanded widely.

*Slave Trade:- The Europeans made the natives of west indies

,mexico,peru and brazil their slaves Gradually they started selling slaves

like goods. This slave trade became inhuman over a period of time.

*Christian missionaries:-The Christian missionaries actively engaged in

converting the natives of the newly found lands into Christianity Thus the

missionaries indirectly helped in expansion of colonialism.

*Political effect :- competition arose among the European countries for the

control of colonies and the wealth. The European countries established

their colonies in the continents of Asia,Africa and America.

THE ADVENT OF THE EUROPEANS TO INDIA.

I.Answer the following in one or two sentences each:

Q1.Who were the Europeans to sail first to India for trade?

1.The Portuguese were the first Europeans to come to India for trade.

Q2.Which were the trade centres of the Portuguese in india?

2.Diu ,Daman,Salsette ,Bassein ,Chaul ,Mumbai,San Thome and Hoogly of

Bengal were the trading centres of Portuguese .Only Goa ,Diu and Daman

remained with the Portuguese till the end.

Q3.Which was the British trade organization to come India?

3.The British East India Company with the permission of Queen Elizabeth

began their trade in India.

Q4.What is meant by „Dastak‟?

4.The British merchants obtained the permission from the weak mughul

ruler to carry on trade w ithout paying taxes in Bengal province and Surat

.This practice was called as „Dastaks‟.

INDIA IN THE 18th CENTURY

I.Answer the following in one or two sentences .

Q1.Which century is called „The Era of Maratha Supremacy‟ by historians?

1.During the 18th century under the leadership of the peshwas,the

Marathas emerged as a strong political,military power of India.this period is

known as the era of Maratha supremacy.

Q2.Between whom did the third Battle of Panipat take place?

2.The Marathas and The afghan invader ahmed shah abdali fought the

third battle of panipat.

Q3.Who finally won the Carnatic wars?

3.The british finally won the third carnatic war.

Q4.Between whom did the Battle of Plassey take place?

4.The battle of Plassey took place between Mir Jafar, the nawab of Bengal

and the English.

II.Answer the following in two or three sentences each:

Q1.Mention the achievements of Peshwa Baji Rao I?

1.The most important achievement of Baji Rao I was marching with his

army to north India and attacking Delhi. He came to be hailed as „Shivagi

II‟. He declared that his goal was establishing a Hindu empire.

Q2.What were the causes for the Battle of Plassey?

2.Nawab Siraj was a very young man, the British ignored him, and without

obtaining his permission, they strengthened the Fort at Port William.

Besides, they abused the tax concessions on business. The Nawab

concluded that the British had flouted his rules and were plotting with his

enemies against him.Enraged, he took control of the British warehouses.

This later led to the Battle of Plassey.

Q3.Why is the Battle of Plassey significant?

3.The battle of Plassey paved the way for the battle of Buxar. The English

who had come as merchants, suddenly gained the authority to carry on

administration over the land. The victory at Plassey led to the

establishment of the British empire in India.

INDIA TOWARDS SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Q1.What are illiteracy?

Ans: Persons who cannot read or write any of the languages is called to be

an Illiterate . This is called illiteracy .

Q2. What is untouchability ?

Ans: Certain groups of people belonging to the lower strataof the society

are treated as untouchables and outcastes by society based on caste

system.This practice is called as untouchability.

Q3.When did Anti-Dowry Act come into effect?

Ans: The Anti-Dowry Act was passed by our Government in 1961.

Q4. Give one reason for domestic violence?

Ans: Domestic violence can be because of Alcoholic addictions. It can also

be seen because of the unsatisfied in-laws who torture the daughter-in-law

for money, gold or any other property.

Q5.What is Corruption?

Ans: When people in power unlawfully take bribes or misuse their power

for personal welfare is termed as corruption.

Q6.When did Anti-corruption Act come into effect?

Ans: The Anti-corruption Act came into force in 1961.

Q7.What is poverty?

Ans: Poverty is a state when people are not able to satisfy their basic

needs like food ,shelter ,pure drinking water, education and health.

II. Answer the following.

Q1. Make a list of economic problems faced by India?

Ans:The problems faced by India are :-

a)small scale industries began to deteriorate.

b)poverty

c)economic inequality

Q2.Untouchability is a social evil? Justify.

Ans:A certain group of people are treated as untouchables and outcaste by

society based on caste system. This is a social evil because this group was

not given certain basic facilities like education, medical help, respect and

were considered low .they were not allowed to mix in society and were

made to live away from society in unhygienic conditions.

Q3.What are the measures taken by the government for the eradication of

illiteracy ?

Ans: The measures taken by the government for the eradication of illiteracy

are:-

a) Education is made free and compulsory for children of age 6-14

years of age.

b) In order to attract children to school the central and state

governments are jointly distributing free textbooks ,midday meals

,uniforms ,milk ,bicycles etc.

Q4. What measures do you take to remove illiteracy?

Ans: I can remove illiteracy by striving hard for its total success and see

that these measures are implemented properly under the Right to

education Act.

Q5.What are the causes for population growth?

Ans: Causes for the population growth are :-

a) Early marriages

b) Lack of interest in implementing family planning measures.

c) illiteracy , lack of awareness and lack of knowledge.

Q6. Explain the effects of population growth?

Ans:The bad effects on population growth are :-

a)pressure on agricultural lands .

b)Illiteracy rate

c)problems of unemployment

d)slow economic growth .etc.

Q7.What are your views on the practice of dowry ?

Ans:The practice of dowry is a social evil, it lowers the status of women, it

causes gender inequality, torture to the extent of killing of women. This

practice must be strongly opposed and ended.

Q8. Make a list of the functions of the Lokpal?

Ans:Prevention of corruption is the major task of the lokpal.The institutions

Which collect public funds ,foreign agencies collecting funds etc . will come

under the Lokpal.

Q9.What measures do you suggest to remove corruption ?

Ans:The measures taken to remove corruption are:-

a)The RTE Act has been enforced to bring about transparency in

administration

b)The Lokayuktas has to check corruption

c) Sakaal Scheme brought into action to avoid delays in the government

offices

Q10.What are remedial measures taken for poverty eradication?

Ans:The remedial measures taken to eradicate poverty are ;

a)The tiller of the land became the owner of the land.

b)Implementation of the comprehensive rural development programme.

c)Creating employment opportunities under the Grain of labour scheme.

d)To Confiscate the black money amassed by rich people.

NORTH AMERICA – THE LAND OF PRARIES

I. Answer the following

1)Why is North America called „land of praries‟?

Ans:The great and central plains consists of vast expanse i.e.3/5 of the

total area of North America of flat to gently rolling land .Therefore the

central plains are also referred to as the great plains of the praries.

2)Mention the location and extent of north America ?

Ans:North America lies completely in the Northen Hemisphere.It is

surrounded by the Atlantic in east,Pacific ocean in the west,Artic ocean in

the north.It lies within the 7 degree north to 84 degree north latitudes.The

tropic of cancer andArtic circle pass to the south and north of the

continent.It is the third largest continent in the world.It is separated from

asia by the Berring Stairt and it is linked to south America by the Isthmus of

panama.

3)Make a listof important countries of north America?

Ans: the important countries of north America are :-

Canada, Mexico ,Guatemala, west indies ,the Bahamas,etc.

In all it has 24 countries.

4)How are the grand canyons of North America formed?

Ans:Colorado is intermountain plateau and river Colorado has cut the

plateau forming the grand canyon.it attracts tourists.

5)Name the important plants and animals of North America?

Ans:In the tundra region the only vegetation is moses and lichens grow

because of short summers.the animals found here are reindeer caribou,

polar bear,and artic foxes.

In the coniferous forest evergreen trees like pine,spruce ,lurchetc are

found.Fur bearing animals like lynx,sable,and silver fox etc.

In the decidous forest trees like Cyprus,oak,ash and chestnut grow.the

animals found are beaver,Black bear ,bear,musk rat and porcupine.

Q6)Make a list of important rivers of North America?

Ans: The important rivers of North America are the Missisipi and Missouri.

The other rivers are ohio ,tennesse,Arkansas,rio grande Yukon ,red

,Colorado ,Colombia,peace,snake, ST.lawrence etc.

Q7)Who is called as lumberjacks of North America.?

Ans: The lumbering is a highly organized job in North America.people

engaged in lumbering in Canada are known as lumberjacks.

Q8)Mention the important races and their languages formed in north

America?

Ans:Most of North Americans are descendents of Europeans of American

Indians and Africans and are some native or indegnious people,mostof

them speak Spanish ,English ,French ,or American Indian languages.

CONSUMER EDUCATION

I. Answer the following

Q1)Who is called a consumer ?

Ans:A consumer is a person who consumes the goods produced by the

producer.The word consumer or user was used by the government in the

Consumer Protection Act.

Q2)What is the main aim of the consumer movement?

Ans:The objective of the Consumer movement is that every citizen should

attempt to obtain quality goods and services in the market .

Q3)What is the right of every consumer ?

Ans:It is the duty of the merchants to provide quality goods and services for

the price paid by the consumer .This is the right of consumer

Q4)When did the consumer protection Act come into force?

Ans:The consumer protection Act came into force in the year 1986.

Q5)Who appoints the President of the District Consumer Bench?

Ans:the deputy commissioner of the district is the presidentof the district

consumer court.

II.Answer the following in two or three sentences each.

Q1)What are the problems faced by the consumer ?

Ans:The problems faced by the consumers are :

Adulteration is the major problem that the consumer is facing.

Deceiving by the retailer in the case of weights.

The quality of the goods must be maintained.

A consumer must be assured that he gets the best of the products,at a

reasonable price ,before the time of expiry of the commodity.

Q2)What are the causes for consumer exploitation ?

Ans:The middle men interfered in the direct contact between the producer

and the consumer thus leading to the new marketing methods.

Price fixation was done by the middlemen

Therefore the producers could not understand the difficulties of the

consumers.

Q3)Mention the 4 important aims oof consumer protection Act?

Ans:consumer protection Act of 1986

1)The Act accords importance for safety and quality.

2)Avoid sale of dangerous goods

3)prevention of malpractices in the market.

4)Supervision on quality ,weights,measures and prices.

5)Compensating the consumers in case of any problem.

Q4)What are the major functions of the consumer protection council?

Ans:The important function of the consumer protection council is to advise

and instruct the governments on measures to be taken to create the

consumer awareness.

Q5)Mention the three stages of the consumer courts?

Ans:The three stages of the consumer courts are :-

1)District forum (District consumer disputes redressal forum

2)State commission (State consumer Disputes redressal commission )

3)National commission (National Consumer disputes redressal

commission)

Q6)What are the particulars to be written in the complaint to be filled with

the consumer?

Ans:1) The complainer must mention the telephone number and the

address in detail.

2)The name of the trader must be mentioned against whom the case is

filed.

3)Defect of the goods or services and the loss has to be mentioned

4)Providing the written evidence,receipts,any document has to be

produced.

5)The compensation desired for the loss incurred has to be mentioned.

II.Fill in the blanks.

1)The other name of the consumer is USER.

2)Person giving goods or services for money is called Trader.

3)The consumer day is celebrated on the 15th march every year.

4)In the case of compensation exceeding 5 lakhs the complaint has to be

submitted to the State commission.

UNITED NATIONS ORGANISATION

I.Answer the following in a word or two

Q1)When did the United nations organization start?

Ans:United nation organization took birth on 24th october 1945

Q2)Who were responsible for the establishment of the UN?

Ans:Under the leadership of US president Roosevelt,British Prime Minister

Churchill and the Russian dictator Stalin UNO was established for the

permanent peace in the world.

Q3)Which is called as the parliament of the UNO?

Ans: The General assembly functions like our parliament.

Q4)Who are the permanent members of the security council?

Ans:United states ,Russia, britian France and China are the permanent

members of the united nations organization.

Q5)Name two great Indians who rendered services to the UN?

Ans:Vijaylaxmi pandit was the first woman Chairperson of th UNO.

Justice Benegal Narasingha Rao was the judgeof the international court of

justice.

Q6)Mention one reason for declaration of UN Charter of Human rights?

Ans:During the second world war Hitler treated lakhs of prisoners in the

most inhuman way. His barbaric conduct strongly revived the human rights

movement.

Therefore UN adopted a declaration known as “UN charter of human

rights”.

II.Answer the following in two or three sentences

Q1)What are the basic aims of the United nations organization?

Ans:-The basic aims of the UN are to

>Maintain International peace and security .

>Develop friendly relations on the basis of equality among all the nations of

the world.

>Achieve international co-operation or solving problems relating to

economic ,social and cultural matters and humanitarian character and

finding solutions to various world problems.

>promote respect over the human rights

>Function as a conducive centre to achieve its aims.

Q2)Explain the functions of the UN Security council ?

Ans:In accordance with the general assembly

decisions advising the member nations and

maintainance of international peace and security are its major functions.

Q3)Make a list of four achievements of the united Nations organization?

Ans:The achievements of the united nations organization are

1)Establishment of peace: it has successfully prevented another world war.

Ban on use of the nuclear weapons after 1945 is the greatest achievement

of the UN

2)Universal declarations of human rights: 10,dec 1948.

3)UN has helped many nations to secure independence.

4)Social contribution: It has provided aid to millions of refugees in the

world.

Q4)Name the specialized agencies of the UN ?

Ans:The specialized agencies of the UN are:-

UNESCO:-united nations educational ,scientific and cultural organization

FAO:-Food and agricultural organization.

WHO:-World health organization

UNICEF:-United nations international children emergency fund.

Q5)What is Veto?

Ans:The approval of the nine member nations is necessary for any decision

taken in the security council .No decision could be approved if any one

among the permanent members opposes it .The power of the permanent

member nation to oppose a decision is called as veto.

Q6)Mention the two demerits of the UN?

Ans:The two demerits of the UN are:-

The attitude of the UN as the world leader has threatened the multicultural

pattern of life in the world.

UN has no military force of its own.

II. Fill in the blanks .

1)The head office of the UN is situated in Newyork.

2)Maintenance of international peace and security is the main

function of the security council of the UN.

3)Total members of the UN security council is 15 members.

4)The international court of justice is situated at Hague in the

Netherlands

THE GROWTH OF THE BRITISH SUPREMACY (1758-1856)

I. Answer the following

Q1)Between whom was the battle of buxar fought ?

Ans:Mir Qasim formed a military alliance with the nawab of Audh and

the moghul king.The British fought with this alliance at Buxar and

defeated them.

Q2)What is meant by Diwani right?

Ans:Diwani rights means the right to collect land taxes in the provinces

of Bengal,Bihar and Orrisa.

Q3)Who is Ranjit Singh?

Ans:Ranjit Singh the King of Lahore(Punjab) was the leader of one

missal.

Q4)Who brought into force the „Doctrine of Subsidary Alliance‟?

Ans:Lord Wellesly brought into force the policy of Subsidary Alliance.

II.Answer the following in two or three sentences.

Q1)How did the british obtain Diwani rights?What were its effects?

Ans:Clive was sent by the British government to India as the governor.

He entered into an agreement with Shah Alam II(1965) The company

had to pay the Moghul King 26 lakh rupees. In return the British obtained

the right to collect the land taxes in Bengal,Bihar and Orrisa.

The effects were as follows:-

The East India Company acquired official sovereignin Bengal.

It also gained freedom in the matters of levying and collecting taxes.

As a result Bengal was subjected to economic exploitation.

The company collected millions of rupees as land tax.

Q2)What are the effects of Subsidary Alliance?

Ans:The massive burden of the military expenses weakened the

financial position of the kingdoms.

The british took large areas of land under their control .

The kings who agreed to this system came directly under the control of

the British control.

The state agreeing to this system lost their sovereignty.

Q3)Why was the Doctrine of Lapse policy unjust?

Ans:The governor General Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856) brought into

force the Doctrine of lapse policy.Any Indian King who did not have a

heir to the throne lost the kingdom to the british. Adopted children were

not accepted as the successors, This was a very peculiar and unjust

policy and was against the traditions of ancient India. By 1856 two thirds

of the Indian subcontinent was under the British rule.

THE CONSEQUENCES OF BRITISH RULE

I.Answer the following in a word or two.

Q1)Expand ICS?

Ans:ICS :-Indian civil service.

Q2)Mention any one duty of the British Military force?

Ans:The main objective of the Military force was to attack and occupy

various smaller kingdoms in India.

Q3)For what purposes did the british use the police force?

Ans:The British used the police force to subjugate the Indians.

Q4)What is meant by peasantary system?

Ans:The direct relationship between the tiller and the government without

the involvement of the middlemen is called as the peasantary system.

Q5)Which were the universities established in 1857?

Ans:Universities at Bombay,Madras and Calcutta were established in 1857.

II.Answer the following in two or three sentences each.

Q1)What were the effects of the permanent land tax system?

Ans:Effects on the farmers of the permanent land tax system:-

1.The farmers had to pay the dues even when the crops were completely

ruined

2.The agricultural sector suffered severely

3.The mighty landlords forced the farmers to grow commercial crops that

were necessary for their industries.

4.Due to this bonded labour system grew.

Q2)What were the results of the western education?

Ans:1.The traditional system of education slowly followed the path of

decline.

2.Indians were able to converse with each other in English which inspired

the feeling of nationalism among the people.

3.It had a lot of serious effect on the Indian literature and led to literary

revolutions.

4.Many sections gained social awareness.

5.Gradually the materialistic thinking entered the Indian society and had far

reaching consequences.

Q3)What were the legal measures brought into force by the british for the

social reform?

Ans: 1.The british government legally declared infanticide as „murder‟

2. In the year 1829 Lord William bentick declared the practice of sati as

the legal offence and brought the Abolition of sati into force.

3.Due to the efforts of Eshwar Chandra vidyasagar the act providing for

widow remarriage was implemented in the year 1856.

4.The age of consent act in 1891 banned child marriage.

SOUTH AMERICA-LAND OF ANDES.

Answer the following.

Q1)Why are the natives of South American continent called Red

Indians?

Ans:When Christopher Colombus reached the continent around 1948

A.D. he mistook it for India and called the brown coloured natives as red

Indians.

Q2)Explain the location and extent of South America?

Ans:The continent lies mainly in the southern and western hemispheres

Its latitudinal and longitudinal extent is12o N. to 56o S latitudes.and 35o

w to 81 oW longitude.

The land area of South America is about 177.1 lakh sq kms.and it is 3 ½

times bigger than India.

Q3)Name the big and small countries of South America?

Ans:There are thirteen countries in this continent.

Brazil is the big country in south America.

French Guyana is the smallest country.

Ecuador,Chile,Argentina

Colombia,Venezula,Guyana,Suriname,Peru,Bolivia,paraguy,Uruguay

are the other country .

Q4) Which is the largest waterfalls of the worldfound in South

samerica?On which river is it formed ?

Ans:River Churn a tributary of Orinoco has formed the world‟s highest

waterfalls Angel Falls (974m) in the Guyana Shield.

Q5)Mention the important grasslands of south America ?

Ans: South America is called as the land of grasslands.

Llanos of Venezuela on the river Orinico river basin.

Campos of Brazil on the Brazilian highlands.

Pampas of Argentina are to the south of Gran chaco region.

Q6)Name the important plants and wild animals South america?

Ans:South America has a variety of wild animals.Animals like

condor,Rhea ,Spider monkey ,Owl monkey ,squirrel monkey ,Anaconda

python,Puma,Jaguar,Liama, alpaca and the gaint tortoise and tsetse

flies etc are the wild animals found in south America.

Vegetation: Ebony and mahogany are found in the equatorial region.

Grasslands are found on either side of the equatorial region.

Scrub vegetation is found on the western side of the andes.

Q7)Mention the important racial groups found in South america?

Ans:The inhabitants of South America belong to mixed races.Inter

marriages between the African slaves and the Europeans formed the

mixed races.

Q8)Name the important cities with high density of population in south

America?

Ans:The important cities with high density of population in south America

are:- Buenos Aires, Rio-de-Janerio ,Valparaiso Sao Paulo etc.