Ansoft Maxwell 3D v11 Userguide

5/23/2018 Ansoft Maxwell 3D v11 Userguide

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Maxwell 3D

electronicdesignautomationsoftware

usersguide Maxwell3D

11

AnsoftElectromagneticandElectromechanicalAnalysis

ANSOFT Korea http://ansoft.co.kr mail to : [email protected]


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AnsoftMaxwell3DFieldSimulatorv11UsersGuide 2

Contents

ContentsThisdocumentdiscussessomebasicconceptsandterminologyused throughouttheAnsoftMaxwellapplication.Itprovidesanoverviewofthefollowingtopics:

0. Fundamentals

AnsoftMaxwellDesktop

OpeningaDesign

SettingModelType

1. ParametricModelCreation1.1 BoundaryConditions

1.2 Excitations

5.Examples


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AnsoftMaxwellFundamentals

WhatisMaxwell?Maxwellisahigh-performanceinteractivesoftwarepackagethatusesfiniteelementanalysis(FEA)tosolvethree-dimensional(3D)electric,magnetostatic,eddycurrent,andtransientproblems.

Useittocompute:

Staticelectricfields,forces,torques,andcapacitancescaused byvoltagedistributionsandcharges.

Staticmagneticfields,forces,torques,andinductancescausedbyDC

currents,staticexternalmagneticfields,andpermanentmagnets.Time-varyingmagneticfields,forces,torques,andimpedancescausedbyACcurrentsandoscillatingexternalmagneticfields.

Transientmagneticfieldscausedbyelectricalsourcesandpermanentmagnets


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InstallingtheAnsoftMaxwellSoftware

SystemRequirementsMicrosoftWindowsXP(32/64),Windows2000,orWindows2003Server.Forup-to-dateinformation,refertotheMaxwellReleaseNotes.

Pentiumbasedcomputer

128MBRAMminimum

8MBVideoCardminimum

Mouseorotherpointingdevice

CD-ROMdrive

InstallingtheAnsoftMaxwellSoftwareForup-to-dateinformation,refertotheMaxwellInstallationGuide

StartingAnsoftMaxwell1. ClicktheMicrosoftStart button,selectPrograms,andselecttheAnsoft, Maxwell11 programgroup.ClickMaxwell 11.2. Or DoubleclickontheMaxwell11iconontheWindowsDesktop

NOTE:YoushouldmakebackupcopiesofallMaxwellprojectscreated withapreviousversionofthesoftwarebeforeopeningtheminMaxwellv11


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ConvertingOlderFiles

ConvertingOlderMaxwellfiletoMaxwellv11BecauseofchangestotheMaxwellfileswiththedevelopmentofMaxwellv11,openingaMaxwelldocumentfromanearlierreleasemaytakemore timethanyouareusedtoexperiencing.However,oncethefilehasbeenopenedandsaved,subsequentopeningtimewillreturntonormal

AnsoftMaxwellv11providesawayforyoutoautomaticallyconvertyourMaxwellprojectsfromanearlierversiontotheMaxwellv11format.

ToaccessMaxwellprojectsinanearlierversion.

From Maxwell v11,1. SelectthemenuitemFile > Open2. Opendialog

1. FilesofType:Ansoft Legacy EM Projects (.cls)2. Browsetotheexistingprojectandselectthe.cls file

3. ClicktheOpen button


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GettingHelp

GettingHelpIfyouhaveanyquestionswhileyouareusingAnsoftMaxwellyou canfindanswersinseveralways:

Ansoft Maxwell Online Help providesassistancewhileyouareworking.Togethelpaboutaspecific,activedialogbox,clicktheHelp buttoninthedialogboxorpresstheF1 key.Selectthemenuitem Help > Contents toaccesstheonlinehelpsystem.

Tooltips areavailabletoprovideinformationabouttoolsonthetoolbarsordialogboxes.Whenyouholdthepointeroveratool forabrieftime,atooltip appearstodisplaythenameofthetool.

Asyoumovethepointeroveratoolorclickamenuitem,theStatusBar atthebottomoftheAnsoftMaxwellwindowprovidesabriefdescriptionofthefunctionofthetoolormenuitem.

TheAnsoftMaxwellGettingStartedguideprovidesdetailedinformationaboutusingMaxwelltocreateandsolve3DEMprojects.

Ansoft Technical SupportTocontactAnsofttechnicalsupportstaffinyourgeographicalarea,pleaselogontotheAnsoftcorporatewebsite,www.ansoft.com andselectContact.

YourAnsoftsalesengineermayalsobecontactedinordertoobtainthisinformation.

VisitingtheAnsoftWebSiteIfyourcomputerisconnectedtotheInternet,youcanvisitthe AnsoftWebsitetolearnmoreabouttheAnsoftcompanyandproducts.

FromtheAnsoftDesktopSelectthemenuitem Help > Ansoft Corporate Website toaccesstheOnlineTechnicalSupport(OTS)system.

FromyourInternetbrowser

Visitwww.ansoft.com


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GettingHelp

ForTechnicalSupportThefollowinglinkwilldirectyoutotheAnsoftSupportPage.TheAnsoftSupportPagesprovideadditionaldocumentation,training,andapplicationnotes.

WebSite:http://www.ansoft.com/support.cfm

TechnicalSupport:

9-4EST:

Pittsburgh, PA(412)261-3200x0 AskforTechnicalSupport

Burlington, MA(781)229-8900x0 AskforTechnicalSupport

9-4PST:

San Jose, CA(408)261-9095x0 AskforTechnicalSupport

Portland, OR(503)906-7944or(503)906-7947

El Segundo, CA(310)426-2287 AskforTechnicalSupport


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WebUpdate

WebUpdateThisnewfeatureallowsyoutoupdateanyexistingAnsoftsoftwarefromtheWebUpdate window.ThisfeatureautomaticallyscansyoursystemtofindanyAnsoftsoftware,andthenallowsyoutodownloadanyupdatesiftheyareavailable.


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AnsoftTerms

AnsoftTermsTheAnsoftMaxwellwindowhasseveraloptionalpanels:

AProject Manager whichcontainsadesigntreewhichliststhestructureoftheproject.

AMessage Manager thatallowsyoutoviewanyerrorsorwarningsthatoccurbeforeyoubeginasimulation.

AProperty Window thatdisplaysandallowsyoutochangemodelparametersorattributes.

AProgress Window thatdisplayssolutionprogress.A3D Modeler Window whichcontainsthemodelandmodeltreefortheactivedesign.Formoreinformationaboutthe3DModelerWindow, seechapter1.

Menubar

ProgressWindow

PropertyWindow

MessageManager

ProjectManagerwithprojecttree

Statusbar

3DModelerWindow

Toolbars

CoordinateEntryFields


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AnsoftTerms

ProjectManager

Project

Design

DesignResults

DesignSetup

DesignAutomationParametricOptimizationSensitivityStatistical

ProjectManagerWindow


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AnsoftTerms

PropertyWindow

PropertyWindow

Propertytabs

Propertybuttons

Propertytable


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AnsoftTerms

Ansoft3DModeler

EdgeVertex

PlaneCoordinateSystem(CS)

Origin

FaceModel

3DModelerWindow

Graphicsarea

Model

3DModelerdesigntree

Contextmenu


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AnsoftTerms

3DModelerDesignTree

Grouped by Material

Object View

Material

Object

ObjectCommandHistory


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DesignWindows

DesignWindowsIntheAnsoftMaxwellDesktop,eachprojectcanhavemultipledesignsandeachdesignisdisplayedinaseparatewindow.

Youcanhavemultipleprojectsanddesignwindowsopenatthesametime.Also,youcanhavemultipleviewsofthesamedesignvisibleatthesametime.

Toarrangethewindows,youcandragthembythetitlebar,andresizethembydraggingacornerorborder.Also,youcanselectoneofthefollowingmenuoptions:Window >Cascade,Window >Tile Vertically,orWindow > T ileHorizontally.ToorganizeyourAnsoftMaxwellwindow,youcaniconizeopendesigns.ClicktheIconize**symbolintheupperrightcornerofthedocumentborder.AniconappearsinthelowerpartoftheAnsoftMaxwellwindow.Iftheiconisnotvisible,itmaybebehindanotheropendocument.Resizeanyopendocumentsasnecessary.SelectthemenuitemWindow > Arrange Icons toarrangethematthebottomoftheAnsoftMaxwellwindow.

SelectthemenuitemWindow > Close All tocloseallopendesign.YouarepromptedtoSave unsaveddesigns.

Designicons

IconizeSymbol


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Toolbars

ToolbarsThetoolbarbuttonsareshortcutsforfrequentlyusedcommands. MostoftheavailabletoolbarsaredisplayedinthisillustrationoftheAnsoftMaxwellinitialscreen,butyourAnsoftMaxwellwindowprobablywillnotbearrangedthisway.Youcancustomizeyourtoolbardisplayinawaythatisconvenientforyou.

Sometoolbarsarealwaysdisplayed;othertoolbarsdisplayautomaticallywhenyouselectadocumentoftherelatedtype.Forexample,whenyouselecta2Dreportfromtheprojecttree,the2Dreporttoolbardisplays.

Todisplayorhideindividualtoolbars:Right-clicktheAnsoftMaxwellwindowframe.

Alistofallthetoolbarsisdisplayed.Thetoolbarswithacheckmarkbesidethemarevisible;thetoolbarswithoutacheckmarkarehidden.Clickthetoolbarnametoturnitsdisplayonoroff

Tomakechangestothetoolbars,selectthemenuitemTools > Customize.SeeCustomize and Arrange Toolbars onthenextpage.

Toolbars

AnsoftMaxwell

panels


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Toolbars

CustomizeandArrangeToolbarsTocustomizetoolbars:

SelectthemenuitemTools > Customize, orright-clicktheAnsoftMaxwellwindowframeandclickCustomize atthebottomofthetoolbarlist.IntheCustomizedialog,youcandothefollowing:

View a Description of the toolbar commands1. SelectanitemfromtheComponentpull-downlist

2. SelectanitemfromtheCategorylist3. UsingthemouseclickontheButtonstodisplaythe

Description

4. ClicktheClose buttonwhenyouarefinishedToggle the visibility of toolbars

1. FromtheToolbarlist,togglethecheckboxestocontrolthevisibilityofthetoolbars

2. ClicktheClose buttonwhenyouarefinished


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Overview

AnsoftMaxwellDesktopTheAnsoftMaxwellDesktopprovidesanintuitive,easy-to-useinterfacefordevelopingpassiveRFdevicemodels.Creatingdesigns,involves thefollowing:

1. Parametric Model Generation creatingthegeometry,boundariesandexcitations

2. Analysis Setup definingsolutionsetupandfrequencysweeps3. Results creating2Dreportsandfieldplots4. Solve Loop - thesolutionprocessisfullyautomated

Tounderstandhowtheseprocessesco-exist,examinetheillustrationshownbelow.

Design

Solution Type1.1. Boundaries

1.2. Excitations4.1 MeshOperations2. Analysis

SolutionSetupFrequencySweep

1. Parametric ModelGeometry/Materials

3. Results2DReportsFields

MeshRefinement Solve

Update

Converged

Analyze

Finished

4. Solve LoopNO

YES


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OpeningaDesign

OpeningaMaxwellprojectThissectiondescribeshowtoopenaneworexistingproject.

Opening a New projectTo open a new project:

1. InanAnsoftMaxwellwindow,selectthemenuitemFile > New .2. SelectthemenuProject > Insert Maxwell Design.

Opening an Existing Maxwell projectTo open an existing project:

1. InanAnsoftMaxwellwindow,selectthemenuFile > Open.UsetheOpendialogtoselecttheproject.

2. ClickOpen toopentheproject

Opening an Existing Project from ExplorerYoucanopenaprojectdirectlyfromtheMicrosoftWindowsExplorer.

To open a project from Windows Explorer, do one of the following:Double-clickonthenameoftheprojectinWindowsExplorer.

Right-clickthenameoftheprojectinWindowsExplorerandselectOpen fromtheshortcutmenu.


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SetSolutionType

SetSolutionTypeThissectiondescribeshowtosettheSolutionType.TheSolutionTypedefinesthetypeofresults,howtheexcitationsaredefined,andtheconvergence.ThefollowingSolutionTypesareavailable:

1. Magneto static - calculatesthe2. Eddy Current - calculates3. Transient calculatesthe4. Electric calculatesthe

Convergence

1. Magneto static -2. Eddy Current -3. Transient4. Electric

To set the solution type:1. SelectthemenuitemMaxwell > Solution Type2. SolutionTypeWindow:

1. Chooseoneofthefollowing:

1. Magnetostatic2. Eddy Current3. Transient4. Electric

2. ClicktheOK button


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1ParametricModelCreation

1-20AnsoftMaxwell3DFieldSimulatorv11UsersGuide

ParametricModelCreationTheAnsoftMaxwell3DModelerisdesignedforeaseofuseandflexibility.Thepowerofthe3DModelerisinitsuniqueabilitytocreatefully parametricdesignswithouteditingcomplexmacros/modelhistory.

Thepurposeofthischapteristoprovideanoverviewofthe3DModelingcapabilities.Byunderstandingthebasicconceptsoutlinedhere youwillbeabletoquicklytakeadvantageofthefullfeaturesetofferedbythe 3DParametricModeler.

Overviewofthe3DModelerUserInterfaceThefollowingpictureshowsthe3DModelerwindow.

3D Modeler Design Tree The3DModelerDesignTreeisanessentialpartoftheuserinterface.Fromhereyoumayaccessthestructuralelementsinadditiontoanyobjectdependenciesandattributes.

Context Menus Contextmenusareaflexiblewayofaccessingfrequentlyusedmenucommandsforthecurrentcontext.Thecontentsofthesemenuschangedynamicallyandareavailablethroughouttheinterfacebyclickingtherightmousebutton.

Graphics Area Thegraphicsareaisusedtointeractwiththestructuralelements.

Graphicsarea

Model

3DModelerdesigntree

Contextmenu


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Overviewofthe3DModelerUserInterface(Continued)Whenusingthe3DModelerinterfaceyouwillalsointeractwithtwoadditionalinterfaces:

Property Window ThePropertyWindowisusedtoviewormodifytheattributesanddimensionsofstructuralobjects

Status Bar/Coordinate Entry TheStatusBarontheAnsoftMaxwellDesktopWindowdisplaystheCoordinateEntryfieldsthatcanbeusedtodefinepointsoroffsetsduringthecreationofstructuralobjects

Propertytabs

Propertybuttons

Propertytable


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GridPlaneTosimplifythecreationofstructuralprimitives,agridordrawingplaneisused.Thedrawingplanedoesnotinanywaylimittheusertotwodimensionalcoordinatesbutinsteadisusedasaguidetosimplifythecreationofstructuralprimitives.Thedrawingplaneisrepresentedbytheactivegrid plane(Thegriddoesnothavetobevisible).Todemonstratehowdrawingplanesareused,reviewthefollowingsection:Creating and Viewing Simple Structures.

ActiveCursorTheactivecursorreferstothecursorthatisavailableduringobjectcreation.Thecursorallowsyoutographicallychangethecurrentposition.ThepositionisdisplayedonthestatusbaroftheAnsoftMaxwellDesktopWindow.

Whenobjectsarenotbeingconstructed,thecursorremainspassiveandissetfordynamicselection.SeetheOverviewofSelectingObjectsformoredetails.


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CreatingandViewingaSimpleStructureCreating3Dstructuralobjectsisaccomplishedbyperformingthe followingsteps:

1. Setthegridplane

2. Createthebaseshapeoftheobject

3. SettheHeight

Create a BoxWewillinvestigatecreatingaboxtodemonstratethesesteps.ThesestepsassumethatprojectandaMaxwelldesignhavealreadybeencreated.Threepointsarerequiredtocreatethebox.Thefirsttwoform thebaserectangleandthethirdsetstheheight.

Point1:Definesthestartpointofthebaserectangle

Point2:Definesthesizeofthebaserectangle

Point3:DefinestheheightoftheBox

Point2

Point3

Point1

GridPlane

BaseRectangle


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Create a Box (Continued)1. Selectthemenuitem3D Modeler > G rid Plane > XY2. Usethemousetocreatethebaseshape

1. Setthestartpointbypositioningtheactivecursorandclicktheleftmousebutton.

2. Positiontheactivecursorandclicktheleftmousebuttontosetthesecondpointthatformsthebaserectangle

3. SettheHeightbypositioningtheactivecursorandclickingleftmouse

button.


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SpecifyingPointsGrid

Fromtheexample,wesawthatthesimplestwaytosetapointis byclickingitspositiononthegridplane.Tosettheprecisionofthegridplane,selectthemenuitemView > Grid Settings. FromhereyoumayspecifytheGridType,Style,Visibility,andPrecision.BypressingtheSave As Defaultbutton,youcansetthedefaultbehaviorforfutureMaxwellDesigns.

Coordinate EntryAnotherwaytospecifyacoordinateistousetheCoordinateEntryfieldswhicharelocatedonthestatusbaroftheAnsoftMaxwellDesktop.ThepositionmaybespecifiedinCartesian, Cylindrical,orSphericalcoordinates.Oncethefirstpointisset,theCoordinateEntrywilldefaulttoRelativecoordinates.InRelativemodethecoordinatesarenolongerabsolute(measuredfromtheoriginoftheworkingcoordinatesystem),butrelativetothelastpointentered.

EquationsTheCoordinateEntryfieldsallowequationstobeenteredforpositionvalues.Examples:2*5,2+6+8,2*cos(10*(pi/180)).

VariablesarenotallowedintheCoordinateEntryField

Note:Trigfunctionsareinradians

Relativemode


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SpecifyingPoints(Continued)Object Properties

BydefaultthePropertiesdialogwillappearafteryouhavefinishedsketchinganobject.Thepositionandsizeofobjectscanbemodifiedfromthedialog.Thismethodallowsyoutocreateobjectsbyclickingtheestimatedvaluesusingthemouseandthencorrectingthevaluesinthefinaldialog.

ThePropertydialogacceptsequations,variables,andunits.Seethe

Overview of Entering Parameters formoredetail.Everyobjecthastwotypesofproperties

1. Command Definesthestructuralprimitive2. Attributes Definesthematerial,display,andsolveproperties

Attributes

Commands


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OverviewofDrawPrimitives

Insolidmodeling,thebasicelementorobjectisoftencalleda primitive.Examplesofprimitivesareboxes,cylinders,rectangles,circles,etc.Therearetwotypesofprimitives:3Dprimitivesorsolids,and2Dprimitivesorsurfaces.Byplacingacollectionofprimitivesinthecorrectlocationandofthecorrectsizewecancreatearepresentcomplexstructuralobjects.

Tocreatecomplexobjects,primitivescanbeusedastools tocutholes,

carveaway,orjoin.TheoperationsthatareperformedwiththesetoolsareoftenreferredtoasBooleanoperations.

2Dprimitivescanbeswepttocreatearbitrarilyshapedsolidprimitives

2D Draw ObjectsThefollowing2DDrawobjectsareavailable:

Rectangle,Circle,Line,Point,Spline,Ellipse,RegularPolygon(v10circle)

3D Draw ObjectsThefollowing3DDrawobjectsareavailable:

Box,Cylinder,Sphere,Torus,Helix,BondWire,Cone,RegularPolyhedron(v10cylinder)

True SurfacesCircles,Cylinders,Spheres,etcarerepresentedastruesurfaces.Inversionspriortorelease11,theseprimitiveswouldberepresentedasfacetedobjects.Ifyouwishtousethefacetedprimitives(Cylindersor

Circles),selecttheRegularPolyhedronorRegularPolygon.Tocontrolthemeshgenerationoftruesurfacesobjects,seethe sectiononMeshControl.


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OverviewofDraw(Continued)

Snap ModeAsanaidforgraphicalselection,themodelerprovidesSnapoptions.Thedefaultistosnapsareshownhere.Theshapeoftheactivecursorwilldynamicallychangeasthecursorismovedoverthe

snappositions.

MovingBydefaultallactivecursormovementisinthreedimensions.Themodelercanalsobesettoallowtheactivecursortoonlymoveinaplaneoroutofplane.Thesearesetfromthemenuitem3D Modeler > Movement Mode.Inaddition,themovementcanbelimitedtoaspecificdirection (x,y,orz)byholdingdownthex,y,orzkey.Thispreventsmovementintheother

directions.PressingtheCTRL+Enter keysetsalocalreferencepoint.Thiscanbeusefulforcreatinggeometrygraphicallythatisbasedonanexistingobjects.Thisisoutlinedonthenextpage:


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Moving (Continued)

Step1:StartPoint Step2:HoldXkeyandselectvertexpoint

Step3:CTRL+Enter Keyssetalocalreference Step4:HoldZkeyandsetheight


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OverviewofDrawImport

In3Dmodeleryoucanimportadrawingfilefromoutside.

Chooseoption3D Modeler -> Import .Hereisthelistofimportfilesthatwesupport.Forsomeoftheseimportoptionyouwillneedanadd-ontranslatorfeatureinyourlicensefile.

HealingAutomatedhealingforimportedsolidmodels

Post-translationusercontrolledhealing3DModelAnalysis 3DModeler/Analyze

Face,Object,Areaanalysisbasedonuserinputs

Listofproblems(faces,edges,vertices)

AutoZoomInintoregionwhereproblemexists

RemoveFace

RemoveEdge

RemoveSliver

RemoveVertices


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SelectingPreviouslyDefinedShapesYoumayselectanobjectbymovingthemouseovertheobjectinthegraphicsareaandclickingonit.ThedefaultmodeisDynamicselectionwhichwilldisplaytheobjecttobeselectedwithauniqueoutlinecolor.Pleasenotethatafterselecting(Clickingontheobject)theobjectitwillbedisplayedsolidpinkwhileallotherobjectsaredrawntransparent.

Types of SelectionThedefaultistoselectobjects.Sometimesisnecessarytoselectfaces,

edges,orvertices.Tochangetheselectionmode,selectthemenuitemEdit > Select andchoosetheappropriateselectionmode.Theshortcutkeyso (Objectselection)andf (faceselection)areusefulforquicklyswitchingbetweenthemostcommonselectionmodes

Multiple Select or Toggle SelectionMultipleobjectscanbeselectedgraphicallybyholdingdownthe CTRLkeywhileselecting.Inaddition,withtheCTRLkeypressed,theselectionofanobjectcanbetoggledbetweenselectedorunselected.

Blocked ObjectsIftheobjectyouwishtoselectislocatedbehindanotherobject,selecttheobjectthatisblockingthedesiredobjectandpresstheb keyorright-clickandselectNext Behind fromthecontextmenu.Youmayrepeatthisasmanytimesasneededtoselectthecorrectobject.

Select All VisibleYoucanselectallvisibleobjectsbypressingtheCTRL+a keyorbyselectingthemenuitemEdit > S elect All Visible.

Select by NameToselectobjectsbyNameyoucanuseanyoneofthefollowing:

SelectthemenuitemEdit > Select > By NameSelectthemenuitemMaxwell > List

SelecttheModel tabSelectobjectsfromthelist

UsetheModel Tree.Seethenextpage


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SelectingPreviouslyDefinedShapes(Continued)Model Tree

Afteranobjecthasbeencreated,itisautomaticallyaddedtotheModelTree.AllobjectscanbefoundintheModelTree.IfyouopentheModelfolderyouwillfindtheobjectssortedbyObjectorbyMaterial.Youcantogglebetweentheviewsbytogglingthemenuitem3D M odeler > GroupObject by Material.

Asstatedpreviously,everyobjecthastwotypesofproperties:

AttributesYoumayselectanobjectbyclickingonthecorrespondingitemintheModelTree.

WhentheobjectisselectedtheattributeswillbedisplayedinthePropertyWindow.Double-clickingontheobjectwillopenapropertiesdialog.UsethePropertyWindoworpropertiesdialogtomodifytheattributes.

CommandsFromtheModelTree,theCommandPropertiescanbeselectedbyexpandingtheobjectfoldertodisplaythe

commandlist.Usingthemouse,selectthecorrespondingcommandfromthetree.ThepropertieswillbedisplayedinthePropertyWindow.Double-clickingonthecommandwillopenapropertiesdialog.UsethePropertyWindoworpropertiesdialogtomodifythecommand.

Whenthecommandisselected,theobjectwillbeoutlinedwithboldlinesinthe3DModelWindow.Sinceanobjectcanbeacombinationofseveralprimitives,thecommandlistmaycontainseveralobjects.Anyoneofthesecommandscanbeselectedtovisualizeormodifytheobject.

Attributes

Commands

SortedbyObject SortedbyMaterial


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SelectingPreviouslyDefinedShapes(Continued)Model Tree

Geometryinthe3Dmodelerisalsogroupedaccordingtotheirmodeldefinition.Objects,Sheets,Lines,andPointsareallseparated sothattheycanbeeasilyidentifiedinthemodeltree

Ifaboundaryconditionoranexcitationisdefinedonasheetobject,thenthose2Dobjectswillbefurtherseparatedaccordingtotheirassignment.


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ObjectAttributesAnobjectsattributessetthefollowinguserdefinedproperties:

Name Userdefinedname.Defaultnamesstartwiththeprimitivetypefollowedbyanincreasingnumber:Box1,Box2,etc.

Material Userdefinedmaterialproperty.Thedefaultpropertyisvacuum.Thiscanbechangedbyusingthematerialtoolbar

Solve Inside BydefaultMaxwellonlysolvesforfieldsinsidedielectrics.ToforceMaxwelltosolveinsideconductors,check

solveinside.Orientation

Model Object ControlsiftheobjectisincludedinthesolveDisplay Wireframe ForcestheobjecttoalwaysbedisplayedaswireframeColor SetobjectcolorTransparency Setthetransparencyofanobject.0Solid,1- Wireframe

Note: Visibilityisnotanobjectproperty.


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MaterialsByclickingonthepropertybuttonforthematerialname,thematerialdefinitionwindowwillappear.Youcanselectfromtheexistingdatabaseordefineacustomprojectmaterial.


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Materials(Continued)User Defined Project Material

TodefineacustommaterialclicktheAdd Material buttonfromthematerialdefinitionwindow.Thefollowingdialogwillappear.Enterthe materialdefinitionsandclicktheOK button.


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ChangingtheViewYoucanchangetheviewatanytime(evenduringshapegeneration)byusingthefollowingcommands:

ToolbarRotate Model Center ThestructurewillberotatedaroundtheModelPan ThestructurewillbetranslatedinthegraphicalareaDynamic Zoom Movingthemouseupwardswillincreasethezoomfactorwhilemovingthemousedownwardswilldecreasethezoomfactor

Zoom In/Out Inthismodearubberbandrectanglewillbedefinedbydraggingthemouse.Afterreleasingthemousebuttonthezoomfactorwillbeapplied.

Context MenuRightclickinthegraphicsareaandselectthemenuitemView andchoosefromtheoptionsoutlinedintheToolbarsection.Thecontextmenualsooffersthefollowing:

Fit All Thiswillzoomthedefinedstructuretoapointwhereitfitsinthedrawingarea

Fit Selection Thisfitsonlytheselectedobjectsintothedrawingarea.Spin Dragthemouseandreleasethemousebuttontostarttheobjectspinning.Thespeedofthedraggingpriortoreleasingthemousecontrolsthespeedofthespin.

Animate CreateordisplaytheanimationofparametricgeometryShortcuts

Sincechangingtheviewisafrequentlyusedoperation,someusefulshortcutkeysexist.Presstheappropriatekeysanddragthemousewiththeleftbuttonpressed:

ALT + Drag RotateInaddition,thereare9pre-definedviewanglesthatcanbeselectedbyholdingtheALTkeyanddoubleclickingonthelocationsshownonthenextpage.

Shift + Drag - PanALT + Shift + Drag DynamicZoom

Pan

Rotate DynamicZoom

ZoomIn/Out


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Shortcuts- PredefinedViewsThese9pre-definedviewscanbeseenbyholdingtheALTkeyanddoubleclickingtheleftmousebuttononthelocationsshownbelow.

Top

Bottom

Right

PredefinedViewAngles

Left


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ChangingtheView(Continued)Visibility

Thevisibilityofobjects,Boundaries,Excitations,andFieldReportscanbecontrolledfromthemenuitemView > V isibility

Hide SelectionThevisibilityofselectedobjectscanbesethiddenbyselectingtheobject(s)andchoosingthemenuView > H ide Selection > All Views.

RenderingTochangetherenderingselectthemenuitemView>Render>WireframeorView>Render>SmoothShaded

Coordinate SystemTocontroltheviewofthecoordinatesystem,selectthemenuitem:

Visibility:TogglethemenuitemView > Coordinate System > HideShow)

Size:TogglethemenuitemView > Coordinate System > SmallLarge)

Background ColorTosetthebackgroundcolor,selectthemenuitemView > Modify Attributes> Background Color

Addition View SeetingsAdditionalattributesoftheviewsuchastheprojection,orientation,andlightingcanbesetfromthemenuitemView > Modify Attributes


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EnhancementsandNewFeatures

SelectionSelectConnected VerticesSelectConnected FacesSelectConnected EdgesSelectEdge ChainSelectFace ChainSelectUncovered Loops

HealingPurge History makesanobjectappearasanimportedentitysothathealingcanbe

performedonit

RemoveFaces

RemoveEdges

RemoveVertices

AlignFaces


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EnhancementsandNewFeatures

VisibilityHideselectedobjectsinActiveView

HideselectedobjectsinAllViews

ShowselectedobjectsinActiveView

ShowselectedobjectsinAllViews

3D User Interface OptionsWhenthereisaselection

Selectionisalwaysvisible

Settransparencyofselectedobjects

Settransparencyofnon-selectedobjects

DefaultRotationAbout

ScreenCenter

CurrentAxis

ModelCenter

3D Modeler OptionsVisualizehistoryofobjects


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ApplyingStructuralTransformationsSofarwehaveinvestigatedhottomodelsimpleshapesandhowtochangetheviewofthemodel.Tocreatemorecomplicatedmodelsorreducethenumberofobjectsthatneedtobecreatedmanuallywecanapplyvarioustransformations.

Thefollowingexamplesassumethatyouhavealreadyselectedthe object(s)thatyouwishtoapplyatransformation.

YoucanselectthetransformationoptionsfromthemenuitemEdit >Arrange >

Move TranslatesthestructurealongavectorRotate RotatestheshapearoundacoordinateaxisbyanangleMirror MirrorstheshapearoundaspecifiedplaneOffset Performsauniformscaleinx,y,andz.

Duplicate >Along Lines CreatemultiplecopiesofanobjectalongavectorAround Axis Createmultiplecopiesofanobjectrotatedbyafixedanglearoundthex,y,orzaxis

Mirror - Mirrorstheshapearoundaspecifiedplane andcreatesaduplicate

Scale Allowsnon-uniformscalinginthex,y,orzdirectionThefacesofanobjectcanalsobemovedtoaltertheshapeofanexistingobject.Tomovethefacesofanobjectselectthemenuitem3D Modeler > Surfaces >Move Faces andselectAlong Normal orAlong Vector.


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CombineObjectsbyUsingBooleanOperationsMostcomplexstructurescanbereducedtocombinationsofsimple primitives.Eventhesolidprimitivescanbereducedtosimple2Dprimitives thataresweptalongavectororaroundanaxis(Box isasquarethatissweptalongavectortogiveitthickness).ThesolidmodelersupportsthefollowingBooleanoperations:

Unite combinemultipleprimitivesUnitedisjointobjects

SeparateBodiestoseparate

Subtract removepartofaprimitivefromanotherSplit breakprimitivesintomultiplepartsIntersect keeponlythepartsofprimitivesthatoverlapSweep turna2Dprimitiveintoasolidbysweeping:AlongaVector,AroundanAxis,AlongaPath

Connect connect 2Dprimitives.UseCoverSurfacestoturntheconnectedobjectintoasolid

Section generate2Dcross-sectionsofa3DobjectMostBooleanoperationsrequireabaseprimitiveinwhichtheBooleanoperationisperformed.Onlythebaseobjectwillbepreserved.

TheBooleanfunctionsprovidetheoptiontoCloneobjects.

Split Crossing Objects Whenagroupofobjectsareselected,aBooleansplitisperformedon

ANYobjectsthatoverlap


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LocalCoordinateSystemsTheabilitytocreatelocalcoordinatesystemsaddsagreatdeal offlexibilitytothecreationsofstructuralobjects.Inprevioussectionswehaveonlydiscussedobjectsthatarealignedtotheglobalcoordinatesystem.Thelocalcoordinatesystemsimplifiesthedefinitionofobjectsthatdonotalignwiththeglobalcoordinatesystem.Inaddition,theobjecthistoryisdefinedrelativetoacoordinatesystem.Ifthecoordinatesystemismoved,thegeometrywillautomaticallymovewithit.Thedefinitionofcoordinatesystemsaremaintained

intheModelTree.

Working Coordinate SystemTheworkingcoordinatesystemisthecurrentlyselectedCS.ThiscanbealocalorglobalCS

Global CSThedefaultfixedcoordinatesystem

Relative CSUserdefinedlocalcoordinatesystem.

Offset

Rotated

Both

Face CSUserdefinedlocalcoordinatesystem.Itistiedtothelocationoftheobjectfaceitwascreatedon.Ifthesizeofthebaseobjectchanges, allobjectscreatedrelativetothefaceCSwillbeupdatedautomatically.

ContinuedonNextPage


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LocalCoordinateSystems(Continued)Face CS (Continued)

TocreateafaceCS,selectthemenuitem3D Modeler > CoordinateSystem > Face

1. GraphicallyselectFace(Highlightedinmodel)

2. SelectOriginforFaceCS

3. SetX-Axis

Step1:SelectFace Step2:SelectOrigin

Step3:SetX-AxisNewWorkingCS


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ConeiscreatedwithFaceCS

ChangethesizeoftheboxandtheConeisautomaticallymovedwiththeFaceCS

LocalCoordinateSystems(Continued)Example of Face CS


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ParametricGeometryTheparametricmodelercapabilityallowsustodefinevariablesinreplaceofafixedpositionorsize.Oncethishasbeendefinedthevariable canbechangedbytheuserorbyOptimetrics.OptimetricscanthenbeusedtoperformautomaticOptimization,ParametricSweeps,Statistical,orSensitivityAnalysis.

Defining ParametersSelectthecommandtoparameterized

Choosethevaluetochange

Enteravariableinreplaceofthefixedvalue

Definethevariableusinganycombinationofmathfunctionsordesignvariables.

Themodelwillautomaticallybeupdated


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ParametricGeometry(Continued)Variables

TherearetwotypesofvariablesthatcanbedefinedintheMaxwellDesktop

Design Properties Localtomodel.ToaccessthelocalvariablesselectthemenuitemMaxwell > Design PropertiesProject Variables Globaltoallmodelsinproject.Startwith$.Toaccesstheglobalorprojectvariables,selectthemenuitemProject> Project Variables

UnitsWhendefiningvariablestheymustcontainunits.Thedefaultunitsforvariablesismeters.

EquationsThevariablescancontaincomplexequations.SeetheOnlineHelpforacompletelistofmathfunctions

Equation based Curves and SurfacesAnycurve/surfacethatcanbedescribed

byanequationinthreedimensions

canbedrawn.

AnimationRight-Clickinthe3DModelWindow&ChooseAnimatetopreviewtheparameterization

Note:dependingonthequalityofyourgraphicscardyouhavethe

optionofexportingetherAVIorGIFanimationfiles.


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1.1-49

1.1BoundaryConditions

AnsoftMaxwell3DFieldSimulatorv11UsersGuide

BoundaryConditionsThischapterdescribesthebasicsforapplyingboundaryconditions.Boundaryconditionsenableyoutocontrolthecharacteristicsofplanes,faces,orinterfacesbetweenobjects.BoundaryconditionsareimportanttounderstandandarefundamentaltosolutionofMaxwellsequations.

WhytheyareImportant

ThefieldequationsthataresolvedbyAnsoftMaxwell3DarederivedfromthedifferentialformofMaxwellsEquations.Fortheseexpressionstobevalid,itisassumedthatthefieldvectorsaresingle-valued,bounded,andhavecontinuousdistributionalongwiththeirderivatives.Alongboundariesorsources,thefieldsarediscontinuousandthederivativeshavenomeaning.Thereforeboundaryconditionsdefinethefieldbehavioracrossdiscontinuousboundaries.

AsauserofAnsoftMaxwell3Dyoushouldbeawareofthefieldassumptionsmadebyboundaryconditions.Sinceboundaryconditionsforceafieldbehaviorwewanttobeawareoftheassumptionssowecandetermineiftheyareappropriateforthesimulation.Improperuseofboundaryconditionsmayleadto

inconsistentresults.Whenusedproperly,boundaryconditionscanbesuccessfullyutilizedtoreducethemodelcomplexity.Infact,AnsoftMaxwell3Dautomaticallyusesboundaryconditionstoreducethecomplexityofthemodel.AnsoftMaxwell3Dcanbethoughtofasavirtualprototypingworld.Unliketherealworldwhichisboundedbyinfinitespace,thevirtualprototypingworldneedstobemadefinite.Inordertoachievethisfinitespace,AnsoftMaxwell3Dappliesabackgroundorouterboundaryconditionwhichisappliedtotheregionsurroundingthegeometricmodel.

Themodelcomplexityusuallyisdirectlytiedtothesolutiontimeandcomputer

resourcessoitisacompetitiveadvantagetoutilizethemwheneverpossible.


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1.1-50



CommonBoundaryConditionsTherearethreetypesofboundaryconditions.Thefirsttwoare largelytheusersresponsibilitytodefinethemorensurethattheyaredefinedcorrectly.Thematerialboundaryconditionsaretransparenttotheuser.

1. ExcitationsWavePorts(External)

LumpedPorts(Internal)

2. Surface ApproximationsSymmetryPlanes

PerfectElectricorMagneticSurfaces

RadiationSurfaces

BackgroundorOuterSurface

3. Material PropertiesBoundarybetweentwodielectrics

FiniteConductivityofaconductor


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1.1-51



HowtheBackgroundAffectsaStructureThebackgroundistheregionthatsurroundsthegeometricmodelandfillsanyspacethatisnotoccupiedbyanobject.AnyobjectsurfacethattouchesthebackgroundisautomaticallydefinedtobeaPerfectEboundaryandgiventheboundarynameouter.Youcanthinkofyourstructureasbeingencasedwithathin,perfectconductor.

Ifitisnecessary,youcanchangeasurfacethatisexposedtothebackgroundto

havepropertiesthataredifferentfromouter:Tomodellossesinasurface,youcanredefinethesurfacetobe eitheraFiniteConductivityorImpedanceboundary.AFiniteConductivityboundarycanbealossy metal,withlossasafunctionoffrequencyanddefinedusingconductivityandrelativepermeabilityparameters. AnImpedanceboundaryhasrealorcomplexvaluesthatbydefaultremainconstantoverfrequency.

Tomodelasurfacetoallowwavestoradiateinfinitelyfarinto space,redefinethesurfacetoberadiationboundary.

Thebackgroundcanaffecthowyoumakematerialassignments.Forexample,ifyouaremodelingasimpleair-filledrectangularwaveguide,youcancreateasingleobjectintheshapeofthewaveguideanddefineittohavethecharacteristicsofair.Thesurfaceofthewaveguideisautomaticallyassumedtobeaperfectconductorandgiventheboundaryconditionouter,oryoucanchangeittoalossy conductor.


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1.1-52



BoundaryConditionPrecedenceTheorderinwhichboundariesareassignedisimportantinMaxwell3D.Latterassignedboundariestakeprecedenceoverformerassignedboundaries.

Forexample,ifonefaceofanobjectisassignedtoaNaturalboundary,andaboundaryinthesameplaneasthissurfaceisassignedaTangentialH-Fieldboundary,thentheTangentialH-FieldwilloverridetheNaturalintheareaoftheoverlap.Ifthisoperationwereperformedinthereverseorder,thentheTangentialH-FieldboundarywouldcovertheNaturalboundary.

Onceboundarieshavebeenassigned,theycanbere-prioritizedbyselectingMaxwell > Boundaries > Re-prioritize.Theorderoftheboundariescanbechangedbyclickingonaboundaryanddraggingitfurtherupordowninthelist.NOTE:Excitationswillalwaystakethehighestprecedence.


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1.1-53



TechnicalDefinitionofBoundaryConditionsExcitation Anexcitationisatypeofboundaryconditionthatpermitsenergytoflowintoandoutofastructure.SeethesectiononExcitations.

Perfect E PerfectEisaperfectelectricalconductor,alsoreferredtoasaperfectconductor.Thistypeofboundaryforcestheelectricfield(E-Field)perpendiculartothesurface.TherearealsotwoautomaticPerfectEassignments:

Anyobjectsurfacethattouchesthebackgroundisautomaticallydefinedto

beaPerfectEboundaryandgiventheboundaryconditionnameouter.Anyobjectthatisassignedthematerialpec (PerfectElectricConductor)isautomaticallyassignedtheboundaryconditionPerfectEtoitssurfaceandgiventheboundaryconditionnamesmetal.

Perfect H PerfectHisaperfectmagneticconductor.ForcesE-Fieldtangentialtothesurface.

Natural foraPerfectHboundarythatoverlapswithaperfectEboundary,thisrevertstheselectedareatoitsoriginalmaterial,erasing thePerfectE

boundarycondition.Itdoesnotaffectanymaterialassignments. Itcanbeused,forexample,tomodelacut-outinagroundplaneforacoaxfeed.

Finite ConductivityAFiniteConductivityboundaryenablesyoutodefinethesurfaceofanobjectasalossy (imperfect)conductor.ItisanimperfectEboundarycondition,andisanalogoustothelossy metalmaterialdefinition.Tomodelalossy surface,youprovidelossinSiemens/meterandpermeabilityparameters.Lossiscalculatedasafunctionoffrequency.Itisonlyvalidforgoodconductors.ForcesthetangentialE-FieldequaltoZs(n xHtan).Thesurfaceimpedance(Zs)isequalto,(1+j)/(),where:

istheskindepth,(2/())0.5 oftheconductorbeingmodeled isthefrequencyoftheexcitationwave. istheconductivityoftheconductor isthepermeabilityoftheconductor


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1.1-54



TechnicalDefinitionofBoundaryConditions(Continued)Impedance aresistivesurfacethatcalculatesthefieldbehaviorandlossesusinganalyticalformulas.ForcesthetangentialE-FieldequaltoZs(n xHtan).ThesurfaceimpedanceisequaltoRs +jXs,where:

Rs istheresistanceinohms/square

Xsisthereactanceinohms/square

Layered Impedance Multiplethinlayersinastructurecanbemodeledasanimpedancesurface.SeetheOnlineHelpforadditionalinformationonhowtousetheLayeredImpedanceboundary.

Lumped RLC aparallelcombinationoflumpedresistor,inductor,and/orcapacitorsurface.ThesimulationissimilartotheImpedance boundary,butthesoftwarecalculatetheohms/squareusingtheusersuppliedR,L, Cvalues.

Infinite Ground Plane Generally,thegroundplaneistreatedasaninfinite,PerfectE,FiniteConductivity,orImpedanceboundarycondition. Ifradiation

boundariesareusedinastructure,thegroundplaneactsasashieldforfar-fieldenergy,preventingwavesfrompropagatingpastthegroundplane. tosimulatetheeffectofaninfinitegroundplane,checktheInfinitegroundplaneboxwhendefiningaPerfectE,FiniteConductivity,orImpedanceboundary condition.NOTE:EnablingtheInfiniteGroundPlaneapproximationONLYaffectspost-processedfar-fieldradiationpatterns.Itwillnotchangethecurrentflowing onthegroundplane.

Radiation Radiationboundaries,alsoreferredtoasabsorbingboundaries,enableyoutomodelasurfaceaselectricallyopen:wavescanthenradiateoutof

thestructureandtowardtheradiationboundary.Thesystemabsorbsthewaveattheradiationboundary,essentiallyballooningtheboundaryinfinitelyfarawayfromthestructureandintospace.Radiationboundariesmayalsobeplacedrelativelyclosetoastructureandcanbearbitrarilyshaped.Thisconditioneliminatestheneedforasphericalboundary.Forstructuresthatincluderadiationboundaries,calculatedS-parametersincludetheeffectsofradiationloss.Whenaradiationboundaryisincludedinastructure,far-fieldcalculationsareperformedaspartofthesimulation.


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1.1-55



TechnicalDefinitionofBoundaryConditions(Continued)Symmetry - representperfectEorperfectHplanesofsymmetry.Symmetryboundariesenableyoutomodelonlypartofastructure,whichreducesthesizeorcomplexityofyourdesign,therebyshorteningthesolutiontime.Symmetryboundaries,asopposedtoasimplePerfectEorHplane,shouldbeusedwhentheplanecutsacrossaport.Inthisinstance,theporthasadifferentamountofpower,voltage,andcurrentassociatedwithit,andthusadifferentimpedance.Tomakeaportwithasymmetryplanelooklikeafull-sizedport,youmustusethe

ImpedanceMultiplierintheboundarywizard.ForasingleSymmetryHboundary,theImpedanceMultiplieris0.5.

ForasingleSymmetryEboundary,theImpedanceMultiplieris2.

OtherconsiderationsforaSymmetryboundarycondition:

Aplaneofsymmetrymustbeexposedtothebackground.

Aplaneofsymmetrymustnotcutthroughanobjectdrawninthe3DModelerwindow.

Aplaneofsymmetrymustbedefinedonaplanarsurface.

Onlythreeorthogonalsymmetryplanescanbedefinedinaproblem

Master / Slave - MasterandslaveboundariesenableyoutomodelplanesofperiodicitywheretheE-fieldononesurfacematchestheE-fieldonanothertowithinaphasedifference.TheyforcetheE-fieldateachpointontheslaveboundarymatchtheE-fieldtowithinaphasedifferenceateachcorrespondingpointonthemasterboundary.Theyareusefulforsimulatingdevicessuchasinfinitearrays.SomeconsiderationsforMaster/Slaveboundaries:

Theycanonlybeassignedtoplanarsurfaces.

Thegeometryofthesurfaceononeboundarymustmatchthegeometryonthesurfaceoftheotherboundary.


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1.1-56



BoundaryConditionsThischapterdescribesthebasicsforapplyingboundaryconditions.Boundaryconditionsenableyoutocontrolthecharacteristicsofplanes,faces,orinterfacesbetweenobjects.BoundaryconditionsareimportanttounderstandandarefundamentaltosolutionofMaxwellsequations.

WhytheyareImportant

ThefieldequationsthataresolvedbyAnsoftMaxwell3DarederivedfromthedifferentialformofMaxwellsEquations.Fortheseexpressionstobevalid,itisassumedthatthefieldvectorsaresingle-valued,bounded,andhavecontinuousdistributionalongwiththeirderivatives.Alongboundariesorsources,thefieldsarediscontinuousandthederivativeshavenomeaning.Thereforeboundaryconditionsdefinethefieldbehavioracrossdiscontinuousboundaries.

AsauserofAnsoftMaxwell3Dyoushouldbeawareofthefieldassumptionsmadebyboundaryconditions.Sinceboundaryconditionsforceafieldbehaviorwewanttobeawareoftheassumptionssowecandetermineiftheyareappropriateforthesimulation.Improperuseofboundaryconditionsmayleadto

inconsistentresults.Whenusedproperly,boundaryconditionscanbesuccessfullyutilizedtoreducethemodelcomplexity.Infact,AnsoftMaxwell3Dautomaticallyusesboundaryconditionstoreducethecomplexityofthemodel.AnsoftMaxwell3Dcanbethoughtofasavirtualprototypingworld.Unliketherealworldwhichisboundedbyinfinitespace,thevirtualprototypingworldneedstobemadefinite.Inordertoachievethisfinitespace,AnsoftMaxwell3Dappliesabackgroundorouterboundaryconditionwhichisappliedtotheregionsurroundingthegeometricmodel.

Themodelcomplexityusuallyisdirectlytiedtothesolutiontimeandcomputer

resourcessoitisacompetitiveadvantagetoutilizethemwheneverpossible.


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1.1-57



CommonBoundaryConditionsTherearethreetypesofboundaryconditions.Thefirsttwoare largelytheusersresponsibilitytodefinethemorensurethattheyaredefinedcorrectly.Thematerialboundaryconditionsaretransparenttotheuser.

1. ExcitationsWavePorts(External)

LumpedPorts(Internal)

2. Surface ApproximationsSymmetryPlanes

PerfectElectricorMagneticSurfaces

RadiationSurfaces

BackgroundorOuterSurface

3. Material PropertiesBoundarybetweentwodielectrics

FiniteConductivityofaconductor


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1.1-58



HowtheBackgroundAffectsaStructureThebackgroundistheregionthatsurroundsthegeometricmodelandfillsanyspacethatisnotoccupiedbyanobject.AnyobjectsurfacethattouchesthebackgroundisautomaticallydefinedtobeaPerfectEboundaryandgiventheboundarynameouter.Youcanthinkofyourstructureasbeingencasedwithathin,perfectconductor.

Ifitisnecessary,youcanchangeasurfacethatisexposedtothebackgroundto

havepropertiesthataredifferentfromouter:Tomodellossesinasurface,youcanredefinethesurfacetobe eitheraFiniteConductivityorImpedanceboundary.AFiniteConductivityboundarycanbealossy metal,withlossasafunctionoffrequencyanddefinedusingconductivityandrelativepermeabilityparameters. AnImpedanceboundaryhasrealorcomplexvaluesthatbydefaultremainconstantoverfrequency.

Tomodelasurfacetoallowwavestoradiateinfinitelyfarinto space,redefinethesurfacetoberadiationboundary.

Thebackgroundcanaffecthowyoumakematerialassignments.Forexample,ifyouaremodelingasimpleair-filledrectangularwaveguide,youcancreateasingleobjectintheshapeofthewaveguideanddefineittohavethecharacteristicsofair.Thesurfaceofthewaveguideisautomaticallyassumedtobeaperfectconductorandgiventheboundaryconditionouter,oryoucanchangeittoalossy conductor.


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1.1-59



BoundaryConditionPrecedenceTheorderinwhichboundariesareassignedisimportantinMaxwell3D.Latterassignedboundariestakeprecedenceoverformerassignedboundaries.

Forexample,ifonefaceofanobjectisassignedtoaNaturalboundary,andaboundaryinthesameplaneasthissurfaceisassignedaTangentialH-Fieldboundary,thentheTangentialH-FieldwilloverridetheNaturalintheareaoftheoverlap.Ifthisoperationwereperformedinthereverseorder,thentheTangentialH-FieldboundarywouldcovertheNaturalboundary.

Onceboundarieshavebeenassigned,theycanbere-prioritizedbyselectingMaxwell > Boundaries > Re-prioritize.Theorderoftheboundariescanbechangedbyclickingonaboundaryanddraggingitfurtherupordowninthelist.NOTE:Excitationswillalwaystakethehighestprecedence.


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1.1-60



TechnicalDefinitionofBoundaryConditionsExcitation Anexcitationisatypeofboundaryconditionthatpermitsenergytoflowintoandoutofastructure.SeethesectiononExcitations.

Perfect E PerfectEisaperfectelectricalconductor,alsoreferredtoasaperfectconductor.Thistypeofboundaryforcestheelectricfield(E-Field)perpendiculartothesurface.TherearealsotwoautomaticPerfectEassignments:

Anyobjectsurfacethattouchesthebackgroundisautomaticallydefinedto

beaPerfectEboundaryandgiventheboundaryconditionnameouter.Anyobjectthatisassignedthematerialpec (PerfectElectricConductor)isautomaticallyassignedtheboundaryconditionPerfectEtoitssurfaceandgiventheboundaryconditionnamesmetal.

Perfect H PerfectHisaperfectmagneticconductor.ForcesE-Fieldtangentialtothesurface.

Natural foraPerfectHboundarythatoverlapswithaperfectEboundary,thisrevertstheselectedareatoitsoriginalmaterial,erasing thePerfectE

boundarycondition.Itdoesnotaffectanymaterialassignments. Itcanbeused,forexample,tomodelacut-outinagroundplaneforacoaxfeed.

Finite ConductivityAFiniteConductivityboundaryenablesyoutodefinethesurfaceofanobjectasalossy (imperfect)conductor.ItisanimperfectEboundarycondition,andisanalogoustothelossy metalmaterialdefinition.Tomodelalossy surface,youprovidelossinSiemens/meterandpermeabilityparameters.Lossiscalculatedasafunctionoffrequency.Itisonlyvalidforgoodconductors.ForcesthetangentialE-FieldequaltoZs(n xHtan).Thesurfaceimpedance(Zs)isequalto,(1+j)/(),where:

istheskindepth,(2/())0.5 oftheconductorbeingmodeled isthefrequencyoftheexcitationwave. istheconductivityoftheconductor isthepermeabilityoftheconductor


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1.1-61



TechnicalDefinitionofBoundaryConditions(Continued)Impedance aresistivesurfacethatcalculatesthefieldbehaviorandlossesusinganalyticalformulas.ForcesthetangentialE-FieldequaltoZs(n xHtan).ThesurfaceimpedanceisequaltoRs +jXs,where:

Rs istheresistanceinohms/square

Xsisthereactanceinohms/square

Layered Impedance Multiplethinlayersinastructurecanbemodeledasanimpedancesurface.SeetheOnlineHelpforadditionalinformationonhowtousetheLayeredImpedanceboundary.

Lumped RLC aparallelcombinationoflumpedresistor,inductor,and/orcapacitorsurface.ThesimulationissimilartotheImpedance boundary,butthesoftwarecalculatetheohms/squareusingtheusersuppliedR,L, Cvalues.

Infinite Ground Plane Generally,thegroundplaneistreatedasaninfinite,PerfectE,FiniteConductivity,orImpedanceboundarycondition. Ifradiation

boundariesareusedinastructure,thegroundplaneactsasashieldforfar-fieldenergy,preventingwavesfrompropagatingpastthegroundplane. tosimulatetheeffectofaninfinitegroundplane,checktheInfinitegroundplaneboxwhendefiningaPerfectE,FiniteConductivity,orImpedanceboundary condition.NOTE:EnablingtheInfiniteGroundPlaneapproximationONLYaffectspost-processedfar-fieldradiationpatterns.Itwillnotchangethecurrentflowing onthegroundplane.

Radiation Radiationboundaries,alsoreferredtoasabsorbingboundaries,enableyoutomodelasurfaceaselectricallyopen:wavescanthenradiateoutof

thestructureandtowardtheradiationboundary.Thesystemabsorbsthewaveattheradiationboundary,essentiallyballooningtheboundaryinfinitelyfarawayfromthestructureandintospace.Radiationboundariesmayalsobeplacedrelativelyclosetoastructureandcanbearbitrarilyshaped.Thisconditioneliminatestheneedforasphericalboundary.Forstructuresthatincluderadiationboundaries,calculatedS-parametersincludetheeffectsofradiationloss.Whenaradiationboundaryisincludedinastructure,far-fieldcalculationsareperformedaspartofthesimulation.


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1.1-62



TechnicalDefinitionofBoundaryConditions(Continued)Symmetry - representperfectEorperfectHplanesofsymmetry.Symmetryboundariesenableyoutomodelonlypartofastructure,whichreducesthesizeorcomplexityofyourdesign,therebyshorteningthesolutiontime.Symmetryboundaries,asopposedtoasimplePerfectEorHplane,shouldbeusedwhentheplanecutsacrossaport.Inthisinstance,theporthasadifferentamountofpower,voltage,andcurrentassociatedwithit,andthusadifferentimpedance.Tomakeaportwithasymmetryplanelooklikeafull-sizedport,youmustusethe

ImpedanceMultiplierintheboundarywizard.ForasingleSymmetryHboundary,theImpedanceMultiplieris0.5.

ForasingleSymmetryEboundary,theImpedanceMultiplieris2.

OtherconsiderationsforaSymmetryboundarycondition:

Aplaneofsymmetrymustbeexposedtothebackground.

Aplaneofsymmetrymustnotcutthroughanobjectdrawninthe3DModelerwindow.

Aplaneofsymmetrymustbedefinedonaplanarsurface.

Onlythreeorthogonalsymmetryplanescanbedefinedinaproblem

Master / Slave - MasterandslaveboundariesenableyoutomodelplanesofperiodicitywheretheE-fieldononesurfacematchestheE-fieldonanothertowithinaphasedifference.TheyforcetheE-fieldateachpointontheslaveboundarymatchtheE-fieldtowithinaphasedifferenceateachcorrespondingpointonthemasterboundary.Theyareusefulforsimulatingdevicessuchasinfinitearrays.SomeconsiderationsforMaster/Slaveboundaries:

Theycanonlybeassignedtoplanarsurfaces.

Thegeometryofthesurfaceononeboundarymustmatchthegeometryonthesurfaceoftheotherboundary.


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Examples- Contents

Chapter5.0 MagnetostaticExamples5.1 MagneticForce

5.2 NonlinearInductor

5.3 SwitchedReluctanceMotor(StrandedConductors)

5.4 EquivalentCircuitExtraction(ECE)LinearMovement

5.5 AnisotropicMaterials

Chapter6.0 EddyCurrentExamples6.1 AsymmetricalConductorwithaHole

Chapter7.0 Transient Examples7.1 SwitchedReluctanceMotor(StrandedConductors)


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5AnsoftMaxwell3DFieldSimulatorv11UsersGuide

Chapter5.0

Chapter5.0 MagnetostaticExamples5.1 MagneticForce

5.2 NonlinearInductor

5.3 SwitchedReluctanceMotor(StrandedConductors)

5.4 EquivalentCircuitExtraction(ECE)LinearMovement

5.5 AnisotropicMaterials


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5.1Example(Magnetostatic) MagneticForce

5.1-65

MagneticForceThisexampleisintendedtoshowyouhowtocreateandanalyzeamagnetostaticproblemwithapermanentmagnettodeterminetheforceexertedonasteelbarusingtheMagnetostaticsolverintheAnsoftMaxwell3DDesignEnvironment.


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5.1-66

AnsoftMaxwellDesignEnvironmentThefollowingfeaturesoftheAnsoftMaxwellDesignEnvironmentareusedtocreatethemodelscoveredinthistopic

3DSolidModeling

Primitives: BoxSurfaceOperations:SectionBooleanOperations:Subtract, Unite, Separate Bodies

Boundaries/ExcitationsCurrent:Stranded

Analysis

MagnetostaticResults

ForceFieldOverlays:

Vector B


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5.1-67

GettingStarted

LaunchingMaxwell1. ToaccessMaxwell,clicktheMicrosoftStart button,selectPrograms,andselectAnsoft andthenMaxwell 11.SettingToolOptions

To set the tool options:Note: Inordertofollowthestepsoutlinedinthisexample,verifythatthefollowingtooloptionsareset :

1. SelectthemenuitemTools > Options > Maxwell Options2. MaxwellOptionsWindow:

1. ClicktheGeneral Options tabUseWizardsfordataentrywhencreatingnewboundaries: CheckedDuplicateboundarieswithgeometry: Checked

2. ClicktheOK button3. SelectthemenuitemTools > Options > 3D Modeler Options.4. 3DModelerOptionsWindow:

1. ClicktheOperation tabAutomaticallycoverclosedpolylines: Checked

2. ClicktheDrawing tabEditpropertyofnewprimitives: Checked



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5.1-68

Opening a New ProjectTo open a new project:

InanAnsoftMaxwellwindow,clickthe OntheStandardtoolbar,orselectthemenuitemFile > New.FromtheProject menu,selectInsert Maxwell Design.

Set Solution TypeTo set the solution type:

SelectthemenuitemMaxwell > Solution TypeSolutionTypeWindow:

ChooseMagnetostaticClicktheOK button


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5.1-69

Creatingthe3DModel

Set Model UnitsTo set the units:

1. Selectthemenuitem3D M odeler > Units2. SetModelUnits:

1. SelectUnits:mm2. ClicktheOK button

Set Default MaterialTo set the default material:

1. Usingthe3DModelerMaterialstoolbar,chooseSelect2. SelectDefinitionWindow:

1. Typesteel_1008 intheSearch by Name field2. ClicktheOK button


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5.1-70

Create CoreTo create a box:

1. SelectthemenuitemDraw > Box2. Usingthecoordinateentryfields,entertheboxposition

X:0.0,Y:0.0,Z:-5.0,PresstheEnter key3. Usingthecoordinateentryfields,entertheoppositecornerofthebox:

dX:10.0,dY:-30.0,dZ:10.0,PresstheEnter keyTo fit the view:

1. SelectthemenuitemView > Fit All > Active View.Duplicate Box:

1. SelectthemenuitemEdit > Duplicate Along Line2. Usingthecoordinateentryfields,enterthefirstpoint

X:0.0,Y:0.0,Z:0.0,PresstheEnter key3. Usingthecoordinateentryfields,enterthesecondpoint

dX:30.0,dY:0.0,dZ:10.0,PresstheEnter key4. DuplicateAlongLineWindow

1. TotalNumber:22. ClicktheOK button

To create the core:1. SelectthemenuitemDraw > Box2. Usingthecoordinateentryfields,entertheboxposition

X:0.0,Y:-30.0,Z:-5.0,PresstheEnter key3. Usingthecoordinateentryfields,entertheoppositecornerofthebox:

dX:50.0,dY:-10.0,dZ:10.0,PresstheEnter keyTo set the name:

1. SelecttheAttribute tabfromtheProperties window.2. FortheValue ofName type:Core3. ClicktheOK button

To fit the view:1. SelectthemenuitemView > Fit All > Active View.


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5.1-71

Group the CoreTo select the objects

1. SelectthemenuitemEdit > Select All2. Selectthemenuitem,3D Modeler > Boolean > Unite


Duplicate the CoreTo select the objects

1. Selectthemenuitem,Edit > Duplicate Mirror2. Usingthecoordinateentryfields,enterthefirstpoint

X:0.0,Y:0.0,Z:0.0,PresstheEnter key3. Usingthecoordinateentryfields,enterthenormalpoint

dX:0.0,dY:1.0,dZ:0.0,PresstheEnter keyTo fit the view:

1. SelectthemenuitemView > Fit All > Active View.Group the Core

To select the objects1. SelectthemenuitemEdit > Select All2. Selectthemenuitem,3D Modeler > Boolean > Unite



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5.1-72

Create BarTo create the bar:



dX:10.0,dY:80.0,dZ:10.0,PresstheEnter keyTo parameterize the object:

1. SelecttheCommand tabfromtheProperties window2. ForPosition,type:50mm+mx, -40,0, -5,0,ClicktheTab keytoaccept

AddVariablemx:1mm,ClicktheOK buttonTo set the name:

1. SelecttheAttribute tabfromtheProperties window.2. FortheValue ofName type:Bar3. ClicktheOK button


Set Default Material1. Usingthe3DModelerMaterialstoolbar,chooseSelect2. SelectDefinitionWindow:

1. Typecopper intheSearch by Name field2. ClicktheOK button


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5.1-73

Create CoilTo create the coil:


X:45.0,Y:30.0,Z:10.0,PresstheEnter key3. Usingthecoordinateentryfields,entertheoppositecornerofthebox:

dX:-20.0,dY:-60.0,dZ:-20.0,PresstheEnter keyTo set the name:

1. SelecttheAttribute tabfromtheProperties window.2. FortheValue ofName type:coil3. ClicktheOK button

To select the object for subtract1. SelectthemenuitemEdit > Select > By Name2. SelectObjectDialog,

1. Selecttheobjectsnamed:Coil, Core2. ClicktheOK button

To complete the coil:1. Selectthemenuitem3D Modeler > Boolean > Subtract2. SubtractWindow

1. BlankParts:Coil2. ToolParts:Core3. Clonetoolobjectsbeforesubtracting: Checked4. ClicktheOK button


Insulate CoilTo assign a boundary

1. SelectthemenuitemMaxwell > Boundaries > Assign > Insulating2. InsulatingBoundary

1. Name:Insulating12. ClicktheOK button


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5.1-74

Create ExcitationSection Object

1. SelectthemenuitemEdit > Surface > Section1. SectionPlane:XY2. ClicktheOK button

Separate Bodies1. SelectthemenuitemEdit > Boolean > Separate Bodies

AssignExcitation1. SelectthemenuitemMaxwell > Excitations > Assign > Current2. CurrentExcitation:General

1. Name:Current12. Value:c13. Type:Stranded4. CurrentDirection:positive Z direction.(UseSwap Direction button)

3. ClicktheOK button4. AddVariableWindow

1. Value:100A2. ClicktheOK button

Calculate ForceTo select the object

SelectthemenuitemEdit > Select > By NameSelectObjectDialog,

Selecttheobjectsnamed:BarClicktheOK buttonCalculate Force

SelectthemenuitemMaxwell > Parameters > Assign > ForceClicktheOK button


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5.1-75

Set Default Material1. Usingthe3DModelerMaterialstoolbar,chooseSelect2. SelectDefinitionWindow:

1. TypeNdFe35 intheSearch by Name field2. ClicktheOK button

Create MagnetTo create the magnet:



dX:10.0,dY:20.0,dZ:10.0,PresstheEnter keyTo set the name:

1. SelecttheAttribute tabfromtheProperties window.2. FortheValue ofName type:Magnet3. ClicktheOK buttonTo select the object for subtract1. SelectthemenuitemEdit > Select > By Name2. SelectObjectDialog,

1. Selecttheobjectsnamed:Magnet, Core2. ClicktheOK button

To complete the magnet:1. Selectthemenuitem3D Modeler > Boolean > Subtract2. SubtractWindow

1. BlankParts:Core2. ToolParts:Magnet3. Clonetoolobjectsbeforesubtracting: Checked4. ClicktheOK button



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5.1-76

Orient MagnetNote: Bydefaultallofthemagentic materialinthemateriallibaray areorientedinthex-direction.Usingalocalcoordinatesystem(CS)wecancorrecttheorientationofthegeometrytoalignwiththematerialdefinition.

To create rotated CS:1. SelectthemenuitemEdit > Select > Faces2. Usingthemouse,graphicallyselectthetopfaceoftheMagnet

3. Selectthemenuitem3DModeler>CoordinateSystem>Create>FaceCS

4. Usingthecoordinateentryfields,entertheorigin

X:10.0,Y:10.0,Z:5.0,PresstheEnter key5. Usingthecoordinateentryfields,entertheaxis:

dX:0.0,dY:-20.0,dZ:0.0,PresstheEnter keyChange Properties

1. SelectthemenuitemMaxwell > List2. DesignListWindow

1. Fromthelist,selectrow:Magnet2. ClicktheProperties button3. PropertiesWindow

1. Orientation:FaceCS12. ClicktheOK button

4. ClicktheDone button


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5.1-77

Set Default MaterialTo set the default material:

1. Usingthe3DModelerMaterialstoolbar,choosevacuumDefine a Region

To define a Region:1. SelectthemenuitemDraw > Region

1. PaddingDate:One2. PaddingPercentage: 503. ClicktheOK button


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5.1-78

AnalysisSetup

Creating an Analysis SetupTo create an analysis setup:

1. SelectthemenuitemMaxwell > Analysis Setup > Add Solution Setup2. SolutionSetupWindow:

1. ClicktheOK buttonSave Project

To save the project:1. InanAnsoftMaxwellwindow,selectthemenuitemFile > Save As.2. FromtheSave As window,typetheFilename:maxwell_ms_magforce3. ClicktheSave button

Analyze

Model ValidationTo validate the model:

1. SelectthemenuitemMaxwell > Validation Check2. ClicktheClose button

Note: Toviewanyerrorsorwarningmessages,usetheMessageManager.

AnalyzeTo start the solution process:1. SelectthemenuitemMaxwell > Analyze All


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5.1-79

Solution DataTo view the Solution Data:

1. SelectthemenuitemMaxwell > Results > Solution DataTo view the Profile:

1. ClicktheProfile Tab.To view the Convergence:

1. ClicktheConvergence TabNote: ThedefaultviewisforconvergenceisTable.SelectthePlot radiobuttontoviewagraphicalrepresentationsoftheconvergencedata.

ToviewtheSolutions:

1. ClicktheSolutions Tab2. ClicktheClose button


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5.1-80

OptimetricsSetup ParametricSweepDuringthedesignofadevice,itiscommonpracticetodevelopdesigntrendsbasedonsweptparameters.AnsoftMaxwell3DwithOptimetricsParametricSweepcanautomaticallycreatethesedesigncurves.

Add a Parametric Sweep1. SelectthemenuitemMaxwell > Optimetrics Analysis > Add Param etric2. SetupSweep Analysis Window:

1. ClicktheSweep Definitions tab:1. ClicktheAdd button2. Add/EditSweepDialog

1. SelectVariable:c12. SelectLinear Count3. Start:0A4. Stop:500A5. Step:1006. ClicktheAdd button7. ClicktheOK button

2. ClicktheOptions tab:1. SaveFieldsandMesh: Checked

3. ClicktheOK buttonAnalyze Parametric Sweep

To start the solution process:1. ExpandtheProjectTreetodisplaytheitemslistedunderOptimetrics2. Right-clickthemouseonParametricSetup1 andchooseAnalyze

Optimetrics ResultsTo view the Optimetrics Results:

1. SelectthemenuitemMaxwell> Optimetrics Analysis > Optimetrics Results2. SelecttheProfile Tabtoviewthesolutionprogressforeachsetup.3. ClicktheClose buttonwhenyouarefinishedviewingtheresults


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5.1-81

Create Plot of Force at each CurrentTo create a report:

1. SelectthemenuitemMaxwell > Results > Create Report2. CreateReportWindow:

1. ReportType:Magnetostatic2. DisplayType:Rectangular Plot3. ClicktheOK button

3. TracesWindow:1. Solution:Setup1: Force2. ClicktheSweeps tab

1. SelectSweep Design and Project variable values2. Makesurethatc1 isselectedastheprimarysweep

3. ClicktheY tab1. Category: Force2. Quantity:Force_x3. Function:4. ClicktheAdd Trace button

4. ClicktheDone button


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5.2Example(Magnetostatic) NonlinearInductor

5.2-82AnsoftMaxwell3DFieldSimulatorv11UsersGuide

TheimplementationandapplicationofNonlinearInductorwhenusingtheMagnetostaticSolver

ThenonlinearinductanceiscalculatedbyMaxwell.


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3DSolidModeling

Primitives: Rectangular BoxSurfaceOperations:Draw RectangleBooleanOperations:Subtract

Boundaries/ExcitationsCurrent: Stranded

Analysis


Inductance MatrixFieldOverlays:

Flux Density Mapping


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GettingStarted

Launching Maxwell1. ToaccessMaxwell,clicktheMicrosoftStart button,selectPrograms,andselectAnsoft andthenMaxwell 11.

Setting Tool OptionsTo set the tool options:Note: Inordertofollowthestepsoutlinedinthisexample,verifythatthe

followingtooloptionsareset :1. SelectthemenuitemTools > Options > Maxwell Options2. MaxwellOptionsWindow:







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1. InanMaxwellwindow,clickthe OntheStandardtoolbar,orselectthemenuitemFile > New .

2. SelectthemenuitemProject > Insert Maxwell Design, orclickontheicon

Set Solution TypeSelectthemenuitem:Maxwell > Solution Type > Magnetostatic,orrightmouseclickonMaxwellDesign1andselectSolution Type

Creating the 3D Model of a Nonlinear InductorTheexamplethatwillbeusedtodemonstratehowtomodeltheNonlinearInductor.Byusing2independentwindings,wecanobservetheselfinductanceandmutualinductance.Theinductancevariesregardtothe

saturationleveloftheoperation.Set Model UnitsSelectthemenuitem3D Modeler > Units > SelectUnits: mm millimeters)


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CreatetheCore:Box is used to create the core:

Draw > Box1. Usingthecoordinateentryfield,enterthecornerofthebox

X: 0, Y: 0, Z: 0,PresstheEnter key2. Usingthecoordinateentryfield,enterthesizeofthebox

dX: 10, dY: 10, dZ: 10,PresstheEnter keyOKThenameofboxisbox1



dX: 10, dY: 3, dZ: 8,PresstheEnter keyOK

Thenameofboxisbox2




Thenameofboxisbox3

Hold Ctrl key and Select: Box1, Box2, Box33D Modeler>Boolean>SubtractOKTheobjectnameisBox1sinceBox1wasselectedfirst.

ClickonthejustcreatedobjectinthedrawingwindowandinthepanelontheleftchangeitsnamefromBox1 toCore.ChangetheMaterialfromvacuum toSteel_1010.ChangetheColorfromGray toBlue


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CreatetheCoilsandTerminals:Box is used to create the coil:


X: -2, Y: 2, Z: 2,PresstheEnter key2. Usingthecoordinateentryfield,enterthesizeofthebox


Thenameofboxisbox4Draw > Box1. Usingthecoordinateentryfield,enterthecornerofthebox

X: -1, Y: 3, Z: 2,PresstheEnter key2. Usingthecoordinateentryfield,enterthesizeofthebox


Thenameofboxisbox5

Hold Ctrl key and Select: Box4, Box53D Modeler>Boolean>SubtractOKTheobjectnameisBox4sinceBox4wasselectedfirst.

ClickonthejustcreatedobjectinthedrawingwindowandinthepanelontheleftchangeitsnamefromBox4 toCoilBottom.ChangetheMaterialfromvacuum toCopper.ChangetheColorfromGray toYellow.ChangetheTransparent0 to0.1Draw > RectangleChangetheDrawplanefromXY toXZ

1. Usingthecoordinateentryfield,enterthecorneroftherectangleX: 11, Y: 5, Z: 2,PresstheEnter key2. Usingthecoordinateentryfield,enterthesizeoftherectangle


ThenameofrectangleisRectangle1

ClickonthejustcreatedobjectinthedrawingwindowandinthepanelontheleftchangeitsnamefromRectangle1 toTerminalBottom ..


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CreatetheCoilsandTerminals:Select : CoilBottom, TerminalBottomEdit>Duplicate>Along Line

1. Usingthecoordinateentryfield,enterthefirstpointofduplicatevector.

X: 0, Y: 0, Z: 0,PresstheEnter key2. Usingthecoordinateentryfield,enterthesecondpointofduplicatevector.

dX: 0, dY: 0, dZ: 5,PresstheEnter keyOKClickonthejustcreatedobjectinthedrawingwindowandinthepanelontheleftchangeitsnamefromTerminalBottom_1 toTerminalTop .ClickonthejustcreatedobjectinthedrawingwindowandinthepanelontheleftchangeitsnamefromCoilBottom_1 toCoilTop.


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CreatetheproblemRegionOneofthemaindifferencesbetweenMaxwellV10andV11isthataBackgroundRegionisnotautomaticallycreatedwhenaprojectisstarted.Aseparateobjectneedstobespecificallycreated.

CreatearectangularregionthathasthesameshapeastheNonlinearInductorbyselectingthemenuitemDraw > Region

PaddingPercentage: 200OkOk


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Assign Current Source to the TerminalsSelectTerminalBottom.SelectthemenuitemMaxwell > Excitations > Assign > Current

1. ChangetheNametoCurrentBottom2. Changethevalueto100 Amps3. ChangethetypetoStranded4. Ok


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Assign Current Source to the TerminalsSelectTerminalTop.SelectthemenuitemMaxwell > Excitations > Assign > Current

1. ChangetheNametoCurrentTop2. Changethevalueto100 Amps3. ChangethetypetoStranded4. Ok


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Add Inductance Matrix CalculationOntheProjectWindow,RightClickParameters.Assign > Matrix

1. CheckCurrentTop and CurrentBottom


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CreateanAnalysisSetupSelectthemenuitemMaxwell > Ana lysis Setup > Add Solution SetupSelectGeneral andchangethePercentErrorfrom1 to2SelectConvergence andchangetheRefinementPerPassfrom30 to20


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SavetheProjectSelectthemenuitemFile > Save AsFromtheSaveAswindow,typeinNonlinearInductance.ClickontheSave button

ChecktheValidityoftheModelSelectthemenuitemMaxwell > Validation Check,orclickontheicon

Theproblemwontsolveunlesseachobjecthasacheckmark.

AnalyzeSelectthemenuitemMaxwell > Analyze,orclickontheicon


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SolutionDataToviewtheSolutionData,selectthemenuitemMaxwell > Results > SolutionDataHereyoucanviewtheProfile andtheConvergence. Note: ThedefaultviewisforconvergenceisTable.SelectthePlot radiobuttontoviewagraphicalrepresentationsoftheconvergencedata.


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ObservetheInductanceMatrixMaxwell > Results> Solution Data


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PlotFluxDensityonCoreCrosssectionToplotthefluxdensityonthecorecrosssection,anewcoordinatesystemisneeded.

Herearethestepstocreate:

3D Modeler>Coordinate System>Create>Relative CS>OffsetUsingthecoordinateentryfield,enterthepositionofthenewcoordinates:

X: 0, Y: 0, Z: 5,PresstheEnter keyThenameofnewCoordinateisRelativeCS1

Selecttheplotplane:Planes>RelativeCS1:XYRightmouseclick:Field Overlays > Fields > B> Mag _B.Fromtheplot,wecanseethefluxdensityoncoreisaround1.86 Telsla.ItisclosetothesaturationpointofSteel_1010.

Ifwedrivetheinductorwithmuchlowercurrent,theoperatingpointwillbeinthelineararea.Thentheinductancewillbemuchhigherthantheinductancewithoperatingpointclosetosaturationpoint.


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CreateanewprojectRightClickonProjectMaxwellDesign1> CopyClickonNonlinearInductance>Paste.AnewprojectnamedMaxwellDesign2 iscreated.ClickExcitations: CurrentBottom,ChangeCurrentfrom100Ato1A.ClickExcitations: CurrentTop,ChangeCurrentfrom100Ato1A.RightClickonParameters>Assign>MatrixCheckCurrentTop and CurrentBottom


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RunthenewprojectandObservetheInductanceMatrixClickon Analysis>Setup1RightClickon Setup1: Analyze.Thesimulationrunandstop.

Maxwell > Results> Solution DataWecanseetheinductanceismuchhigherthantheprevioussimulation.


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PlotFluxDensityonCoreCrosssectionSelecttheplotplane:Planes>RelativeCS1:XYRightmouseclick:Field Overlays > Fields > B> Mag _B.Fromtheplot,wecanseethefluxdensityoncoreisaround0.086 Telsla.ItisworkingonthelinearareaofSteel_1010.


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TheimplementationandapplicationofNonlinearInductorwhenusingtheMagnetostaticSolver

ThenonlinearinductanceiscalculatedbyMaxwell.


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3DSolidModeling

Primitives: Rectangular BoxSurfaceOperations:Draw RectangleBooleanOperations:Subtract

Boundaries/ExcitationsCurrent: Stranded

Analysis


Inductance MatrixFieldOverlays:

Flux Density Mapping


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GettingStarted

Launching Maxwell1. ToaccessMaxwell,clicktheMicrosoftStart button,selectPrograms,andselectAnsoft andthenMaxwell 11.

Setting Tool OptionsTo set the tool options:Note: Inordertofollowthestepsoutlinedinthisexample,verifythatthe

followingtooloptionsareset :1. SelectthemenuitemTools > Options > Maxwell Options2. MaxwellOptionsWindow:







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1. InanMaxwellwindow,clickthe OntheStandardtoolbar,orselectthemenuitemFile > New .

2. SelectthemenuitemProject > Insert Maxwell Design, orclickontheicon

Set Solution TypeSelectthemenuitem:Maxwell > Solution Type > Magnetostatic,orrightmouseclickonMaxwellDesign1andselectSolution Type

Creating the 3D Model of a Nonlinear InductorTheexamplethatwillbeusedtodemonstratehowtomodeltheNonlinearInductor.Byusing2independentwindings,wecanobservetheselfinductanceandmutualinductance.Theinductancevariesregardtothe

saturationleveloftheoperation.Set Model UnitsSelectthemenuitem3D Modeler > Units > SelectUnits: mm millimeters)


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CreatetheCore:Box is used to create the core:



dX: 10, dY: 10, dZ: 10,PresstheEnter keyOKThenameofboxisbox1




Thenameofboxisbox2




Thenameofboxisbox3

Hold Ctrl key and Select: Box1, Box2, Box33D Modeler>Boolean>SubtractOKTheobjectnameisBox1sinceBox1wasselectedfirst.

ClickonthejustcreatedobjectinthedrawingwindowandinthepanelontheleftchangeitsnamefromBox1 toCore.ChangetheMaterialfromvacuum toSteel_1010.ChangetheColorfromGray toBlue


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CreatetheCoilsandTerminals:Box is used to create the coil:


X: -2, Y: 2, Z: 2,PresstheEnter key2. Usingthecoordinateentryfield,enter

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