1) Objective:

2) Problems statement:

3) Hypothesis:

To investigate the effect of light intensity on the rate of transpirations.

Does the light intensity affect the rate of transpirations?

The rate of the transpirations increases when light intensity increases

4) Variables:

5) ApparatusAnd material :

6) Procedure:

7)Table:

Manipulate: Light intensity Responding: The rate of transpiration Fixed: Temperature

Photometer, beaker, ruler, stopwatch, black and transparent polythene bag, wire, cellophane tape, retort stand.Leaf branch, distilled water.

1) Photometer are prepared as shown at the diagram. 2) Mark two point of X and Y with the distance of 5 cm at capillary tube.3) Black polythene bag were covered on the leaf branch. 4) Lift up the capillary tube to produce air bubble.5) Start the stop watch when air bubble move from x to y point.6) Repeat step 4 and 5 for three times to get an average.7) Replace black polythene with transparent polythene and repeat step 4

and 5. 8) The data are recorded in the table as shown below.9) Transpiration rate are calculated and compared the result of two type of

polythene.9) The rate of transpiration for the transparent polythene bag is higher

than black polythene bag.

EXAMPLE 1:EXAMPLE 2   : CHAPTER 6 – NUTRITION ( Vitamin C )

Aim/ Objective

: To determine the vitamin C content in different fruit juice

Problem statement

: What is the percentage of vitamin C in different fruit juices / in lime juice and pineapple juice?

Hypothesis : Lime juice has higher percentage of vitamin C/vitamin C content than pineapple juice.

Light Intensity

Time taken for air bubble move from X to Y (5 cm)

Transpiration Rate (cm s-1)

1 2 3 AverageBlack PolytheneTransparent Polythene

Manipulated Variable

: Lime juice and pineapple juice.

RespondingVariable

:Vitamin C content // percentage of vitamin C.

Fixed Variable

:Volume of DCPIP solution

Material & Apparatus

: 0.1% ascorbic acid solution, DCPIP solution, lime juice and pineapple juiceSpecimen tubes, a syringe (1 ml), syringes (5ml) with needles, beakers (50ml), gauze cloth, knife and mortar.

Procedure 1. Three specimen tubes are labeled as ascorbic acid, lime juice and pineapple juice.

2. 1 ml of DCPIP solution is placed in each specimen tube.

3. A syringe is filled with 5 ml of ascorbic acid solution.

4. The needle of the syringe is immersed in the DCPIP solution.

5. The ascorbic solution is added drop by drop to the DCPIP solution and the tube is shaken slowly.

6. The amount of ascorbic acid solution use to decolorize the DCPIP solution is recorded.

7. Steps 2 to 6 are repeated using lime and pineapple juices.

8. The percentage and concentration of vitamin C in the in the fruit juices are calculated. using the following

9. The data collected is recorded in a table. Results : Fruit juices Vitamin C content // percentage of vitamin C (%)

Lime juicePineapple juice

EXAMPLE 3 : CHAPTER 4 – CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CELL

The effect of temperature on the rate of reaction

Problem Statement:

What are the effects of different temperature on the rate of salivary amylase reaction?

Hypothesis:

As the temperature increases, the rate of amylase reaction increases until it reaches the optimum temperature.

Variables :

Manipulated : temperature

Responding : the rate of amylase reaction

Controlled : volume of saliva // volume of starch suspension // concentration of starch suspension // pH

Apparatus :

Beakers, test tube, thermometer, syringe, droppers, glass rods, white tiles with grooves,water bath, stop watch

Materials : 1% of starch suspension, saliva suspension, iodine solution, ice cubes and distilled water.

Procedure :

1. 5 ml of 1% starch suspension is put into each of the test tubes labelled A1, B1, C1, D1 and E1 respectively using a syringe.

2. 2 ml of saliva is added into each of another set of test tubes labelled A2, B2, C2, D2 and E2 using a second syringe.

3. Test tubes A1 and A2, B1 and B2, C1 and C2, D1 and D2, E1 and E2 is immersed respectively into 5 different water baths with temperatures kept constant at 00C, 280C, 370C, 450C and 600C.

4. The test tubes are left for five minutes

5. After five minutes of immersion, the starch suspension in test tube A1 is poured into the saliva in test tube A2. The mixture is stirred using a glass rod. The stopwatch is started immediately.

6. A drop of mixture is removed from test tube A2 using a dropper and is placed in into the iodine solution in the first groove on the tile. The first groove is considered as zero minute.

7. The iodine test is repeated every minute for ten minute. The dropper in a beaker of water is rinsed after each sampling. The time taken for the completion of the hydrolysis of starch is recorded (that is when the mixture gives a negative iodine test)

8. The test tube with the mixture in their respective water bath is kept throughout the experiment. Steps 7 to 10 for test tubes B1, C1, D1 and E1 is repeated.

9. Thermometer is used to ensure that the temperatures remain constant throughout the experiment.

Results

Temperature (ºC) Time taken for the completion of the hydrolysis of starch (min)

the rate of amylase reaction(min-1)

028374560

EXAMPLE 4: ENDANGERED ECOSYSTEM ( Water Pollution )

Aim : To investigate the level of pollution in water sample P (Industrial area), Q (pond water), R (river water) and S (pipe water).

Problem : What is the level of pollution in water sample P, Q, R and S?

Hypothesis : Water sample P is most polluted than water sample Q, R and S.

VariablesManipulated : Different source of water sample // water sample P, Q, R and S.

Responding : The level of water polluted // Time taken for methylene blue to decolourise

Fixed : The volume of water sample // The volume of methylene blue solution

Material and : 0.1 % methylene blue solution and water samplesApparatus Three reagent bottles ( depends on the number of water samples) and

syringe, stop watch, measuring cylinder, stopper,

Procedure : 1. Water from P, Q R and S were collected.

2. Each labeled reagent bottle was filled with 200 ml of the collected water samples respectively.

3. Using a syringe, 1 ml of 0.1 % methylene blue solution was added to the base of water sample slowly.

4. Immediately, the reagent bottle was closed with a stopper.

5. Step 2 to 4 were repeated using distilled water as a control.

6. All the bottles were placed in dark area ( cupboard)

7. The change in the colour of the sample was check every one hour.

8. The time taken for the methylene blue solution to decolorize was recorded in a table.

Result : Water sample Time taken for methylene blue to decolourise (hour)

The level of water polluted

PQRS