Annual Report 2070 9 24 - Ministry of Forests and Soil ... Report_Ban2_1397800351.pdf · 185 laifo...
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Transcript of Annual Report 2070 9 24 - Ministry of Forests and Soil ... Report_Ban2_1397800351.pdf · 185 laifo...
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jflif{s k|ult k|ltj]bgcf=j= @)^(÷)&)
g]kfn ;/sf/
jg tyf e" ;+/If0f dGqfno
cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg dxfzfvfl;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+
k|sfzs M jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno cg'udg tyf d"Nofs+g dxfzfvf
l;+xb/af/ sf7dfG8f}
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ M jg tyf e" ;+/If0f dGqfno, cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg dxfzfvf, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+
se/ kmf]6f]x? M lzj ;fksf]6fjg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfnosf] sfof{no ejg /
a]nsf] jg /fd]5fk
g]kfn ;/sf/
jg tyf e" ;+/If0f dGqfno
b'O{ zAb
jg tyf e" ;+/If0f dGqfno tyf dftxt lgsfox?af6 cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷&) df ;+rflnt :jLs[t jflif{s sfo{s|dx? tyf cGo ultljlwx? cfd gfu/Ls tyf ;+jlGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] p2]Zon] ljut jif{x?df em}+ of] jif{ klg jflif{s k|ult k|ltj]bg k|sfzg ePsf]] 5 . o; k|ltj]bgjf6 jgsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg, jg k}bfjf/ pTkfbg tyf ljt/0f, h}ljs ljljwtf Pj+ jGohGt'sf] ;+/If0f, e" tyf hnfwf/ Joj:yfkg Pj+ jg:klthGo ;|f]tx?sf]] cWoog cg';Gwfg / ljsf; ;DaGwdf ePsf pknlAwx? Tfyf k|ultsf] clen]v /xg hfg] / o;jf6 jgIf]qsf] ljsf;sf] k|s[ofnfO{ ;dGjofTds, k|efjsf/L / kf/bzL{ t'Nofpg ;d]t ;xof]u k'Ug hfg] 5 .
s'g} klg sfo{qmdsf] ;kmntfsf] dfkg ef}lts k|ultdf dfq ;Lldt g/xL To;jf6 k|fKt pknJwLdf cfd gful/ssf] kx'Fr / ;]jfaf6 ;+t'i6L ePdf dfq ;kmn ePsf] dfGg ;lsg] x'Fbf cfufdL lbgdf jg If]qaf6 cfly{s, ;fdflhs / jftfj/0fLo ;d[l¢ xf;Ln ug]{ p2]Zon] jg If]qsf] efaL sfo{qmdx?sf] lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . o;cg'?k g]kfnsf] ;a} vfn] jgsf] bLuf] / j}1flgs Aoa:yfkg u/L jg k}bfjf/sf] ;xh cfk"lt{ ug]{, /f]huf/L ;[hgf ug]{ / cfly{s nfe lnO{ d"n'snfO{ ;d[¢ jgfpg of]ubfg k'Ug hfg] b]lvG5 . o;sf cltl/Qm jg If]qsf cfufdL lbgsf sfo{qmd ;+rfngaf6 k|fKt k|ltkmnn] jg k}bfjf/sf] lbuf] pkof]u, jg If]qsf] ;'zf;g / jg ;+/If0f Pj+ Aoj:yfkgsfnflu pko'Qm jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgf u/L jg, jftfj/0f, h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f u/L hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] gsf/fTds c;/ ;d]t Go"g ug{ d2t k'Ug hfg] x'Fbf o; sfo{df ;Da4 ;a} lgsfo, ;+3÷;:yf / lj1x?sf]] ;xof]usf] ck]Iff u/]sf] 5' . k|:t't k|sfzgn] jg tyf e";+/If0f dGqfnoaf6 ;Dkflbt sfd sf/jfxL ;DaGwdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx? Pj+ ;j{;fwf/0fdf hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' .
cGTodf, of] k|ltj]bg tof/Lsf] ;+of]hg ug'{ x'g] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg dxfzfvfsf ;x;lrj >L e/t k|;fb k'8f;}gL, ljj/0f ;+sng tyf ljZn]if0fdf ;lqmo ?kdf ;+nUg cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg clws[t >L lzj ;fksf]6f nufot dxfzfvfsf sd{rf/Lx? tyf o; k|sfzg sfo{df k|ToIf tyf k/f]If ?kdf ;xof]u ug'{ x'g] o; dGqfno / cGtu{t ljefux?sf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .
======================================== 8f= u0f]z /fh hf]zL ;lrj jgtyf e";+/If0f dGqfno
182
g]kfn ;/sf/
jg tyf e" ;+/If0f dGqfnocg'udg tyf d'Nof+sg dxfzfvf
b'O{ zAb
cfly{s jif{ @)^(.)&) df eP u/]sf sfdx?nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ug]{ / eljiosf sfo{qmdx? yk k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjog x'g ;s'g\ eGg] p2]Zon] tof/ kfl/Psf] cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷&) sf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf dGqfno / cGtu{tsf ljleGg lgsfox?jf6 cf=j= @)^(.&) df xfl;n ul/Psf k|ult ljj/0f nufotsf ;d;fdlos hfgsf/L ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} o; k'l:tsfn] ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ ;du| jg If]qdf xfl;n ePsf pknJwL, sfof{Gjogdf b]vf k/]sf ;d:of Pj+ r'gf}tLx?sf] hfgsf/L / ltgsf] ;dfwfgdf ;xof]u k'Ug hfg] ck]Iff u/]sf] 5' . o; k|ltj]bgaf6 jg If]q cGtu{t ;+rflnt sfo{qmd/cfof]hgfx?sf] of]hgf th'{df, sfof{Gjog / cg'udg sfo{ ;d]tdf ;xof]u k'Ug] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} of] k'l:tsf jg If]q;+u ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ;j}nfO{ pkof]uL x'g] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' .
of] jflif{s k|ltj]bg k|sfzg ug{nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' x'g] dGqfnosf ;j} dxfzfvfx?, kfFrj6} ljefux?, ;+:yfg tyf ;ldltx?, o; dGqfno;+u cfa4 ;j} sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfx?nfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . cGTodf, of] k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ sfo{df ;lqmo ?kdf vl6g' ePsf cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg clws[t >L lzj ;fksf]6f tyf o; sfo{df ;xof]u ug'{ x'g] cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg clws[t >L r]jg k|;fb u'/fufO{F, pk ;lrj -k|f=_ ls/0f 8+uf]n tyf pk ;lrj -k|f=_ >L /fdhL k|;fb lzjfsf]6L, ;xfos cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg clws[t >L lw/]Gb| s'df/ k|wfg nufot o; cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg dxfzfvfsf ;j} sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .
======================================== e/t k|;fb k'8f;}gL k|d'v
-;x;lrj_ cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg dxfzfvf jg tyf e";+/If0f dGqfno
184
185
laifo ;"rLv08 – ! .....................................................................................1v08 – @ ....................................................................................1!=! k[i7e"ld ...............................................................................1!=@ DfGqfnosf] b'/b[li6, kl/nIo tyf p2]Zo .......................................2
!=@=! b'/b[li6 ..........................................................................................2
!=@=@ kl/nIo .........................................................................................2
!=@=# p2]Zo ............................................................................................2
!=@=$ /0fgLlts nIox? .........................................................................3
!=# lgb]{lzt l;4fGt, sfo{z}nL tyf tyf ;+:yfut cfwf/e"t d"No ............ 4!=#=! lgb]{lzt l;4fGt ............................................................................ 4
!=#=@ sfo{z}nL ....................................................................................... 4
!=#=# ;+:yfut cfwf/e"t d"No ............................................................... 4
!=$ k|d'v gLlt tyf sfg'gx? ......................................................... 4!=$=! gLtL tyf /0fgLltx? .................................................................. 4
!=$=@ P]g, lgodx? .............................................................................5
!=% k|d'v r'gf}ltx? ......................................................................5!=^ ;+u7gfTds :j?k tyf Joj:yf ..................................................6!=& jg tyf e" ;+/If0f dGqfno:t/df b/aGbLsf] cj:yf M .......................7!=* jg tyf e" ;+/If0f dGqfno cGt/utsf lgsfox?sf] s'n
hgzlQm ljj/0f .....................................................................7!=( sd{rf/L ljj/0f .....................................................................7!=!) dGqfno cGt{utsf dxfzfvfx?sf d'Vo sfo{x? ............................. 8
!=!)=! of]hgf tyf hgzlQm dxfzfvfsf d'Vo sfo{x? ......................... 8
186
!=!)=@ cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg dxfzfvfsf d'Vo sfo{x? ...................... 8
!=!)=# j}b]lzs ;xof]u ;dGjo dxfzfvfsf d'Vo sfo{x? ..................... 8
!=!)=$ k|zf;g dxfzfvfsf d'Vo sfo{x? ..............................................9
!=!)=% jftfj/0f dxfzfvf cGtu{tsf d'Vo sfo{x? ...............................9
!=!! sfo{ ljefhg lgodfjnL, @)^( cg';f/ dGqfnoaf6
;Dkfbg ul/g] sfo{x¿ .............................................................9!=!@ dGqfno cGt{utsf dxfzfvfx?sf d'Vo sfo{x? ............................ 11
!=!@=! p2]Zo ......................................................................................11
!=!@=@ /0fgLlt....................................................................................11
!=!@=# gLlt÷sfo{gLlt .........................................................................12
!=!@=$ lqalif{o of]hgf -@)^&/^*-@)^(/&)_ ...................................16!=!@=% k|d'v sfo{qmdx? .....................................................................17
!=!# jg ;|f]t tYofÍ ...................................................................22
v08 – @ .................................................................................. 23
@=! cf=j= @)^(÷)&) sf] P1 cfof]hgf / kl/of]hgfx? ......................... 23
@=@ cf=j= @)^(÷)&) sf] P2 cfof]hgf / kl/of]hgfx? ................................23
@=# cf=j= @)^(÷)&) sf] jflif{s k|ult ljj/0f .........................................24
@=$ cf=j= @)^*÷)^( / cf=j= @)^(÷)&) sf] jflif{s k|ult l:ylt
t'ngfTds tflnsf ............................................................................... 25
@=% P1 cfof]hgf / kl/of]hgfut jflif{s k|ult .............................................26
@=^ P2 cfof]hgf / kl/of]hgfut jflif{s k|ult ............................................ 27
@=& @)^(÷&)df ;+rflnt cfof]hgf÷kl/of]hgfsf] d'Vo pknJwLx? tyf
;Dkflbt sfo{x? ..................................................................................28
@=* ;ldlt÷;+:yfg÷sDkgLsf] jflif{s k|ult l:ylt .......................................39
187
@=*=! cf=j= )^*÷^( tyf cf=j= )^(÷&) sf ;ldlt÷;+:yfg÷
sDkgLsf] jflif{sM ......................................................................40
@=*=@ ;ldlt÷;+:yfg÷sDkgLsf] pTkfbg ljqmL lat/0fsf] ljj/0f= ........40
@=( d'Vo pknJwLx? tyf ;Dkflbt sfo+x? .................................................41
@=!) cf=j=@)^(÷)&) df ljlgof]lht ah]6 tyf vr{sf] ljj/0f ...................41
vG8 # ..........................................................................................................45
#=! cf=j= @)^(÷&) df jg If]qsf] hUuf cGo k|of]hgsf] nflu
pknAw u/fOPsf] ljj/0f ......................................................................45
#=@= sfo{;DKffbg ;"rsf+sdf cfwfl/t jflif{s k|ult ....................................49
#=#= dGqfno / cGtu{t ljefux?sf] jflif{s j]?h' km5of}{6sf] ljj/0f ..........54
#=$= x]nf] ;/sf/df k/]sf u'gf;f] Joj:yfkgsf] k|utL ljj/0f ........................ 55
vG8 $ .......................................................................................................... 57
;d:of, ;d:of ;dfwfgsf k|ofz / pkfox? ................................................. 57
$=! /fli6«o ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldlt / dGqfno :t/Lo ljsf; ;d:of
;dfwfg ;ldltsf]] lg0f{o / sfof{Gjog l:ylt ........................................ 57
vG8 % .....................................................................................................6855
%=! jg tyf e" ;+/If0f dGqfno cGtu+tsf ljb];L ;xof]udf ;+rflnt
sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf/kl/of]hgfx? ...........................................68%=@ g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\af6 ePsf jg tyf e";+/If0f dGqfno;+u
;+jlGwt lg0f{ox? .................................................................75
%=# j}b]lzs e|d0f-pRr lzIff cWoog, uf]i7L, tflnd, cWoog e|d0f,
;]ldgf/, COP cflbdf_ ;xeflu x'gsf] nflu dgf]gog ePsf
sfo{qmd tyf sd{rf/Lx?sf] ljj/0f ........................................... 82
188
%=$ :jLs[t jflif{s cg'udg sfo{of]hgf adf]lhd % j6} If]qdf :ynut
cg'udg lgl/If0fdf b]lvPsf ljj/0fx? tyf ;'emfjx? .................. 108
cg';"rLx? ....................................................................................................111
cg';"rL ! jGohGt'af6 x'g] Ifltsf] /fxt ;xof]u lgb]{lzsf, @)^( .......... 112
cg';"rL @ /fli6«o ;Ld;f/ gLlt, @)^( ..........................................118cg';"rL # ;'gfv/L ;+sng tyf v]tL ljsf; -sfo{ljlw_ lgb]{lzsf, @)^( ...136cg';"rL $ /fli6«o e"–pkof]u gLlt, @)^( ........................................154
@)^(÷&) df ;+rflnt sfo{qmdx?sf]] cg'udgsf] qmddf lnOPsf tl:j/x? ........171
1
v08 – !
;fdfGo ljj/0f
!=! k[i7e"ld
g]kfnsf] s'n If]qkmnsf] #(=^% e"–efu jg If]qn] cf]u6]sf]] 5 . o;} u/L b]zdf !@% r/0f If]q / @=%% l;d;f/ If]q /x]sf] 5 . h}ljs ljljwtfn] ;d]t wgL dflgg] g]kfndf
h}ljs ljljwtf Pj+ kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ ;Gbe{df @) j6f ;+/lIft If]q -!@
j6f dWojtL{ If]q ;d]t_ :yfkgf u/L b]zsf] s/La @#=@#% cyf{t #$,!*,^^@ x]S6/ e"–
efu ;+/lIft If]q k|0ffnL cGtu{t /flvPsf] 5 . d'n'sjf;Lx?sf b}lgs cfjZostfsf sf7,
OGwgsf] nueu &)% , kz'cfxf/sf] $)% cfk'lt{ jg If]qaf6 xF'b} cfO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf]
;jf{lË0f ljsf;sf nflu jg If]qsf] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . /fli6«o k|fyldstf
k|fKt If]qx? h:t}M hn;|f]t, ko{6g, k|fylds :jf:Yo pkrf/ / s[lifsf] d]?b08sf] ?kdf
/x]sf] jg If]qn] ;lbof}+b]lv g} hgtfsf] jg k}bfjf/sf] cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ tyf jftfj/0f
;Gt'ngsf] nflu of]ubfg k'¥ofpFb} cfO/x]sf]] 5 . jg If]qn] o;sf]] ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g tyf
;d'lrt ;b'kof]ujf6 cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf; u/L :yfgLo tyf /fli6«o cy{tGqdf
of]ubfg k'¥ofO{ cfPsf] 5 .
jg ;Dkbf tyf jGohGt'x?sf] ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g / ;b'kof]ujf6 ;j{;fwf/0f g]kfnL hgtfnfO{
jg k}bfjf/x? ;j{;'ne ?kdf pknJw u/fpg], jg k}bfjf/df cfwfl/t pBf]uwGbfsf]
k|j4{g ub}{ To;df ljkGg ju{sf hgtfsf] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{ Pj+ jg tyf e" ;+/If0faf6
jftfj/0fdf ;'wf/ ub}{ ;fd'bflos kof{ko{6g Joj;fo k|j4{gdf ;d]t 6]jf k'¥ofpF+b} cfPsf] 5 .
To:t} jg, hnfwf/ If]q, ;+/lIft If]q, jftfj/0f / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] plrt Joj:yfkg
Pj+ ljsf;dfkm{t dlxnf, ljkGg, blnt, dw]zL, cflbjf;L hghftL, lk5l8Psf] If]q,
cNk;+Vos nufot ;+k"0f{ g]kfnL hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfh{g / ;du| /fi6«sf] lbuf] ljsf;df
of]ubfg k'¥ofpF+b} cfPsf] 5 .
lj=;+= @)&) cfiff9 d;fGt;Dd ul7t !*!## ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xx?nfO{
!&,)),)$* x]S6/ jg If]q -g]kfnsf] jg If]qsf] @( k|ltzt_ ;+/If0f, lbuf] Joj:yfkg
tyf ;b'kof]u ug{ ;'lDkPsf] 5 . tL ;d"xx?df ;+nUg @@,#&,!(% 3/w'/Lx? ;fd'bflos
jg ljsf; sfo{qmdaf6 nfeflGjt ePsf 5g\ . To:t}, ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf ;d'bfosf]
hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/ / jg ;+/If0fdf ;d]t 6]jf k'¥ofpg $,)*) j6f ;d'xnfO{ !(,^)*
2
x]S6/ jg sa'lnotL jgsf] ?kdf x:tfGt/0f e} o;af6 #*,#)) 3/w'/Lsf @,@(,$^#
hg;+Vof nfeflGjt ePsf 5g\ . o:t}, t/fO{sf ljleGg !& j6f ;fem]bf/L jgx?df
j}1flgs jg Joj:yfkg u/L pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug]{ sfo{sf] yfngL ePsf]
5 . #!^ pkhnfwf/ If]qsf] sfo{of]hgf tof/ e} sfof{Gjog e}/x]sf] 5 . To;} u/L
@$% k|hftLsf jg:ktLsf] kmfO6f]s]ldsn tyf kmdf{sf]nf]lhsn cWoog, !@ k|hftLsf
jg:ktLsf] ;'ulGwt t]n ljZn]if0f, @& k|hftLsf jg:kltsf] afof]s]ldsn cWoog, $,%#$
k|hftLsf jg:kltsf] !,%),))) gd'gf xj]{l/oddf ;+/lIft / !!! k|hfltsf] l6:o'sNr/
k|ljlw ljsf; e};s]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] jg ;|f]t ;e]{If0fsf] :ynut cWoogsf] sfo{ ;dfKt
e} jg If]qsf] gS;fÍg ug]{ sfo{ clGtd r/0fdf k'u]sf] 5 .
!=@ DfGqfnosf] b'/b[li6, kl/nIo tyf p2]Zo
!=@=! b'/b[li6
jg If]q, kfl/l:ylto k|0ffnL / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;xeflutfd"ns lbuf] Joj:yfkg
dfkm{t pTkfbsTj j[l4 u/L hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ u/L u/LjL Go"gLs/0f ug]{ .
!=@=@ kl/nIo
1. jg;Dkbfsf] j}1flgs, ;dfj]zL / ;xeflutfd"ns Joj:yfkgåf/f kfl/l:yltsLo
;]jfsf] k|j4{g ub}{ jgsf] pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 ug]{,
2. jghGo lqmofsnfkx?sf] k|j4{g tyf Joj;foLs/0fjf6 /f]huf/L ;[hgf u/L
u/LjL Go"gLs/0fdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg],
3. e"–Ifo af9L, klx/f], d?e"dLs/0f / jftfj/0fLo b'ikl/0ffdaf6 e"efu,
kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL, j+zf0f' >f]t / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f ug]{,
4. ljsf;, ;+/If0f, hnjfo' cg's'ng / jftfj/0f aLr ;Gt'ng sfod ub}{ cfly{s
j[l4df of]ubfg ug]{,
5. jg If]q ;+/If0f, k|j4{g / Joj:yfkgsf nflu Joj;flos s'zntf clej[l4 ub{}
pTs[i6tfsf] s]Gb|sf ?kdf dGqfno / cGtu{tsf lgsfosf] ljsf; ug]{ .
!=@=# p2]Zo
1. jg, jg:klt, hnfwf/, h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f tyf ;+/lIft If]qx?sf] j}1flgs
Joj:yfkgåf/f ;Gt'lnt jftfj/0f sfod /fVg],
3
2. jg k}bfjf/sf] cfk"lt{df lbuf] j[l4 u/L ljkGg tyf lgd'vf ;d'bfosf] kx'Fr /
clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ub}{ pgLx?sf] ;fdflhs Pj+ cfly{s ;zlQms/0f ug]{,
3. jghGo pTkfbgdf cfwfl/t pBf]u Pj+ Joj;fo k|j4{gnfO{ j9fjf lbO{ /f]huf/Lsf
cj;/x?sf] l;h{gf ug]{,
4. jghGo pTkfbgsf] cfGtl/s ahf/sf] ljsf; Pj+ lgof{t k|j4{gnfO{ a9fjf lbO{
yk /f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf ug]{,
5. ljkGg ju{sf blnt, cflbjf;L, hghftL, dw]zL, pTkLl8t, ckfË tyf cGo
k5f8L k/]sf dlxnf tyf k'?ifsf] cfo j[l4 ug{ jg k}bfjf/sf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f
k|0ffnLjf6 ul/jL Go"gLs/0f u/L ;dtfd"ns ljsf;df ;3fp k'¥ofpg] .
!=@=$ /0fgLlts nIox?
1. ef}uf]lns tyf jftfj/0fLo ;+j]bgzLntfsf] cfwf/df b]zsf] s"n e"–efusf]
Go"gtd $) k|ltzt If]qdf jg If]q sfod ug]{
2. ;xeflutfd"ns k4ltjf6 jg, jg:klt, hnfwf/, ;+/lIft If]q tyf h}ljs
ljljwtfsf] cg';Gwfg, ljsf; Pj+ lbuf] Joj:yfkg ug]{
3. jg tyf k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?f] ;d'lrt ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkg ug{ e" kl/wL:t/sf]
Joj:yfkg k4lt cjnDag ug]{
4. jg ;|f]tjf6 k|fKt x'g] kfl/l:yltsLo ;]jfx?sf] k|j4{g ub}{ jg ;+/If0fsf] dfWodåf/f
x'g] sfj{g ;+lrltaf6 hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf kg]{ k|lts"n c;/sf] Go"gLs/0f tyf
cg's'ngdf k'Ug] of]ubfg jfkt k|fKt x'g] ;DefJo cfosf] Joj:yfkg tyf
ljt/0fsf nflu cfjZos ;+oGq tof/ ug]{
5. j]l;g Pk|f]rsf] dfWodjf6 hnfwf/ If]qx?sf] PsLs[t ?kdf ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkg
ug]{,
6. jghGo pTkfbgdf cfwfl/t jftfj/0f d}qL pBf]u tyf Joj;fonfO{ ;fj{hlgs–
;fd'bflos–lghL nufgL dfkm{t xl/t /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ l;h{gf u/L :yfgLo,
;fd'bflos, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ;zQmLs/0f ug]{,
7. jg If]qdf sfo{/t ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L, ;fd'bflos, tyf lghL ;+u7g /
;~hfnx?nfO{ ;dfj]zL, kf/bzL{ / hgpQ/bfoL agfpFb} ltgsf] zf;sLo :j?kdf
nf]stflGqs/0f ug]{ .
4
!=# lgb]{lzt l;4fGt, sfo{z}nL tyf tyf ;+:yfut cfwf/e"t d"No
!=#=! lgb]{lzt l;4fGt
o; dGqfnon] d'Vo rf/ l;4fGt cg'?k sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5
s_ jg If]qsf] lbuf] ;b'kof]uaf6 u/LaL lgjf/0f ug]{ .
v_ jg If]qsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg / pkof]u ug]{ .
u_ jg If]qnfO+ b]zsf] s"n e"efusf] $) k|ltzt sfod /fVg] .
3_ h}ljs ljljwtf / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ug]{ .
!=#=@ sfo{z}nL
o; dGqfno cGtu{tsf sfo{qmdx? lgDgfg';f/sf sfo{z}nL tyf ;+:yfut cfwf/e"t d"No
ckgfO{ ;+rfng ul/+b} cfPsf 5g\ M
s_ ;xeflutfd"ns
v_ ljs]Gb|Lt
u_ u/La, blnt / ljkGgd'vL
3_ jftfj/0f d}qL
ª_ k|j4{gstf{, ;xhstf{ / lgofds
!=#=# ;+:yfut cfwf/e"t d"No
s_ ljgd|tfk"j{s ;]jf
v_ ;'zf;g
u_ jgåf/f ;d[l4
3_ d"Nodf cfwfl/t g}ltstf
ª_ ;]jf k|jfxdf t6:ytf
!=$ k|d'v gLlt tyf sfg'gx?
!=$=! gLlt tyf /0fgLltx?
jg If]q u'?of]hgf, @)$^
/fli6«o jftfj/0fLo gLlt tyf sfo{of]hgf, @)$( tyf @)%$
jg gLlt, @)%&
5
sa'lnotL jg gLlt, @)%(
/fli6«o l;d;f/ gLlt, @)^(
/fli6«o ;+/If0f gLlt, @)$%
jg If]qsf] j}b]lzs ;xof]u gLlt, @)%%
g]kfnsf] h}ljs ljljwtf /0fgLlt, @)%*
cGtl/d lqjlif{o of]hgf -@)^&÷^*–)^(÷&)_
!=$=@ P]g, lgodx?
jg P]g, @)$( / jg lgodfjnL, @)%!
/fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f P]g, @)@(
/fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f lgodfjnL, @)#)
g]kfn k|s[lt ;+/If0f sf]if P]g, @)#( tyf g]kfn k|s[lt ;+/If0f sf]if lgodfjnL,
@)$!
jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g, @)%# tyf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnL, @)%$
lj?jf ;+/If0f P]g, @)^$ tyf lj?jf ;+/If0f lgodfjnL, @)^^
e" tyf hnfwf/ ;+/If0f P]g, @)#( tyf lgodfjnL, @)$@
g]kfn jg ;]jf -u7g, ;d"x, tyf >]0fL_ ljefhg / lgo'lQmM lgodx?, @)%!
dWojtL{ If]q Joj:yfkg lgodfjnL, @)%@
;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg lgodfjnL, @)%@
;+/If0f If]q ;/sf/L Joj:yfkg lgodfjnL, @)%^
!=% k|d'v r'gf}ltx?
jg cltqmd0f
jftfj/0f, ljsf; / hg;+Vof aLrsf] ;Gt'ng
jg k}bfjf/ / jGohGt'sf] cj}w Jofkf/
e"–Ifo
clgolGqt 9'+uf, lu6[L / afn'jf ;+sng
Joj;flos s'zntf
lbuf] jg Joj:yfkg
6
dfu / cfk"lt{ jLrsf] ;Gt'ng
sdhf]/ ef}lts ;+/rgf / Go"g ;fwg >f]t
ljBdfg sfg"gx?sf] ;do ;fk]If ;'wf/
dfgj, jGohGt' aLrsf] åGå Joj:Yffkg
hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/x?sf] Go'gLs/0f / cg's'ng÷;dfg's'ng
!=^ ;+u7gfTds :j?k tyf Joj:yf
dGqfnodf dfggLo dGqL÷/fHodGqLsf] g]t[Tjdf k|zf;sLo k|d'vsf ?kdf ;lrj, kfFr dxfzfvf / ;f] cGtu{t cGo zfvfx? /x]sf 5g\ . k|To]s dxfzfvfsf k|d'v ;x;lrj /xg] Joj:yf 5 . dGqfnodf &* sd{rf/Lx?sf] b/jGbL /x]sf] 5 eg] o; cGtu{t kfFr ljefu, kfFr If]qLo jg lgb]{zgfno / kfFr If]qLo jg tflnd s]Gb|x? /x]sf 5g\ . o;/L o; dGqfno / cGtu{tsf lgsfodf u/L hDdf (,%$( lghfdtL hgzlQm /x]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm dGqfno dftxt l6Dj/ skf]{/]zg ckm g]kfn, jg k}bfjf/ ljsf; ;ldlt / hl8a'6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8 ;d]t /x]sf 5g\ .
;+u7g ;+/rgfjg tyf e" ;+/If0f
dGqfno
;lrj
of]hgf tyf hgzlQm dxfzfvf
/f=k=k|=-jg_ –!
jftfj/0f dxfzfvf
/f=k=k|=-jg_ – !
cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg dxfzfvf
/f=k=k|=-jg_–!
k|zf;g dxfzfvf /f=k=k|=k|zf;g – !
j}b]lzs ;xof]u ;dGjo dxfzfvf
/f=k=k|=-jg_ –!
of]hgf tyf jh]6 zfvf
/f=k=lå -jg k|f=_ –! /f=k=t[=-jg k|f=_ – @
j}b]lzs ;xof]u tyf ;dGjo zfvf
/f=k=lå -jg k|f=_ – ! /f=k=t[= -jg k|f=_ – @
jftfj/0f d"Nof+sg zfvf
/f=k=lå -jg k|f=_ – !
/f=k=t[=-jg k|f=_ – !
cfof]hgf cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg
zfvf /f=k=lå -jg k|f=_ – ! /f=k=t[= -jg k|f=_ – @
k|zf;g zfvf
/f=k=lå=k|= – @ zf=c= – #
P]g lgod k/fd{z zfvf /f=k=lå Gofo – !
hgzlQm ljsf; tyf tflnd zfvf
/f=k=lå -jg k|f=_ – !
/f=k=t[= -jg k|f=_ – @
h}ljs ljljwtf zfvf
/f=k=lå -jg k|f=_ – !
/f=k=t[= -jg k|f=_ – ! sfo{qmd cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg
zfvf /f=k=lå -jg k|f=_ – !
/f=k=t[= -jg k|f=_ – !
cfly{s k|zf;g zfvf
/f=k=lå n]= – ! n]=c= – !
cg';Gwfg zfvf /f=k=lå -jg k||f=_ – ! /f=k=t[=-jg k|f=_ – !
sDKo"6/ zfvf sDKo"6/ clwst ! ck/]6/ – !
ljefux? – % If]qLo jg lgb]{zgfnox? – %
If]qLo jg tflnd s]Gb|x? – %
dfggLo dGqL
7
!=& jg tyf e" ;+/If0f dGqfno:t/df b/aGbLsf] cj:yf M
qm=;++ kb >]0fL b/jGbL
hDdf k|f= k|=
! ljlzi6 – ! !
@ /f=k=k|= $ ! %
# /f=k=låtLo * $ -Gofo ! ;d]t_ !@
$ /f=k=t[tLo !# $ !&
% /f=k=cg+=k|yd @ !^ -Gofo ! ;d]t_ !*
^ 6fOlki6 -j]u cg';f/_
– % %
& /f=k=c=lå – # #
* 8«fOe/ – * *
( sfof{no ;xof]uL – ( (
s"n hDdf @& %! &*
!=* jg tyf e" ;+/If0f dGqfno cGt/utsf lgsfox?sf] s'n hgzlQm ljj/0f
jg ljefu ७३३६ /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f
ljefu५४०
jg:klt ljefu ३४९ e" tyf hnfwf/ ;+/If0f ljefu ५४०jg cg';Gwfg tyf ;j{]If0f ljefu
१०५ If]qLo jg lgb{]zgfno tyf tflnd s]Gb| १७३
!=( sd{rf/L ljj/0f
qm=;++ kb >]0fL hDdf ! k|fljlws @(()@ k|zf;lgs !)%^# 8«fOe/ tyf sfof{no ;xof]uL !%!&$ jg /Ifs @&(@% ;z:q jg /Ifs !!($
jg tyf e" ;+/If0f dGqfno cGtu{t s'n sd{rf/L ;+Vof M (%$( hgf
8
!=!) dGqfno cGt{utsf dxfzfvfx?sf d'Vo sfo{x?
!=!)=! of]hgf tyf hgzlQm dxfzfvfsf d'Vo sfo{x?
cfjlws of]hgf tyf aflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmd tof/ u/L sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 :jLs[t u/fpg] .
dxfzfvf cGtu{tsf zfvfx?sf] sfd sf/jfxLdf ;dGjo ug]{ .
k|To]s jif{ sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 tof/Lsf nflu ;a} ljsf; If]qdf of]hgf th'{df uf]i7L u/L sfo{qmd th'{dfsf] u'0f:t/ a9fpg] .
hgzlQm ljsf; ;DaGwL sfo{x? / gLlt th'{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .
jg tyf e" ;+/If0f ;DaGwL hgzlQmsf] nflu tflndsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
!=!)=@ cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg dxfzfvfsf d'Vo sfo{x?
jg If]qdf ;+rfng x'g] ;j} ljsf; sfo{qmdx?sf] nflu k|0ffnLd"ns cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgsf] cfwf/x? ljsl;t u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg] .
lgwf{l/t nIo xfl;n ug{sf] nflu jg ljsf; sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ;xL lbzfdf eP gePsf] ;DaGwdf cfkm} jf dGqfno cGtu{tsf lgsfox?af6 ;d]t If]qut cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg ug]{ u/fpg] .
jg If]qdf ;+rflnt jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmdx?sf] of]hgf ÷ cfof]hgfx?sf] tYof+s ;+sng / ljZn]if0f u/L k|ult k|ltj]bg ;DaGwLt lgsfo -k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifbsf] sfof{no, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, cy{ dGqfno cflb_ df lgoldt ?kdf k]z ug]{, u/fpg] .
jg If]qdf ;+rflnt ljsf; sfo{qmdx?sf] rf}dfl;s tyf jflif{s k|ult ;dLIff j}7s / dGqfno :t/Lo ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldltsf] j}7s ;+rfng ug]{ u/fpg] .
!=!)=# j}b]lzs ;xof]u ;dGjo dxfzfvfsf d'Vo sfo{x?
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u / cy{ dGqfnosf aLr ;Dks{ PsfO{sf] ?kdf sfd ug]{ / k|fKt lgb]{zg sfof{Gjog u/fpg] Joj:yf ug]{ .
ljleGg ldq/fi6« tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u ;+:yfsf] ;xof]udf ;+rflnt / gof+ k|:tfljt cfof]hgfx? ;DaGwL ;Dks{, ;dGjo cflb ug]{ .
j}b]lzs ;xof]udf ;+rflnt cfof]hgfx?df sfo{/t ljz]if1, ;Nnfxsf/, :jo+ ;]js cflbsf] 5gf}6, dgf]gog, lgo'lQm ;DaGwL sfo{ / nut cBfjlws /fVg] sfo{ ug]{ .
9
!=!)=$ k|zf;g dxfzfvfsf d'Vo sfo{x?
sd{rf/Lx?sf] lgo'lQm, a9'jf, ;?jf, sfh, k'/:sf/ Pj+ ;hfo ;DaGwL sf/jfxL
ug]{ .
dGqfno / cGtu{tsf lgsfox?df sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?sf] clen]v cBfjlws
/fVg] .
dGqfno / cGtu{t lgsfox?sf] ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg k|lqmofnfO{ ;do ;fk]If
kl/jt{g, kl/dfh{g / ;'wf/ ug]{ .
dGqfnosf] cfly{s sf/f]jf/sf] ;+rfng Joj:yfkg ug]{ .
cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f / dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 cf}+NofPsf] j]?h' km5\of}{6
;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{
dGqfno Pj+ cGtu{t ljefu / sfof{nox? ;d]t Plss[t cfly{s ljj/0f tof/
u/L dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefu / dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{nodf k7fpg] .
!=!)=% jftfj/0f dxfzfvf cGtu{tsf d'Vo sfo{x?
h}ljs ljljwtf ;DjGwL gLltut Pj+ sfg"gL sfo{x? .
k|fs[lts jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, jftf/0fLo k|efj d"Nof+sg ;DjGwL gLltut Pj+ sfg'gL
sfo{x? .
cGt/fli6«o dxf;GwLsf] Focal Point sf] x}l;otn] dxf;GwLjf6 g]kfn ;/sf/
kIf/fi6«nfO{ lbOPsf lhDd]jf/Lx?sf] ;dGjo, /fli6«o ;dGjo ;ldlt Pj+ h}ljs
;'/Iff ;ldlt / lhNnf h}ljs ljljwtf ;ldlt ;DjGwL tf]lsPsf] sfo{sf] ;dGjo
ug]{ .
!=!! sfo{ ljefhg lgodfjnL, @)^( cg';f/ jg tyf e" ;+/If0f
dGqfnoaf6 ;Dkfbg ul/g] sfo{x¿
g]kfn ;/sf/ -sfo{ ljefhg_ lgodfjnL, @)^( cg';f/ jg tyf e";+/If0f dGqfnoaf6
;Dkfbg ul/g] sfo{x¿ lgDgfg';f/ ljefhg ul/Psf] 5
!= jg tyf e"–;+/If0f;DaGwL gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] th'{df, sfof{Gjog,
cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg
@= /fli6«o jg If]q, ;/sf/ jg, ;/sf/åf/f Jojl:yt jg, wfld{s jg, ;fd'bflos
jg, ;fem]bf/L jg, sj'lnotL jg, rSnf jg tyf lghL jg cflb,
10
#= ;/sf/L / u}/ ;/sf/L jg If]qsf] ;j]{If0f, gfk gS;f / ;Ldf lgwf{/0f,
$= jg h+unsf] ;+/If0f, pkof]u, ;Da4{g / Joj:yfkg,
%= jg k}bfjf/ -sf7 bfp/f, jGohGt', h8La'6L, u}/sfi7 kbfy{, jg If]qsf] kfgL,
df6f], 9'ª\uf lu6\6L, afn'jf cfbL_ sf] ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkg,
^= jghGo pBf]u / sRrf kbfy{x?sf] k|jGw,
&= jg ;DaGwL cWoog, cg';Gwfg, k|rf/k|;f/, tflnd, Ifdtf clej[l4 cflb,
*= jg, jg:klt, jGohGt', h}ljs ljljwtf tyf k|fs[lts jftfj/0fsf] ;+/If0f,
;b'kof]u / nfesf] afF8kmfF8,
(= /fli6«o lgs'~h, jGohGt' cf/If / lzsf/ cf/If, ;+/If0f If]q, dWojtL{ If]q,
l;d;f/ / r/g If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ljifo,
!)= xfQL;f/ / lrl8ofvfgfsf] Joj:yfkg,
!!= e" tyf hnfwf/ If]q ;+/If0f, a[xt hnfwf/ If]q tyf tfntn}ofsf] ;+/If0f,
;Dj4{g, ljsf; / ;dGjo / Joj:yfkg,
!@= k|fs[lts jftfj/0fsf] ;+/If0f / ;Gt'ng,
!#= jg:klt / hl8j'6L ;DjGwL gLlt tyf cWoog, cg';Gwfg, k|rf/k|;f/ ;j]{If0f,
;+sng, k|j4{g, k|zf]wg, pTkfbg / pkof]u tyf Joj;foLs/0f,
!$= jg:klt pBfg tyf h8La'6L pBf]u,
!%= jg:klt, jGohGt' / h}ljs ljljwtf ;+u|xfno,
!^= jg, jg:klt, jGohGt', h}ljs ljljwtf, jg If]q;Fu ;DalGwt hnjfo' kl/jt{g,
hnfwf/ ;+/If0f / e" ;+/If0f ;DaGwL k|bz{gL tyf k|rf/ k|;f/
!&= jg, jg:klt, jGohGt' hnfwf/ ;+/If0f, h}ljs ljljwtf / e" ;+/If0f ;DaGwL
/fli6«o tyf cGt//fli6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tfsf] sfof{Gjog,
!*= jg, jg:klt, jGohGt' hnfwf/ ;+/If0f / e" ;+/If0f ;DaGwL ljifodf /fli6«o tyf
cGt//fli6«o ;+3, ;+:yfx?;+u ;dGjo / ;Dks{,
!(= k|s[lt ;+/If0f,
@)= ;/sf/L, ;fj{hlgs / lghL If]qdf j[Iff/f]k0f, jg ljsf; tyf Joj:yfkg,
@!= g]kfn jg ;]jfsf] ;~rfng .
jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfnon] o; cl3 g]kfn ;/sf/ -sfo{ ljefhg_ lgodfjnL, @)^$
cg';f/ sfo{ ;Dkfbg ub}{ cfPsf]df g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)^(.)@.)% sf]
11
lg0f{ofg';f/ o; dGqfnoaf6 ;Dkfbg x'g] sfo{df abln+bf] /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o kl/j]z cg'?k ;+zf]wg u/LPsf] g]kfn ;/sf/ sfo{ ljefhg lgofdfjnL @)^( nfu" u/]sf] 5 . ;f] cg';f/ o; dGqfnosf] sfo{ If]qdf h}ljs ljljwtf tyf k|fs[lts jftfj/0fsf] ;+/If0f, ;b'kof]u / nfesf] afF8kmfF8, ;+/If0f If]q, dWojtL{ If]q, l;d;f/ / r/gIf]q, ;/sf/L, ;fj{hlgs / lghL If]qdf j[If/f]k0f, jg ljsf; tyf Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL ljifox? kl/dfh{g ;fy yk ePsf 5g\ eg] jg, jg:klt, jGohGt', hnfwf/ ;+/If0f, h}ljs ljljwtf / e"–;+/If0f ;DaGwL /fli6«o / cGt/fli6«o ;lGw, ;Demf}tfsf] sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL ljifox? dGqfnosf] sfo{ If]qdf yk x'g cfPsf] 5 .
!=!@ lqjlif{o of]hgf -@)^&÷@)^*–@)^(÷@)&)_ df jg If]qsf] p2]Zo, /0fgLlt tyf d'Vo sfo{qmdx?
hg;xeflutfd"ns tyf ljs]lGb|t Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL cjnDjg u/L jg, jg:klt, hnfwf/, ;+/lIft If]q tyf h}ljs lalawtfx?sf] bLuf] Joj:yfkg dfkm{t kfl/l:yltsLo ;]jf
(Ecosystem Services) sf] k|a4{g / hnjfo' kl/j{tgsf] cg's'ng tyf lgik|efjLs/0faf6 :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/ u/L ul/jL Go"gLs/0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] o; of]hgfsf] bL3{sfnLg p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 .
!=!@=! p2]Zo
!= jg;Dkbfsf] j}1flgs, ;dfj]zL / ;xeflutfd"ns Joj:yfkgåf/f kfl/l:yltsLo ;]jf (Ecosystem Services) sf] k|jw{g ub}{ jgsf] pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 ug]{,
@= jghGo s[ofsnfkx?sf] k|jw{g tyf Joj;foLs/0faf6 /f]huf/L ;[hgf u/L u/LjL Go"lgs/0fdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg] .
!=!@=@ /0fgLlt
!= ef}uf]lns tyf jftfj/0fLo ;+j]bgzLntfsf] cfwf/df b]zsf] s"n e"efusf] Go"gtd $) k|ltzt If]qdf jg sfod /fVg] .
@= jg, jg:klt, hnfw/, ;+/lIft If]q tyf h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;xeflutfd"ns k4ltaf6 cg';Gwfg, ljsf; Pj+ lbuf] Aoj:yfkg ug]{ .
#= jg tyf k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?sf] ;d"lrt ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkg ug{ e"-kl/wL :t/sf] Joj:yfkg k4lt (Landscape Approach) canDjg ug]{ .
$= jg ;|f]taf6 k|fKt x'g] kl/l:yltsLo ;]jfx? (Ecosystem Services) sf] k|j4{g
ub}{ jg ;+/If0fsf] dfWodaf6 x'g] sfj{g ;+lrltaf6 hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf kg]{ k|lts'n
12
c;/sf] Go"lgs/0f tyf cg's'ngdf k'Ug]] of]ubfg jfkt x'g] ;DefJo cfosf]
Joj:yfkg tyf ljt/0fsf nflu cfjZos ;+oGq tof/ u/L ;~rfng ug]{ .
%= j]l;g Pk|f]rsf] dfWodaf6 hnfwf/ If]qx?sf] PsLs[t?kdf ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkg
ug]{ .
^= jghGo pTkfbgdf cfwfl/t jftfj/0f d}qL pBf]u tyf Joj;fonfO{ ;fj{hlgs–
;fd'bflos–lghL nufgL dfkm{t xl/t /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ l;h{gf u/L :yfgLo
;d'bfosf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ;zlQms/0f ug]{ .
&= jgIf]qdf sfo{/t ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L, ;fd'bflos, tyf lghL ;+u7g / ;~hfnx¿nfO{
;dfj]zL, kf/bzL{ / hgpQ/bfoL agfpFb} ltgsf] zf;sLo :j?kdf nf]stfGqLs/0f
ug]{ .
!=!@=# gLlt÷sfo{gLlt
!=! g]kfndf /x]sf ;a} k|sf/sf jgx?nfO{ bLuf] jg Joj:yfkg k4lt (Sustainable Management of Forest System) cg'?k Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 .
!=@ /fli6«o k|fyldstf k|fKt k"jf{wf/ ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] sf/0faf6 Iflt x'g] jgh+un
If]qsf] kl/df0ffTds cg'kftdf j[Iff/f]k0f / ;+/If0f u/L jg sfod ul/g]5 .
!=# åGåjf6 gf]S;fgL ePsf] jg ;Dkbfsf] j[Iff/f]k0faf6 / cGo ef}lts k"jf{wf/x?sf]
k'glg{df{0faf6 k'gM:yflkt ul/g]5 .
!=$ jg cltqmd0f, cj}w s6fgL tyf rf]/L lzsf/nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;dGjofTds
;+oGq lgdf{0f ub}{ gLltut tyf sfo{d'ns Joj:yf u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]]5 .
;Da]bglzn tyf dxTjk"0f{ jg tyf ;+/lIftIf]qx?df cglws[t k|j]z tyf ef}lts
k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf] nflu lgif]lwt If]q ;d]t 3f]if0ff u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofO{g]5 .
!=% lg/f]wfTds tyf lgoGq0ffTds pkfox? cjnDag u/L ;xeflutfd"ns k4ltaf6
jgh+unnfO{ 89]nf]af6 hf]ufOg]5 .
!=^ g]kfnsf] jg;|f]tsf] If]qkmn tyf x}l;otsf] tYofÍ cBfjlws ug{{ /fli6«o jg
;j]{If0f (National Forest Resource Assessment) sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]
5 .
!=& ;j} k|sf/sf jgIf]qsf] e"–;"rgf k|0ffnLaf6 gSzf+sg tyf ;|f]tsf] n]vfhf]vf
/fVg] Joj:yf ug]{ / o:tf ;"rgfnfO{ :yfgLo jg Joj:yfkgdf ;d]t k|of]u ug]{
u/fpg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
13
!=* jgIf]q ;Da4 ax';/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;xeflutfdf bL3{sfnLg ;f]+r ;lxtsf]
jgIf]qsf] gofF /fli6«o jg /0fgLlt (National Forestry Strategy)tof/ u/Lg]5 .
@=! jg Joj:yfkgaf6 ljkGg, dlxnf, cflbaf;L, hghftL, dw]zL tyf lk5l8Psf
;d'bfosf] cfo cfh{gsf] cj;/df j[l4 ub}{ ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ;zlQms/0f
ul/g]5 .
@=@ pRr kxf8L e]usf lkm/Gt] (Transhumance herders)/ jg;|f]tdf cfl>t
hg;d'bfosf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/sf] nflu jg;|f]t Joj:yfkg ug{ vs{,
hl8a'6L, nf]kf]Gd'v s[lif, kz'h}ljs ljljwtf, hnjfo', kof{ko{6gnfO{ ;d]t ;d]6\b}
;Gt'lnt tyf PsLs[t ?kdf sfo{s|d th{'df u/L sfof{Gjg ul/g] 5 .
@=# :yfgLo hgtfsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ ;'lglZrt u/L g]kfnsf l;d;f/ If]qsf]
lbuf] Joj:yfkg / pkof]u u/L l;d;f/df cfl>t ljkGgju{sf ;d'bfox?sf]
hLljsf]kfh{gdf 6]jf k'¥ofpb} h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0fdf hf]8 lbOg]5 .
@=$ ;+/lIft If]qsf] Joj:yfkgdf hg;dy{g / hg;xeflutf xfl;n u/L hLljsf]kfh{g
/ h}ljsljljwtf ;+/If0f aLrsf] ;Gt'ng sfod ul/g]5 .
@=% jgIf]qdf j}1flgs tyf ;xefuL sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg (Scientifi c and Participatory Action Research)nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpb} cg';Gwfgdf lqmofzLn
lzIf0f tyf cGo ;+3 ;+:yf;+u ;d]t ;xsfo{ ul/g]5 .
@=^ jg:klt pBfgx?sf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;'b[l9s/0f u/L cg';Gwfg tyf cfdf]b k|df]b
:yn (Recreational Center)sf] ?kdf ljsl;t ul/g'sf ;fy} /fli6«o xa]{l/odnfO{
;'ljwf;DkGg / k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 .
@=& jg k|df0fLs/0fsf] /fli6«o dfkb08 lgdf{0f u/L u}/sfi7 jgk}bfjf/sf] h}ljs
pTkfbg k|dfl0ft (Certifi ed Organic Production) ul/g] 5 . lbuf] jg
Joj:yfkgsf nflu jg k|df0fLs/0f k|lqmofnfO{ qmlds ?kdf a9fjf lbOg]5 .
@=* k|hflt / ef}uflns ljljwtf cg'?k jg Joj:yfkgsf] nflu pko'Qm Silviculture k4ltnfO{ Jojxf/df ptf/L jg ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f / ;b'kof]u ul/g]5 . jg If]q aflx/
lghL, ljBfno / ;fj{hlgs If]qdf j[Iff/f]k0f ug{ ljz]if k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 .
#=! /fli6«o h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f /0fgLlt, @))@ cg';f/ t/fO{÷dw]z, kxf8 /
lxdfnL If]qdf e"kl/lw Joj:yfkg cjwf/0ff cg';f/ h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f,
:jR5 hn>f]t ;+/If0f, lbuf] lhljsf]kfh{g, ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf ;+/If0f, hnjfo'kl/
j{tg / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ;DjGwL sfo{of]hgf nfu' ul/g]5 .
14
#=@ h}ljs ljljwtf /fli6«o /0fgLlt / sfo{gLltnfO{ kl/dfh{g tyf cflGtl/sLs/0f u/L sfof{Gjog ub} nlug] 5 .
#=# t/fO{ e"–kl/lw sfo{s|dsf] /0fgLlt of]hgf -@))$—@)!$_ nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf lg/Gt/tf lbg'sf] ;fy} /fli6«o b[li6sf]0fn] dxTjk"0f{ tyf k|fyldstf k|fKt e"kl/lwo If]qx?sf] nflu ;+/If0fd"vL sfo{s|d th{'df tyf sfof{Gjogdf k|fyldstf lbO{g] 5 .
#=$ jg tyf h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fsf] nflu l;dfkf/ ;dGjosf sfo{s|dx? ;+rfng ug{'sf] ;fy} jg:klt tyf jGohGt'sf] cj}w cGt//fli6«o Jofkf/ /f]syfd ul/g], cGt//fli6«o u|Lg sf]l/8f]/sf] :yfkgf / Jfftfj/0fLo ;]jf -sfj{g tyf u}X sfj{g_ jf6 cfly{s >f]tsf] Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 .
#=% e"–kl/lwo :t/sf ;an tyf ;kmn sfo{s|dsf] ?kdf /x]sf Plss[t of]hgf th{'df, ;+/If0fdf lalQo ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f / h}ljs dfu{ ;DaGwL Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL laifoj:t'nfO{ jg gLlt tyf sfo{s|ddf d"n k|aflxs/0f ul/g]5 .
$=! jg;|f]taf6 pTkfbg x'g] kfl/l:yltsLo ;]jfx?sf] e'QmfgLsf gLltut Joj:yf tyf ;+:yfut ;+oGq lgdf{0f u/L k|fKt x'g] cfo >f]tnfO{ jgsf] jf:tljs Joj:yfkgdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;Dd Gofof]lrt 9+un] ljt/0f ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
$=@ hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf x'g] k|lts'n k|efj Go'gLs/0f / cg's'ng ug{ g]kfnsf] jgIf]qn] sfj{g ;+Zn]if0f tyf ;+lrltdf k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfg afkt /]8 Kn; (REDD Plus)cjwf/0ffaf6 yk cfly{s ;|f]t h'6fpg cfjZos tof/L tyf gd"gf sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/g]5 .
$=# hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0fn] kg{ ;Sg] ;+efljt hf]lvdsf] cf+sng (Vulnerability Assessment) u/L cfjZos / pko'Qm cg's"ng Pj+ hf]lvd Joj:yfkgsf
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
%=! hg;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ub}{ a]l;g Pk|f]rsf] cfwf/df hnfwf/ tyf pkhnfwf/x¿sf] Joj:yfkg ul/g] 5
%=@ r'/] ;+/If0f /0fgLlt adf]lhd Plss[t?kdf r'/]sf] kfl/l:ysLo k|0ffnLsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg ug{ r'/ tyf t/fO{÷dw]z If]qsf jfl;Gbfsf] hLljsf]kfh{gnfO{ 6]jf k'Ug] u/L sfo{s|d ;Grfng ul/g]5 .
%=# jg If]qaf6 9'+uf, lul6\6, jfn'jf ;+sng ;DaGwdf cWoog, cg';Gwfg u/L lbuf]
Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfo{ljwL tof/ U./L ;f] cg'?k sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
15
^=! jg ;Dkbfsf] Joj;flosLs/0f ug{ o;df cfwfl/t jftfj/0f d}qL pBf]u
Joj;fosf nflu sRrf kbfy{sf] pkNawtf, k|zf]wg, d"No clej[l4, ahf/ lj:tf/
/ lgof{t k|jw{g ug{ OR5's gLlh, ;xsf/L / ;d'bfonfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{sf nflu
ljz]if ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf u/L xl/t /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x? ;[hgf ul/g]5 .
^=@ jg;|f]tdf cfl>t u/Lj, ljkGg tyf cflbaf;L hghfltx?sf] hLljsf]kfh{g
;'wf/sf sfo{qmdx? jg pBd ljsf; sf]ifsf] Joj:yf u/L ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
^=# jg If]qsf ;/sf/L ;+/rgfaf6 hgtfnfO{ k'\¥ofpg' kg]{ ;]jfnfO{ alu{s/0f u/L
cfjZostf, k|fyldstf / ;DefJotf x]/L ;fd'bflos tyf lghL If]q;+u ;xsfo{
tyf ;]jfs/f/sf] gLlt lnOg]5 .
^=$ jgIf]qaf6 cfly{s ljsf;df 6]jf k'¥ofpg k|To]s uf=lj=;=df slDtdf Ps
pkef]Qmf ;d"x Ps jg pBdsf] gLlt cjnDjg ul/g]5 .
^=% ;'ulGwt tyf hl8a'6L k|hfltx?sf] pTkfbg tyf Joj:yfkg ug{ laz]if If]qsf]
?kdf ljsf; ul/g] gLlt sfod ub}{ hl8a'6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sfo{nfO{
;fj{hlgs / lghL If]qsf];fem]bf/Ldf ;~rfng ug{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 .
^=^ u|fdL0f If]qdf o'jfx?nfO{ xl/t /f]huf/Lsf] nflu ljz]if sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{
gLlt lnOg]5 .
^=& jghGo pTkfbgdf cfwfl/t jftfj/0f d}qL pBf]u Joj;fonfO{ cfjZos
sRrfkbfy{ pTkfbg ug{ ;/sf/L, P]nfgL / klt{ hUuf dfu u/]df lglZrt cjlw
/ dfkb08sf] cfwf/df sa'lnotsf] ?kdf lbg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
^=* ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;a} jg Joj:yfkg k4ltx?af6 k|fKt cfDbfgLsf] slDtdf
#% k|ltzt ;f]xL If]qsf] ;d'bfodf a;f]af; ug]{ clt ul/j, ljkGg, k5fl8 k/]sf
;d'bfo tyf cflbjf;L hghfltx?sf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/sf] nflu nufgL ug]{
Aoj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
&=! gd"gf :j?k ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf ;ldltx?df slDtdf %) k|ltzt
dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrttf ub}{ jgIf]qsf] n}lËs tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zL
/0fgLltnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
&=@ jg If]qsf ;fem]bf/x? aLr :yfgLo / lhNnf:t/df ;dGjo u/L sfo{qmd
;~rfngdf bf]xf/f]kgf gcfpg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
&=# /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf / gofF /fli6«o /0fgLlt -u'?of]hgf_ ;+u d]n vfg] u/L jg
;+u7gsf] k'g;+/rgf ul/g]5 .
16
&=$ :yfgLo ;/sf/, ;d'bfo / ;d'Rr jgIf]q aLrsf] kf/:kl/s ;xsfo{nfO{ ljs]lGb|t
tyf ;+3Lo zf;sLo :j?k cg's"n ufFp :t/;Dd lj:tf/ u/L cem a9L k|uf9 /
k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 .
&=% jg If]qdf k|fKt x'g] j}b]lzs ;xfotfNffO{ /fli6«o lxt cg's"n ;+rfng ug{ g]kfn
;/sf/sf] g]t[Tjdf jx';/f]sf/jfnfx? ;lxtsf] sfg'gL / ;+:yfut ?kdf dfGotf
k|fKt Ps ;+oGq (entity) lgdf{0f u/L /fli6«o ag ljsf; sfo{qmd÷sf]ifsf] Joj:yf
ul/g]5 .
&=^ jgIf]qdf ;'zf;g sfod ug{ ;+rflnt sfo{qmdx?sf] ;fj{hlgs n]vf k/LIf0f ug]{
gLlt cjnDjg ul/g]5 .
&=& jg If]qsf] k|efjsf/L ;+/If0f, ;Daw{g tyf Joj:yfkg ug{sf] nflu k|rlnt P]g
sfg"gdf cfjZos kl/dfh{g u/L ;+:yfut ;'b[l9s/0f / cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg
k|0ffnLnfO{ ;b[9 ul/g]5 .
!=!@=$ lqalif{o of]hgfsf] kl/df0ffTds nIo -@)^&/@)^*-@)^(/@)&)_
qm=;+=
ljj/0f OsfO{ lqjifL{o
of]hgsf] nIo
! ;fd'bflos ag ;d"x u7g ug]{ ;+Vof !&))
@ ;d'bfodf jg x:tfGt/0f ug]{ x]S6/ !@))))
# pk–;d"x u7g u/L ljkGg ju{sf nflu sj'lnotLdf jg If]q pknAw u/fpg]
;d"x *))
$ ljkGg ju{ nlIft sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ ;d"x !)))
% hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng of]hgf tof/ ug]{ ;d"x !)))
^ la?jf pTkfbg u/L lghL ;fd'bflos / ;fj{hlgs
hUuf j[Iff/f]k0f ug]{
lhNnf %%
& jg k}bfjf/df cfwfl/t n3'pBd ;rf+ng / ljsf;df ;xof]u
lhNnf &%
* jg If]qdf x'g] gof+ cltqmd0f z'Godf /fvL ePsf]
cltqmd0f x6fpg]
lhNnf &%
( ^,))) sfo{of]hgf cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg / !%)) sfo{of]hgf kl/dfh{g tyf gjLs/0f-
lhNnf $)
17
!) $)) gof pk–hnfwf/ If]qsf] sfo{of]hgf agfO{ #)) j6f sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjog
lhNnf ^&
!! jg k}bfjf/df cfwfl/t ;fgf pBd :yfkgf / ;~rfng
;+Vof &%
!@ h}ljs ljljwtf clen]vLs/0f -;+:yfut ;+/rgf / sfof{Gjog_
lhNnf &%
!# /fli6«o:t/sf] jg ;|f]t ;j]{If0f Pj+ gS;fÍg lhNnf &%
!$ RPP sfof{Gjog of]hgf tof/L, hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] cg's"ng tyf Go"gLs/0fdf jg If]qsf]el"dsf ;DaGwL cWoog cg';Gwfg, /]8 gd"gf k/LIf0f, /]8 ;DaGwL gLlt tof/L tyf sfof{Gjog
lhNnf &%
!% PsLs[t r'/] hnfwf/ ;+/If0f of]hgf th'{df lhNnf @$
!^ ;'zf;g lgb]{lzsf tof/L tyf sfof{Gjog, ;fem]bf/L /0fgLlt kl/dfh{g u/L ljleGg txdf jgIf]q ax';/f]sf/jfnf ;oGq lgdf{0f, lhNnf, ljif-out, uf=lj=; :t/Lo jg If]q ;dGjo ;ldltx?;'b[9Ls/0f
lhNnf &%
!& jg If]qsf] hUufsf] lsQf ;lxtsf] wgLk'hf{ / ;Ldf:tDesf] Joj:yf
lhNnf &%
!* jg Joj:yfkg sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f ÷kl/dfh{g lhNnf &%
!( cg'udg d"NofÍg /0fgLlt, lgb]{lzsf kl/dfh{g
tyf sfof{Gjog
lhNnf &%
!=!@=% k|d'v sfo{qmdx?
lqaifL{o of]hgf -@)^&/@)^*–@)^(/@)&)_ df jg If]qsf] d'Vo sfo{qmdx?nfO{
lgDgfg';f/ laefhg ul/Psf] 5 .
! ;fd'bflos tyf lghL jg ljsf; sfo{qmd
jg ljsf; u'?of]hgf @)$% n] to u/]sf] jg If]qsf] klxnf] k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{s|dsf]
?kdf /x]sf] / jg ljefu cGtu{tsf lgsfox?af6 jg P]g @)$( df Joj:yf ePcg';f/
dftxtdf ;Frflnt o; sfo{s|d cGt/ut pkef]Qmf ;d"x u7g÷btf{, sfo{of]hgf tof/L,
18
jg ;+/If0f, hLljsf]kfh{g / ;'zf;gd"lv sfo{s|d tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] gsf/fTds
c;/sf] cg's"ng / lgik|efjLs/0fsf sfo{s|dx¿;~rflnt 5g\ .
@= /fli6«o jg ljsf; tyf Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd
lhNnfsf] ;du| /0fgLlts of]hgf th{'df, sfof{Gjog, Joj:yfg, ;/sf/4f/f Jojl:yt
jgsf] ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkg, rfSnf jg Joj:yfkg, jg 89]nf] Joj:yfkg, ;fem]bf/L jgsf]
sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog, jg ;+/If0fsf] nflu sfg"g kl/kfngfsf ultljlwx¿ / jg ;|f]t
;+/If0f hGo sfo{s|dx¿ o;cGtu{t ;~rflnt 5g\ .
#= sj'lnotL jg tyf kz' ljsf; sfo{qmd
ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf ;d"xsf] hLjLsf]kfh{gsf cj;/x? a9fpg tyf ljkGg ju{sf]
cfly{s, ;fdflhs / dfgjLo Ifdtf a9fpg kl/nlIft o; sfo{s|d jg ljefu tyf kz'
;]jf ljefuaf6 ;+o'Qm ?kdf ;~rflnt 5 . o;cGtu{t ul/aw'/L klxrfg, ;d"x u7g,
sa'lnotL jgsf] sfo{of]hgf tof/L / sfof{Gjog, jgsf] ;+/If0f, ;Daw{g / Joj:yfkg,
;d"xsf] Ifdtf clea[l4 / ;zlQms/0f / :yfgLo jg tyf kz';|f]tdf cfwfl/t cfo cfh{g
sfo{s|dx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
$= e"–;+/If0f tyf hnfwf/ Joj:yfkg sfo{s|d
jg / s[lif k|0ffnLdf k|efjsf/L ;fdGh:o NofO{ vfB pTkfbgdf of]ubfg Nofpg], e"–Ifo,
af9L, k}x|f], d?e"lds/0f / cGo jftfj/0fLo c;Gt'ngaf6 b]zsf] e"–efunfO{ ;+/If0f
ug]{, pk—hnfwf/df cfwfl/t sfo{s|d th{'df ug]{, ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t sfof{Gjog ug]{,
PsLs[t sfo{s|d ;+rfng u/L u|fdL0f s[lif k|0ffnLsf c+ux¿ aLr ;Gt'ng Pjd\ ;dGjo
sfod ug]{, hnfwf/sf] dflyNnf] tyf tNnf] t6Lo If]qaLrsf] cGt/;DaGwnfO{ cfTd;ft
ug{] p4]Zon] of]] sfo{s|d ;~rflnt 5 . o;} of]hgf cjlwdf e" tyf hnfwf/ ;+/If0fsf]
sfo{s|dnfO{ a]l;g cjwf/0ffaf6 ;~rfng ul/g] 5 .
%= jg ;Djw{g tyf j[If ;'wf/ sfo{qmd
jg Joj:yfkgdf j}1flgs ;f]r, sfo{of]hgf tyf sfo{s|dsf] cefj /x]sf]n] jg If]qaf6
/fHo tyf ;d'bfon] k|fKt ug{'kg]{ kmfO{bf k|fKt ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf jgsf] a}1flgs,
jftfj/0fLo, Joj:yfksLo, kfl/l:yltsLo tyf cfg'j+flzs kIfx¿sf] Joj:yfkg / gd'gf
k|b{zg ul/g] u/L sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO{g] 5 .
19
^= jg:klt ;|f]t cg';Gwfg, ;+/If0f tyf ljsf; sfo{s|d
jg:klthGo ;|f]tx¿sf] cWoog, cg';Gwfg, xa]{l/od ;+/If0f, pBfg Joj:yfkg, k|of]uzffnf
:yfkgf / Joj:yfkg, l6:;'sNr/ tyf hl8a'6L k|ljlw ljsf; cflb ultlalwx? ;d]6g]
u/L o; sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO{g] 5 .
&= h8La'6L tyf u}Xsfi7 jg Joj:yfkg tyf xl/t /f]huf/ sfo{s|d
jghGo ;|f]t laz]if u/L h8La'6L tyf u}X sfi7 jg k}bfjf/nfO{ u|fdL0f If]qdf pBd,
/f]huf/L tyf cfosf ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf / cj;/sf] cfwf/df
laz]if sfo{s|dx¿ tof/ u/L ;~rfng x'g] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t sfo{qmdx?nfO{ lg/Gt/tf
lbOPsf] 5 .
*= jf;:yfg÷kf/:ytLsLo k|0ffnL / jGohGt' ;+/If0f sfo{s|d
g]kfndf ;+/lIft If]qsf] ;+/If0f, Joj:yfkg / pkof]u ubf{ ;d'bfosf] cfjZostf /
;d:ofnfO{ klg ;Daf]wg ug{ cfjZos /x]sf] / ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+/If0fsf k|of;x¿af6
;kmntf;d]t k|fKt ePsf] 5 . e"–kl/wLo cjwf/0ff / hnjfo' kl/jt{g;d]tsf] cfwf/df
;+/lIft If]qsf] Joj:yfkg ubf{ r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ ;fdgf ug{ / k|fKt cj;/x¿nfO{ ;b'kof]u
ug{sf] nflu ax'kIfLo sfo{s|dx¿ ;~rfng ug{ afG5gLo /x]sf]n] of] sfo{s|d ;~rfngdf
lg/Gt/tf lbO{Psf] 5 .
(= h}ljs ljljwtf sfo{s|d
h}ljs ljljwtf dxf;lGw !((@ / /fli6«o h}ljs ljljlwtf /0fgLlt @))@ sf gLltut
k|fawfgx?sf] th{'dfsf nflu ;+rflnt o; sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO{Psf] 5 .
!)= jg cg';Gwfg tyf k|rf/ k|;f/ sfo{qmd
jg cg';Gwfg ;e]{If0f ljefucGtu{t jg ;|f]tsf] ;j]{If0f tyf gS;fÍg, jg cg';Gwfg,
k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f, k|bz{gL :yn lgdf{0f cflb sfo{s|dx¿sf] ;fy} sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg,
;~rf/ / k|;f/, cfd k|rf/k|;f/sf ultlalwx¿ klg o;} sfo{s|ddf ;dfa]z ul/Psf] 5 .
!!= hgZflQm ljsf; sfo{s|d
jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfnosf hgzlQmnfO{ cf–cfkm\gf] sfo{ut ljifo ;+u ;DjlGwt 1fg
/ l;knfO{ clej[l4 ul/ ;do ;fk]If h'emf? jgfO{ /fVg cfjZos Ifdtf clej[l4 ;DaGwL
sfo{qmdx? o;df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
20
!@= /]8 km/]li6« sfo{s|d
g]kfnsf] jg ;|f]tsf] ljgf; / IfoLs/0faf6 x'g] xl/t u[x UofF;sf] pT;h{g s6f}tL ug{jg ljgf; /f]syfd / x}l;ot lau|]sf] jgsf] u'0f:t/ clea[l4 u/L jg Joj:yfkgaf6 sfa{g ;l~rltdf a[l4, ePsf] jgIf]qsf] ;+/If0f dfkm{t clwstd sfj{g ;+l~rlt u/L cfly{s nfe k|fKt ug{ tof/Lsf] nflu of] sfo{s|d kl/nlIft5 .
!#= ;+/lIft jg ljsf; sfo{qmd
b]zsf clt ;+j]bgzLn Pjd\ dxTjk"0f{ jg, h}ljsljljwtf o'QmIf]q tyf h}ljs dfu{x¿nfO{ e"–kl/wLo cfwf/df ;+/If0f Pj+ ljsf; ug{ sfg"gL, k|fljlws tyf ;f+u7lgs dxTj lbg'kg]{ ePsf] 5 . o:tf If]qx?df t/fO{, r'/] If]q, dWo tyf pRr kxf8 If]qsf 7"nf jg If]qx¿, dWo tyf klZrd t/fO{If]qdf /x]sf h}ljs dfu{xTsf] bL3{sflng ;+/If0fsf] nflu PsLs[t ?kdf jgsf] ;+/If0f, Joj:yfkg Pj+ ljsf; tyf ;d'bfosf] lhjLsf]kfh{gsf] nflu sfo{of]hgf jgfO{ nfu" ug'{ kg]{ ePsf] 5 . plNnlvt jg If]qx¿nfO{ cltqmd0faf6 hf]ufO{ ;f] sf] Joj:yfkgdf hg;xeflutf;d]t kl/rfng x'g, pkef]Qmfx¿nfO{ pQm If]qx¿sf] Joj:yfkgaf6 k|fKt x'g] nfesf] ;dGofoLs ljt/0f ug]{ jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ / ;+/lIft jgsf] sfo{ (function)leq :ynut lalzi6tfsf] cfwf/df :jfldTj ;lxtsf] Joj:yfksLo k4ltx¿sf] ljsf;tkm{ of] sfo{s|d kl/nlIft5 .
!$= /fi6«klt r'/] ;+/If0f sfo{qmd
jftfj/0fLo ?kdf ;Dj]bglzn r'/] If]qsf] jg ljgf; tyf e"–Ifo /f]syfd ug{ /fHosf] pRrtd k|lta4tfsf ;fy cfly{s aif{ @)^&.^* b]lv sfof{Gjogdf /xg] of] sfo{s|d r'/] If]qsf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu @^ lhNnfdf ;~rfngdf /xg] ul/ sfo{s|d to ul/Psf] 5 .
!%= e"–kl/lw :t/sf ;+/If0f sfo{s|d
h}ljs ljljwtf dxf;lGw !((@, hnjfo' kl/jt{g cle;lGw !((&, tyf h}ljs ljljwtf /fli6«o /0fgLlt @))@ ;d]tsf] kfl/l:yltsLo txdf sfof{Gjog ug{ e"kl/lw :t/sf] ;+/If0fsf sfo{s|dx¿ sfof{Gjog u/L o;sf] nflu :yfgLo, /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u tyf ;xeflutf k|fKt ug{'kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . t/fO{ e"–kl/lw sfo{s|dsf] /0fgLlt of]hgf -@))$—@)!$_ sfof{Gjogdf lg/Gt/tf lbg'sf] ;fy} /fli6«o b[li6sf]0fn] dxTjk"0f{ tyf k|fyldstf k|fKt e"–kl/wLo If]qx¿ klZrd t/fO{ e"–kl/lw ljsf; cfof]hgf, kljq lxdfn e"–kl/lw sfo{s|d, s}nfz e"kl/lw If]q, u08s gbL a]l;g, sf]zL gbL a]l;g, /fd;f/ If]qdf ;"lrs[t ;Ld;f/ If]qx?sf] nflu ;+/If0fd'lv sfo{s|d th{'df tyf sfof{Gjogdf k|fyldstf lbg' cfjZos /x]sf]5 .
21
e"–kl/wLo ;xof]u PsfOnfO{ ;'b[9 u/L jg tyf h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fsf] nflu xfnsf aif{x?df ;Ldfkf/ ;dGjo sfo{s|dx¿ cTofjZos /x]sf], jg:klt tyf jGohGt'sf] cj}w cGt{/fli6«o Jofkf/ /f]syfd ug{'kg]{ ePsf], l5d]sL /fi6«x?;+u cGt/f{li6«o u|Lg sf]l/8f]/sf] :yfkgf ug{'kg]{ ePsf] / Jfftfj/0fLo ;]jf -sfj{g tyf u}/ sfj{g_ jf6 cfly{s ;|f]tsf] Joj:yfkg, e"–kl/wLo :t/sf ;an tyf ;kmn sfo{s|dsf] ¿kdf /x]sf Plss[t of]hgf th{'df, lalQo ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f / h}ljsdfu{;DaGwL Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL laifoj:t' jggLlt tyf sfo{s|ddf d"n k|aflxs/0fug{ cTofjZos sfo{s|dx¿ ;+rfng ul/g] 5g\ .
!^= jg If]q ;'zf;g sfo{s|d
cfjlws of]hgfsf sfo{s|dx¿nfO{ lbuf], k|efjsf/L / ;xeflutfd"ns k4ltaf6 sfof{Gjog / jgIf]qdf sfo{/t ;/sf/L, u}x|;/sf/L, ;fd'bflos, tyf lghL ;+u7g / ;~hfnx¿nfO{ ;dfj]zL, kf/bzL{ / hgpQ/bfoL agfpFb} ltgsf] zf;sLo :j?kdf nf]stfGqLs/0f ug{ / gLltut ?kdf cfk;L ;dGjo sfod u/L jg If]qdf of]ubfg clea[l4 ug{ of] sfo{s|d kl/nlIft 5 .
!&= jg If]q /fli6«o /0fgLlt th{'df sfo{s|d
jg ljsf; u'?of]hgf -@)$% b]lv @)^& ;fn ;Dd_ sf] cjlw ;dfKt ePsf] cj:yfdf gLltut ;+s|d0fsf] o; r/0f ;+u} ljsf; k|ls|ofsf] of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] nflu cfjlws of]hgfsf] d"n dd{;+u d]nvfg] u/L tyf ;+lawfg ;efdfkm{t b]zdf gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f / /fHo k'g;{rgfsf] cj:yfdf /x]sf]n] ;f] ;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ jg If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nflu th{'df ug]{ gLltx¿nfO{ ljsf; / /fhg}lts k|s[of;+u d"nk|aflxs/0f ug{ cfjZos /x]sf]5 .
df}h'bf gLltut, sfg"gL tyf ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgfnfO{ kl/jt{g ug{' kg]{ cfjZostf dx;'; ul/Psf], g]kfn ;/sf/n] cGt/f{li6«o txdf ljleGg ;dodf u/]sf] jg, jGohGt', h}ljs ljljwtf, hnjfo' kl/jt{g cflb;+u ;DjlGwt ;+lw ;Demf}tf tyf k|ltj4tfx¿sf] ;kmn sfof{Gjog, g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;fnj;fnL ljsf; sfo{s|dx¿, ablnbf] :yfgLo, /fli6«o tyf cGt/{fli6«o kl/j]]z, Joj:yflksf ;+:fbsf] k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwg ;ldltaf6 k|fKt gLltut lgb]{zgx¿ cg'?ksf] gof+ /0fgLlt / bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] cfjZostf ePsf]n] pNn]lvt cfjZostf k'/f ug]{ u/L sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/g] 5 .
!*= Joj:yflksf ;+;b, k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwg ;ldltsf] ;'emfj tyf lgb]{zg sfof{Gjog sfo{qmd
Joj:yflksf ;+;b, k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwg ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^&.^.@$ df jg tyf
e"–;+/If0f dGqfnonfO{ k|fKt ;'emfj tyf lgb]{zgnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ cTofjZos ePsf]n]
22
ljleGg txsf sfo{s|dx¿ th{'df u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g] 5 . ;fy} jg If]qsf] Joj:yfkg
k4lt, sfo{s|d ;+rfng tyf k|s[ofx? o'Qm ;'emfj tyf lgb]{zgx? cg'?k lgwf{/0f ul/
g]5g\ .
!(= h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f, xl/t pBd tyf lhljs]fkfh{g ;'wf/ PsLs[t sfo{s|d
o; cfjlws of]hgfsf] cfwf/kqdf jg Joj:yfkgaf6 ljkGg ;d'bfo, dlxnf, cflbaf;L,
hghftL, dw]zL tyf lk5l8Psf ;d'bfosf] cfo cfh{gsf] cj;/df j[l4 ub}{ ;fdflhs
tyf cfly{s ;zlQms/0f ul/g] sfo{gLlt cg'?k ax';/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;xof]udf lk5l8Psf
;d'bfox?sf] ;s[o ;xeflutfdf Plss[t h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f, jg Joj:yfkg tyf
;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{s|d ;zQm ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ dfbL gbLsf] pkNNnf] sn]:yL
hnfwf/ If]q / tNnf] If]qdf NofG8:s]k cjwf/0ff cg';f/ sfo{s|d ;+rfng u/L u08s
gbL a]l;gdf a}b]lzs ;xof]uaf6 ;+rfng u/Lg] sfo{s|dx?sf] gd"gf ljsf; ug{ lbzf
lgb]{z ug]{ ul/ sfo{s|dx¿ ;+rfng ul/g] 5 .
@)= /fli6«o jg sfo{s|d÷jg ljsf; sf]if sfo{qmd
jg >f]tdf cfl>t ;d'bfo?sf] lhljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/ Nofpg / jg ;Dkbfdf cfwfl/t
jftfj/0f d}qL pBf]u Joj;fosf] ljsf; u/L lgof{t k|j4{g ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] pb]Zon]
;/sf/L, u}/ ;/sf/L / gLlh If]q tyf bft[ ;d'bfoaf6 k|fKt x'g] ;xof]u ;d]t ;dfj]z
x'g] u/L /fli6«o jg sfo{s|d÷jg ljsf; sf]if sfo{s|d ;+rfng ul/g] 5 . pNn]lvt
pb]Zo k|fKtLsf nflu ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t sfo{;+rfng ljlw cg'?k sf]ifaf6 ;+rfng ul/g]
sfo{qmdx? k|lt:kwf{Tds ?kdf ;/sf/L, u}/ ;/sf/L tyf gLlh If]qaf6 ;+rfng ul/g]
5g\ .
!=!# jg ;|f]t tYofs
jg If]q $@=& nfv x]S6/ -@( k|ltzt_a'6\ofg If]q !%=^ nfv x]S6/ -!)=^ k|ltzt_s"n :6]d cfotg #* s/f]8 *) nfv So"ljs ld6/ s"n :6]d cfotg dWo] ;fn k|hftL @* k|ltzts"n afof]df; $,@() nfv 6g cf};t :6]d cfotg !&* So"ljs ld6/ k|lt x]S6/ cf};t ?v ;+Vof $)* k|lt x]S6/
;|f]tM– g]kfnsf] jg ;|f]t k|ltj]bg !(((, jg cg';Gwfg tyf ;j]{If0f laefu
23
v08 – @
cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷&) sf] :jLs[t jflif{s sfo{qmd cg';f/sf] k|ult ljj/0f
o; v08df o; dGqfno tyf o; dGqfno cGtu{t sfof{Gjog x'g] klxnf] k|fyldstf
k|fKt (P1) sfo{qmd/cfof]hgf tyf bf];|f] k|fyldstf k|fKt (P2) sfo{qmd/cfof]hgffx?sf]
k|ult laj/0f k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . cf=a= @)^(÷)&) df s'n !$ j6f klxnf] k|fyldstf
k|fKt sfo{s|d tyf ( j6f bf];|f] k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{s|d sfof{Gjog ePsf] lyof] .
@=! cf=j= @)^(÷)&) sf] P1 sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfx?
!= sj'lnotL jg tyf kz' ljsf; sfo{qmd
@= ;fd'bflos jg ljsf; sfo{qmd
#= h8La'6L ljsf; sfo{s|d
$= t/fO{ tyf lzjflns If]qsf]nflu h}ljs ljljwtf sfo{qmd
%= /fli6«o lgs'~h cfof]hgf
^= jg:klt cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg sfo+qmd
&= lhNnf e" ;+/If0f sfo{qmd
*= ;fd'bflos ljsf; tyf jg hnfwf/ ;+/If0f cfof]hgf
(= /fli6«o jg ljsf; tyf Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd
!)= /]8 km/]li6« tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g sfo{qmd
!!= /fi6««klt r'/] ;+/If0f sfo+qmd
!@= jGohGt' ;+/If0fsf] nflu If]lqo ;xof]u k|jw{g cfof]hgf
!#= kxf8L ;+/lIft If]qx?sf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l¢ cfof]hgf
!$= ax';/f]sf/jfnf jg sfo{qmd
@=@ cf=j=@)^(÷)&) sf] P2 sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfx?
!= h}ljs ljljwtf sfo+qmd
@= jg tflnd s]Gb|
24
#= k|rf/ k|;f/ sfo+qmd
$= hnfwf/ Joj:yfkg cfof]hgf
%= jGohGt' cf/If cfof]hgf
^= jg ;Da4+g tyf j[If;'wf/ sfo{qmd
&= jg cg';Gwfg tyf ;j]+If0f cfof]hgf
*= jg:klt ;b'kof]u tyf jhf/Ls/0f sfo{qmd
(= jg:klt ;+/If0f tyf pBfg ljsf; sfo{qmd
@=# cf=j= @)^(÷)&) sf] lgsfout jflif{s k|ult ljj/0f
cf= j= @)^(÷&) df o; dGqfno cGtu{tsf] lgsfout jflif{s ;dli6ut cf};t ef}lts
k|ult (!% tyf cf};t ljlQo k|ult **% /x]sf] 5 . o; dGqfno tyf cGt/utsf
lgsfox?sf] sf] ;dli6ut ef}lts tyf ljlQo k|ult l:ylt lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 .
lgsfoef}lts k|ult
k|ltztljlQo k|ult
k|ltzt
jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno -h}ljs ljljwtf, tflnd_ 97 100
If]qLo jg tflnd s]Gb| -%_ 100 98
jg ljefu 91 88
e" tyf hnfwf/ ;+/If0f ljefu 99 87
/fli6\o lgs'Gh tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f ljefu 97 93
jg:klt ljefu 98 93
jg cg';Gwfg tyf ;j]{If0f ljefu 100 99
t/fO+ tyf lzjflns If]qsf] nflu h}ljs ljljwtf sfo{qmd
94 95
If]qLo jg lgb]{zgfno -%_ 95 95
/]8 km/]li6« tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g OsfO{ 37 38
jx';/f]sf/jfnf jg sfo{qmd 87 84
25
@=$ cf=a= @)^*÷)^( / cf=a= @)^(÷)&) sf] jflif{s k|ult t'ngfTds
l:ylt tflnsf
l;=g+=
lgsfocf=j= )^*÷^( cf=j= )^(÷&)ef}lts ljlQo ef}lts ljlQo
! jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno -h}ljs ljljwtf, tflnd_
55 54 97 100
@ If]qLo jg tflnd s]Gb| 100 97 100 98
# jg ljefu 79 84 91 88
$ e" tyf hnfwf/ ;+/If0f ljefu 98 94 99 87
% /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f ljefu 94 91 97 93
^ jg:klt ljefu 99 94 98 93
& jg cg';Gwfg tyf ;j]{If0f ljefu 89 88 100 99
* t/fO{ tyf lzjflns If]qsf] nflu h}ljs ljljwtf
89 85 94 95
( If]qLo jg lgb]{zgfno 98 97 95 95
!) /]8 km/]li6« tyf hnjfo' kl/jtg OsfO{ 6 8 37 38
!! ax';/f]sf/jfnf jg sfo{qmd 87 84
cf}ift k|ult 81% 79% 90% 88%
cf=a= @)^*÷)^( tyf cf=a= @)^(÷)&) sf] lgsfout jflif{s k|ult l:ylt t'ngfTds ?kdf cWoog ubf{ cf=a= )^(÷&) ef}lts k|ult tyf laQLo k|ult cf=a= )^*÷^( eGbf sl/j !) k|ltztn] jl9 ePsf] b]lvG5 .
lrq g+= !M cf=a= @)^*÷)^( / cf=a= @)^(÷)&) sf] jflif{s k|ult t'ngfTds l:ylt
020406080100
cf-a- )^*÷^(
cf-a- )^*÷^(
cf-a- )^(÷&)
cf-a- )^(÷&)
ef}lts
ljlQo
ef}lts
ljlQo
26
@=% P1 sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfut jflif{s k|ult
cf=j=@)^(÷&) sf] jflif+s calwsf] P1 sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfx?sf] ;dli6ut cf};t
ef}lts k|ult *&% tyf cf};t ljlQo k|ult *!% /x]sf] 5 . cf=j=)^(÷)&) df klxnf]
k|fyldstf k|fKt (P1) cfof]hgf sfo{qmdx?sf] ;+Vof hDdf !$ /x]sf] ;f] dWo] *) k|ltzt
jf ;f] eGbf dfly k|ult xfl;n u/]sf cfof]hgf/sfo{qmdx?sf] hDdf ;+Vof !! /x]sf] 5 .
To:t} u/L %) k|ltzt b]lv &( k|ltzt;Dd k|ult xfl;n u/]sf cfof]hgf/ sfo{qmdx?sf]
;+Vof @ /x]sf] tyf %) k|ltzt eGbf sd k|ult xfl;n u/]sf cfof]hgf/sfo{qmdx?sf]
;+Vof ! /x]sf] 5 . P1 sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfx?sf] ef}lts tyf ljQLo k|utL ljj/0f lgDg
tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfef}lts k|ult
ljQLo k|ult
;fd'bflos jg ljsf; sfo{qmd (*Ü (!Ü
sj'lnotL jg tyf kz' ljsf; cfof]hgf () Ü *$%
/fli6\o lgs'Gh cfof]hgf (*Ü (^Ü
jg:klt cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg sfo{qmd (^Ü (@Ü
lhNnf e";+/If0f sfo{qmd ((Ü ^% Ü
;fd'bflos ljsf; tyf jg / hnfwf/ ;+/If0f cfof]hgf !)) Ü ((Ü
t/fO+ tyf lzjflns If]qsf] nflu h}ljs ljljwtf sfo+qmd ($Ü (%Ü
h8La'6L ljsf; sfo{qmd (%Ü (#Ü
/fli6«o jg ljsf; tyf Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd *^ Ü *) V
/]8 km/]li6« tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g sfo{qmd #& Ü #* Ü
/fi6«klt r'/] ;+/If0f sfo+qmd (@Ü *# Ü
jGohGt' ;+/If0fsf] nflu If]qLo ;xof]u k|jw{g cfof]hgf ^& Ü ()Ü
kxf8L ;+/lIft If]qx?sf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l¢ cfof]hgf &^ Ü $( Ü
jx';/f]sf/jfnf jg sfo{qmd *& Ü *$ Ü
27
lrq g+= @M k|yd k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfut jflif{+s k|ult
@=^ P2 sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfut jflif{s k|ult
cf=j= @)^(÷&) sf] jflif+s calwsf] P2 sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx?sf] ;dli6ut cf}ift ef}lts k|ult (*% tyf cf};t ljlQo k|ult (#% /x]sf] 5 . cf=j= )^(÷)&) df bf]>f] k|fyldstf k|fKt (P2) cfof]hgf sfo{qmdx?sf] ;+Vof ( /x]sf]df ;j} cfof]hgfsf] ef}lts k|utL *) k|ltzt eGbf jl9 /x]sf] 5 . P2 sfo+qmd÷cfof]hgfx?sf] ef}lts tyf ljQLo k|ult ljj/0f lgDg tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
l;=g+= cfof]hgf÷kl/of]hgfef}lts k|ult-k|ltzt_
ljlQo k|ult-k|ltzt_
1 jg:klt ;b'kof]u tyf jhf/Ls/0f sfo{qmd (& (%2 jGohGt' cf/If cfof]hgf (& (!3 jg cg';Gwfg tyf ;j]{If0f cfof]hgf !)) ((4 jg ;Dj4{g tyf j=If ;'wf/ sfo{qmd !)) ((5 jg:klt ;+/If0f tyf pBfg ljsf; cfof]hgf (* (%6 k|rf/ k|;f/ sfo{qmd !)) (&7 h}ljs ljljwtf sfo{qmd !)) !))8 jg tflnd s]Gb| !)) (*9 hnfwf/ Joj:yfkg cfof]hgf ($ ^%
0102030405060708090100
ef}lts k|
ljQLo k|u
kutL
utL
28
lrq g+= #M bf]>f] k|fyldstf k|fKt cfof]hgf÷kl/of]hgfut jflif{s k|ult
@=& @)^(÷&)df ;+rflnt cfof]hgf÷kl/of]hgfsf] d'Vo pknJwLx? tyf
;Dkflbt sfo{x?
P1 cfof]hgf÷sfo{qmdx?
l;=g+=
cfof]hgf÷ sfo{qmdsf] gfd
k|ult l:ytL %o; cjlw;Dd xfl;n ePsf] d\'Vo–d'Vo
pknlJwx?ef}lts k|ult
ljQLo k|ult
!= sj'lnotL jg
tyf kz' ljsf; sfo{qmd
() *$ !^* ;d''xdf ;fdflhs kl/rfng ;]jf -;d"x kl/rfngsf] nflu cg'bfg ;xof]u_ . ^&% ;d''xsf] sfo{ of]hgf gljs/0f . %$ k6s lhNnf sfo{qmd ;dGjo / lhNnf jg ;dGjo ;ldltsf] ;dGjo j}7s ;DkGg . !@# k6s lhNnf ;dGjo sfo{bnsf] j}7s ;DkGg . @# ;d'xdf hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjog ;xof]u -?= %) xhf/ k|lt ;d'x_ .
0102030405060708090100
e }
lj
ef}lts k|ult-k|ltzt
jlQo k|ult-k|ltzt
t_
_
29
l;=g+=
cfof]hgf÷ sfo{qmdsf] gfd
k|ult l:ytL %o; cjlw;Dd xfl;n ePsf] d\'Vo–d'Vo
pknlJwx?ef}lts k|ult
ljQLo k|ult
@= ;fd'bflos jg ljsf; sfo{qmd
(* (! %)* j6f ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x u7g %#! j6f jg sfo{ of]hgf tof/L . !$*^ j6f jg sfo{ of]hgf k'g/fjnf]sg !@! j6f ;fd'bflos jg If]q leq sj'lnotL jg ;d""x u7g #@ nfv $* xhf/ nfv j6f lj?jf pTkfbg / ljt/0f / /f]k0f
#= h8La'6L ljsf; sfo{s|d
(% (# & lhNnfdf ;+s6fk"0f{ cj:yfdf k'u]sf hl8j'6L k|hftLsf] jf;:yfg ;+/If0f
(In-Situ Conservation) sfo{ ;DkGg !* ;d"xdf k|fylds pkrf/sf] nflu dlxnfx?sf] ;+nUgtfdf xf]d xj{n uf8]{g sfo{ ;DkGg . %) gLlh hUufsf wgLnfO{ hl8a'6L /f]k0fsf nflu ul/j tyf ljkGg ju{nfO{ k|lt lj?jf ?= % sf b/n] 9'jfgL tyf j[Iff/f]k0f ;xof]u cg'bfg k|bfg ul/Psf] .$ :yfg -/f/f, z]–kmf]S;'08f]_ df g;{/L tyf hl8j'6L Kn6 ;+rfng .%) hgf -z]–kmf]S;'08f]_ JolQmnfO{ 8fn]r's v]tL tyf ;+sng tflnd
;DkGg .! x]S6/ df hl8j'6Lsf lj?jf /f]k0f sfo{ ;DkGg .!@ j6f ks]6 If]qdf hl8j'6L g;{/L :yfkgf / ;+rfng ePsf] .
30
l;=g+=
cfof]hgf÷ sfo{qmdsf] gfd
k|ult l:ytL %o; cjlw;Dd xfl;n ePsf] d\'Vo–d'Vo
pknlJwx?ef}lts k|ult
ljQLo k|ult
$ j6f hl8j'6L ;+sng e08f/0f s]Gb|
:yfkgf ;xof]u ePsf] .
(# lghL s[ifs tyf pBdLnfO{ k|lt
lj?jf ?= # sf b/n] 9'jfgL tyf
j[Iff/f]k0f cg'bfg k|bfg ul/Psf] .
!^* hgfsf] lghL hUufdf s[ifs,
pBdL, ul/j tyf ljkGg ju{nfO{ jr]sf]
yk :ofxf/ ;+ef/sf nflu k|lt lj?jf
?= @ sf b/n] cj;/ d"No e'QmfgL sfo{
;DkGg .
$= t/fO{ tyf l;jflnssf] nflu h}ljs ljljwtf If]q sfo{qmd
($ (% ul/j tyf k5fl8 kfl/Psf #) j6f
;d"xsf nflu lhljsf]kfh{g ;DjGwL
ljz]if sfo{qmd ;DkGg .
cfocfh{g lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg #$
j6f ;d"x?sf nflu ;xof]u tyf
kmnf]ck sfo{qmd ;DkGg .
@# k6s k'/fgf lghL jg wgLx?nfO{
jg ljsf; tyf k|jw{g ;xof]u
sfo{qmd ;DkGg .
$( j6f jfof]UofF; :yfkgfsf] nflu
;fdfu|L ;xof]u
!# j6f gofF lghL s[lif jg ;d'x u7g
tyf ;xof]u
!$ j6f gofF ;fj{hlgs s[lif jg ;d'x
u7g tyf ;xof]u .
31
l;=g+=
cfof]hgf÷ sfo{qmdsf] gfd
k|ult l:ytL %o; cjlw;Dd xfl;n ePsf] d\'Vo–d'Vo
pknlJwx?ef}lts k|ult
ljQLo k|ult
%= /fli6«o lgs'~h
cfof]hgf
(* (^ dWojtL{ If]q Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd
cGtu{t @) j6f ;fd'bflos jg
pkef]Qmf ;d''x u7g .
jf;:yfg ;+/If0f ;'wf/ cGtu{t @*#
x]S6/df 3fF;] d}bfg Joj:yfkg sfo{
;DkGg .
!)& k6s rf]/L lzsf/ lgoGq0f OsfO{
kl/rfng .
@( k6s cfunfuL lgoGq0f .
!) k6s j/fdb jgk}bfjf/
Joj:yfkg .
! j6f d:of}bf Joj:yfkg of]hgf
tof/L .
^= jg:klt cWoog
tyf cg';Gwfg
sfo{qmd
(^ (@ 6«]8 ;kf]6{ sfo{qmd cGtu{t @))
k6s ;]jfu|fxL ;+:yfnfO{ hl8j'6Lx?sf]
l;kmfl/;, k|dfl0fs/0f / u'0f lgwf{/0f
;]jf k|bfg ul/Psf] .
@! k|hfltsf jg:kltx?sf]
kmfO6f]s]ldsn cWoog ;DkGg ePsf] .
! k|hltsf hl8j'6Lx?sf] l6:o"sNr/
k|ljlw ljsf; .
ljleGg k|hfltsf] &% xhf/ gd"gf
xj]{l/od Joj:yfkg ePsf] .
$) k|hfltsf] ;'ulGwt lj?jfsf] t]n
k|ltzt kl/If0f ePsf] -jf+s] /
dsjfgk'/_
32
l;=g+=
cfof]hgf÷ sfo{qmdsf] gfd
k|ult l:ytL %o; cjlw;Dd xfl;n ePsf] d\'Vo–d'Vo
pknlJwx?ef}lts k|ult
ljQLo k|ult
& lhNnf e" ;+/If0f sfo{s|d
(( *& @) j6f pk hnfwf/ of]hgf th'{df sfo{ ;DkGg .
!!(j6f ;+/If0f kf]v/L lgdf{0f . !^%% 3/w'/L ljkGg ju{sf] nflu
cfod'ns ;+/If0f sfo{qmd ;DkGg . %)^ x]S6/ s[lif jg d}qL v]tjf/L
;+/If0f sfo{ ;DkGg .##% j6f uN5L klx/f] pkrf/ sfo{
;DkGg ;fem]bf/L e" ;+/If0f sfo{qmd cGtu{t
$ j6f sfo{d'ns cg';Gwfg sfo{ ;DkGg
*= ;fd'bflos ljsf; tyf jg÷Hfn.wf/ ;+/If0f cfof]hgf
!)) (( *! j6f ;fd"bflos >f]t Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/L .
(! j6f uN5L klx/f] pkrf/ sfo{ ;DkGg
$ :yfgdf ;+/If0f kf]v/L / tfn tn}of ;+/If0f sfo{qmd ;DkGg .
!)) 3/w'/Ldf ljkGg ju{sf] nflu cfod'ns ;+/If0f sfo{qmd ;DkGg
# ls=ld= jfof]OlGhlgol/ª ;8skfvf] ;+/If0f sfo{ ;DkGg .
!^ :yfgdf ;fem]bf/L e" ;+/If0f sfo{qmd ;DkGg .
(= /fli6«o jg
ljsf; tyf Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd
*^ *) !% Jnsdf Ans km/]i6 Joj:yfkg of]]hgf sfof{Gjog .!* j6f ;fem]bf/L jg Joj:yfkg
of]hgf sfof{Gjog .
!! j6f ;+/lIft jg Joj:yfkg of]hgf sfof{Gjog .
33
l;=g+=
cfof]hgf÷ sfo{qmdsf] gfd
k|ult l:ytL %o; cjlw;Dd xfl;n ePsf] d\'Vo–d'Vo
pknlJwx?ef}lts k|ult
ljQLo k|ult
$@ j6f -IEE cWoog ;d]t_ k~rjlif{o lhNnf jg sfo{ of]hgf tof/L . @%) x]S6/ jg cltqd0f x6fpg] /
pQm If]qdf k'g:yfkgf, j[Iff/f]k0f, tf/jf/ Joj:yfkg sfo{ ;DkGg . &@ lhNnfdf clUg lgoGq0f ;+hfn
:yfkgf
!) /]8 km/]li6« tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g sfo{qmd
#& #* ;Lk ljsf; / hgr]tgf tflnd uf]i7L ;DkGg ePsf] ./]8sf] jftfj/0fLo / ;fdflhs k|efj
ljZn]if0f tyf jftfj/0fLo / ;fdflhs Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/L sfo{sf] z'?jft .
!! /fi6«klt r'/] ;+/If0f sfo{qmd
(^ *& r'/] If]qsf] /0fgLlt / sfo{qmd b:tfj]hsf] d:of}bf tof/ ePsf] . % j6f gbL k|0ffnLsf] tNnf] tl6o–pkNnf] tl6o ;dflhs cfly{s k|efj cWoog sfo{ ;DkGg .r'/] If]qsf] of]hgf th{'df / sfof{Gjog sfo{ljlw @)^( k|sfzg . #(# x]S6/ h}ljs, jftfj/0fLo, tyf e" :vngsf lx;fjn] clt ;+j]bglzn /x]sf jg If]q (Hot Spot) sf]
k'g?Tkfbg sfo{ ;DkGg . x:tfGt/0f ePsf #$ j6f ;fd'bflos jgx?sf] sfo{of]hgf ;+/If0fd"vL jgfO{
sfo{of]hgfx? sfof{Gjog . #* j6f g;{/L dd{t tyf :t/ j[l4 sfo{ ;DkGg .
34
l;=g+=
cfof]hgf÷ sfo{qmdsf] gfd
k|ult l:ytL %o; cjlw;Dd xfl;n ePsf] d\'Vo–d'Vo
pknlJwx?ef}lts k|ult
ljQLo k|ult
@^ j6f ;fem]bf/L e" ;+/If0f sfo{qmd -;+/If0f cleofg r'/] b]lv bzuhf ;Dd_ ̂# j6f uN5L klx/f] pkrf/ -;+/If0f cleofg r'/] b]lv bzuhf ;Dd_ !)&@ x]S6/ gbL psf; hUuf ;+/If0f Pj+ ;b'kof]u .!&! j6f r'/] ;+/If0f ;d"x u7g / ;zlQms/0f sfo{ ;DkGg .
!@= jGohGt' ;+/If0fsf] nflu If]qLo ;xof]u k|jw{g cfof]hgf
&% ^% jf;:yfg Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd cGtu{t
*) x]S6/df 3fF;] d}bfg Joj:yfkg
sfo{ ;DkGg .
#) k6s ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t rf]/L
lzsf/ lgoGq0fdf o;jf kl/rfng sfo{
;DkGg .
jf3 ;+/If0f ljz]if sfo{qmd ;+rfng
sfo{ ljlw @)^* ;+zf]wg e} 5kfO{ tyf
ljt/0f sfo{ ;DkGg .
jf3 kfOg] ;+/lIft If]qx?sf]
kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL ;DjGwL cWoog
sfo{ .
# k6s kudfs{ / Sofd]/f 6«oflk+u
;lxt jf3sf] lgoldt cg'udg
!#= kxf8L ;+/lIft If]qx?sf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l¢ cfof]hgf
^& ^$ Inception Report k|fKt ePsf] .cWoog u/L lgDg k|ltj]bg tof/ ePsf] .P]g lgod kl/dfh{g ;DjGwL
k|ltj]bg
35
l;=g+=
cfof]hgf÷ sfo{qmdsf] gfd
k|ult l:ytL %o; cjlw;Dd xfl;n ePsf] d\'Vo–d'Vo
pknlJwx?ef}lts k|ult
ljQLo k|ult
;+/lIft If]qdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ;DjGwL cWoog k|ltj]bg
:yfgLo ;d'bfosf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ;DjGwL cWoog k|ltj]bg
cfof]hgfsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ;DjGwL sfo{ of]hgf tof/L
!$= jx';/f]sf/jfnf jg sfo{qmd
*& *$ !$ j6f jg k}bfjf/df cfwfl/t pBd :yfkgf tyf ;+rfngdf ;xof]u . #& j6f :yflgo jg ;d"x u7g / btf{ k|s[ofdf ;xhLs/0f . !(! j6f :yflgo jg ;d'xx?sf] ljwfg / sfo{ of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf ;xof]u . @# lhNnfdf jx;/f]sf/jfnf jg sfo{qmd cled'lvs/0f .!&)) 3/w'/LnfO{ lhljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf ;xof]u . #@ ;d"xdf hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg'sng of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf ;xof]u .!# k6s lkmN8:t/sf jg sd{rf/LnfO{ jg dfkg tflnd .
P2 cfof]hgf÷sfo{qmdx?
l;=g+=
cfof]hgf÷ sfo{qmdsf] gfd
jh]6 pkzLif{s
g+=
k|ult l:ytL %o; cjlw;Dd xfl;n ePsf]
d\'Vo–d'Vo pknlJwx?ef}lts k|ult
ljQLo k|ult
!= h}ljs ljljwtf
sfo{qmd
!)) !)) ! k6s cGt/fli6«o kj{tLo lbj; ;DkGg .
! k6s cGt/fli6« h}ljs ljljwtf lbj; ;DkGg.
! k6s jftfj/0fLo cg'udg ;DkGg
36
l;=g+=
cfof]hgf÷ sfo{qmdsf] gfd
jh]6 pkzLif{s
g+=
k|ult l:ytL %o; cjlw;Dd xfl;n ePsf]
d\'Vo–d'Vo pknlJwx?ef}lts k|ult
ljQLo k|ult
@= jg tflnd s]Gb| !)) (* % j6f If]qLo jg tflnd s]Gb|jf6 ljleGg jg ;Dj4{g tyf Joj:yfkg ljifodf %@ j6f tflnd ;DkGg e} *)& sd{rf/Lx? nfeflGjt ePsf] .
#= jg ;Djw{g tyf j[If ;'wf/ sfo{qmd
!)) (( @$)) s]=lh= ljleGg k|hfltsf ljp ;xsf/L,Joj;foL, ljp ju}+rfjf6 vl/b tyf ;+sng sfo{ ;DkGg .
!) j6f Seed Stand
klxrfg tyf :yfkgf ePsf] .
#( -j6f lj|l8ª l;8lnª crf{8 ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkg sfo{ ;DkGg .
% j6f jg ;Djw{g gd'gf :yn :yfkgf sfo{
;DkGg .
$= k|rf/ k|;f/ sfo{qmd
!)) (& %@ k6s jg jfl6sf /]l8of] sfo{qmd pTkfbg tyf k|;f/0f
!@ c+s æxfd|f] sNkj[IfÆ klqsf k|sfzg / ljt/0f # k6s 6]nL :k6 k|;f/0f .@ k6s j[Q lrq k|;f/0f .
37
l;=g+=
cfof]hgf÷ sfo{qmdsf] gfd
jh]6 pkzLif{s
g+=
k|ult l:ytL %o; cjlw;Dd xfl;n ePsf]
d\'Vo–d'Vo pknlJwx?ef}lts k|ult
ljQLo k|ult
%= hnfwf/ Joj:yfkg cfof]hgf
($ () % j6f k|fs[lts k|sf]k
Joj:yfkg sfo{ ;DkGg .
@ k6s cg'udg
d"Nof+sg u/L k|ltj]bg
tof/ ePsf] .
! lhNnfsf] klx/f]
clen]vLs/0f sfo{
;DkGg .
! j6f ;kmn e" ;+/If0f
sfo{qmdx?sf] j[tlrq
tof/L sfo{ ;DkGg
^= jg:klt ;b'kof]u tyf jhf/Ls/0f sfo{qmd
(& (% & lhNnfdf ;fgf ls;fg
h8Lj'6L sfo{qmd ;DkGg .
@! ;d"xdf ;fj{hlgs
hUuf tyf sj'lnotL
jgdf ljkGg ju{sf nflu
hl8j'6L v]tL sfo{qmd
;DkGg .
& lhNnfdf 8]df]Kn6
;+rfng sfo{ ;DkGg .
& lhNnfdf hl8j'6L
v]tL k|jw{g sfo{qmd
-cfocfh{gsf] nflu_
;DkGg .
38
l;=g+=
cfof]hgf÷ sfo{qmdsf] gfd
jh]6 pkzLif{s
g+=
k|ult l:ytL %o; cjlw;Dd xfl;n ePsf]
d\'Vo–d'Vo pknlJwx?ef}lts k|ult
ljQLo k|ult
&= jGohGt' cf/If cfof]hgf
(& (! @^ j6f l;d;f/ If]q, kfgL kf]v/L lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg .#) hgfnfO{ Nature
Guide tflnd ;DkGg .@! ls=ld= jgky lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg !#! x]S6/ 3fF;] d}bfg Joj:yfkg sfo{ ;DkGg . *! k6s lbj; ;df/f]x, :s"n sfo{qmd ;DkGg ./df}nL k|tfkk'/ j:tL :yfgfGt/0f .
*= jg:klt ;+/If0f tyf pBfg ljsf; sfo{qmd
(* (% #) k|hfltsf nf]kf]Gd'v jg:klt k|hfltsf] ;+sng tyf ;+/If0f sfo{ ;DkGg .@ k|hfltsf :jb]zL zf]egLo km"n lj?jf
cWoog cg';Gwfg sfo{ ;DkGg
!& k6s ;]jf tyf ;hfj6 -l;+xb/jf/_ sfo{ ;DkGg .@$ ;+/rgfdf Nof08:s]k hftL ljz]if pBfg sfo{
;DkGg
39
l;=g+=
cfof]hgf÷ sfo{qmdsf] gfd
jh]6 pkzLif{s
g+=
k|ult l:ytL %o; cjlw;Dd xfl;n ePsf]
d\'Vo–d'Vo pknlJwx?ef}lts k|ult
ljQLo k|ult
(= jg cg';Gwfg tyf ;e]{If0f cfof]hgf
!)) (( t/x/f l:yt cg';Gwfg Kn6df *)) ld6/ clUg /]vf dd{t ;DkGg .
$%))) j6f ?v k|hfltsf lj?jfx? ljleGg ^ j6f g;{/Lx?df pTkfbg e} ljt/0f ePsf] .
wflbª lhNnf l:yt lghL hUufdf ! x]S6/df s[lif jg df]8]n sfo{qmd ;DkGg .
! :yfgdf jfF;sf] Joj:yfkg ;DjGwL cWoog ;DkGg .-jfFs], j}hgfyk'/_
@=* ;ldlt÷;+:yfg÷sDkgLsf] jflif{s k|ult l:ylt
cf=j= @)^(÷&) sf] calwsf] ;ldlt÷;+:yfg÷sDkgLsf] jflif{s ef}lts k|ult %# k|ltzt / ljlQo k|ult %) k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . ;ldlt÷;+:yfg÷sDkgLsf] 5'§f5'§} k|ult ljj/0f lgDg tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
lgsfoef}lts k|ult -k|ltzt_
ljQLo k|ult -k|ltzt_
jg k}bfjf/ ljsf; ;ldlt %@ %&
h8Lj'6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL ^( %&
l6Da/ skf]{/]zg ckm g]kfn #( #^
40
@=*=! cf=j= )^*÷^( tyf cf=j= )^(÷&) sf ;ldlt÷;+:yfg÷sDkgLsf] jflif{s
k|ultsf] t'ngfTds l:ylt
o; dGqfno cGtu{tsf ;ldlt÷;+:yfg÷sDkgLsf] cf=j= )^*÷^( tyf cf=j= )^(÷&) sf ;ldlt÷;+:yfg÷sDkgLsf] jflif+s k|ult sf] t'ngfTds l:ylt lgDg tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
lgsfocf=a= )^*÷^( cf=a= )^(÷&)
ef}lts k|ult ljQLo k|ult ef}lts k|ult ljQLo k|ult
jg k}bfjf/ ljsf; ;ldlt $^% %^% %@% %&%
h8Lj'6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL
*#% &&% ^(% %&%
l6=l;=Pg= #&% #%% #(% #^%
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508585 249150 48=99 259435
Classifacation, 0
Ordinary, 79
Priority, 102
High Priority, 2
Classification of Public Grievances
56
sfof{nosf t'?Gt kmf]g ;Dkms{ u/L xflQsf] cft+s /f]Sg lgb{]zg ul/Psf] / ;DalGwt u'gf;f] stf{x¿nfO{ o; ljifodf ;DalGwt sfof{no;+u ;Dks{ ug{ elgPsf] .
@_ To:t} afFb/, abF]n cft+saf6 # -tLg_ j6f u'gf;fx¿ k|fKt ePsf]df u'gf;f k|fKt x'gf;fy ;DalGwt lhNnf jg sfof{no, /fli6«o lgs'~h sfof{nosf sfof{nosf t'?Gt kmf]g ;Dkms{ u/L jGohGt'sf] cft+s /f]Sg lgb{]zg ul/Psf] / ;DalGwt u'gf;f] stf{x¿nfO{ o; ljifodf ;DalGwt sfof{no;+u ;Dks{ ug{ elgPsf] .
#_ w]/} u'gf;fx¿ jg k}bfjf/ rf]/L lgsf;L;DaGwL ePsf]df ;DalGwt If]qLo tyf jg sfof{nox¿df 5fglagsf nflu n]lvk7fOPsf] . k;f{ lhNnf;+u ;DalGwt jg k}bfjf/ rf]/L lgsf;L ;DaGwL u'gf;f]sf] 5fgljgsf] cfwf/df Ps hgf sd{rf/LnfO{ lgnDag ;d]t ul/Psf] .
$_ l;/fxf lhNnfsf Pshgf ls;fgn] gDa/L cfjfbLsf ?vx¿ s6fgL ;DaGwdf sxfF ;Dks{ ug{] ljifodf u'gf;f] ubf{ ;DalGwt lhNnf jg sfof{nodf ;Dks{ ug{] egL gDa/L cfjfbLsf ?v s6fgL ;DaGwL k|lqmofsf] af/]df hfgsf/L ;d]t lbOPsf] .
%_ eQmk'/ lhNnfdf ePsf] lrt'jf cft+s ;DaGwdf cfPsf] u'gf;f] pk/ t'?Gt ToxfFsf] lhNnf jg clws[tnfO{ 6]nLkmf]g u/L cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfpg elgPsf]df lh=j=c=n] tbf?stfsf ;fy lrt'jf cft+s lgoGq0f ug{ kxn sbdL lnPsf] .
^_ sltko u'gf;fx¿ gLltut txaf6 5nkmn u/L km5\of}{6 ul/Psf] .
&_ sltko u'gf;fx¿ k"jf{u|xL eP/ cfpg] ul/Psf] b]lvPsf] . pbfx/0fsf] nflu s~rgk'/ lhNnfsf] a}Bgfy ;f=j= ;DaGwL u'gf;f] s]jn /;OjL ;fWg] u/L dfq cfPsf] b]lvPsf] .
*_ sltko ph'/L wfld{s k"jf{u|xL eP/ cfPsf] . pbfx/0fsf] nflu af/fsf] xNvf]l/of If]qdf %)) x]= jg If]q cltqmd0f a;sf] /fdaxfb'/ aDhgnfO{ ToxfFaf6 x6fOP kl5 # tLg k6s;Dd k"jf{u|xL eP/ x]nf] ;/sf/df u'gf;f] l6kfOPsf] .
(_ ;?jf ;DalGw u'gf;fx¿ klg sltko s]jn u'gf;f] b]vfpgsf nflu, b'Mv lbg] lgotn] dfq cfPsf] . pbfx/0fsf nflu e";+/If0f sfof{no, 88]Nw'/fsf u+ufbQ hf]zL .
57
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j}7ssf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog l:ylt
!= ;'/Iff lgsfojf6 s[lif ljsf; dGqfno, jg tyf e" ;+/If0f dGqfno nufotsf ;/sf/L ejg k|of]u ul/Psf]df xfn;Dd klg tL k"jf{wf/ lkmtf{ gx'gfn] sfo{ ;+rfngdf jfwf k/]sf] . To;}u/L ljutsf] åGbsf] ;dodf ljleGg ;/sf/L sfof{nosf] ef}lts ;+/rgfdf k'u]sf] Ifltn] ubf{ sfo{qmd ;+rfngdf sl7gfO{sf] cj:yf /x]sf]n] dd{t ;+ef/ Pjd\ k'gMlgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fvL ;DkGg ug{ s[lif ljsf; dGqfno tyf jg tyf e" ;+/If0f dGqfnon] u[x, /Iff / cy{ dGqfno;+u ;dGjo u/L @)&) h]7 dlxgf leq} sfo{of]hgf jgfO{ qmdzM sfof{Gjog ug]{
tYof+s cWofjlws ePsf] t/ o; ;DjGwdf vf; k|ult x'g g;s]sf] .
@= jg If]qleq jf pQm If]q eO{ ;+rfng x'g] k"jf{wf/ ljsf; -;8s, hnljB't, gx/, vlgh kbfy{sf] cGj]zg sfo{,
pBf]u cflb_ lgdf{0f ug'{k"j{ ul/g] ;+efJotf cWoog / l8hfOg r/0fdf jg tyf e" ;+/If0f dGqfnonfO{ ;+nUg gu/fO{g]
t/ k|:tfljt cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f r/0fdf
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]ujf6 ;j} dGqfnodf
sfof{Gjogsf] nflu kl/kq ePsf] .
58
j}7ssf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog l:ylt
cfP/ dfq jg If]qsf] ;xdlt k|fKt ug]{ kl/kf6Ln] $) k|ltzt jg If]q sfod ug]{ /fli6«o p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ sl7gfO ePsf]n] o; ;DjGwdf cfof]hgfx?sf] ;+efJotf cWoog r/0fb]lv g} jg tyf e" ;+/If0f dGqfno;+u ;dGjo ug{ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] ;j} dGqfnonfO{ Ps xKtfleq hfgsf/L u/fpg] .
#= lu6[L, 9'+uf, jfn'jfsf] clgolGqt pTvgg\ / k|of]un] r'/] If]q tyf kof{j/0fdf k|lts'n c;/ kl//x]sf]n] o;sf] plrt Joj:yfkgsf] nflu jg tyf e" ;+/If0f dGqfnon] pBf]u dGqfno, ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno, u[x dGqfno / lj1fg k|ljlw tyf jftfj/0f dGqfnosf] ;xof]udf gLltut Joj:yf @)&) c;f/ d;fGt leq} ug]{ . s'g} r6[fg vf]bfO{ -Mining_ sf] ;DefJotf ;d]t x]/L ljsf; lgdf{0fsf nflu rflxg] 9'+uf, lu6[L jfn'jfsf] cfk"lt{sf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ t/ o;f] ubf{ r'/] If]qsf] ;+/If0fdf ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg] .
g]kfn ;/sf/sf & hgf ;lrjx?sf] 6f]nL u7g e} 6f]nLn] k|ltj]bg d+=k=df k]z x'Fbf k|fs[lts >f]t / ;fwgsf] ;+sng pTvgg\ jf bf]xg clgolGqt ?kdf gxf];\ eGgsf nflu k|To]s lhNnfsf] cfkm\gf] lhNnf leq /x]sf k|fs[lts >f]t / ;fwgsf] cf+sng u/L s'g If]qjf6 slt xb;Dd ;+sng, bf]xg jf pTvgg\ ug{ ;lsG5 ;f] ljj/0f ;fj{hlgs ?kdf k|sfzg u/L To;}sf] cfwf/df IEE/EIA u/]kl5 dfq 7]Ssf jGbf]j:t nufpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] u/L @)&).#.!( sf] d+=k=sf] j}7sjf6 9'+uf lu6[L jfn'jf lgodg ug{ k|ltj]bg :jLs[t ePsf] .
$= zflGt k|lqmof k|f/De ePkl5 jg If]qleq v8f ul/Psf dfcf]jflb n8fs'sf lzlj/x? jg tyf e" ;+/If0f dGqfnonfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug]{ .
dfcf]jflb ;]gfsf] n8fs'x?n] k|of]u u/L vfnL ul/Psf lzlj/x? pko'Qm lgsfonfO{ k|of]u ug{ lbg l;kmfl/; ;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg k]z ug{ ul7t sfo{bnn] k]z u/]sf] k|ltj]bg :jLs[t u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/L d+=k=jf6 ldlt @)&).#.!( df lg0f{o ePsf] . ;f] lg0f{o cg';f/ sfo{bnn] ef]uflwsf/ lbg] u/L l;kmfl/; u/] jdf]lhd ef]uflwsf/ lbg] sfo{sf nflu hUufsf] If]qkmn, ;Ldfgfsf ;DjGwdf :ynut e|d0f u/L l;df+sg
59
j}7ssf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog l:ylt
/ If]qf+sgsf nflu sfo{ ;DkGg ug]{ u/L u[x dGqfnosf ;x;lrj -:yfgLo k|zf;g x]g]{_ sf] ;+of]hsTjdf jg tyf e" ;+/If0f dGqfnosf ;x;lrj -k|fljlws_ / e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfnosf ;x;lrj -gfkL x]g]{_ ;b:o /xg] u/L l;df+sg / If]qf+sg ;ldlt u7g ug]{ . ;f] ;ldltn] k|ltj]bgdf l;kmfl/; u/]sf] If]qx?sf] cfjZostf, cf}lrTo / k'i6\ofO{ ;d]t x'g] u/L sfo{;DkGg ug]{ / ;f] sf] k|ltj]bg k]z ug{ o; dGqfnojf6 jg ljefusf] pk dxflgb]{zs, od jxfb'/ yfkfnfO{ ;b:o tf]lsPsf]
%= jg h+un / ;/sf/L hUufsf] cltqmd0fnfO{ s8fOsf ;fy lgoGq0f ug]{
cltqmd0f lgoGq0f /0fgLlt cg';f/ jg ljefujf6 % jif]{ cltqmd0f lgoGq0f sfo{of]hgf tof/ ePsf] .
cf=j= @)&)/&! df #) lhNnfdf &%) x]S6/ cltqmd0f x6fpg # s/f]8 jh]6 ljlgof]hg ePsf] .
@)^(.!).)& df j;]sf] /fli6«o ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldltsf] @* cf+} j}7ssf] jg
If]q;+u ;+jlGwt lg0f{ox? / sfof{Gjog l:ylt -@)&) cfiff9 d;fGt ;Dd_
j}7ssf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog l:ylt
!=jg ljsf; sf]ifdf hDdf ePsf] /sd jgsf] lbuf] ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkg sfo{df ;b'kof]u ug{ pQm sf]ifdf hDdf
ePsf] /sd ;f]xL k|of]hgdf g} vr{ x'g] Joj:yfsf] nflu cy{ dGqfno / jg tyf e" ;+/If0f dGqfnosf] ;xsfo{df o; ;DjGwL gLltut Joj:Yff cfufdL b'O{ dlxgf leq ldnfpg] .
cf=a= @)&)/&! sf] ah]6 jStJodf jg lasf; sf]ifsf] Aoj:yfkg ;DaGwdf pNn]v ePsfn] ;f] sf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu
jg ljefusf] pk dxflgb]{zs ;lxtsf] sfo{6f]nL u7g e} sfo{ z'? ePsf] .
60
j}7ssf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog l:ylt
@=jg h+un x'Fb} lgdf{0f ePsf] k'j{klZrd nf]sdfu{sf] ;8s ;Ldf leq cj}w 3/ 5fk|f] jgfO{ j:g] qmd lg/Gt/ j9\b} uPsf] / o;n] jgh+unsf] cltqmd0f / xfgL gf]S;fgL ePsf]n] ;8s ;Ldf leqsf cltqmd0f x6fpg ef}lts of]hgf, lgdf{0f tyf oftfoft Joj:yf dGqfnon] u[x dGqfno / jg tyf e" ;+/If0f dGqfnosf] ;xof]u ;d]t lnO{ oyfzL3| sfo{ ug]{ .
nf]sdfu{sf] cnfjf cGo If]qdf ;d]t x'g] jgh+unsf] clts|d0f / xfgLgf]SzfgL lg?T;flxt ug{ >f]t / ;fwgsf] sdL x'Fbfx'b} klg sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf tLj|tf lbO{b} cfPsf] 5 .
/fhgLlts If]qsf] ;d]t ;xof]u / ;dGjodf o; sfo{nfO{ cl3 j9fpg &) lhNnfdf lhNnf jg If]q ;dGjo ;ldlt u7g e} lhNnf:t/df ;dGjo sfo{ e}/x]sf] .
#= jg tyf e" ;+/If0f dGqfnosf] k"j{ :jLs[lt ljgf lh=lj=;=jf6 jg ;Ldfleq :yfgLo ;8s, l;++rfO{, s'nf] cflb lgdf{0f x'Fbf jg h+unsf] xfgL gf]S:fgL Pjd\ cltqmd0f eO/x]sf]n] ;+3Lo dfdLnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnon] jg tyf e" ;+/If0f dGqfno ;d]t ;+u ;dGjo u/L k|fyldstf k|fKt ljsf; sfo{nfO{ ;d]t c;/ gkg]{ u/L o:tf lgdf{0fnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ cfufdL b'O{ dlxgf leq Ps sfo{ljlw tof/ ug]{ .
;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnojf6 o; ;DjGwdf sfo{ cufl8 j9]sf] .
@)^(.^.@( df j;]sf] /fli6«o ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldltsf] @& cf+} j}7ssf] jg If]q;+u ;+jlGwt lg0f{ox? / sfof{Gjog l:ylt -@)&) cfiff9 d;fGt ;Dd_
j}7ssf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog l:ylt
!=jg If]qsf] ;+/If0fdf w]/} gsf/fTds k|efj kg{ glbO{ ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{df jg If]q k|of]u ug]{ ljifodf :ki6 dfkb08 jgfpg jg dGqfnosf ;lrjsf] ;+of]hsTjdf lzIff, phf{, :jf:Yo, ef}lts of]hgf, :yfgLo ljsf; / e"dL ;'wf/ dGqfnosf ;x ;lrj ;b:o / jg dGqfnosf ;x ;lrj ;b:o–;lrj /xg] sfo{bnjf6 b'O{ dlxgf leq k|ltj]bg lnO{ gLltut Joj:yf ug]{ .
k|ltj]bg tof/ e} :jLs[ltsf] qmddf /x]sf] .
61
j}7ssf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog l:ylt
@= cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgnfO{ ;/nLs[t tyf Jojxfl/s jgfpg /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] cfufdL $ dlxgf leq o; ;DjGwL Plss[t lgb]{lzsf tof/L u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ . ;j} dGqfnon] cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg of]hgf jgfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
o; dGqfnosf] cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg of]hgf @)^(.*.@$ df :jLs[t eO{ :jLs[t sfo{ of]hgf cg';f/ % j6} ljsf; If]qx?df cg'udg ePsf] .
#= :yfgLo /fhgLlts bn / :yfgLo k|zf;g ;d]tsf] ;xof]u lnO{ jg If]qsf] cltqmd0f x6fpg] sfo{sf] kxn jg tyf e" ;+/If0f dGqfnon] ug]{
jgh+unsf] clts|d0f / xfgLgf]SzfgL lgoGq0f ;DjGwdf jg ljefujf6 lgoldt?kdf u:tL, ;'/fsL kl/rfng, ;'rgf ;+sng h:tf sfo{x? ;Grfng x'b} cfPsf 5g\ .
/fhgLlts If]qsf] ;d]t ;xof]u / ;dGjodf o; sfo{nfO{ cl3 j9fpg &) lhNnfdf k|=lh=c=sf] cWoIftfdf lhNnf jg If]q clts|d0f lgoGq0f sfo{bn u7g e} ;s]sf] 5 .
o;}sf] k|ltkmn :j?k cf=j= @)^(.&) df ^$*=!@ x]S6/ clts|ldt jgIf]q vfnL ul/Psf] 5 .
ldlt @)&).#.!! df dGqfno:t/Lo ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldltsf] j}7sdf ePsf lg0f+ox? / sfof+Gjog l:ylt-@)&) cfiff9 d;fGt ;Dd_
j}7ssf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog l:ylt
jg k}bfjf/df cfwfl/t pBf]ux?nfO{ sRrf kbfy{ pknAw u/fpg] sfo{ljlwsf] cefjdf pBf]ux? ljr c:j:y k|ltZkwf{ x'g ;Sg] b]lvPsf]n] xfn d:of}bfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] jg k}bfjf/df cfwfl/t pBf]ux?nfO{ sRrf kbfy{ pknAw u/fpg] sfo{ljlw ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ljrdf 5nkmn u/fP/ clGtd ?k lbO{ l:js[tLsf] nflu k]z ug{ of]hgf tyf hgzlQm dxfzfvfn] ;dGjo ug]{ .
sfo{ljlw tof/ e} dlGqkl/ifbdf :jLs[ltsf] nflu k]z ePsf] .
62
j}7ssf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog l:ylt
/fli6«o ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldlt tyf dGqfno :t/Lo ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldltsf lg0f{ox?sf] sfof{Gjogsf] k|ult lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug]{ lhDd]jf/L kfPsf] lgsfon] k|To]s dlxgfsf] & ut] leq cg'udg tyf d"Nofs+g dxfzfvfdf cfO{ k'Ug] u/L k7fpg] .
;DjlGwt lgsfox?jf6 lgoldt ?kdf k|ltj]bgx? k|fKt x'g] gu/]sf] .
rfn" cf=j= @)^(÷&) cfiff9 d;fGt leq} ;dfKt x'g] sfo{qmd÷kl/of]hgfsf] ef}lts ;+klQ sfo{qmd÷kl/of]hgfn] sfo{ ;+rfng jGb ug'{ cufj} dGqfnonfO{ x:tfGt/0f u/L ;Sg' kg]{ . To:tf sfo{qmd÷kl/of]hgfdf o; dGqfno cGt/utsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] Joj:yfkg klg ug]{ . o; sfo{df ;+jlGwt sfo{qmd÷kl/of]hgfsf /fli6«o sfo{qmd lgb]{zs -NPD_ tyf k|zf;g dxfzfvfn] kxn ug]{ .
BISEP-ST / WTLCP cfof]hgfx?sf] ;fdfg x:tfGt/0f tyf sd{rf/Lx?sf] Aoj:yfkg ul/Psf]
xfn;fn} b]zsf dWo tyf ;'b'/
klZrd nufotsf If]qdf cfPsf] jfl9 klx/f]af6 Ifltu|:t ef}lts ;+/rgfx?sf]
clen]v cBfjlws u/L k'gM lgdf{0fsf] nflu cfjZos jh]6 Joj:yfsf] nflu
of]hgf tyf hgzlQm dxfzfvfn] cy{ dGqfnodf cg'/f]w ug]{ . tTsfn sfo{ ;+rfng u/L ;]jf k|jfx ug{sf] nflu
yk 3/ ef8fsf] Joj:yfsf] nflu cy{ dGqfnonfO{ cg'/f]w u/L k7fpg]
hUuf vl/b tyf Aoj:yfkgsf nflu &) nfv ah]6 lalgof]hg ePsf] .
63
j}7ssf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog l:ylt
o; dGqfno cGtu{t ;+rflnt P1 sf !$ j6f / P2 sf ( j6f sfo{qmdsf] rfn" cf=j= @)^(÷&) df ;+kGg ug{ afFls s[ofsnfkx? ;+kGg u/L tf]lsPsf] nIo xfl;n ug{sf] nflu ;+jlGwt sfo {q md÷cfof ]hgf÷kl/of ]hgfsf k|d'vx? tyf ;+jlGwt ljefuLo k|d'vx?n] ljif]z kxnsbdL lng] .
P1 tkm{sf] REDD sfo{s|d afx]s cGosf] k|ult ;Gtf]ifhgs /x]sf] .
ldlt @)&).!.( df dGqfno:t/Lo ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldltsf] j}7sdf ePsf lg0f+ox? / sfof+Gjog l:ylt -@)&) cfiff9 d;fGt ;Dd_
j}7ssf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog l:ylt
;Dj[l4sf] nflu jg eGg] jg If]qsf] efjL ;f]rnfO{ ;fy{s jgfpg ;j} lgsfox?n] sfo{qmd th{'df ubf{ o; tkm{ Wofg lbg] / of]hgf tyf hgzlQm dxfzfvfn] klg sfo{qmd th'{df ubf{ o;} jdf]lhd ug]{ u/fpg] .
lg0f{o sfof{Gjogsf] nflu dxfzfvf . zfvf tyf &$ lh=j=sf=nfO{ Od]n dfkm{t hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] .
ef}lts of]hgf tyf k"jf{wf/ dGqfnojf6 ljut s]xL ;do b]lv nf]sdfu{x?sf] ;8s l;df cltqmd0f x6fpg] sfo{ e}/x]sf] / pQm If]qjf6 x6]kl5 k'gM jg If]q / ;+/lIft If]qdf cltqmd0f x'g] ;Defjgf ePsf]n] jg ljefu tyf
/fli6«o lgs'~h tyf ;+/If0f ljefujf6 cltqmd0f x'g glbg] pkfox? cjnDjg ug{] / o:tf If]qx?df cltqmd0f lgoGq0f
/0fgLlt @)^* sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] .
% jif{] clts|d0f lgoGq0f sfo{of]hgf tof/ ePsf] .
64
j}7ssf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog l:ylt
cfufdL ;+ljwfg ;efsf] r'gfjsf] ldlt l56[} g} 3f]if0ff x'g] x'Fbf r'gfjsf] ;dodf jgh+undf xfgL gf]S;fgL Pj+ cltqmd0f x'g] ;+efjgfnfO{ b[li6ut ub}{ jg ljefu tyf /fli6«o lgs'Gh tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f ljefun] o; tkm{ lgoGq0f ug]{ /0fgLlt cjnDjg u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] . cfufdL cf=j= @)&).)&! sf] jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmddf jg ;'/Iff, cltqmd0f lgoGq0f, jg If]q l;dfgf gS;f+sg h:tf jg ;/If0f sfo{qmd k|:tfj ug]{ / of]hgf tyf hgzlQm dxfzfvfn] o; tkm{ Wofg lbg] .
cfufdL ;+ljwfg ;efsf] r'gfjdf cltqmd0f x'g] ;DefjgfnfO{ dWogh/ /fVb} cltqmd0f lgoGq0f ug{ jg ;'/Iff sfo{ of]hgf tof/ e} :jLs[ltsf] qmddf /x]sf] .
dxfzfvfx?, ljefux? / ;+:yfg tyf ;ldltx?n] lglb{i6 9fFRffdf pknJw u/fpg' kg]{ rf}dfl;s Pj+ jflif{s k|ult ljj/0f ;dodfg} pknJw gx'Fbf lgoldt l/kf]l6{u tyf dGqfnodf k|ult ;dLIff ug{ ;d]t sl7gfO{ ePsf]n] cfOGbf cjlw Joltt ePsf] !% lbg leq clgjfo{ ?kn] k|ult ljj/0f cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg
dxfzfvfdf pknJw u/fpg] / cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg dxfzfvfn] jflif{s,
rf}dfl;s cjlw Joltt ePsf] ! Ps dlxgf leq ;dLIff ug]{ . Result Based Monitoring nfO{ cem k|efjsf/L agfO{
rf}dfl;s k|ult ;dLIff;Dd k|ult k]z ug]{ . ;dLIff ubf{ cfufdL lbgdf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ s] ug'{ kg]{ xf] < ;f] ;d]t
v'nfO{ ;dLIff ug]{ .
jg ljefujf6 lg0f{o sfof{Gjogsf] nflu dxfzfvf . zfvf tyf &$ lh=j=sf=nfO{ Od]n dfkm{t hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] .
Result Based Monitoring ;DjGwL @ j6f tflnd ;DkGg e} $& hgf clws[t:t/sf kfFr} j6f ljefu nufot dGqfnosf ;j} dxfzfvfsf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{
tflnd ;DkGg ePsf] .
65
j}7ssf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog l:ylt
/fi6«klt r'/] ;+/If0f sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L jgfpg] ;Gbe{df cfufdL lbgdf o; sfo{qmdnfO{ ;zQm Pj+ jl9 k|efjsf/L jgfpg r'/] sfo{bnn] !% lbg leq /0fgLlt tyf ;f]rkq dGqfnodf k|:t't ug]{ . ;fy} sfof{Gjogsf] l:yltjf/] !% lbg leq dGqfnodf ;dLIff j}7ssf] cfof]hgf pQm OsfO{n] ug]{ .
r'/] If]q ;+/If0f tyf /0fgLltsf] d:of}bf tof/ ePsf] . r'/] sfo{bnn] sfof{Gjogdf k|efjsf/Ltf Nofpg @ k6s dGqfnodf j}7s ;+rfng ePsf] .
lhNnf jg sfof{nox?, lhNnf e" ;+/If0f sfof{nox? dfkm{t pTkfbg ePsf lj?jf lkmN8df /f]Kg] ;dodf sltko :yfgdf /f]Kg of]Uo ;fOhsf] gkfOPsf]n] s'g s'g hft, slt cjlwsf] lj?jf /f]k0f ug]{ xf] < zx/L jg sfo{qmd ;d]tnfO{ Wofg lbO{ jg ljefun] ! dlxgf leq dfu{ bz{g jgfO{ dGqfnodf k]z ug]{ .
jg ljefusf] pk dxflgb]{zssf] ;+of]hsTjdf dfu{ bz{g tof/ ug]{ sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] .
jg k}bfjf/x?sf] d"No j}1flgs Pj+ ;fdf~h:otf Nofpg] ljifodf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]ujf6 lbOPsf] lgb]{zgx?, ;DdfgLt ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] cfb]z / xfnsf] d"No ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L jg ljefun] l6Dj/ skf]{/]zg ckm g]kfn;+u ;dGjo u/L ! dlxgf leq dGqfnodf o; ;DjGwdf k|:tfj k]z ug]{ .
jg k}bfjf/sf] d'No j}1flgs Pj+ ;fdfGh:otf Nofpg] ljifodf xfnnfO{ l6=l;=Pg= n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] Go"gtd d'NonfO{ g} cfwf/ dflg ;Dk'0f{ lhNnfx?df sfof{Gjog u/fpg] ul/Psf]
j]?h'sf] k|ult k|ltzt nIo cg';f/ km5\of}{6 ug]{ sfo{ ;j} lgsfox?n] k|fyldstfsf ;fy cufl8 j9fpg] / o;sf] ;dGjo k|zf;g dxfzfvf,cfly{s k|zf;g zfvf, jg tyf e" ;+/If0f
dGqfnon] ug{] .
50,85,85,000 /a]?h' dWo] 24,91,50,000 -$*=(( k|ltzt_ km5of}{6 ePsf] .
66
j}7ssf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog l:ylt
hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] k|:tfjx?jf6 ef]uflwsf/ cGtu{t jg If]qsf] hUufsf] pkef]u u/]jfkt ;Demf}tf cg';f/sf] sfo{x?sf] ljj/0f ! dlxgf leq cBfjlws ug]{ / phf{ dGqfno;+u cfk;L 5nkmn u/L ;j} k|:tfjsx?;+u ;xdlt sfof{Gjog ug{ jftfj/0f dxfzfvfn] j}7s /flv sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] .
k|ult k|fKt gePsf]
l6=l;=Pg= tyf jg k}bfjf/ ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfd sf/jfxL cfufdL lbgdf k|efjsf/L jgfpg P+j ;'rf? ?kn] ;+rfng ug{ ! dlxgf leq ;ldltn] Joj;flos of]hgf jg tyf e" ;+/If0f dGqfnodf k]z ug]{ .
k|ult k|fKt gePsf]
ljsf; lgdf{0f nufotsf sfo{qmd ;+rfngdf cem k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg dGqfno, ljefu, If]qLo jg lgb]{zgfno / lhNnfl:yt sfof{nox?n] jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmdx?sf] lgoldt cg'udg ug{ ;j} lgsfox?n] cg'udgsf] sfo{nfO{ cuf8L j9fpg] .
o; dGqfnosf] cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg of]hgf @)^(.*.@$ df :jLs[t eO{ :jLs[t sfo{ of]hgf cg';f/ % j6} ljsf; If]qsf] @% lhNnfdf ;+rflnt lasf; sfo{s|dx? x?sf] cg'udg ePsf]
lhNnfl:yt sfof{nox?df w]/} ;do;Dd Pp6} lhNnfdf sfo{/t /x+bf sd{rf/Lx?df sfd k|lt nufj sd / ljleGg ;d:ofx? >[lht x'g] x'Fbf k|efjsf/L tj/af6 ;'zf;g sfod ug{ ;DjlGwt ljefu / dGqfnosf] k|zf;g dxfzfvfjf6 o:tf ;d:of ;Djf]wg ug{ ! dlxgf leq ;'emfj k]z ug]{ .
k|ult k|fKt gePsf]
jGohGt' tyf dfgj ljrsf] åGbjf6 >[lht ;d:of Go"lgs/0f ug{ s] s:tf pkfox? cjnDag ug'{ kg]{ -gLltut,
;dGjo, sfof{Gjog :t/_ cflb ;d]6L
k|ult k|fKt gePsf]
67
j}7ssf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog l:ylt
/fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f ljefun] jg ljefu;+u ;dGjo u/L ! dlxgf leq ;'emfj k|ltj]bg dGqfnodf k]z ug]{ .
sj'lnotL jg tyf kz'ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] k|ult ;Gtf]ifhgs gePsf]n] sfo{qmd ;+of]hsn] sfo{qmd k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ / nIo cg';f/ sfo{ ;DkGg ug]{ .
nIo cg';f/ sfo{qmd ;DkGg ePsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt e};s]sf] .
$=@ ;d:of / r'gf}tL
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013
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15,2
013
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013
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013
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sf]
sfo
{of]hgf
sfo
f{Gjog
;fe
]mbf/L
jgsf]
;ld
lt jg
sf]
Joj:
yfkgd
f eGb
f sf7
bfp/f
ljlqmd
f dfq
s]lGb
|t
ePs
f]jg
Joj:
yfkgs
f
s[of
snfk s
fo{Gj
ogdf ;fe
m]bf/L jg
;d'x
tyf ;ld
ltnfO{
;+nUg
gu/fO{
cdfg
tdf sfo
{ u/fOP
sf]
;fe
m]bf/L
jgsf]
Joj:
yfkgs
f s[of
snfkx?
;+jlGw
t ;
fe]mbf/L
jg ;
d'xa
f6 g
} ug]{
/ jg
sd{rf/Ln
] k|flj
lws ;
xof]u
pkn
Aw u
/fpg]
u/L
;+rfn
g ug{'
kg]{
Pro
tect
ed
Are
a af
lx/s
f] h+unL hLj
hGt
'sf]
Aoj:
yfkg
h+unL
hLjhGt
'sf
jRrfx?
k6s k6
s lh
=j=s
f=x?d
f k|fKt
x'g]
t/
;f] ;fg
f;fg
f jR
rfx?s
f] Jo
j:yfkgs
f] nflu
5'6[}
lgb]{lzsf tyf jh
]6sf] ;d]t Joj
:yf ge
Psf] sf/0fn]
ubf{v]/L p
Qm k|fKt
x'g
cfp
g] h+unL hgf
j/sf jR
rfx?
x'sf{p
g tyf ar
fpg
;d:o
f k/
]sf] .
o; ;
d:o
fnfO{ lgs
f/0f u
g{ 5'6[}
lgb]{lzsf tyf
ah]6s
f] Ao
j:yf x'g
' kg{]
.
jg t
flnd
If]qLo
jg t
flnd s
]Gb| -kf]v/f_
jf6
;rfln
t j
g 89]n
f] nufo
t g
;{/L ;
DjGw
L tfn
Ldx?
;+rfn
g ug{s
f] nflu
lj1
k|lzIfsx?
sf] cefj e
Psf] sf/0fn] u
bf{ k
|efjsf/L ?k
df
tfln
d ;
+rfn
g ug{
sl7gf
O{ ePs
f] .
tfln
d
;+rfn
gsf] nflu
la1
k|lz
Ifsx?
tyf
tfln
d c
lws[tsf] Ao
j:yf u
g{' kg
{] .
jg c
lts|d0f
clt
s|d0f x6
fOPs
f If]qx
?df
s]xL lbg
kl5 k'g
M cfP/
hUu
f cf]u
6L a
:g] u
/]sf] kfO{P
sf] .
clt
s|d0f x
6fPs
f] :yfg
df ;
Dej
eP
;DDf t
'/Gt}
tf/af
/ jf tr
ench
vgL
l;dfg
f 5'§o
fO{ j
[Iff/f]k0f
u/L ;
+/If0f ug'{
kg{] .
110
cg'u
dgs
f] If]q
cg'u
dgs
f] qmddf b]lvPs
f] ljj/
0f;'emfj
x?
sd{rf/L
Aoj:
yfkg
s[i0f;
f/ ;+/I
f0f
If]q
alb{o
f /
af
s] /fli6
«o lgs'~h
df
sd{rf/Lx?s
f] :y
foL
b/aG
bL
gePs
f]n]
shor
t tim
e sf] nflu
st
aff d
eput
e x'g
] x'bf ljs
f; t
yf k|z
f;lgs
sfo
{x? k
|efjsf/L x'g
g;s]sf] .
:yfo
L b/
aGbL Joj
:yf x'g
' kg{]
.
bft[ ;
:yfx?s
f]
;xo
f]uaf
6 ;+rfln
t
cfo
f]hgf
x?
• di
rect
/indi
rect
tyf r
ed b
ook/
non
-red
boo
k fu
ndin
g af
6 :f+rfln
t sfo
{qmdx?
h:t
}, xl/o
f] jg
sfo
{qmd,
jx';/f]sf/jfnf jg
sfo
{qmd,
EB
A, T
AL
sfo
{qmdx?
sf]
sfo
f{Gjog
kIfsf]
ljifo
df
lhNn
f l:yt s
fof{n
ox?s
f] j'e
mfO{df Ps
?ktf ge
]l6Ps
f]
• bft
[ lgsfo
, I/N
GO,
laefu
tyf
lhNn
f l:yt
sfo
f{nox
?sf]
sfo
f{Gjog
txd
f ;dGj
o k|e
fjsf/L
gb]lv
Psf] .
;Da
lGwt
cfo
f]hgf
n]
;/f]sf/jfnfx?n
fO{
hfg
sf/L
u/fO{
kf/b
zL{
9+uaf
6 sfo
{s|d
;+rfn
g ug{'k
g{]
bft[
lgsfo
, I/N
GO,
laefu
tyf
lh=j
=sfo
f{nox
?sf] sfo
f{Gjog
txd
f
111
cg';"rLx?
112
cg';"rL – !
jGohGt'af6 x'g] Ifltsf] /fxt ;xof]u lgb]{lzsf, @)^(
k|:tfjgfM
h+unL jGohGt' -xfQL, u}+8f, af3, efn', lrt'jf, lxpF lrt'jf, h+unL a+g]n / cgf{_ n]] ;+/lIft If]q, dWojtL{ If]q, ;fd'bflos jg nufot cGo jg If]q tyf cGo ufpF÷jl:tdf k|j]z u/L :yfgLo hgtfsf] hLpwgsf] Iflt k'¥ofpg] u/]sf] t/ /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f P]g, @)@( / To; cGtu{t ag]sf lgodfjnLx? tyf cGo k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gdf ;d]t jGohGt'af6 x'g] Ifltsf] /fxt lbg] Joj:yf gePsf] sf/0f o:tf] Iflt x'Fbf :yfgLo hgtf / ;+/If0f lgsfo tyf :yflgo k|zf;g jLr tgfj / åGb ;[hgf x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .
jg If]qaf6 h+unL jGohGt'x? aflx/ cfO{ Iflt k'¥ofpg]] u/]sf]] sf/0f :yflgo hgtfaf6 k6s k6s jGohGt'n] k'¥ofPsf] IftLsf] /fxt dfu e} cfPsf] ;Gbe{df :yfgLo :t/sf ;/f]sf/jfnf ;+3–;+:yf, gful/s ;dfh;+u 5nkmn / cGt/lqmof u/L k|fKt /fo ;'emfjsf cfwf/df jGohGt'af6 x'g] hLpwgsf] Iflt jfkt tkl;nsf dfkb08sf] cfwf/df kLl8t g]kfnL gful/snfO{ /fxt pknJw u/fO{ jGohGt' / :yfgLo jfl;GbfaLrsf] cGt/ ;DjGw 3lgi7 /fVg] p2]Zon] cfly{s sfo{ljwL lgodfjnL @)^$ sf] lgod !!$ adf]lhd jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfnon] of] lgb]{lzsf agfPsf]] 5 .
!= ;+lIfKt gfd / k|f/DeM
s= of] lgb]{lzsfsf] gfd æjGohGt'af6 x'g] Ifltsf] /fxt ;xof]u lgb]{lzsf @)^(Æ
/x]sf] 5 .
@= kl/efiffM o; lgb]{lzsfsf] k|of]hgsf nflu ljifo jf k|;+Ën] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]dfM
s= jGohGt'af6 x'g] Iflt eGgfn] xfQL, u}+8f, af3, efn', lrt'jf, lxp+lrt'jf, cgf{, h+unL j+g]n / efn'af6 x'g] dfgljo Iflt, kz'wgsf] Iflt, e08f/g u/]sf] cGgsf] Iflt, 3/÷uf]7sf] Iflt / vfBfGg -pv' ;d]t_ sf] Iflt ;d]tnfO{
hgfp+5 .
v= uDeL/ 3fOt] eGgfn] jGohGt'sf] cfqmd0faf6 z/L/ cË eË x'g]u/L 3fOt]
ePsf] cj:yfnfO{ hgfp+5 .
113
u= ;fdfGo 3fOt] eGgfn] z/L/ cË eË x'g] jfx]s pkrf/ ug'{kg]{ cGo cj:yfsf] 3fOt]nfO{ hgfp+5 .
#= jGohGt'af6 x'g] Ifltsf lsl;d / /fxt k|fKt ug]{ cfwf/x?M
s= dfgjLo Iflt M
;+/lIft If]q / /fli6«o jgIf]q jfx]s cGoq pNn]lvt jGohGt'sf] cfqmd0fdf k/L dflg;sf] d[To' ePdf, uDeL/ 3fOt] ePdf jf pkrf/ ug'{ kg]{ u/L 3fOt] ePsf] cj:yfdf o; lgb]{lzsf adf]lhd /fxt /sd pknJw u/fOg]5 . t/ lxdfnL ;+/lIft If]qx? leq ePsf j:tLx?df pNn]lvt jGohGt'n] Iflt k'¥ofPdf ;d]t o; lgb]{lzsf adf]lhd /fxt /sd pknAw u/fOg]5 . To;}u/L ;+/lIft If]q / /fli6«o jg If]qdf ;/sf/L sfddf vl6Psf sd{rf/L / jg ;+/If0fsf] sfdsf] nflu cg'dlt lnO{ sfddf vl6Psf sfdbf/nfO{ pNn]lvt jGohGt'n] Iflt k'¥ofPdf ;d]t o; lgb]{lzsf adf]lhd /fxt pknJw u/fpg ;lsg]5 .
v= kz'wgsf] Iflt M
;+/lIft If]q / /fli6«o jgIf]q jfx]s cGoq pNn]lvt jGohGt'sf] cfqmd0fdf k/L j:t'efpsf] d[To' ePdf o; lgb]{lzsf adf]lhd /fxt /sd pknJw u/fpg ;lsg]5 .
u= e08f/0f u/]sf] cGgsf] Iflt M
pNn]lvt jGohGt'n] 3/uf]7 leq e08f/0f u/]sf] cGgsf] Iflt u/]df dfq Ifltsf] d"NofÍgsf] cfwf/df /fxt pknJw u/fpg ;lsg]5 .
3= 3/÷uf]7sf] Iflt M
pNn]lvt jGohGt'n] k|of]udf /x]sf] 3/÷uf]7sf] Iflt u/]df Ifltsf] d"Nof+Ígsf]
cfwf/df /fxt /sd pknJw u/fpg ;lsg]5 .
ª= vfBfGg afnLsf] Iflt M
pNn]lvt jGohGt'n] vfBfGg -pv' ;d]t_ jfnL gf]S;fg u/]df d"NofÍgsf cfwf/df /fxt /sd pknJw u/fpg ;lsg]5 .
114
tflnsf g+= != /fxt ljt/0fsf If]qx?
jGohGt'
dfgjLo Ifltkz'wgsf]
Iflt
e08f/0f
u/]sf]
cGgsf] Iflt
3/÷uf]7sf]
Iflt
vfBfGg
afnLsf]
Iflt;fdfGo
3fOt]
;Vt
3fOt]d[To'
xfQL kfpg] kfpg] kfpg] gkfpg]] kfpg] kfpg]* kfpg] *u}+8f kfpg] kfpg] kfpg] gkfpg] gkfpg] gkfpg] kfpg]
af3 kfpg] kfpg] kfpg] kfpg] gkfpg] gkfpg] gkfpg]
efn' kfpg] kfpg] kfpg] gkfpg] gkfpg] gkfpg] gkfpg]
lrt'jf kfpg] kfpg] kfpg] kfpg] gkfpg] gkfpg] gkfpg]
lxp+ lrt'jf kfpg] kfpg] kfpg] kfpg] gkfpg] gkfpg] gkfpg]
h+unL ag]n kfpg] kfpg] kfpg] gkfpg] gkfpg] gkfpg] gkfpg]
cgf{ kfpg] kfpg] kfpg] gkfpg] gkfpg] gkfpg] kfpg]
* e08f/0f u/]sf] cGgsf] Iflt, 3/÷uf]7sf] IftL / vfBfGg -pv' ;d]t_ sf] Ifltsf] /fxtsf] xsdf lkl8tsf] hUuf wgL btf{ k|df0f k'hf{ ePsf] xsdf dfq /fxt pknJw u/fpg ;lsg]5 .
$= /fxt /sd k|fKt ug{sf nflu k]z ug'{ kg]{ k|df0fM
tflnsf g+= @= /fxt /sd k|fKt ug{sf nflu k]z ug'{ kg]{ k|df0fx?
k|df0f / k|s[lt
dfgjLo Ifltkz'wgsf]
Iflt
e08f/0f u/]sf]
cGgsf] Iflt
3/÷ uf]7sf] Iflt
vfBfGg jfnLsf] Iflt
;fdfGo 3fOt]
;Vt 3fOt]
d[To'
lkl8t÷xsjfnfsf] lgj]bg
;+ej eP;Dd d[tssf]÷lkl8tsf] kmf]6f]
d[To' btf{ k|df0fkq
36gf:ynsf] ;h{dLg d'r'Nsf
:jf:Yo ;+:yfsf] l;kmfl/; -kf]i6df6{d l/kf]6{_
k|x/L k|ltj]bg
;DjlGwt dWojtL{ pkef]Qmf
;ldlt jf ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb jf ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;
115
; D a l G w t
uf = lj=;=÷gu/kf lnsfsf ]
l;kmfl/;
gftf k|dfl0ft sfuhft
:jfYo ;+:yfsf] l;kmfl/; /
cf}ifwL aLn
kz' ;]jf÷s[lif ;]jf ;DjGwL
k|fljlwssf] d"Nof+sg
hUuf wgL k|df0f k'hf{
%= /fxt /sdsf] xb
s= dfgjLo Ifltsf] nflu
-c_ ;fdfGo 3fOt]sf] nflu 3fOt]sf] k|s[lt x]/L k|]lift sfuhft / l;kmfl/;sf cfwf/df a9Ldf ?= !),))).– -bz xhf/_ ;Dd
-cf_ ;Vt 3fOt]sf] nflu 3fOt]sf] k|s[lt x]/L k|]lift sfuhft / l;kmfl/;sf cfwf/df a9Ldf ?= %),))).– -krf; xhf/_ ;Dd
-O_ d'To' ePsf cfl>t kl/jf/sf nflu ?= #,)),))).– -tLg nfv_ .
v= kz'wgsf] Ifltsf] nflu M
-c_ d[To' ePsf] kz'sf] nflu j:t'efpsf] k|sf/ x]/L k|]lift sfuhft / l;kmfl/;sf cfwf/df a9Ldf ?= !),))).– -bz xhf/_ ;Dd .
u= 3/÷uf]7 Ifltsf] nflu M
;DjlGwt pkef]Qmf ;ldlt tyf sfof{nosf k|ltlglw ;d]tsf] Iflt ;DjGwL
k|ltj]bg ;fy} l;kmfl/; lnO{ lgDg cg';f/sf] /fxt /sd pknJw u/fpg]M
-c_ 3/÷uf]7 IftLsf] k|s[lt x]/L k|]l;t sfuhft / l;kmfl/;sf
cfwf/df a9Ldf ?= !),))).– -bz xhf/_ ;Dd .
-cf_ esf/Ldf e08f/0f ul/Psf] cGgsf]] d'Nof+sg u/L k|]l;t sfuhft / l;kmfl/;sf cfwf/df a9Ldf ?=!),))).–- bz xhf/_ ;Dd .
116
3= vfBfGg afnLsf] Ifltsf] nflu M
;DjlGwt pkef]Qmf ;ldlt, uf=lj=;=÷gu/kflnsf tyf sfof{nosf k|ltlglw ;d]tsf] Iflt ;DjlGw k|ltj]bg lnO{ lgDg cg';f/sf] /fxt /sd pknJw u/fpg]M
-c_ vfBfGg afnLsf] IftLsf] If]qkmn / k|s[lt x]/L k|]lift sfuhft / l;kmfl/;sf cfwf/df a9Ldf ?= !),))).– -bz xhf/_ ;Dd /fxt /sd pknJw u/fpg ;lsg]5 t/ Ps df};ddf nufPsf] afnLsf] xsdf Ps k6s / aif{df b'O{ k6sdf ga9\g] u/L /fxt /sd dfu ug{ ;lsg]5 .
^= ;+:yfut ;+/rgfM
s= o; lgb]{lzsf adf]lhdsf] /fxt If]qLo jg lgb]{zgfnox? dfkm{t pknAw ul/g]5 . jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfnon] jGohGt'af6 x'g] Ifltsf] ah]6 ljlgof]hgsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] 5 .
v= lhNnf :t/df /fxt pknJw u/fpgsf nflu lgDg adf]lhdsf] Ps /fxt ljt/0f l;kmfl/; ;ldlt u7g u/fOg]5 M
-c_ ;+/lIft If]qsf] xsdf ;DalGwt ;+/lIft If]qsf sfof{no k|d'v / cGo If]qsf] xsdf lhNnf jg clws[t –;+of]hs
-cf_ ;DjlGwt dWojtL{ If]q pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf cWoIf – ;b:o
-O_ ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] cWoIf –;b:o
-O{_ ;DalGwt uf=lj=;= jf gu/kflnsfsf] sfo{sf/L clws[t÷uf=lj=;= ;lrj÷jf k|ltlglw –;b:o
-p_ pknJw ePdf lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no jf kz' ljsf; sfof{nosf k|ltlglw -Ifltsf] lsl;d cg';f/_– ;b:o
;ldltn] cfjZostf cg';f/ cGo lj1 k|ltlglwnfO{ cfdGq0f ug{ ;Sg]5 .
&= /fxt dfu tyf /fxt ljt/0f ubf{sf] sfo{ljlwM
s= /fxt ;xof]u dfu ug]{ JolQmn] 36gf 36]sf] ldltn] #% lbg leq ;DalGwt ;+/lIft If]q jf lhNnf jg sfof{no ;dIf dfly tflnsf g+=@ df tf]lsPsf sfuhftx? ;+nUg u/L lgj]bg lbg' kg]{5 .
117
v= o;/L k|fKt x'g cfPsf lgj]bgx? dfly /fxt ljt/0f l;kmfl/; ;ldltn] lg0f{o u/L pknJw u/fpg' kg]{ /fxtsf] /sd ;DjlGwt If]lqo jg lgb]{zgfnodf dfu ug'{ kg]{5 .
u= ;DjlGwt If]qLo jg lgb]{zgfnoaf6 /fxt /sd pknJw ePkl5 ;+/lIft If]qsf] xsdf ;DjlGwt ;+/lIft If]qsf] sfof{no / lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] xsdf lhNnf jg sfof{no dfkm{t lkl8t÷xsjfnfnfO{ /fxt /sd e'QmfgLsf] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
3= /fxt ljt/0f ubf{ dfgjLo Iflt ePdf d[tssf] xsdf glhssf] xsjfnf, ulDe/ tyf ;fdfGo 3fOt]sf] xsdf lghsf] cleefjs / cGo Ifltsf] xsdf ;DjlGwt xsjfnfnfO{ /fxt pknAw u/fOg]5 . dfgjLo Iflt / ulDe/ 3fOt]sf] xsdf s'n /fxt /sddf ga9\g] u/L ;DalGwt sfof{nosf] ah]6af6 a9Ldf qmdzM ?=%),))).– ;Dd / ?=!),))).– clu|d e'QmfgL lbg ;lsg]5 .
*= ljljwM
s= o; lgb]{lzsfdf g;d]l6Psf jGohGt'n] k'¥ofPsf] Ifltsf ;DjGwdf ;DjlGwt dWojtL{ If]q Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb / ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;ldltn] cfkm\g} ;|f]tdf o; lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/lwleq /lx /fxt /sd pknAw u/fpg ;Sg]5g\ .
(= arfpM
s_ of] lgb]{lzsf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] d=k=af6 zf;sLo tyf cfly{s ;'wf/sf] tTsflng sfo{of]hgf @)^( :jLs[t ePsf] ldlt b]lv nfu'x'g]5 .
v_ o; lgb]{lzsf :jLs[t x'g eGbf cufl8 pknAw u/fOPsf /fxt /sdx? o;}
lgb]{lzsf adf]lhd ljt/0f ePsf] dflgg]5 .
118
cg';"rL – @
!= k[i7e"ld
l;d;f/ Ps ultzLn, ljljwtfo'Qm / pj{/ kfl/l:ysLo k|0ffnL xf] . l;d;f/nfO{
h}ljs, ;fdflhs, kof{j/0fLo / cfly{s b[li6sf]0fn] clt d"Nojfg k|fs[lts
k|0ffnLsf] c+z dflgG5 . l;d;f/n] b'n{e / ljleGg k|hfltsf hLj
hGt' tyf jg:kltx¿nfO{ jf;:yfg k|bfg u/]sf] x'G5 . l;d;f/n] kfgLsf] ;|f]t
;+/If0f ug'{sf ;fy} o;sf] axfj / u'0f:t/ sfod u5{ . l;d;f/ If]qn] l;+rfO{,
dT:okfng, kof{–ko{6g, s[lif pTkfbsTj clej[l4df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] nufot
h}ljs ljljwtfsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg dfkm{t /fli6«o tyf :yfgLo cy{tGqdf
;d]t dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] x'G5 . l;d;f/n] hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf
e"–ljgfzsf] c;/nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ub{} kof{j/0fLo ;'/Iff sjrsf] ?kdf klg sfo{
ub{5 . d'n'ssf] sl/a ;ft nfv krf; xhf/ x]S6/ -sl/a kfFr k|ltzt_
e"–efu l;d;f/ If]qn] cf]u6]sf] 5 / o:tf] If]qsf] ;d"lrt ;+/If0f, Aoj:yfkg
/ lbuf] pkof]u ug{ cTofjZos ePsf] 5 . xfn;Dd g]kfnsf gf}j6f l;d;f/
If]qx¿ cGt/f{li6«o dxTjsf] /fd;f/ ;"rLdf ;'rLs[t ePsf 5g\ / of] qmd
hf/L 5 .
@= gof“ gLltsf] cfjZostf
l;d;f/sf] ;+/If0f tyf ;b'kof]usf nflu @)%( ;fndf /fli6«o
l;d;f/ gLlt :jLs[t eO{ s]xL If]qut gLltx¿ lgdf{0f ul/Psf]
ePtfklg tL gLltx¿df l;d;f/ If]q;+u ;DjlGwt ;d:of tyf ;jfnx¿nfO{
Psfsf/ u/L ;dGjofTds 9ªun] sfof{Gjog ug{ g;lsPsfn]
gofF gLltsf] cfjZostf dx;"; eof] . l;d;f/ If]qsf] ¥xf; tyf
nf]k, k|hflt ljljwtf tyf k|r'/tfdf ¥xf;, l;d;f/af6 k|fKt x'g] j:t'
tyf ;]jfsf] cTolws bf]xg, :jfldTjsf] cGof]n, gLltut tyf sfg"gL
/fli6«o ;Ld;f/ gLlt, @)^(
g]kfn ;/sf/af6 l:js[t ldltM– @)^(.*.@(
119
c;d~h:otf, ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ aLr ;dGjosf] cefj h:tf l;d;f/
If]qsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;b'kof]udf b]lvPsf k|d'v r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ ;dfwfg
ub}{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ aLr ;xsfo{ / ;dGjo sfod u/L l;d;f/ If]qsf]
;+/If0f tyf lbuf] ;b'kof]unfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg /fli6«o l;d;f/ gLltsf]
cfjZostf kg{ uPsf] xf] .
/fli6«o l;d;f/ gLlt, @)^( n] l;d;f/ ;+/If0f tyf l;d;f/hGo ;|f]tsf]
a'l4dQfk"0f{ pkof]usf nflu 6]jf k'¥ofpg] Wo]on] g]kfndf /x]sf :yfgLo,
/fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o dxTjsf l;d;f/ If]qsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu /fd;f/
dxf;lGw, ;g\ !(&!Ù h}ljs ljljwtf dxf;lGw, ;g\ !((@Ù hnjfo' kl/jt{g
dxf;lGw, ;g\ !((@ nufotsf ;Da4 cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw tyf ;Demf}tf dfkm{t\
g]kfnn] JoQm u/]sf k|lta4tf k'/f ub}{ ;DalGwt cGo ljifout gLltx¿sf]
sfof{Gjogdf klg yk of]ubfg k'¥ofpg]5 . o; gLltsf] sfof{Gjogaf6 jg
P]g, @)$( tyf jg lgodfjnL, @)%!, /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGo hGt'
;+/If0f P]g, @)@( tyf jGo hGt' ;+/If0f lgodfjnL, @)#) nufot sfg"gx¿sf]
kfngf / g]kfn h}ljs ljljwtf /0fgLlt ;g\ @))@ n] kl/nlIft u/]sf
p2]Zo k|fKtLsf nflu 7f]; of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
#= b"/b[li6, nIo tyf p2]Zox¿
#=! b"/b[li6
lbuf] ljsf; / jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ngsf nflu :j:y l;d;f/ .
#=@ nIo
l;d;f/ If]qsf] ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkg u/L l;d;f/hGo ;|f]tsf] lbuf]
tyf a'l4dQfk"0f{ pkof]u ug]{ .
120
#=# p2]Zo
#=#=! l;d;f/ If]qsf] ;+/If0f, k'g{:yfkgf / k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg
u/L h}ljs ljljwtf / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ug]{,
#=#=@ l;d;f/hGo ;|f]tx¿sf] lbuf] tyf a'l4dQfk"0f{ pkof]u u/L
To:tf ;|f]tdf cfl>t ;d'bfosf] ;d[l4df 6]jf k'¥ofpg],
#=#=# l;d;f/ If]q Joj:yfkgdf ;'zf;g sfod ub}{
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] 1fg / Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ .
$= gLlt
$=! :yfgLo, /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o dxTjsf l;d;f/ If]qx¿sf]
klxrfg ub}{ kof{j/0fLo, ;fdflhs / cfly{s dxTjsf
cfwf/df k|fyldsLs/0f u/L To:tf If]qx¿sf] ;+/If0f, k'g:yf{kgf
tyf Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 .
$=@ l;d;f/ If]qsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ Psn l;d;f/ jf hnfwf/:t/df
/x]sf l;d;f/x¿sf] PsLs[t ;+/If0f tyf Joj:Yffkg ul/g] 5 .
$=# ljsf; lgdf{0fsf of]hgf th'{df ubf{ l;d;f/ If]qdf kg{ ;Sg]
k|efjx¿sf] cf+sng u/L To:tf k|efjnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ k|efjsf/L
pkfox¿sf] cjnDag ul/g]5 .
$=$ ljsf; cfof]hgf ;~rfng ubf{ ljBdfg l;d;f/ If]qx¿sf]
u'0f:t/df ¥xf; tyf If]qkmndf sdL gcfpg] u/L dfq ;~rfng
ul/g]5 .
$=% l;d;f/ If]qsf] jftfj/0fdf pNn]vgLo k|lts"n k|efj kg{ glbg
;fjwfgLsf yk pkfox¿ cjnDag ug{ ;lsg]5 .
121
$=^ l;d;f/ If]qsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg ug{ l;d;f/hGo ;|f]tsf]
pkof]u ubf{ jftfj/0fLo ;]jf z'Ns nufpg] Joj:yf ldnfOg] 5 .
$=& l;d;f/ If]qdf cfl>t :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] k/Dk/fut 1fg / ;Lksf]
klxrfg u/L ;Ddfg / lbuf] pkof]u ul/g]5 .
$=* l;d;f/hGo ;|f]tsf] lbuf] pkof]uaf6 k|fKt x'g] nfesf] ;dGoflos
afF8kmfF8sf] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
$=( l;d;f/ If]qsf] Joj:yfkg / pkof]unfO{ ;xeflutfd"ns, kf/bzL{
/ hjfkmb]lxtfo'Qm agfpFb} ;'zf;gsf]] k|a4{g ul/g]5 .
$=!) l;d;f/ If]qsf] k|a4{gsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;|f]t, ;fwg / ;+:yfut
;+/rgfsf] Joj:yf ub}{ ;Da4 ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4
ul/g]5 .
%= sfo{gLlt
%=! l;d;f/ If]qsf] ;+/If0f, k'g:yf{kgf / k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg
%=!=! b]z leq /x]sf ;d:t l;d;f/ If]qsf] lj:t[t ;j]{If0f tyf
klxrfg u/L PsLs[t nut tof/ ul/g]5 .
%=!=@ :jfldTjsf] cfwf/df l;d;f/nfO{ b]xfo cg';f/ juL{s/0f
u/L Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ lhDd]jf/
agfOg]5 M–
-s_ ;+/lIft If]qdf cjl:yt l;d;f/,
-v_ jg If]qdf cjl:yt l;d;f/,
122
-u_ jg If]q aflx/ ;/sf/L lgsfo, :yfgLo lgsfo jf
:jfoQ ;+:yfsf] :jfldTj jf ef]udf /x]sf]
l;d;f/,
-3_ lghL hUufdf cjl:yt l;d;f/ .
%=!=# hf]lvdsf cfwf/df l;d;f/ If]qsf] ;+/If0f, k'g?Tyfg
/ k'g:yf{kgf ubf{ b]xfo adf]lhd k|fyldsLs/0f u/L
Aoj:yfkg ul/g]5M–
-s_ cToGt hf]lvd cj:yfdf k'u]sf l;d;f/,
-v_ nf]kf]Gd'v cj:yfdf /x]sf l;d;f/,
-u_ nf]k ePsf l;d;f/ .
%=!=$ Joj:yfkgsf cfwf/df b]xfosf If]qdf cjl:yt l;d;f/
If]qsf] Aoj:yfkg ;DalGwt lgsfox¿sf] ;xeflutf /
;dGjodf ul/g]5 . cfjZostf / cf}lrTosf] cfwf/df
o:tf lgsfox¿ g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]Sg ;Sg]5 .
-s_ ;/sf/åf/f Jojl:yt jg If]q leqsf l;d;f/ If]q,
-v_ ;+/lIft If]q leqsf l;d;f/ If]q,
-u_ ;d'bfoåf/f Jojl:yt jg If]q leqsf l;d;f/ If]q,
-3_ sa'lnotL jg If]q leqsf l;d;f/ If]q,
-ª_ wfld{s jg If]q leqsf l;d;f/ If]q,
-r_ :yfgLo lgsfoåf/f Jojl:yt l;d;f/ If]q,
-5_ s[lif If]qsf l;d;f/ If]q,
-h_ cGo If]qdf cjl:yt l;d;f/ If]q .
123
%=!=% l;d;f/sf] dxTj, pknAw x'g] j:t' / ;]jf tyf
pkof]lutfsf cfwf/df b]xfo adf]lhd :yfgLo, /fli6«o
tyf cGt/f{li6«o dxTjsf l;d;f/ egL juL{s/0f tyf
cWofjlws ul/g]5M
-s_ :yfgLoM k|of]udf cfO;s]sf jf cfpg] qmddf
/x]sf :yfgLo lgsfo jf lghL :t/df ;+/If0f tyf
Joj:yfkgdf /x]sf ;;fgf l;d;f/ If]qx¿,
-v_ /fli6«oM /fli6«o dxTjsf / ljleGg p2]Zosf
nflu k|of]udf cfO/x]sf hnfzo, l;+rfO{ k|0ffnL,
jf kof{–ko{6gsf b[li6n] dxTjk"0f{ l;d;f/ tyf
/fd;f/ ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t x'g] ;Defjgf /x]sf l;d;f/
If]qx¿,
-u_ cGt/f{li6«oM /fd;f/ ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t eO;s]sf
l;d;f/ If]qx¿ .
%=!=^ l;d;f/ If]q leq kfO{g] h}ljs ljljwtfsf] lj:t[t cWoog
u/L PsLs[t nut tof/ ul/g]5 .
%=!=& l;d;f/ If]qsf] ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g, Aoj:yfkg / a'l4dtfk"0f{
pkof]usf ;DaGwdf ;d–;fdlos j}1flgs cWoog
cg';Gwfg sfo{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g] 5 / ;f]af6 k|fKt
glthf jf ;'emfjx¿sf] sfo{fGjogdf hf]8 lbOg]5 .
%=!=* ;xeflutfd"ns k4tL ckgfO{ Psn l;d;f/ jf ;du|
hnfwf/:t/df l;d;f/ ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f u/L a'l4dQfk"0f{
pkof]usf] dfWodaf6 k|efjsf/L]] Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 .
124
%=!=( l;d;f/ If]qsf] k|efjsf/L ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkg ug{
pko'Qm k|ljlw Pjd\ k|0ffnLsf] gd"gf k/LIf0f (Piloting)
u/L k|fKt glthfnfO{ ;Defljt cGo l;d;f/ If]qx¿df
lj:tf/ ub}{ nlug]]5 .
%=!=!) l;d;f/ If]qdf /x]sf jf cfuGt's hLjhGt' / jg:kltsf
k|hfltsf] ;+/If0f ug{ ;Da4 lgsfox¿ aLr cfjZos
;"rgf cfbfg–k|bfg, ;dGjo / ;fem]bf/Lsf pkfox¿
cjnDag ul/g]5 .
%=!=!! låkIfLo, If]qLo tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u tyf ;dGjo
sfod u/L cGt/f{li6«o ;Ldf jf/kf/ /x]sf l;d;f/ If]qsf]
;+/If0f / Joj:yfkg ub}{ nlug]]5 .
%=!=!@ /}yfg] hLjhGt' tyf jg:kltx¿sf k|hfltnfO{ lj:yflkt
jf ljgfz ug]{ jf Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf l56f] la:tf/
x'g] afxØ ldrfxf k|hflt / cGo xflgsf/s hLjf0f'x¿sf]
k|efjsf/L lgoGq0f ul/g]5 .
%=!=!# ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] qmddf s'g} l;d;f/ If]qsf] sdL jf
¥xf; x'g uPdf ;Dej eP;Dd ;f]xL lsl;dsf] h}ljs
ljljwtf / kof{j/0fLo ;]jf k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] u/L j}slNks
l;d;f/ If]qsf] ljsf; jf ljBdfg l;d;f/ If]qsf] If]q
lj:tf/ ul/g]5 .
%=!=!$ l;d;f/ If]qsf] sfo{ tyf ;]jfnfO{ cIf'00f /fVg l;d;f/
If]qdf lgdf{0f x'g] ;8s, e"ldut jf ;tx l;+rfO{,
hnljB't h:tf ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ubf{ jftfj/0f
d}qL k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ul/g]5 .
125
%=!=!% l;d;f/ If]qdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] sf/0fn] kg]{ c;/
;DaGwL ;jfn tyf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ klxrfg u/L c;/
Go"gLs/0fsf nflu pko'Qm cg's'ng ljlwsf] cjnDag
ul/g]5 .
%=!=!^ l;d;f/ If]qsf] ;+/If0f ug{ cfjZostf cg';f/ hnfwf/
:t/Lo Joj:yfkg of]hgf th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ub}{
nlug]5 .
%=!=!& l;d;f/ If]q ;+/If0f / Aoj:yfkg ;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿
;~rfng ug{ k|rlnt lgodfg';f/ cfGtl/s tyf j}b]lzs
;|f]tsf] kl/rfng ug{ ;lsg]5 .
%=!=!* lghL tyf s[lif If]qsf] :jfldTjsf l;d;f/ If]qsf] ;+/If0f
tyf lbuf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu pko'Qm Aoj:yfkg k|0ffnL
ckgfO{ ;+/If0f / ;b'kof]u ug{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . o:tf
If]qsf] ;+/If0f / Aoj:yfkgsf nflu cfjZos k|fljlws
;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] Aoj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
%=!=!( l;d;f/ If]qsf] ;+/If0f, Joj:yfkg / cg'udg ug{
;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L tyf cGo ;+3;+:yfx¿;Fu klg
;xsfo{ x'g] Aoj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
%=@ l;d;f/ If]qsf] a'l4dQfk"0f{ pkof]u
%=@=! l;d;f/ If]qsf] Psn jf hnfwf/ :t/df e"–pkof]u
of]hgf th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog u/L] pTkfbsTj clej[l4
ul/g]5 .
%=@=@ l;d;f/ If]qdf kfO{g] hLjhGt' tyf jg:kltx¿sf] k|r'/tf
/ ljljwtf sfod /fVb} ;+/If0f / lbuf]] pkof]u ul/g]5 .
126
%=@=# l;d;f/ If]qsf] cIf'00ftf sfod /fVgsf nflu l;d;f/
If]qdf kmf]xf]/ lj;{hg ug{], s'g} k|sf/n] k|b'if0f km}nfpg]
jf e"ldut hnsf] cTolws bf]xg ug]{ h:tf sfo{nfO{
lg?T;flxt ul/g]5 .
%=@=$ l;d;f/ If]qdf kg]{ dfgjLo tyf kz'hGo rfknfO{
Go"gLs/0f ul/g]5 .
%=@=% ljBdfg l;d;f/ If]qsf] :j?kdf kl/jt{g gx'g] u/L
e"ldsf] pkof]u ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 .
%=@=^ l;d;f/ ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng u/L cGo lqmofsnfk ;~rfng
ubf{ l;d;f/ If]qsf] kof{j/0fLo / cfly{s dxTjnfO{
k|lts"n c;/ gkfg]{ u/L ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
%=@=& l;d;f/hGo ;|f]tsf] a'l4dQfk"0f{ pkof]u, l;d;f/ If]qaf6
k|fKt x'g] ;]jf / pTkfbg pkef]usf] nflu jftfj/0f d}qL
k|ljlwx¿ k|a4{g tyf cjnDjg ul/g]5 .
%=@=* l;d;f/ If]qnfO{ pNn]vgLo k|lts"n c;/ kfg]{ k|s[ltsf
ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{qmdx¿sf] th"{dfsf] qmddf g}
k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f jf
jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍg ug'{ kg]{]5 .
%=@=( l;d;f/ ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f tyf lbuf] pkof]usf nflu
æl;d;f/ sf]ifÆ sf] :yfkgf u/L ;+:yfut ul/g]5 . o:tf]
sf]ifsf] :yfkgf / ;~rfngsf] Joj:yf k|rlnt sfg"g
adf]lhd jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfnon] ldnfpg]5 .
l;d;f/ sf]ifdf b]xfo cg';f/sf] ;|f]taf6 /sd hDdf ug{
;lsg]5M–
127
-s_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k|fKt x'g] /sd,
-v_ :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 k|fKt x'g] /sd,
-u_ ;DalGwt lgsfosf] :jLs[ltdf bft[ lgsfoaf6 k|fKt
x'g] ;xfotf /sd,
-3_ jftfj/0fLo ;]jf / j:t' jfkt k|fKt x'g] z'Ns,
-ª_ lghL If]qaf6 k|fKt x'g] /sd,
-r_ cGo ;|f]taf6 k|fKt x'g] /sd .
%=@=!) l;d;f/ If]qdf cfl>t ;d'bfox¿sf] k/Dk/fut 1fg,
;Lk / cg'ejsf] klxrfg tyf sb/ ub}{ o:tf 1fg /
;Lkx¿sf] k|j4{g tyf pkof]u ug{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 .
%=@=!! l;d;f/ If]qdf cfl>t ;d'bfonfO{ ;f] If]qsf] ;+/If0f /
Joj:yfkgdf ;xefuL u/fO{ l;d;f/ ;|f]tdf cfwfl/t
pBd tyf Aoj;fo dfkm{t hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/
NofOg]5 .
%=@=!@ l;d;f/af6 k|fKt x'g] k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿sf] ;'/lIft /
lbuf] ?kdf ;Íng ul/g] dfqf, cj:yf / tx olsg ug{
dfkb08 tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
%=@=!# l;d;f/ If]qaf6 k|fKt x'g] nfenfO{ ;f] If]qdf cfl>t
;d'bfo aLr ;dGoflos ?kdf afF8kmfF8 ug{ cfjZos
sfo{ljlw tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 .
%=@=!$ l;d;f/ If]qsf] jl/kl/ ;~rfng eO/x]sf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf
sfo{qmdx¿sf] lgoldt cg'udg u/L l;d;f/sf] cIf'00ftf
;'lglZrt ul/g]5 .
128
%=@=!% l;d;f/ If]qsf hLjhGt' tyf jg:kltsf] k|r'/tf /
ljljwtf sfod /fVg l;d;f/ ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f / lbuf]]
pkof]usf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
%=@=!^ l;d;f/sf] hn:t/ sfod ub}{ jf;:yfg ;'wf/, afXo
ldrfxf k|hfltsf] lgoGq0f, l;d;f/ ;|f]tsf] a'l4dQfk"0f{
pkof]u cflbsf dfWodaf6 l;d;f/ If]qsf] pTkfbsTj
clej[l4 ul/g]5 .
%=# l;d;f/ If]qsf] Joj:yfkgdf ;'zf;g k|a4{g
%=#=! l;d;f/ ;+/If0f ;DaGwL ljleGg sfo{qmdsf] of]hgf
th{'df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"NofÍg k|lqmofdf :yfgLo,
lhNnf / s]Gb|Lo :t/sf ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf
h'6fOg]5 .
%=#=@ l;d;f/ ;|f]tx¿sf] PsLs[t Joj:yfkg tyf a'l4dQfk"0f{
pkof]udf ;xhLs/0f ug{ :yfgLo, lhNnf tyf /fli6«o
:t/df ax';/f]sf/jfnf ;ldltx¿ u7g u/L lqmofzLn
t'NofOg]5 .
%=#=# l;d;f/ ;|f]tx¿sf] PsLs[t ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkg ug{
cfjZostfg';f/ ax';/f]sf/jfnf ;ldltx¿sf] u7g u/L
To:tf ;ldltdf cfj4 ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] Ifdtf clea[l4
ub}{ nlug]5 .
%=#=$ l;d;f/ If]qsf] ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkg sfo{nfO{ kf/bzL{
/ k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg cfjZos ;+:yfut Aoj:yf
ldnfOg]5 .
129
%=#=% /fli6«o l;d;f/ ;"rgf Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL :yfkgf
ul/g]5 .
%=#=^ l;d;f/ If]qsf] k|efjsf/L ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkg ug{
ljBdfg k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkg;Fu
;DalGwt sfg"gL Joj:yfdf cfjZostfg';f/ ;+;f]wg u/L
PsLs[t sfg"g lgdf{0f ul/g]5 .
%=#=& /fd;f/ dxf;lGwn] lglb{i6 u/] adf]lhd l;d;f/ ;+/If0f
tyf Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL lzIff, ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ ;fdu|L
tof/ u/L cfdhgtfsf] ;r]tgf clej[l4 ul/g]5 .
%=#=* l;d;f/sf] ;Ldf, Joj:yfkg jf pkof]usf ;DaGwdf
pTkGg ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg ;DalGwt lhNNff jg If]q
;dGjo ;ldltn] ug]{]5 .
%=#=( l;d;f/sf] ;+/If0f, dxTj / Joj:yfkgsf] ljifonfO{
ljleGg txsf cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIff k|0ffnLdf
;dfj]z ub}{ nlug]5 .
%=#=!) l;d;f/ If]q :t/Lo hn tyf e"–pkof]u of]hgf lgdf{0f
tyf Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg cfjZos cWoog,
cg';Gwfg / cg'udg ul/g]5 .
%=#=!! l;d;f/ If]qsf] ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu dfkb08
tof/ u/L nfu" ul/g]5 .
130
^= sfof{Gjog ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf
o; gLltsf] sfof{Gjog ;/sf/L, lghL tyf ;fj{hlgs ;DalGwt lgsfox¿af6
x'g]5 / ;f]sf] ;DfGjo Pjd\ ;xhLs/0f jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfnon]
ug]{5 . /fli6««o:t/df ;dGjo, ;xhLs/0f / dfu{ lgb]{zg ug{ b]xfo adf]lhd
/fli6«o l;d;f/ ;ldlt /xg]5 . lhNnf :t/df ljBdfg lhNnf agIf]q ;DfGjo
;ldltn] l;d;f/ If]qsf] ;d]t ;+/If0f tyf Aoj:yfkgsf] sfd ug]{5 . b'j}
;+oGqsf] u7g tyf sfo{If]q b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5M
^=! s]Gb|Lo :t/dfM
/fli6«o l;d;f/ ;ldlt
s_ ;lrj, jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno ;+of]hs
v_ ;x–;lrj, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno ;b:o
u_ ;x–;lrj, jftfj/0f tyf lj1fg k|ljlw dGqfno ;b:o
3_ ;x–;lrj, phf{ dGqfno ;b:o
ª_ ;x–;lrj, l;+rfO{ dGqfno ;b:o
r_ ;x–;lrj, ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno ;b:o
5_ ;x–;lrj, pBf]u dGqfno ;b:o
em_ ;x–;lrj, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
-s[lif tyf u|fld0f ljsf; dxfzfvf_ ;b:o
131
`_ dxflgb]{zs, jg ljefu ;b:o
6_ dxflgb]{zs, /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f ljefu ;b:o
7_ k|d'v, jftfj/0f dxfzfvf, jg tyf
e"–;+/If0f dGqfno ;b:o–;lrj
^=@ /fli6«o l;d;f/ ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Ao tyf clwsf/
-s_ /fli6«o l;d;f/ gLlt, @)^( sf] p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu
/fli6«o :t/df ;dGjo ug]{÷u/fpg],
-v_ l;d;f/sf] ;+/If0f, lbuf] Joj:yfkg / pkof]u ug{ PsLs[t
sfg"g lgdf{0fsf] Joj:yf ug]{,
-u_ l;d;f/;+u ;DalGwt of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx¿ th'{df
Pjd\ sfo{Gjogdf ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ aLr ;xsfo{
/ ;fem]bf/L a9fpg k|f]T;fxg ug]{,
-3_ l;d;f/ ;DaGwdf lgdf{0f x'g] PsLs[t sfg"g;Fu d]n vfg]
u/L ;DalGwt cGo sfg"gx¿df kl/dfh{g ug{ kxn ug]{,
-ª_ ;ldltn] cfkmgf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ cfjZostf cg';f/
k|fljlws ;Nnfxsf/ pk–;ldlt u7g ug]{,
-r_ ;ldltsf] sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos kg]{ sfo{ljlw to
ug]{ .
-5_ /fli6«o l;d;f/ gLlt, @)^( sf] k|efjsf/L sfo{Gjogsf]
nflu cfjZos dfu{lgb]{z ug]{ .
132
^=# lhNnf :t/df
l;d;f/ If]qsf] ;+/If0f, Joj:yfkg / pkof]u ug{ lhNnf :t/df /x]sf] lhNnf
jg If]q ;dGjo ;ldltn] g} o; gLltsf] sfof{Gjog ;+oGqsf] ?kdf klg sfo{
ug]{5 . ;+oGqsf] u7g tyf sfo{If]q b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5M–
^=$ lhNnf jg If]q ;dGjo ;ldlt
-s_ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] ;efklt ;+of]hs
-v_ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] ;DalGwt ljifout
;ldltsf] ;+of]hs Ps hgf
;x;+of]hs
-u_ :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L ;b:o
-3_ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn] tf]s]sf lhNnf l:yt
/fhg}lts bnsf k|ltlglw -a9Ldf & hgf_
;b:o
-ª_ dxfgu/kflnsf÷pkdxfgu/kflnsf÷gu/kflnsfsf
k|d'v jf k|ltlglw
;b:o
-r_ uf=lj=;= dxf;+3sf] lhNnf cWoIf jf k|ltlglw ;b:o
-5_ jg k}bfjf/df cfwfl/t pBdLx¿dWo] pBf]u jfl0fHo
;+34f/f dgf]lgt Ps hgf
;b:o
-h_ lhNnfl:yt ;fd'bflos, ;fem]bf/L jg Joj:yfkg
;d"x, dWojtL{ ;fd'bflos jg ;d"x, sa'lnotL jg
;d"x, lghL jg / e"–;+/If0f ;d"xsf ;~hfnx¿ dWo]
af6 Pshgf k|ltlglw
;b:o
-em_ jg, jftfj/0f, jGohGt', jg:klt, e"–;+/If0f /
h}ljs ljljwtf;+u ;DalGwt u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfdWoaf6
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf dxf;+3n] tf]sL lbPsf k|ltlglw
a9Ldf b'O{ hgf
;b:o
133
-`_ cflbjf;L, hghftL, blnt tyf cGo ju{ ljz]ifsf]
;d"xaf6 k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn]
tf]sL lbPsf a9Ldf b'O{ hgf .
;b:o
-6_ k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L jf lghn] tf]s]sf] clws[t
k|ltlglw
;b:o
-7_ jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno cGtu{tsf lhNnf l:yt
lgsfosf k|d'vx¿
;b:o
-8_ lhNnf s[lif ljsf; clws[t jf lghn] tf]s]sf]
k|ltlglw
;b:o
-9_ lhNnf kz' ;]jf clws[t jf lghn] tf]s]sf] k|ltlglw ;b:o
-0f_ Dflxnf ljsf; clws[t jf lghn] tf]s]sf] k|ltlglw ;b:o
-t_ lhNnf jg clws[t ;b:o–;lrj
^=% lhNnf jg If]q ;dGjo ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo tyf clwsf/
s_ l;d;f/ ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f, Joj:yfkg / pkof]u;Fu ;Da4
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ aLrsf] ;femf ;+oGqsf] ?kdf sfo{ ug]{ .
v_ ;du| l;d;f/ Joj:yfkgsf nflu cGt/ lgsfout
;dGjo tyf ;fem]bf/L clej[l4 ug{] .
u_ sfo{ ;Dkfbg ubf{ ;xeflutfd"ns k2lt ckgfpg] .
3_ l;d;f/ ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkg sfo{df pknAw ;|f]tsf]
afF8kmfF8 ug]{,
ª_ l;d;f/ ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkgsf c;n
cEof;af6 xfl;n u/]sf l;sfOx¿nfO{ lhNnfsf gLlt
tyf of]hgfsf ;+/rgfx¿df ;dflxt tyf d"nk|jfxLs/0f
ug]{,
134
r_ l;d;f/ ;+/If0f tyf lbuf] Joj:yfkg ug{ Joj:yfkg
of]hgf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{,
5_ l;d;f/ ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkgdf k/Dk/fut
1fg / ;Lksf] ;+/If0f, k|j4{g / pkof]u ug]{,
h_ ;ldltn] cfkmgf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ cfjZostf cg';f/
pk–;ldlt u7g ug{ ;Sg]5 .
em_ l;d;f/sf If]qsf] ;+/If0f, Aoj:yfkg / ;b'kof]u ;DaGwL
sfo{qmdx¿sf] k|efjsf/L cg'udg ug]{÷u/fpg] .
&= gLltsf] d"Nof+sg
o; gLltsf] sfof{Gjogsf] k|efjsfl/tf, pko'Qmtf / pkfb]otfsf] jg tyf
e"–;+/If0f dGqfnoaf6 cfjlws ?kdf d"NofÍg u/L ;d;fdlos ;'wf/sf
nflu k|:tfj ug]{5 .
*= hf]lvd
;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;a}sf] kx'Fr, pkof]u / ;'lawfsf ?kdf /lxcfPsf l;d;f/
If]qx¿sf] ;+/If0f cfkm}+df r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . a9\bf] hg;+Vofsf] rfk / hnjfo'
kl/jt{gsf r'gf}tLx¿n] ubf{ gLltsf] sfof{Gjog ;xh gx'g ;S5 . :yfgLo
;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf clej[l4 u/L ;j{;fwf/0fdf ;d]t ckgTjsf] efjgf
ljsf; geP;Dd ;+/If0fn] lbuf]kg / k|efjsfl/tf xfl;n ug{ sl7g x'g] xF'bf
l;d;f/sf] ;+/If0f / Aoj:yfkg sfo{nfO{ :yfgLo cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{sf]
Ps ;zQm dfWodsf] ?kdf klg ljsf; ug{ cfjZos 5 .
135
(= cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg
k|:t't gLltsf] sfof{Gjogaf6 ck]lIft k|ltkmn tyf p2]Zo xfl;n eP
gePsf] ;DaGwdf cg'udg / d"NofÍg ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/, jg tyf
e"–;+/If0f dGqfnon] ;DalGwt ;a} lgsfox¿;Fu ;dGjo u/L cfjZos
Joj:yf ldnfpg]5 .
!)= afwf, c8\sfp km'sfp
o; gLltsf] sfof{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf s'g} afwf c8\sfp k/]df jf ;d:of
pTkGg ePdf g]kfn ;/sf/, jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfnon] To:tf] afwf
c8\sfp km'sfpg cfjZos lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg]5 .
136
cg';"rL – #
;'gfv/L ;+sng tyf v]tL ljsf; -sfo{ljlw_ lgb]{lzsf, @)^( k|:tfjgf g]kfnsf] jg If]qleq kfOg] ;'gfv/L (Orchidaceae_ kl/jf/sf ag:kltsf] plrt ;+/If0f, Joj:yfkg, v]tL ljsf; / k|zf]wg u/L cfo j[4L tyf /f]huf/L k|jw{g ug{ ;'gfv/Lsf] ;+sng, cf];f/–k;f/ tyf lgsf;LnfO{ ;/n, ;xh, Jojl:yt, kf/bzL{ tyf pQ/bfoL agfpb} n}hfg] p2]Zon] jg lgodfjnL, @)%! sf] lgod ^& n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L g]kfn ;/sf/, jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfnon] of] sfo{ljlw lgb]{lzsf agfO{ hf/L u/]sf] 5 .
kl/R5]b –!
k|f/lDes
!= ;;+lIfKt gfd / k|f/DeM -!_ o; lgb]{lzsfsf] gfd æ;'gfv/L ;+sng tyf v]lt ljsf; -sfo{ljlw_ lgb]{lzsf, @)^(Æ /x]sf] 5 .
-@_ of] lgb]{lzsf t'?Gt k|f/De x'g]5 .
@= kkl/efiffM laifo jf k|;+un] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]df o; lgb]{lzsfdf,
-s_ æP]gÆ eGgfn] jg P]g, @)$( ;Demg'k5{ .
-v_ ælgodfjnLÆ eGgfn] jg lgodfjnL, @)%! ;Demg'k5{ .
-u_ æclwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Læ eGgfn] lhNnf jg clws[tnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ / ;f] zAbn] lhNnf jg clws[t lgo'Qm gePsf] cj:yfdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] clws[t ;d]tnfO{ hgfpFb5 .
-3_ æ;'gfv/LÆ eGgfn] jg lgodfjnL, @)%! sf] cg';"rL— # sf] v08 -r_ sf] g+= & adf]lhdsf] jg k}bfjf/nfO{ ;Demg'k5{{ . ;fy} ;f] zAbn] jg h+un leq ?vsf xfFuf jf af]qmfdf x's{g] OlkkmfO6 (Epiphyte), r§fg jf df6f]df x's{g] 6]/]i6«Lon (Terrestrial) / jg:klt jf hGt' s'lxPsf] :yfgdf x's{g] ;fk|f]kmfO6 (Saprophyte) cGtu{t kg]{ ;'gfv/L, ufd8f]n (Brachycorythis obcordata), hLjGtL (Ephemerantha macraei),Acampe spp., Coelogyne spp., Dendrobium spp. / Otochilus spp. nufotsf ;'gfv/L (Orchidaceae) kl/jf/sf cg';"rL– ( df pNn]v ePsf ;Dk"0f{ jg:klt k|hfltnfO{ hgfpF5 .
-ª_ æIf]qÆ eGgfn] ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug]{ p2]Zon] lhNnf jg sfof{non] rf/ lsNnf tf]sL 5'6\ofPsf] jg If]qnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .
-r_ æjg v08Æ eGgfn] If]q cGtu{t lhNnf jg sfof{non] kl/df0f tf]sL ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug]{ p2]Zon] :ki6;Fu rf/ lsNnf tf]sL 5'6\ofPsf] jg If]q cGtu{tsf] jg v08 nfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .
-5_ æpBf]uÆ eGgfn] k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"g adf]lhd btf{ eO{ ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug{, k|zf]wg ug{ jf v]tL ug{ Ohfht kfPsf] pBf]unfO{ ;Demg'kb{5 .
kl/R5]b –@
;|f]t ;j]{If0f tyf jg If]q 5gf}6 ;DjGwL Aoj:yf
#= ;|f]t ;j]]{If0f ;DjGwL cfwf/e't tYofÍ ;+sng ug'{kg
$= tYofÍ ljZn]if0f tyf k|ltj]bg tof/ ug'{kg]{M
g]kfn ;/sf/ -dfggLo dGqL:t/_ af6 :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.!!.@$
;'gfv/L ;+sng tyf v]tL ljsf; -sfo{ljlw_ lgb]{lzsf, @)^( k|:tfjgf
kl/R5]b –!
k|f/lDes
!= ;+lIfKt gfd / k|f/DeM
@= kl/efiffM
;'gfv/L ;+sng tyf v]tL ljsf; -sfo{ljlw_ lgb]{lzsf, @)^( k|:tfjgf
kl/R5]b –!
k|f/lDes
!= ;+lIfKt gfd / k|f/DeM
@= kl/efiffM
137
;'gfv/L ;+sng tyf v]tL ljsf; -sfo{ljlw_ lgb]{lzsf, @)^( k|:tfjgf
kl/R5]b –!
k|f/lDes
!= ;+lIfKt gfd / k|f/DeM
@= kl/efiffM
-h_ æk|zf]wgÆ eGgfn] ;'gfv/L] ;'sfP/ nR5f agfOPsf] jf w"nf] agfO{ d"No clej[l4 ug]{ jf :j?k kl/jt{g u/L pkof]uL j:t' jf kbfy{ pTkfbg ug]{ sfo{ ;d]tnfO{ hgfpFb5 .
-em_ ælgsfoÆ eGgfn] jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno cGtu{tsf lgsfonfO{ ;Demg'k5{ / ;f] zAbn] o; lgb]{lzsf adf]lhd tf]lsPsf] jg If]qdf ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug{ Ohfht k|fKt u/]sf OhfhtkqjfnfnfO{ ;d]t hgfpFb5 .
-`_ æsfdbf/Æ eGgfn] ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug]{ lgsfoaf6 ;'gfv/L ;+sng Pj+ 9'jfgL ug{, jg h+un nufot l8kf] tyf 3f6u2Ldf /x]sf] ;'gfv/L ;+/If0f ug{ v6fOPsf JolQmnfO{ hgfpFb5 .
-6_ æ;'k/efOh/Æ eGgfn] sfdbf/ sf] sfdsf] lg/LIf0f ug{ ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug]{ lgsfoaf6 v6fOPsf] :j?k kl/jt{g u/L pkof]uL j:t' jf kbfy{ pTkfbg ug]{ JolQm jf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .
-7_ æ3f6u2LÆ eGgfn] ;+sng ePsf] ;'gfv/LnfO{ laqmL ljt/0f, cf];f/ k;f/ jf cGo tj/n] xs x:tfGt/0f geP;Dd ;'/lIft /fVg lhNnf jg sfof{non] tf]s]sf] 7fpFnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .
-8_ æcg'udgÆ eGgfn] ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug]{ If]qdf ;'gfv/L ;+sng eO{ /x]sf] ;dodf jf ;+sng sfo{ ;DkGg eP kZrft\ tt\ ;DaGwL eP u/]sf sfo{x?nfO{ :jLs[t of]hgf adf]lhd 7Ls t/Lsfn] sfd eP gePsf] ljifodf :ynut e|d0f u/L cWoog tyf lg/LIf0f ug]{ / ;f] sf] k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ sfo{nfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .
-9_ æjflif{s cg'udgÆ eGgfn] ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug]{ sfd ug{ cg'dlt kfPsf] jgdf ;'gfv/L ;+sng tyf 3f6u2L / 5f]8k"hL{ cflb ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ ;DkGg ePkl5 pBf]un] tf]s]sf] k|ltlglwsf] pkl:yltdf ;DalGwt lhNnf jg clws[t jf lghn] v6fPsf] sd{rf/Ln] ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug]{ cg'dltsf] Dofb ;dfKt ePkl5 x/]s jif{ ug]{ :ynut cg'udgnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .
-0f_ æ;j]{If0f Pj+ cg';Gwfg ug]{ lgsfoÆ eGgfn] jg ljefu, jg:klt ljefu jf jg cg';Gwfg tyf ;e]{If0f ljefunfO{ ;Demg'k5{ / ;f] zAbn] h8La'6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL / tt\ ;DaGwL ljifodf cWoog, cg';Gwfg ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 dfGotf kfPsf] :jb]zL ;+3, ;+:yf tyf Ohfht k|fKt ug]{ JolQm ;d]tnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .
kkl/R5]b –@
;|f]t ;j]{If0f tyf jg If]q 5gf}6 ;DjGwL Aoj:yf
#= ;|f]t ;j]]{If0f ;DjGwL cfwf/e't tYofÍ ;+sng ug'{kg]{M -!_ ;'gfv/LnfO{ nf]k x'gaf6 arfpg, ;'gfv/L ;+sng Pj+ lgsf;L ug{ lbg] cflwsfl/s lgsfo lhNnf jg sfof{non] cfjZostf cg';f/ jg:klt lj1sf] ;+nUgtfdf ;'gfv/Lsf] lj:t[t ;|f]t ;j]{If0f u/L lhNnfsf] kfFr jif]{ sfo{ of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{5 .
-@_ :ynut ?kdf uO{ gfk lnOPsf gd"gf Kn6x?sf] k'gM lg/LIf0f, ;j]{If0f ug{ cfjZos kg]{ ePsfn] To:tf Kn6x? ;se/ lkmN8df :ki6 b]lvg] u/L tyf /]s8{df cflwsfl/s / e/kbf]{ x'g] u/L ;'/lIft /fVg' kg]{5 .
$= tYofÍ ljZn]if0f tyf k|ltj]bg tof/ ug'{kg]{M -!_ ;|f]t ;j]{If0fsf] cfwf/df ljleGg lsl;dsf ;'gfv/Lsf] k|hfltsf] cj:yf, ltgsf] pknAwtfsf] ;fy} lbuf]?kdf ;+sng ug{ ;lsg] cf}ift kl/df0f olsg u/L ;f] sf] cfwf/df ;'gfv/L kfOg] jgnfO{ juL{s/0f ug'{ kg]{5 / oL If]qsf] gS;f ;lxt rf/ lsNnf :ki6;Fu olsg ug'{ kg]{5 . ;f]] ljj/0fdf jg If]qx?sf] gfdfs/0f ;d]t :ki6;Fu pNn]v ePsf] x'g' kg]{5 .
;'gfv/L ;+sng tyf v]tL ljsf; -sfo{ljlw_ lgb]{lzsf, @)^( k|:tfjgf
kl/R5]b –!
k|f/lDes
!= ;+lIfKt gfd / k|f/DeM
@= kl/efiffM
138
-@_ ;|f]t ;j]{If0fsf] tYofÍsf] cfwf/df x/]s jg v08sf]] 5'§f–5'§} lx;fa u/L lhNnf e/df lbuf]?kdf pknAw x'g;Sg] ;'gfv/Lsf]] jflif{s kl/df0f :ki6;Fu v'Ng] u/L ;|f]t ;j]{If0f k|ltj]bg tof/ ug'{ kg]{5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd tof/ ePsf] k|ltj]bg pk/ jg ljefun] k|fljlws 6f]nL u7g u/L jf jg:klt ljefuaf6 ;f] k|ltj]bgsf] k|fljlws ?kn] u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f u/fO{ pko'St b]lvPdf ;f] sf] l;kmfl/zdf jg ljefun] k|ltj]bg :jLs[t ug{ ;Sg]5 .
%= If]q 5gf}6 tyf jftfj/0fLo cWoog k|ltj]bg tof/ ug'{kg]{M -!_ bkmf $ adf]lhdsf] k|s[of k"/f e} ;s]kl5 ;'gfv/L lbuf] ?kdf ;+sng ug{ ;lsg] kl/df0fnfO{ ;d]t dWogh/ /fvL ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug]{ If]q lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] If]qnfO{ jg sfo{of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{5 .
-#_ jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g, @)%# tyf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnL, @)%$ adf]lhdsf] k|lqmof k"/f u/L jftfj/0fLo cWoog k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 :jLs[t ePkl5 :jLs[t jg sfo{of]hgfsf] clwgdf /xL kl/R5]b –# adf]lhdsf] ljlw cg';f/ ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug'{ kg]{5 .
kl/R5]b –# ;'gfv/L ;+sngsf] nflu v08 ljefhg
^= ;'gfv/L ;+sngsf] nflu jg v08 ljefhg ug]{M -!_ ;'gfv/L ;+sng ul/g]] jg If]qnfO{
lbuf]?kdf ;+sng ug{ ;lsg] ;'gfv/Lsf] kl/df0f x]/L ;s];Dd k|fs[lts l;dfgfsf] cfwf/df
v08 ljefhg ug'{kg]{5 . ;'gfv/Lsf] k|fs[lts k'g?Tkfbg ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ u/L jg If]qnfO{
ljleGg v08df ljefhg u/L tL v08df kfFr jif{sf] rqmLo k|0ffnL cg';f/ dfq ;'gfv/L ;+sng
ug'{ kg]{5 .
-@_ ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug]{ If]q 5gf}6 ug]{ sfo{ ul/;s]kl5 ;f] If]qdf ePsf] ;'gfv/L kfOg]
?vsf] ;+Vof, r§fg jf hdLgsf] jf:tljs ;tx, If]qkmn lx;fj u/L pknAw x'g ;Sg]
;'gfvl/sf] k|hftL lkR5]sf] kl/df0f olsg ug'{ kg]{5 .
-#_ ;'gfv/L kfOg] If]qsf] klxrfg Pj+ If]q 5gf}6 / jg v08 lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg eO{
;s]kl5 ;f] sf] :ki6 ljj/0f lhNnf jg sfof{non] cg';"rL— ! adf]lhdsf]] /lhi6/ v8f u/L
clen]v /fVg' kg]{5 .
-$_ nut agfOPsf] /lhi6/sf] Ps÷Ps k|lt ;DalGwt ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug]{ lgsfo,
/]~hkf]i6 / Onfsf jg sfof{non] /fVg' kb{5 . Ps k|lt /lhi6/ lhNnf jg sfof{nodf clgjfo{
/fVg' kb{5 h'g /lhi6/nfO{ c'gudgsf] nflu k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . olb ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug]{ sfo{
;fd'bflos jg jf ;+/lIft jg If]qaf6 ul/g] xf] eg] ;DalGwt ;d"xnfO{ ;d]t nut agfOPsf]
/lhi6/sf] Ps k|lt pknAw u/fpg' kg]{5 .
&= ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug]{ t/LsfM -!_ ;|f]t ;j]{If0fsf] cfwf/df ;'gfv/Lsf] s'g k|hflt sxfF slt
pknAw 5, osLg u/L lglZrt If]q tf]sL lgodfg';f/ ;+sng Ohfht lbg] / ;+sng sfo{
tf]lsPsf] If]qdf dfq ul/g' kg]{5 .
-@_ ;'gfv/Lsf] ;+sng cg'dlt lbg' cufj} o;sf] ;+/If0f, ;Da4{g / Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL zt{x? tf]sL pQm zt{x? kfngf ug]{ JolQm, pBf]u of lgsfonfO{ dfq} cg'dlt lbg'kg]{ 5 .
*= 3f6u2L :yfg tf]Sg'kg]{M
(= ;'gfv/Lsf] 9'jfgL Joj:YffM
139
-#_ ;'gfv/L ;+sng Ohfht lbg'k"j{ ;DalGwt lhNnf jg sfof{non]] ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug]{ :jLs[t ;|f]t ;j]{If0f k|ltj]bg cg';f/ jg If]q tyf jg v08sf] :ki6;Fu rf/ lsNnf olsg ug'{kg]{ 5 . ;'gfv/L ;+sng ubf{ lhNnf jg sfof{non] tf]s]sf] jg k|fljlwssf] /]vb]v÷/f]xa/df tf]lsPsf] jg If]q jf jg v08af6 dfq u/fpg'kg]{ 5 .
-$_ ;+sng cg'dlt k|fKt ug]{ pBf]u jf lgsfon] ;+snsx?nfO{ ;'gfv/Lsf] xfFuf sf6\bf wfl/nf] xltof/ jf l;s]r/ k|of]u ug'{ kg]{5 . ;'gfv/L ;+sng ubf{ o:tf pks/0f k|of]u eP gePsf] s'/f ;DalGwt lhNnf jg sfof{non] cg'udg ug'{ kg]{5 .
-%_ ?vdf kfOg] ;'gfv/L ;+sng ubf{ ?vnfO{ k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ u/L ?vsf] af]qmf tf5\g, ?vsf xfFuf sf6\g / ?v 9fNg kfOg] 5}g .
-^_ r§fg jf hldgdf kfOg] ;'gfv/L ;+sng ubf{ e"–Ifo x'g] u/L ug{ kfOg] 5}g .
-&_ ;'gfv/Lsf] k|fs[lts :yfgaf6 pknAw ;|f]tsf] !)Ü ;Dd ;+sng of]Uo efu dfq ;+sng ug'{ kg]{5 . ;+sng ubf{ pd]/ k'lu;s]sf] ;'gfv/Lsf] s]xL k|hgg\ efu -@)Ü gofF / ;–;fgf lj?jfx?_ ltgs} jf;:yfgdf /xg] u/L 5f]8]/ ;+sng ug'{kg]{ 5 .
-*_ ;'gfv/L ;+sng ubf{ pv]Ng' x'b}g / eF'O{ jf jf]6sf] km]bsf] ;txeGbf % ;]=dL=dflyaf6 x/]s uFfhdf slDtdf @ xfFuf 5f8L ;+sng ug'{ kg]{5 .
-(_ ;'gfv/L ;+sng ubf{ km"n km"Ng] ;do / a[l4 x'g] ;dodf ;+sng ug'{ u/fpg' xF'b}g . k|fs[lts ?kdf kfOg] ;'gfv/L ;+sng ubf{ df3 b]lv kmfu'g;Dd b'O{ dlxgfsf] ;dodf dfq} ;+sng ug{' u/fpg' kg]{5 .
-!)_ df3 / kmfu'g b'O{ dlxgfsf] ;do eGbf cufl8 / k5fl8sf] ;dodf ;+sng u/] u/fPdf ;+sng ug]{ u/fpg] JolQm jf lgsfonfO{ sfnf] ;"rLdf /fvL cg'dltkq /2 u/L k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd sf/afxL x'g]5 .
-!!_ Pp6f jg If]qaf6 Ps k6s ;'gfv/L ;+sng u/]sf] sDtLdf kfFr jif{ kl5 dfq pknAwtfsf] cj:yf x]/L csf]{ k6s ;+sng ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
*= 3f6u2L :yfg tf]Sg'kg]{M -!_ ;+slnt ;'gfv/Lsf] 3f6u2L :yfg ;DalGwt lhNnf jg sfof{non] tf]Sg' kg]{5 .
-@_ 3f6u2L :yfg tf]Sbf ;DalGwt lhNnf jg sfof{non] cfˆgf] sfo{If]q leq kg]{ ;a} jg v08x¿nfO{ kfos kg]{ u/L / k|To]s v08sf] lgoldt lg/LIf0f x'g;Sg] s'/fnfO{ ;d]t ljrf/ u/L :yfg 5gf}6 ug'{ kg]{5 .
(= ;'gfv/Lsf] 9'jfgL Joj:YffM-!_ k|To]s jg v08af6 ;+sng ul/Psf] ;'gfv/LnfO{ af]/fdf /fvL tf]lsPsf] kfos kg]{ 3f6u2L :yfgdf 9'jfgL u/L ;'/lIft ;fy k'¥ofpg] Joj:yf ;DalGwt ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug]{ pBf]u cfkm}+n] ldnfpg' kg]{5 .
-@_ 3f6u2L :yfgaf6 ;'gfv/L k|zf]wg :yn jf pBf]u jf sf/vfgf :yn;Dd n}hfgsf] nflu lgodfg';f/ nfUg] /fhZj b:t'/ a'emfO{ lhNnf jg sfof{noaf6 cg';"rL— @ adf]lhdsf] rnfgL k"hL{ / cg';"rL— # cg';f/sf] 9fFrfdf 5f]8k"hL{ lng' kg]{5 .
-#_ lhNnf jg sfof{non] lbPsf] 5f]8k"hL{ / rnfgL k"hL{sf] cfwf/df O{nfsf, /]Ghk]f:6 jf jg rf}sLx?n] ;'gfv/Lsf] r]shfFr ug'{ kg]{5 . rnfgL kq cg';f/ ;'gfv/Lsf] kl/df0f tyf cGo s'/fx? b'?:t ePdf ;Ssn rnfgL k"hL{sf] k5fl8 b/lk6 u/L 5f]8L lbg' kg]{5 .
-$_ ;+slnt ;'gfv/L ;f]xL cfly{s jif{sf] kmfu'g;Dddf 3f6u2L :yfgaf6 lgodfg';f/sf] k|s[of k"/f u/L ;'gfv/L k|zf]wg ug]{ pBf]u jf sf/vfgf :yn;Dd 9'jfgL u/L;Sg' kg]{5 .
140
kkl/R5]b –$ tflnd tyf ;'/Iff;DaGwL Joj:yf
!)= sd{rf/L tyf sfdbf/nfO{ tflnd lbg'kg]{M -!_ ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug]{ If]q 5gf}6, ;'gfv/L ;+sng, 9'jfgL / 3f6u2L, lgolGqt cfuf] nufpg], ;/;kmfO{ ;'/Iff nufotsf sfo{df ;s];Dd :yfgLo ;d'bfo jf JolStx?nfO{ ;+nUg ug{ k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{ 5 . o;/L ;+nUg x'g] ;Dk"0f{ sfdbf/ / ;'k/efOh/x?nfO{ o; ;DaGwL sfo{ z'? ug'{ cufj} cfjZos Pj+ Jojxfl/s 1fg lbg ;DalGwt lgsfon] tflndsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kg]{5 .
-@_ ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug]{ lgsfon] jg ;+/If0fdf :yfgLo hgtfsf] r]tgf clej[l4 ug{ cfjZostf cg';f/ r]tgfd"ns sfo{s|d ;d]t ;~rfng ug'{ kg]{5 .
-#_ ;'gfv/L ;+sng ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ sfdsf/afxLdf tflnd k|fKt cg'ejL JolStmx?nfO{ sfddf nufpg' kg]{5 .
-$_ sfdbf/x?sf] nflu tflnd ;DalGwt pBf]u jf ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug]{ lgsfon] ;+rfng ug'{kg]{ 5 . o;sf ;fy} ;DalGwt pBf]u jf ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug]{ lgsfon] lhNnf jg sfof{no jf If]qLo jg tflnd s]Gb|;+u ;dGjo u/L To; k|sf/sf] tflnd ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg] 5 .
!!= ;/;kmfO{ / ;'/Iff Joj:yf ldnfpg' kg]{ M -!_ ;'gfv/L ;+sng sfo{df ;+nUg x'g] sfdbf/ tyf sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu ;DalGwt pBf]un] ;/;kmfO{ / ;'/Iffsf] plrt k|aGw ldnfpg' kg]{5 .
-@_ ;'gfv/L ;+sng sfo{ ubf{ nfUg] ;fgfltgf 3fp–rf]6k6ssf] pkrf/sf nflu dnxd, cfof]l8g, skf;, k§Lh:tf k|fylds pkrf/sf ;fdfg k|To]s l8kf]df ;DalGwt pBf]un] clgjfo{ ?kdf /fVg' kg]{5 .
-#_ ;'gfv/L ;+sng jf tT;DaGwL sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf sfdbf/x¿ jgdf lxF8\bf af6f]df kg]{ af]6 la?jfnfO{ xfgL gf]S;fgL gk'¥ofpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kg]{5 .
-$_ jgIf]qdf /x]sf jGohGt'nfO{ t;f{pg], nv]6\g], dfg]{, ltgLx?sf] jf;:yfgnfO{ Iflt jf cGo s'g} tj/n] klg xfgL gf]S;fgL gx'g] cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfpg' kg]{5 . ;fy} jGohGt'nfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL k'Ug ;Sg] s'g} lsl;dsf xft xltof/ jgIf]qdf n}hfg kfOg] 5}g .
-%_ jgIf]qleq /x]sf d7–dlGb/, kfgL d'xfg jf k'/ftflTjs dxTjsf ;Dkbf Pj+ jg, hnfwf/ tyf jftfj/0fLo ;+/If0fsf] b[li6n] ;+j]bgzLn If]qsf] slDtdf !)) ld6/ j/k/ ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug{ kfOg] 5}g .
-^_ k|rlnt sfg"gn] lgif]w u/]sf s'g} klg sfd sf/afxL gug{ jf x'g glbg pBf]u jf ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug]{ lgsfon] plrt Joj:yf ldnfpg' kg]{5 .
kl/R5]b – %
;'gfv/Lsf] Jofj;flos v]tL
!@= ;'gfv/Lsf] Jofj;flos v]tL ljsf; ;DaGwL Joj:yfM -!_ pBf]u jf ;'gfv/L ;+sng Pj+ k|zf]wg ug]{ lgsfo jf JolQmn] ;'gfv/Lsf] Joj;flos v]tL ug{ ;Sg]5 . v]tLug{ vf]lhPsf] k|hfltsf] klxrfg jg:klt ljefuaf6 u/fO{ ;f] sf] lj:t[t Joj;flos of]hgf tof/ u/L jg:klt ljefusf] k|fljlws l;kmfl/; ;lxt ;f] of]hgf jg ljefuaf6 :jLs[t u/fpg' kg]{5 . :jLs[t Jofj;flos of]hgfdf pNn]lvt ;'gfv/L k|hfltsf dfp la?jf lgodfjnLdf tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] /fh:j lt/L k|fKt ug{ / ;fOl6; dxf;lGwsf k|fjwfg k"/f u/L ljb]zjf6 cfoft ug{ ;lsg]5 .
kl/R5]b –^
k'g:yf{kg sfo{ / cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ;DaGwL Joj:yf
!#= k'g:yf{kgsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kg]{ M
141
kl/R5]b –$ tflnd tyf ;'/Iff;DaGwL Joj:yf
!)= sd{rf/L tyf sfdbf/nfO{ tflnd lbg'kgM
!!= ;/;kmfO{ / ;'/Iff Joj:yf ldnfpg' kg
kl/R5]b – %
;'gfv/Lsf] Jofj;flos v]tL
!@= ;'gfv/Lsf] Jofj;flos v]tL ljsf; ;DaGwL Joj:yfM
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd ;'gfv/L k|hfltsf] v]tL lj:tf/ u/L j]gf{ pTkfbg ug{ Jofj;flos of]hgfdf pNn]v eP adf]lhd tGt' k|hgg\ nufotsf cGo h}ljs k|ljlw ckgfO{ a]gf{ pTkfbg u/L u|Lg xfp;df x'sf{pg' kg]{5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd ;'gfv/L k|hfltsf] v]tL u/L Joj;fo ug]{ Jofkfl/s kmd{ jf pBf]u;Fu clgjfo{ ?kdf tGt' k|hgg\ k|of]uzfnf x'g' kg]{5 . of] k|hgg\ k|of]uzfnf tTsfn :yfkgf ug{ ;Dej gePdf g]kfndf pknAw lghL tGt' k|hgg\ k|of]uzfnf;Fu ;Demf}tf u/L lj?jf pTkfbg ug'{ kg]{5 . o:tf Jofkfl/s kmd{nfO{ rflxg] ;+Vofdf a]gf{ pTkfbg x'g] Joj:yf u/]kl5 dfq} lgsf;Lsf] nflu ;fOl6; cg'dlt kq jg ljefuaf6 k|bfg ul/g]5 .
-$_ pkbkmf -#_ df pNn]v eP adf]lhdsf] k|ljlw af6 pTkfbg u/]sf a]gf{ ;fd'bflos jg jf lghL jg jf sa'lnotL jgdf kfOg] ?vsf] xfFufdf /f]kL pTkfbg ug{sf] nflu To:tf ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmfx?sf] ;xdltdf ;'gfv/L k|hfltsf] v]tL ug{ OR5's JolQm, kmd{ jf sDkgLn] To;af6 pTkflbt pTkfbgnfO{ lsGg] k|Tofe"lt x'g] u/L s/f/gfdf ug'{kg]{ 5 . v]tLsf ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt lhNnf jg sfof{nonfO{ z'?d} hfgsf/L u/fpg' kg]{5 / ;+slnt pTkfbgnfO{ klg v]tL u/L pTkfbg ePsf] xf] eGg] s'/f ;DalGwt lhNnf jg sfof{noaf6 k|dfl0ft u/fpg' kg]{5 .
-%_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhdsf pTkfbg ul/Psf ;'gfv/Lsf] a]gf{nfO{ u|Lg xfp; jf au}+rfdf /f]kL oy]i6 dfqfdf pTkfbg ePsf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] s'/fsf] cg'udg ;DalGwt lhNnf jg sfof{non] ug'{kb{5 .
-^_ ;fd'bflos jgdf jf u|Lg xfp; jf ;]8 xfp;df /f]kL pTkfbg ul/Psf] pTkfbgdf k|fs[lts :yfgaf6 ;+sng ul/Psf] ;'gfv/L ld;fpg kfOg] 5}g . o;/L ld;fOPdf ld;fpg] / ld;fpg ;xdlt lbg] clwsf/LnfO{ ;d]t k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd sf/afxL x'g]5 .
-&_ x/]s jif{ sxfF slt ;'gfv/Lsf] v]tL ul/Psf] 5 elg ;DalGwt kmd{ jf sDkgLn] ;DalGwt If]qsf] lhNnf jg sfof{nonfO{ / jg:klt ljefunfO{ hfgsf/L lbg'kg]{ 5 .
-*_ ;'gfv/LnfO{ k|zf]wg u/]/ dfq} lgsf;L ug{'kg]{ 5 .
-(_ ;a} ;'gfv/Lsf k|hflt ;fOl6; sf] cg';"rLdf kg]{ ePsf]n] o;sf] lbuf] ;+/If0f ;Dj4{g / Joj:yfkg kIfdf ;d]t hf]8 lbg' kg]{5 .
kl/R5]b –^
k'g:yf{kg sfo{ / cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ;DaGwL Joj:yf
!#= k'g:yf{kgsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kg]{ M -!_ ;'gfv/L ;+sng sfo{af6 ;'gfv/L]sf] lbuf] ;+/If0f, ;Da4{g / ljsf;df kg{;Sg] k|lts"n k|efjnfO{ /f]Sg tyf o;af6 kg]{ jftfj/0fLo k|efj ;d]tnfO{ Go"lgs/0f u/L lbuf] ?kdf ;+sng ug]{ sfo{nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ ;DjlGwt cg'dlt k|fKt pBf]un] lhNnf jg sfof{non] tf]lslbPsf] :yfgdf ;'gfv/Lsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;Daw{g ug]{ sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ 5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug{ pknAw u/fOg] jg If]q ;'gfv/L ;+sngsf nflu pknAw u/fOPsf] If]q leq} jf ;f] If]q;Fu hf]l8Psf] pko'Qm :yfgdf lhNnf jg clws[t cfkm}+n] jf lghn] v6fPsf] k|fljlwsn] ;se/ Pp6} :yfgsf] vf]hL u/L pknAw u/fpg' kg]{5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -!_ / -@_ adf]lhd ;'gfv/Lsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;Daw{g ug]{ vfnsf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ nfUg] ;Dk"{0f vr{ ;DalGwt pBf]u jf lgsfosf] x'g]5 .
142
-$_ ;'gfv/Lsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;Daw{g ug{ tf]lsPsf] jg If]q leq /x]sf jf x's]{sf cGo h}ljs ;|f]tx?df k|lts"n c;/ gkfg]{ u/L ;+/If0f sfo{ ul//fVg' kg]{5 .
-%_ lhNnf jg sfof{non] ;'gfv/Lsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;Daå{{g ug]{ If]qsf] gfk, gSzf / k|f/lDes cj:yfsf] lrq0f x'g] clen]vsf] ;fy} k|ult ljj/0fsf] hfgsf/L ;d]t cBfjlws u/L jfli{fs ?kdf ;DalGwt If]qLo jg lgb]{zgfno / jg ljefudf lbg'kg]{ 5 .
!!$= cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg Joj:yfM -!_ ;|f]t ;j]{If0f, ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug]{ If]qsf]] 5gf}6, ;'gfv/L ;+sng, 9'jfgL, 3f6u2L Pj+ lgsf;L, ;'gfv/Lsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;Daw{g ug{ tf]lsPsf] jg If]qsf] 5gf}6 ug]{ nufotsf ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x? ;DalGwt /]~hkf]i6sf] /]Gh/sf] k|ToIf lgu/fgLdf dfq ;+rfng ug'{kg]{5 . plNnlvt sfo{x?sf] lgoldt cg'udg gu/]df jf u/fpg g;s]df To;sf] lhDd]jf/L ;DalGwt /]~hkf]i6sf] /]Gh/, Onfsf jg sfof{nosf ;xfos jg clws[t / lhNnf jg clws[t ;d]tdf /xg]5 .
-@_ ;'gfv/L ;+sng tyf 9'jfgL;Fu ;DjlGwt sfo{x?df s'g} lsl;dsf] clgoldttf b]lvPdf t'?Gt ;f] sf] /f]syfd u/L cfjZos ;'wf/ ;d]tsf] Joj:yf ;DalGwt /]~hkf]i6, O{nfsf jg sfof{no / lhNnf jg sfof{non] ug'{kg]{5 . To:tf] clgoldttf ePsf] af/]df ;DalGwt lhNnf jg clws[tn] sf/afxL u/L If]qLo jg lgb]{zs / jg ljefusf dxflgb]{zs ;d]tnfO{ t'?Gt hfgsf/L lbg' kg]{5 .
-#_ ;DalGwt lhNnf jg clws[tn] ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug]{ sfo{sf] :jLs[t k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f÷jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍg k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ePsf k|fjwfgx? nufot ;'gfv/L ;+sng ;DaGwL ;Demf}tf ul/Psf] pBf]u jf ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug]{ lgsfox?n] ;Demf}tf cg'¿k sfo{ u/] gu/]sf] lgoldt?kdf cg'udg ug'{ kg]{5 .
-$_ ;'gfv/L ;+sng tyf ljqmL ljt/0f ;DaGwL dfl;s k|ult ljj/0f lhNnf jg sfof{non] cg';"rL— $ adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf ;DalGwt If]qLo jg lgb]{zgfno / jg ljefudf clgjfo{ ?kdf k7fpg' kg]{5 .
-%_ ;'gfv/L ;+sng ;DaGwL sfo{sf] jflif{s cg'udg Pj+ d"NofÍg ug{ ;DalGwt lhNnf jg clws[t jf lghn] tf]s]sf] k|fljlws sd{rf/Ln]] clgjfo{ ?kn] :ynut lg/LIf0f u/L lg/LIf0faf6 b]lvPsf] ;du| cj:yf, jg If]qdf k/]sf] ;du| k|efj ;d]tsf] jf:tljstf v'n]sf] :ki6 / tYok/s :ynut k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L ;DalGwt If]qLo jg lgb]{zgfno / jg ljefudf Ps÷Ps k|lt k7fpg' kg]{5 .
-^_ ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug]{ l;hg ;lsPsf] tLg dlxgfleq pkbkmf -%_ adf]lhd jflif{s cg'udg Pj+ d"NofÍg ug]{ sfo{ ;+sng ug]{ lgsfosf] k|ltlglw / lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] k|ltlglwsf] /f]xj/df ;DalGwt If]qLo jg lgb]{zs jf lghn] tf]s]sf] sd{rf/Ln] ul/;Sg' kg]{5 . jflif{s cg'udg kmf/fdsf] gd"gf cg';"rL— % adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-&_ jflif{s cg'udg Pj+ d"NofÍg ubf{ lgodfg';f/ ul/g' kg]{ sfdx? eP u/]sf] gkfOPdf ;DalGwt pBf]u jf ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug]{ lgsfonfO{ k|rlnt P]g lgodfg';f/ clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Ln] sf/jfxL ug'{ kg]{5 .
kl/R5]b –&
clUg lgoGq0f ;DaGwL Joj:yf
!%= clUg lgoGq0f ;DaGwL Joj:yf ldnfpg' kg]{M -!_ ;'gfv/L ;+sng If]q nufot glhssf] cGo jg If]q, ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug]{ 3f6u2Ldf ;d]t cfunfuL x'g glbgsf] nflu ;DalGwt pBf]u jf lgsfon] ;dodf g} ;r]t eO{ clUg lgoGq0fsf] plrt k|aGw ldnfpg' kg]{5 .
kl/R5]b –*
ljljw
!^= ljljwM
143
!$= cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg Joj:yfM
kl/R5]b –&
clUg lgoGq0f ;DaGwL Joj:yf
!%= clUg lgoGq0f ;DaGwL Joj:yf ldnfpg' kg]{M
-@_ jgdf cfuf] nfUg glbgsf] nflu ljz]if u/L ;'Vvf ofddf aflx/ xfjf nfUg] 7fpFdf sfdbf/x?nfO{ hyfefjL cfuf] afn]/ vfgf ksfpg lbg' x'Fb}g . ;fy} vfgf ksfO{ ;s]kl5 afn]sf] cfuf] /fd|/L lgefpg nufpg' kg]{5 .
-#_ jg If]qdf sfdbf/x?n] r'/f]6, la8L vfP/ 7"6f] glgefOsg hyfefjL kmfNg' x'Fb}g .
-$_ dl§t]n, l8h]n, df]ljn, k]6«f]n cflb k|of]u ubf{, ;'gfv/L ;+sng, 9'jfgL / 3f6u2L ubf{ ;d]t hyfefjL kf]lvg] u/L ug'{ x'Fb}g .
-%_ ;'gfv/Lsf] e08f/0f ;se/ jg If]q aflx/ v'Nnf 7fpFdf ug'{k5{ / cfunfuLaf6 ;'/lIft /fVg ;w}+ To;sf] jl/k/L ;kmf;'U3/ /fVg' kg]{5 .
-^_ 3f6u2Ldf /x]sf] ;'gfv/L cfunfuLaf6 hf]ufpg jl/kl/sf] ;'gfv/L kltË/nfO{ lg/Gt/ ?kdf ;kmf u/L /fVg'kg]{5 / ;DalGwt pBf]u jf lgsfon] cfunfuL lgoGq0fsf nflu kfnf] kx/fsf] Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{5 .
-&_ jg If]q Pj+ 3f6u2Ldf s'g} sf/0faf6 cfuf] nfUg uPdf sd{rf/L / sfdbf/x? ;a} ldnL t'?Gt} lgefpg' kg]{5 . 7"nf] cfuf] nfu]df :yfgLo hgtfsf] ;d]t ;xof]u lnO{ cfuf] lgefpg' kg]{5 .
-*_ jg If]qdf ePsf] cfunfuLsf] hfgsf/L t'?Gt ;DalGwt lhNnf jg sfof{nonfO{ lbg' kg]{5 . lhNnf jg clws[tn] klg cfuf] nfu]sf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ePdf Iflt x'g glbg cfjZos k|aGw tTsfn ldnfpg' kg]{5 . ;fy} To:tf] jg If]qsf] lg/LIf0f lhNnf jg clws[t :jo+ jf cfˆgf] dftxtsf] sd{rf/L v6fO{ cfunfuLsf] If]qkmn / xfgL–gf]S;fgLsf] kl/df0f olsg u/L k]z ug'{ u/fpg' kg]{5 . s;}sf] hfgfhfgL jf nfk/jfxLsf] sf/0f cfunfuL ePsf] b]lvg cfPdf lhNnf jg clws[tn] jg P]g, @)$( adf]lhd sf/afxL ug'{kg]{5 .
kl/R5]b –*
ljljw
!^= lljljwM -!_ pBf]u jf ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug]{ lgsfon] ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug]{ jg If]q tyf ?v 5gf}6, ;'gfv/L ;+sng, 9'jfgL Pj+ 3f6u2L nufotsf ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x?df v6fOPsf sfdbf/, ;'k/efOh/ nufotsf ;a} sd{rf/Lx?sf] tLg k':t] ljj/0f cg';"rL— ^ adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf sfd k|f/De ug'{ cufj} ;DalGwt lhNnf jg sfof{nodf clgjfo{ ?kdf k]z ug'{ kg]{5 . ;fy} To:tf ;Dk"{0f sd{rf/L Pj+ sfdbf/x?nfO{ cg';"rL— & adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf kmf]6f] ;lxtsf] kl/ro kq pBf]u jf ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug]{ lgsfon] clgjfo{ ?kn] pknAw u/fpg' kg]{5 .
-@_ jg d'2fsf] sf/afxLsf] l;nl;nfdf a/fdb ePsf] ;'gfv/L hkmt x'g] 7xl/Pdf jf
a]jfl/;L ;'gfv/L ePdf jf o:t} k|s[tLsf] ;'gfv/L k|fKt x'g cfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] x'g] 7x/ ePdf jg k}bfjf/ lnnfd ljqmL ljt/0f sfo{ljlw lgb]{lzsf, @)^) adf]lhd x'g]5 . -#_ clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Ln] ;'gfv/L kfOg] ;/sf/åf/f Jojl:yt jgsf] s'g} If]qnfO{ jLp pTkfbg, cg';Gwfg jf tflnd ;~rfng If]qsf] ?kdf tf]Sg ;Sg]5 .
-$_ ;'gfv/L ;DaGwL j}1flgs cWoog, cg';Gwfg ug{ s'g} JolQm, z}lIfs ;+:yf nufotsf lgsfon] k|:tfj ;lxt cg'/f]w u/]df jg:klt laefusf] l;kmfl/;df jg laefun] z;t{ cg'dlt lbg;Sg]5 . o:tf] cWoog, cg';Gwfgsf] Ps÷Ps k|lt jg ljefu / jg:klt ljefunfO{ clgjfo{ ?kdf a'emfpg' kg]{5 .
144
-%_ ;'gfv/L ;+sng Pj+ k|zf]wg u/L ljb]z lgsf;L ug{ rfxg] pBf]u jf lgsfon] ;fOl6;sf] j}1flgs lgsfo jg:klt ljefusf] lzkmfl/;df ;fO{l6;sf] Joj:yfkg lgsfo jg ljefusf] cg'dlt lng'kg]{5 . jg ljefun] lbg] ;fOl6; sf] cg'dlt kq cg';"rL— * df tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] x'g]5 . of] lgb]{lzsf nfu" x'g' cufj} k|rlnt P]g, lgod / ;fOl6; dxf;lGw adf]lhdsf k|lqmofx? Kf'/f u/L ;+sng ePsf ;'gfv/LnfO{ o;} lgb]{lzsf jdf]lhd ePsf] lgsf;L Ohfht lbg ;lsg] 5 .
-^_ ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug{ rfxg] pBf]unfO{ ;f] sfo{ ug{ cg'dlt lbg' k"j{ jg If]qsf] ljBdfg jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g, @)%# tyf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnL, @)%$ cg';f/ cfjZos k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f÷jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍg ul/g]5 .
-&_ o; lgb]{lzsfdf pNn]lvt s'g} s'/fsf ;DaGwdf ljjfb pTkGg ePdf To:tf ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg ug]{ clwsf/ g]kfn ;/sf/, jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfnonfO{ x'g]5 .
cg';"rL– !
g]kfn ;/sf/
jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno
jg ljefu
lhNnf jg sfof{no =============
;'gfv/Lsf] ;|f]t ;j]{If0fsf] /lhi6«/ cf= j= ===========
k"j{ ================ klZrd ================ pQ/============== blIf0f=================== =============== =======
===============================
pBf]u jf ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug]{ lgsfosf] gfd / 7]ufgfM ==================================
! gfdM / bhf{ =========== !============== @ =========== @ =========== =
k]z ug]{ r]s hfFr ug]{÷l;kmfl/z ug]{ k|dfl0ft ug]{ ================ ======================= ======================= -;'k/efOh/_ -/]~h/÷;=j=c=_ -lhNnf jg clws[t_
145
cg';"rL– !
-bkmf ^ sf] pkbkmf -#_ ;Fu ;DalGwt_ g]kfn ;/sf/
jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno
jg ljefu
lhNnf jg sfof{no =============
;'gfv/Lsf] ;|f]t ;j]{If0fsf] /lhi6«/ cf= j= ===========
lhNnf jg sfof{noM ===================== Onfsf jg sfof{noM ================= /]~hkf]i6M==============uf= lj= ;= ====================j8f g+= ======= jgsf] gfd M– ============= ======== ======================= jgsf] If]qkmn============ rf/ lsNnf M k"j{ ================ klZrd ================ pQ/============== blIf0f=================== ;|f]t ;j]{If0f ul/Psf] jif{ / dlxgf M– ================= ========================= ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug{ nfos hDdf jgsf] If]qkmn M =================== ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug{ nfos t/ ;'gfv/L ;+sng gu/L 5f]l8Psf] hDdf jgsf] If]qkmnM============== pBf]u jf ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug]{ lgsfosf] gfd / 7]ufgfM ==================================
jg v08 g+=
jg v08sf] gfd=
jg v08sf] s"n If]qkmn
;'gfv/L ;+sng ug{ ;lsg] jg v08sf] If]qkmn
hDdf ;+sng ug{ ;lsg] ;'gfv/Lsf]
kl/df0f
;+sng ul/g] ;'gfv/Lsf] kl/df0f
s}lkmot
! @ # $ %
;|f]t ;j]{If0f ug]{ /]~hkf]i6÷O= j= sf=sf] tkm{jf6 lh=j=sf=sf] tkm{ af6 sfdbf/sf] ljj/0f ;|f]t ;j]{If0f sfo{sf] r]sug]{ sd{rf/Lsf] ljj/0f ! gfdM / bhf{ =========== !============== @ =========== @ =========== =
k]z ug]{ r]s hfFr ug]{÷l;kmfl/z ug]{ k|dfl0ft ug]{ ================ ======================= ======================= -;'k/efOh/_ -/]~h/÷;=j=c=_ -lhNnf jg clws[t_
146
cg';"rL– @
-bkmf ( sf] pkbkmf -@_ ;Fu ;DalGwt_ g]kfn ;/sf/
jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno
jg ljefu lhNnf jg sfof{no ========
;'gfv/L lgsf;Lsf] nflu rnfgL k'hL{sf] gd"gfM
rnfgL g+= ============ 5f]8k"hL{sf] r= g+= ===== rnfgL ldlt ================= 5f]8k"hL{sf] ldltM === af]/f ;+VofM ==========kl/df0fM ==========ls= u|f================= ;jf/L ;fwgsf] lsl;d / gDa/M =====================8«fO{e/sf] gfdM ================= sxfF b]lvM ============================= sxfF;Dd ================== . 5f]8k"hL{ kfpg]sf] gfd / 7]ufgf -pBf]u jf lgsfosf] gfd / 7]ufgf_M ============== ==
rnfgL g++= jg v08 g++=
;+sng ug]{ sfdbf/sf] gfd
9'jfgL ug]{ sfdbf/sf] gfd
3f6u2L :yfg
9'jfgL u/]sf] af]/f ;+Vof
9'jfgL ug]{ af]/fsf] l;=g+= x? / tf}n
k]z ug]{ r]s hfFr ug]{÷l;kmfl/z ug]{ k|dfl0ft ug]{ ================ ======================= ======================= -;'k/efOh/_ -/]~h/÷;=j=c=_ -lhNnf jg clws[t_
cg';"rL– #
g]kfn ;/sf/
jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno
jg ljefu
lhNnf jg sfof{no =======
;'gfv/Lsf]] 5f]8k"hL{
ljifoM ;'gfv/Lsf] 5f]8k"hL{ lbPsf] jf/] .
tkl;nM
147
cg';"rL– @
g]kfn ;/sf/
jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno
jg ljefu lhNnf jg sfof{no ========
;'gfv/L lgsf;Lsf] nflu rnfgL k'hL{sf] gd"gfM
k]z ug]{ r]s hfFr ug]{÷l;kmfl/z ug]{ k|dfl0ft ug]{ ================ ======================= ======================= -;'k/efOh/_ -/]~h/÷;=j=c=_ -lhNnf jg clws[t_
cg';"rL– #
-bkmf ( sf] pkbkmf -@_ ;Fu ;DalGwt_ g]kfn ;/sf/
jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno
jg ljefu
lhNnf jg sfof{no =======
;'gfv/Lsf]] 5f]8k"hL{ kq ;+VofM rnfgLM ldltM
ljifoM ;'gfv/Lsf] 5f]8k"hL{ lbPsf] jf/] . >L ===========================
lhNnf jg sfof{no, ============== sf] ldlt ===================== sf] 5f]8kq g+= ============== cg';f/ tkl;n adf]lhdsf] nfUg] /sd gubL g+= ========÷ef}r/ g+= ========== af6 ?= ================-cIf]?kL =========_ k|fKt e};s]sf] x'Fbf cfhsf] ldltn] ============= lbg leq ;f] ;'gfv/L p7fO{ n}hfg' xf]nf . Dofb leq ;'gfv/L p7fO{ gnuL lxgfldgf ePdf ;f] sf] lhDd]jf/ :jo+ tkfO{ g} x'g] / tf]lsPsf] k|of]hg / :yfgdf gnuL clgoldt eP u/]df sfg'g adf]lhd sf/afxL x'g] Joxf]/f ;d]t ;"lrt ul/G5 . tkl;nM
rnfgL g++= jg
v08sf]
gfd /
g++=
3f6u2L
:yfg
9'jfgL u/]sf]
af]/f ;+Vof
9'jfgL ug]{
af]/fsf] l;=g+= x?
/ tf}n
3f6u2L
:yfg
s}lkmot
;'gfv/L
sf]] gfkL
nut o;}
;fy ;+nUg
5
================================================= =============================== lhNnf jg clws[t jf]wfy{M >L lhNnf jg sfof{no, ============== -k'Ug] 7fpFsf]_ >L ================ O{=j=sf=M sd{rf/Lsf] /f]xj/df nf]8 u/fO{ b/lk7 u/L k7fpFg' x'g . >L n]vf zfvf, >L =================== /]=kf]=
148
ccg';"rL–$
-bkmf !$ sf] pkbkmf -$_ ;Fu ;DalGwt_
;'gfv/L ;+sng ;DaGwL dfl;s k|ult k|ltj]bg kmf/fd
lhNnf jg sfof{no =============
cf= j= =========================== dlxgfsf] ;'gfv/L ;+sng k|ult k|ltj]bg
-!_ ;'gfv/L ;+sng ljj/0f -s_ ;/sf/åf/f Jojl:yt jgdf
l;= g+= pBf]usf] gfd / 7]ufgf
;'gfv/L ;+sng u/]sf] jgsf] gfd
;'gfv/L ;+sng u/]sf] jg v08sf]
gfd / gDa/
;+slnt ;'gfv/L sf] kl/df0f -ls=
u|f=_
s}lkmot
-s_ ;fd'bflos jgdf
l;= g+= pBf]usf] gfd / 7]ufgf
;'gfv/L ;+sng u/]sf] jgsf] gfd
;'gfv/L ;+sng u/]sf] jg v08sf]
gfd / gDa/
;+slnt ;'gfv/Lsf] kl/df0f -ls= u|f=_
s}lkmot
-@_ 5f]8k"hL{sf] ljj/0f
-s_ ;/sf/åf/f Jojl:yt jgdf
l;= g+= pBf]usf] gfd / 7]ufgf
5f]8k"hL{ ePsf] ;'gfv/Lsf] kl/df0f -ls= u|f=_
hDdf /fhZj -?_
3f6u2Ldf /x]sf] 5f]8k"hL{ x'g afFsL ;'gfv/Lsf]] kl/df0f -ls= u|f=_
s}lkmot
-s_ ;fd'bflos jgdf
l;= g+= pBf]usf] gfd / 7]ufgf
5f]8k"hL{ ePsf] ;'gfv/Lsf] kl/df0f -
ls= u|f=_
hDdf /fhZj -?_
3f6u2Ldf /x]sf] 5f]8k"hL{ x'g afFsL ;'gfv/Lsf]] kl/df0f -ls= u|f=_
s}lkmot
k]z ug]{ k|dfl0ft ug]{ M =============== ========================== bhf{M === -lhNnf jg clws[t_ ldltM ldltM
cg';"rL– %
jflif{s cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg kmf/fd
cf= j= ====
k"j{ ============ klZrd ===== pQ/======== blIf0f ========= ======
=========================
pBf]u jf ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug]{ lgsfosf] gfd / 7]ufgfM ==================================
l;= g+= jgsf] v08 g+=
5q Jof; -dL6/_
;+sng ug{ of]Uo ;'gfv/Lsf] kl/df0f -ls= u|f=_
;+slnt ;'gfv/Lsf] kl/df0f -ls= u|f=_
s}lkmot
149
cg';"rL–$
lhNnf jg sfof{no
cg';"rL– %
-bkmf !$ sf] pkbkmf -^_ ;Fu ;DalGwt_
jflif{s cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg kmf/fd
cf= j= ==== lhNnf jg sfof{noM ======== Onfsf jg sfof{noM ================ /]~hkf]i6 M======== uf= lj= ;= ===========j8f g+= ======= jgsf] gfd M– ========== jg v08sf] gfd / g+= ==== jg v08sf]] If]qkmn============ rf/ lsNnf M k"j{ ============ klZrd ===== pQ/======== blIf0f ========= ;|f]t ;j]{If0f ul/Psf] jif{ / dlxgf M– ======== ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug{ nfos hDdf jgsf] If]qkmn M================ ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug{ nfos t/ ;'gfv/L ;+sng gu/L 5f]l8Psf] hDdf jgsf] If]qkmnM =========== pBf]u jf ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug]{ lgsfosf] gfd / 7]ufgfM ==================================
l;= g+= jgsf] v08 g+=
5q Jof; -dL6/_
;+sng ug{ of]Uo ;'gfv/Lsf] kl/df0f -ls= u|f=_
;+slnt ;'gfv/Lsf] kl/df0f -ls= u|f=_
s}lkmot
:ynut lg/LIf0f ul/Psf jg v08x?sf] ;+Vof / gDa/MM =======================
;'gfv/L ;+sng ug]{ sfo{ tf]lsPadf]lhdsf] ljlwaf6 u/]sf]÷gu/]sf]M =====================
clgoldt?kaf6 hdLg / r§fgdf ePsf] ;'gfv/L ;+sng ubf{ e"–Ifo eP gePsf]M
clgoldt?kaf6 ?vdf ePsf] ;'gfv/L ;+sng ubf{ dg{ uPsf ?vx?sf] ;+VofM
;'gfv/L ;+sng tyf 9'jfgL ug]{ sfo{df :yfgLo afl;Gbfx?sf] ;+nUgtf eP÷gePsf]
;+sng ePsf] ;'gfv/Lsf] hDdf kl/df0fM ============ls= u|f=
5f]8k"hL{ ePsf] ;'gfv/Lsf] hDdf kl/df0f / k|fKt /fhZj ljj/0fM ====ls= u|f=, ?= =======
3f6u2Ldf /x]sf] ;'gfv/Lsf]] hDdf kl/df0fM ===========ls= u|f=
;'gfv/L ;+/If0f Pj+ ;Djw{g ug{ 5'§ofO{Psf] jg If]qsf] If]qkmnM==========
;'gfv/L ;+/If0f Pj+ ;Djw{g ug{ 5'§ofO{Psf] jg If]qsf] ;du| u'0f:t/M clt pQd, pQd ;fdfGo / Go"g
:jLs[t k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f÷jftfj/0f k|efj d"Nof+sg k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ePsf / cGo tf]lsPsf zt{x? adf]lhd sfo{ gePsf] eP ;f]sf] ljj/0fM
;du|df ;'gfv/L ;+sng, 9'jfgL / 3f6u2L, lgsf;L nufot sfo{x? lgoldt ?kdf eP ÷gePsf]
s]xL /fo ;'emfjx? eP pNN]v ug]{M
pBf]u jf ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug]{ lh= j=sf sf] tkm{af6 cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf] lgsfosf] tkm{af6 /f]xj/df a:g] sd{rf/Lsf] /f]xj/df a:g] k|ltlglw÷sd{rf/Lsf]
gfdM gfdM gfdM bhf{M bhf{M bhf{M x:tfIf/M x:tfIf/M x:tfIf/M
ldltM ldltM ldltM
150
cg';"rL– ^
-bkmf !^ sf] pkbkmf -!_ ;Fu ;DalGwt_
;'gfv/L ;+sng sfo{df v6fO{Psf ;Dk"{0f sfdbf/ nufotsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] tLg k':t] ljj/0f kmf/fd
cf= j= ====
pBf]u jf ;'gfv/L ;+sng ug]{ lgsfosf] gfdM / 7]ufgfM =======================================
lhNnfM ============= /]~hkf]i6M =========3f6u2L :yfgM =========== jgsf] gfdM =============== jg v08sf] gfd / g+========== ldltM============
l;= g+= sd{rf/Lsf] gfd, y/
bhf{ pd]/ lnË afa'sf] gfd, y/
afh]sf] gfd, y/
:yfoL 7]ufgf
x:tfIf/
;'k/efO{h/sf] gfdM ======== Joj:yfkssf] gfdM==========
x:tfIf/M ======= x:tfIf/M=======
ldltM===== ldltM ===========
cg';"rL– &
kl/ro—kq
cg';"rL–*
=========================== O08li6«h -k|f=_ ln= ==================================
kl/ro —kq kmf]6f]
gljs/0f
b]lv ;Dd gljs/0f ug]{sf] ;xL
151
cg';"rL– ^
;'gfv/L ;+sng sfo{df v6fO{Psf ;Dk"{0f sfdbf/ nufotsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] tLg k':t] ljj/0f kmf/fd
cf= j= ====
ccg';"rL– &
-bkmf !^ sf] pkbkmf -!_ ;Fu ;DalGwt_ kl/ro—kq
cg';"rL–*
k= kq g+= ==== =========================== O08li6«h -k|f=_ ln= ==================================
kl/ro —kq gfdM =========================================== 7]ufgfM ======================================== bhf{M =========================================== hf/L u/]sf] ldltM ========================== ================================ =========================== k|df0fkq lng]sf] b:tvtM k|dfl0ft ug]{sf] b:tvtM
kmf]6f]
gljs/0f
b]lv ;Dd gljs/0f ug]{sf] ;xL
152
cg';"rL– *
jg ljefuaf6 lbOg] cg'dlt kqsf] gd"gf
cg';"rL– (
;'gfv/Lsf] ;"rL
ccg';"rL– *
-bkmf !^ sf] pkbkmf -%_ ;Fu ;DalGwt_ jg ljefuaf6 lbOg] cg'dlt kqsf] gd"gf
153
cg';"rL– *
jg ljefuaf6 lbOg] cg'dlt kqsf] gd"gf
ccg';"rL– (
;'gfv/Lsf] ;"rL
1. Acampe papillosa (Lindl.) Lindl
2. Coelogyne cristata Lindl.
3. C. Flavids Hook. Fil. Wall. ex.
4. Coelogyne species
5. Dendrobium amoenum Wall. Ex Lindl.
6. D. Aphyllum (Roxb.) C. E. C. Fisch
7. D. bicameratum Lindl.
8. D. candidum Wall. ex Lindl.
9. D. chrysanthum Wall. ex. Lindl.
10. D. crepidiatum Lindl.
11. D. denudans D. Don
12. D. eriiflorum Grieff.
13. D. fimbriatum Hook.
14. D. lancilabius Seidenf.
15. D. longicorne Lindl.
16. D. primulinum Lindl.
17. D. pulchellum Roxb. Ex Lindl.
18. D. transparens Wall. ex Lindl.
19. D. nobile
20. Otochilus lancilabius Seidenf.
21. Otochilus species
cg';"rL– *
jg ljefuaf6 lbOg] cg'dlt kqsf] gd"gf
154
cg';"rL – $
/fli6«o e"–pkof]u gLlt, @)^(
1. k[i7e"ld /fHosf] k|d'v ;|f]tsf] ?kdf /x]sf] l;ldt e"ldsf] pkof]u / Joj:yfkg ug]{ ljifonfO{ dfu{bz{g ug{sf] lgldQ e"–pkof]u gLltsf] th'{df ul/Psf] x'G5 . o:tf] gLltsf] cefjdf e"ldsf] clgolGqt / cJojl:yt k|of]u x'g uO{ e"ldsf] pkof]u / lgoGq0f /fHosf] cfjZostf cg';f/ ug{ ;lsb}g . e"–pkof]u gLltsf] cfwf/df g} /fHon] o; ;DaGwL sfg'g, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx? th'{df Pjd\ sfof{Gjog ug]]{ / gLlt sfof{Gjogdf b]vf kg{ ;Sg] ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfgsf pkfox?sf] vf]h ug{] ub{5 . To;} u/L e"lddflysf] kxF'rnfO{ ;dtfd"ns agfpg / jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng sfod u/L bLuf] ljsf; xfl;n ug{, tyf e"ld;|f]taf6 k|fKt x'g] nfenfO{ Gofof]lrt 9+uaf6 ljt/0f x'g ;Sg] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ug{ ;d]t e"–pkof]u gLltsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df b]zsf] ;du| cy{tGq tyf gful/ssf] hLjgofkgsf] k|d'v cfwf/sf ?kdf e"ld tyf e"ld;|f]tn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] 5 . oxfFsf clwsf+z hgtfsf] hLjgofkgsf] k|d'v cfwf/ s[lif xf], h;n] b]zsf] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf sl/a ## k|ltzt of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 . To;}u/L b]zsf] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf jg tyf ko{6g If]qsf] ;d]t pNn]vgLo of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . tyflk hg;+Vofsf] a[l4 tyf clgolGqt zx/Ls/0fn] s[lifof]Uo e"ld u}/s[lif k|of]hgdf pkof]u eO/x]sf] 5 eg] jgIf]q ;d]t cTolws cltqmd0fdf kl//x]sf] cj:yf 5 . o; ;Gbe{Dff b]zsf] ;Lldt e"ld tyf e"ld;|f]tnfO{ dxQd tj/n] pkof]u ug'{sf ;fy} bLuf], jftfj/0f d}qL Pjd\ Jojl:yt t'Nofpg' cfjZos ePsf] 5 . t/ jt{dfg e"–pkof]usf] k|j[lQn] o; cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;s]sf] gb]lvPsf] / o;nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ pko'Qm e" pkof]u gLlt ;d]t g/x]sfn] e"–pkof]u ;DaGwL PsLs[t tyf k|efjsf/L gLlt th'{df ug'{ cfjZos b]lvPsfn] k|:t't æ/fli6«o e"–pkof]u gLlt, @)^(Æ th'{df u/L nfu" ul/Psf] 5 .
2. ljutsf k|of;x¿ P]ltxfl;s k|df0fsf cfwf/df g]kfndf e"ldJoj:yfkg / k|zf;g lnR5jLsfnb]lv g}] z'? ePsf] eP tfklg pkof]usf] cfwf/df e"ldJoj:yfkg ug]{ sfo{sf] Oltxf; eg] vf;} k'/fgf] ePsf] kfOb}g . æiffgL eofsf 7fpFdf ufpF eof klg ufpF c? hUufdf ;fl/sg klg iffgL rnfpg', if]t aGof hUufdf 3/ eof klg 3/ cGt hUufdf ;f/L s'nf] sf6L if]t agfO{ cfafb ug'{, cfˆgf b]zsf] lhlg; h8La'6L b]; n}hfg' / gut lvRg'Æ eGg] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] sygsf] cfwf/df r]tgf eg] cuf8L b]lvg} /x]sf] a'‰g ;lsG5 . ;fy} lj=;+= !(!) df tTsfnLg /fhf ;'/]Gb| zfxsf] kfnfdf ag]sf] d'n'sL P]gdf e"ldJoj:yfkg ;DaGwL ljleGg k|fjwfgx? /fv]sf] kfOG5 . cfw'lgs ;dodf hUuf -gfkhfFr_ P]g @)!(, d'n'sL P]g, @)@) sf hUuf ;DaGwL dxnx?, e"ld ;DaGwL P]g @)@!, e"ld k|zf;g P]g, @)@$, dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ nufotsf e"ld;DaGwL sfg'gx?n] tTsfnLg cj:yfdf cfjfb hUufsf] cfFs8f lng], gofF hUuf cfjfb ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ / dfnkf]t p7fpg] sfo{nfO{ dfq k|fyldstf lbPsf] kfOG5 eg] e"ldsf] ;d'lrt pkof]u / Joj:yfkgsf ;j} kIfx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;s]sf] kfOb}g . To:t} jg–If]qsf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu ljleGg ;dodf u7g ePsf jg ;'b[9Ls/0f cfof]u tyf ;ldltx?sf] k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df jg If]qsf] ;+/If0f ul/g' kg]{ laifo p7g yfn]kl5 jg If]qnfO{ /]vfÍg ug]{ sfo{ ePsf] lyof] . lghL jg /fli6«os/0f P]g @)!#, jg P]g @)!*, jg ;+/If0f -ljz]if Joj:yf_ P]g @)@$, vs{ hUuf /fli6«os/0f P]g @)#!, jg P]g @)$( h:tf sfg'gx?sf] lgdf{0f u/L jg–If]qsf] cltqmd0fnfO{ /f]Sg] k|of; ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;Dk"0f{ e"–efusf] $) k|ltzt jg–If]q sfod ug]{ ;/sf/sf] gLltnfO{ jg–If]qsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ tkm{ yflnPsf] ;sf/fTds k|of;sf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . b]zdf Jojl:yt zx/Ls/0fsf] ljsf;ug{ ;/sf/n] gu/ljsf; ;ldlt P]g, @)$% nfu" u/L gu/ljsf; ;ldltx?dfkm{t gu/If]qdf Jojl:yt j;f]jf; u/fpg] sfo{sf] z'?jft u/]sf] lyof] . tyflk ljleGg bL3{sfnLg of]hgf / ;f]rsf ;fy ;+rfng x'g yfn]sf gu/ ljsf; of]hgfx?n] åGå / cGo ljleGg sf/0fn] lg/Gt/tf kfpg ;s]gg\ . o;n] ubf{ /fhdfu{ cf;kf; / zx/L If]qdf cJojl:yt a;f]Jff;sf] k|lqmof tLa| xF'b}uO{ Jojl:yt zx/ a;fpg] / cJojl:yt a;f]af; lgoGq0f ug]{ sfo{ ck]Iff cg'?k ;kmn x'g ;s]g . To:t} u|fdL0f cfjf; sDkgL
3. jt{dfg l:ylt
g]kfn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\_ af6 l:js[t ldltM– @)^(.!.$
//fli6«o e"–pkof]u gLlt, @)^(
1. k[i7e"ld
2. ljutsf k|of;x¿
æiffgL eofsf 7fpFdf ufpF eof klg ufpF c? hUufdf ;fl/sg klg iffgL rnfpg', if]t aGof hUufdf 3/ eof klg 3/ cGt hUufdf ;f/L s'nf] sf6L if]t agfO{ cfafb ug'{, cfˆgf b]zsf] lhlg; h8La'6L b]; n}hfg' / gut lvRg'Æ
155
lnld6]8 -tTsfnLg k'gjf{; sDkgL_ n] Jojl:yt j;f]jf; u/fpg] sfo{df s]xL ;xof]u k'¥ofP tfklg of] sbd e"–pkof]usf] cjwf/0ff cg'?k cufl8 a9\g ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . e"ldjuL{s/0fsf ;Gbe{df ljutdf dfnkf]t p7fpg] ;d]t k|of]hgsf] nflu v]t / af/LnfO{ cAan, bf]od, ;Ld / rfxf/df juL{s/0f ul/Psf]df nfdf] ;do kl5 pkof]usf] cfwf/df e"ldsf] juL{s/0f ul/g' kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvO{ hUuf -gfkhfFr_ P]g, @)!( sf] cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg @)%& tyf hUuf -gfkhfFr_ lgodfjnL, @)%* df e"ldnfO{ s[lif If]q / Jofj;flos tyf a;f]af; If]qdf juL{s/0f ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o; k|lqmof cGtu{t e"ldsf] pko{'Qm Ifdtfsf cfwf/df juL{s/0f d"ntM k'gM gfkL ul/g] If]qdf dfq cjnDjg ul/Psf] x'gfn] o;n] b]zsf] ;du| e"ldnfO{ juL{s/0f ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvb}g eg] juL{s/0f cg';f/sf] pkof]u ug]{ ljifodf P]gdf s]xL pNn]v ePsf] kfOb}g . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% / lgodfjnL, @)%^ dfkm{t e"–pkof]u ;DaGwL ljifodf :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfOPsf] b]lvG5 . o; P]g tyf lgodfjnLn] e"–pkof]u of]hgf tof/ ug]{, e"ld;|f]t gSzf tof/ ug]{, klt{ hUuf / 8fF8f, eL/ kfvf]df j[Iff/f]k0f ug]{, ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf If]qsf] hu]gf{ ug]{, e"–Ifo / gbL lgoGq0f ug{ cfjZos of]hgf jgfpg], jg, jg:klt / h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f ug]{, ;fj{hlgs ;/sf/L hUufsf] cltqmd0fdf /f]s nufpg] h:tf sfo{df :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfPsf] kfOG5 . e"–pkof]u ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ cem a9L k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfg"gL bfo/fdf Nofpg lj=;+= @)%* df e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! df kfrf}+] ;+zf]wg / lj=;+= @)^) df e"ld ;DaGwL lgod, @)@! df rf}wf}+ ;+zf]wg u/L ljleGg k|fjwfgx? yk ul/Psf 5g\ . ;f] adf]lhd e"–pkof]u kl/ifb\sf] u7g ug]{, pkof]usf] cfwf/df hdLgsf] juL{s/0f ug]{, Pp6f pkof]udf ePsf] hdLg csf]{ pkof]udf k|of]u ug{ gkfOg], e"–pkof]u sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{, hUufsf] v08Ls/0f lgoGq0f / rSnfjGbLnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg] h:tf Joj:yfx? /x]sf 5g\ . o;} kl/k|]Ifdf e"–pkof]usf] nflu cfjZos k"jf{wf/ tof/ ug{sf lgldQ ;g\ !(*% df gfkL ljefu cGtu{t e"ld;|f]t gSzf cfof]hgf ;+rfng eO{ !M %),))), !M !@%,))), / !M %)),))) dfggfksf e"–pkof]u nufot e"ld;|f]t ;DaGwL ljleGg ljifosf gSzf tyf k|fljlws k|ltj]bgx? tof/ ul/Psf eP tfklg e"ld Joj:yfkgdf tL gS;fx?sf] ;d'lrt k|of]u x'g ;s]sf] b]lv+b}g . lj=;+= @)%& df e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfno cGtu{t /fli6«o e"–pkof]u cfof]hgf :yfkgf e} To:tf gSzfx? cBfjlws ug]{ sfo{ e}/x]sf] 5 .
3. jt{dfg l:ylt pkof]usf lx;fan] g]kfndf xfn s"n e"efusf] sl/a @& k|ltzt v]tLof]Uo, #(=^ k|ltzt jg If]q, !@ k|ltzt r/g If]q, !&=@ k|ltzt lxpF tyf r§fg If]q tyf @=^ k|ltzt hnIf]q /x]sf] 5 . oL ljleGg If]qx?sf] plrt Joj:yfkgsf nflu pko'Qm gLltsf] cefj /x]sf] 5 . ljutdf eP–u/]sf ljleGg k|of;x?sf] ck]lIft ?kdf ;sf/fTds k|efj b]lvPsf] 5}g . vf;u/L e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! / lgodfjnL @)@! df ;+zf]wg u/L /flvPsf ljljw k|fjwfgx?nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . o; P]g tyf lgodfjnLdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd df6f]sf] k|s[lt, pj{/f zlQm, b]zsf] ef}uf]lns l:ylt, jftfj/0f tyf hnjfo' ;d]tsf cfwf/df e"–pkof]u sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{ Joj:yf sfof{Gjogdf cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . ;fy} pkof]usf] cfwf/df hUufsf] juL{s/0f ug]{, s'g} Ps pkof]usf] nflu lgwf{l/t hUuf csf]{ pkof]udf nufpg gkfpg], rSnfaGbL u/L ;xsf/L v]tL ug]{nfO{ s[lif cf}hf/, k|ljlw, dnaLp, cflbdf ;'ljwf lbg], ;'/lIft jf Jojl:yt If]qdf j;f]jf;sf] Joj:yf u/fpg ;Sg] / sfg"g ljk/Lt sfo{ ug]{nfO{ b08 ;hfosf] Joj:yf ug]{ nufotsf e"–pkof]usf b[li6n] pkof]uL k|fjwfgx? ;d]t sfof{Gjogdf cfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g tyf lgodfjnL adf]lhd :yfgLo lgsfon] k"/f ug'{kg]{ lhDd]jf/L k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] b]lv+b}g . g]kfn ;/sf/n] cf=j= @)^^.^& b]lv pkof]usf cfwf/df e"ldsf] juL{s/0f u/L ;f] cg'?k :jfldTjsf] k|df0fkq hf/L ug]{ gLlt ;d]t sfof{Gjogdf cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . kmn:j?k b]zsf ljleGg efudf cJojl:yt ?kdf j;f]jf; If]q Pjd\ zx/Ls/0f lj:tf/ x'Fb} uPsf], pBf]u Joj;fosf nflu ljz]if If]q 5'6\ofpg g;lsPsf], s[life"ld qmdzM ljgf; x'Fb} uPsf], hUuf cf]u6]/ afFemf] /fVg] k|j[lQ a9\b} uPsf] tyf ;'s'Djf;Lsf gfddf ;/sf/L tyf ;fj{hlgs hUuf cltqmd0f ug]{ k|j[lQdf ;d]t a9f]Q/L x'Fb} uO/x]sf] cj:yf 5 .
156
6. e" pkof]u gLltsf] b"/b[li6, kl/b[io, nIo tyf p2]Zox?
^=! b"/b[li6
^=@ kl/b[io
^=# nIo
^=$ p2]Zo
7. gLlt &=! e"ld tyf e"ld;|f]tsf] dxQd pkof]usf nflu e"ldnfO{ b]xfosf If]qx?df juL{s/0f u/L ;f]
adf]lhd pkof]udf NofOg]5 .
44.;d:of / r'gf}tL PsLs[t e"–pkof]u gLltsf] cefjdf b]zsf] ;du| e"ldnfO{ pko'Qm 9+un] pkof]u u/L clwstd\ nfe xfl;n ug]{ ;Gbe{df ljleGg ;d:ofx? b]vf k/]sf 5g\ . e"–pkof]u ;DaGwL sfo{sf] k|efjsfl/tf cGtlg{sfo ;dGjodf e/kg]{ x'Fbf ;f]sf] sdLsf sf/0f If]qut gLltx?df ePsf Joj:yfx?sf] / ljBdfg P]g, sfg'gdf ePsf k|fjwfgx?sf] ;d]t k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . cJojl:yt / clgolGqt zx/Ls/0fsf sf/0f v]tLof]Uo hdLgdf ;+s'rg cfO/x]sf] 5 eg] ;/sf/L tyf ;fj{hlgs hUufdfly ljleGg gfddf cltqmd0f a9b} uPsf] 5 . e"ldsf] ;xL 9+un] pkof]u u/L clwstd nfe lng ;lsPsf] 5}g . hUufdf eO{/x]sf] clgolGqt v08Ls/0fn] s[lif pTkfbgdf x|f; cfO/x]sf] 5 . pko'Qm gLltsf] cefjdf s[lifof]Uo hldgsf] u}/ s[lif k|of]hgdf pkof]u x'g] u/]sf]n] pTkfbg / pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 x'g g;Sbf vfB;'/Iffdf k|lts'n k|efj k/]sf] 5 . plNnlvt ;d:ofx? ;dfwfgsf nflu pko'Qm gLlt th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg cfjZos ePsf] 5 . o;sf nflu ;DklQsf] ?kdf e"ldsf] pkof]u ug]{ g]kfnL ;dfhdf /x]sf] df}h'bf ;f]rdf kl/jt{g Nofpg], e"–pkof]u ;DaGwdf /fhgLlts OR5fzlQmnfO{ ;lqmo u/fpg], e"–pkof]u ;DaGwL sfo{qmdnfO{ sfof{Gjogsf] nflu cfjZos ;|f]t;fwg tyf ;+:yfut Ifdtfsf] ljsf; Pjd\ lj:tf/ ug]{, cGtlg{sfo ;dGjonfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] nufotsf sfo{x? ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLsf ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
5.e"–pkof]u gLltsf] cfjZostf e"–pkof]u gLltsf] cfjZostfnfO{ o; k|sf/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M !_ b]zdf pknJw e"ldsf] dxQd pkof]usf] nflu e"ldsf] juL{s/0f ug]{ / e"–pkof]u of]hgf th'{dfsf
dfWodåf/f b]zsf] ;du| cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo ljsf;df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg, @_ 7"nf ;xsf/L s[lif kmfd{ :yfkgf u/L s[lifnfO{ Joj;foLs/0f ug{, #_ b]zdf vfB;'/Iffsf] /Iffsf] nflu e"–Ifdtfsf cfwf/df pko'Qm s[lif of]Uo e"ld klxrfg u/L o;sf]
;+/If0fsf] nflu cfjZos Joj:yf ug{, $_ pko'Qmtf / e"–agf}6sf cfwf/df cfjf;Lo If]qsf] Joj:yfsf] nflu hf]lvd /lxt If]qx?sf] klxrfg u/L tL
If]qx?df k"j{fwf/o'Qm, ;'ljwf ;DkGg / jftfj/0fLo b[li6sf]0fn] pko'Qm zx/Ls/0fsf] ljsf; ug{, %_ s[lif, cfjf;Lo tyf ;fdl/s dxTjsf If]qx?nfO{ c;/ gkg]{ u/L pko'Qm :yfgdf cfjZos k"Jff{wf/o'Qm,
;'ljwf;DkGg / jftfj/0fLo b[li6sf]0fn] cg's"n x'g] u/L cf}Bf]lus / Jofj;flos If]qx?sf] ljsf; ug{, ^_ hl8j'6L, kz'kfng, kmnkm'n v]tL, cflbsf] ljsf;sf] nflu pko'Qm If]qx? klxrfg u/L d"n'ssf] ;du|
cfly{s ljsf;df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg, &_ ko{6gsf] ljsf;sf ;Defjgf ePsf If]qx? klxrfg ug{, *_ jg If]q, hnfwf/ If]q, ;+/lIft If]q, dWojtL{ If]q, h}ljs dfu{ nufotsf dxTjk"0f{ If]qx?sf] klxrfg u/L tL
If]qx?sf] ;+/If0faf6 jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng, kfgLsf] ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f, h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f / ;Daw{g tyf hLjhGt'x?sf] ;'/lIft jf;:yfgsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg,
(_ k|fs[lts ?kdf jf9L, klx/f], e"–Ifo cflbsf] hf]lvd ePsf If]qx? klxrfg u/L tL If]qx?df pTkGg x'g] k|sf]k Go"gLs/0f ug{,
!)_ pkof]usf cfwf/df s/ k|0ffnL :yflkt ug{ .
;fy} g]kfn kIf ePsf ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw, ;Demf}tf / ;xdltsf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ;d]t e"–pkof]u gLltsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . e"–pkof]u of]hgfsf] dxTjnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L o;sf] sfof{Gjogdf hf]8 lbg] dxTjk"0f{ cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hsf] ?kdf /x]sf] jftfj/0f / ljsf;sf nflu cfof]lht ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo ;Dd]ng -l/of] b h]g]l/of] !((@_ sf] Ph]08f @! sf] sfof{Gjo ug{, h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f / d?e"lds/0f lj?4sf] cleofg ;~rfng ug,{ cGt/f{li6«o:t/df ul/Psf ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjog ug{ / ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIodf pNn]v ePsf k|fjwfgx? sfof{Gjog ug{ e"–pkof]u gLlt cfjZos b]lvG5 . ;fy} ;+o'Qm/fi6« ;+3Lo cfjf; sfo{qmd -UNHABITAT_ åf/f kl/nlIft ;j}sf nflu ;'/lIft, dof{lbt / ;'ljwf ;DkGg cfjf;sf] Joj:yf ;DaGwL bL3{sfnLg ;f]rsf] ;Gbe{df ;d]t b]zsf] ;du| cfly{s, ;fdflhs / jftfj/0fLo ljsf;sf] nflu e"–pkof]u gLlt th'{df x'g' / ;f]sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{' cToGt cfjZos /x]sf] 5 .
157
66. e" pkof]u gLltsf] b"/b[li6, kl/b[io, nIo tyf p2]Zox?
Ef" pkof]u gLltsf b"/b[li6, kl/b[io, nIo tyf p2]Zox? b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ . ^=! b"/b[li6 (Vision)pknJw e"ld tyf e"ld;|f]tsf] dxQd (Optimum) pkof]u u/L b]zsf] bLuf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf jftfj/0fLo ljsf; xfl;n ug]{ .
^=@ kl/b[io (Mission)/fi6«sf] bLuf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf jftfj/0fLo ljsf;sf nflu e"ldsf] dxQd pkof]u u/L pRrtd k|ltkmn k|fKt ug{ e"ldsf] juL{s/0f u/L ;f] cg'?k pkof]u, lgodg / Joj:yfkg ;'lglZrt ug]{ . ^=# nIo (Goal) ^=#=! b]zsf] ;Dk"0f{ e"ldnfO{ agf}6, Ifdtf, pko'Qmtf / cfjZostfsf cfwf/df juL{s/0f ug]{ . ;f] adf]lhd
pkof]usf] nflu txut e"–pkof]u of]hgf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfo{ cfufdL !) jif{ leq ;DkGg ul/g]5 . gu/kflnsf, lhNnf ;b/d'sfd, gu/f]Gd'v uf=lj=; / d'Vo ;8sx?sf cf;kf;sf If]qx?sf xsdf pko'{Qm sfo{ cfufdL % jif{ leqdf ;DkGg ul/g]5 .
^=#=@ pko{'Qm juL{s/0fsf] cfwf/df e"ldsf] pkof]u, lgodg / Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL gLltdf ;d]l6Psf ljifox? sfof{Gjogdf Nofpgsf] lgldQ cfufdL @ jif{ leq cfjZos ;+:yfut tyf sfg'gL Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
^=$ p2]Zo (Objective) o; gLltsf k|d'v p2]Zo b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf 5g\M ^=$=!= e"ld tyf e"ld;|f]tsf] dxQd pkof]usf nflu e"ldsf] juL{s/0f ug]{,
^=$=@ juL{s/0fsf] cfwf/df e"ldsf] ;+/If0f, Joj:yfkg / pkof]unfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{,
^=$=# e"ldsf] v08Ls/0fnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{] tyf of]hgfa4 zx/Ls/0fnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{,
^=$=$ ljsf; / jftfj/0f aLr ;Gt'ng sfod /fVg],
^=$=% ef}uf]lns, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s, P]ltxfl;s, ko{6sLo nufot ljz]if dxTjsf If]qx? /x]sf] e"ldsf]
;+/If0f ug]{,
^=$=^ e"–pkof]u gLltnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L e" pkof]u of]hgf tof/ ug]{,
^=$=& pkof]usf] cfwf/df Go"gtd d"Nof+sg Pjd\ e"lds/ k|0ffnL lgwf{/0f ug]{,
^=$=* pkof]udf g/x]sf] e"ldnfO{ ;d'lrt k|of]udf Nofpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
7. gLlt (Policy) &=! e"ld tyf e"ld;|f]tsf] dxQd pkof]usf nflu e"ldnfO{ b]xfosf If]qx?df juL{s/0f u/L ;f]
adf]lhd pkof]udf NofOg]5 . s_ s[lif If]q v_ cfjf;Lo If]q u_ Jofj;flos If]q 3_ cf}Bf]lus If]q ª_ jg–If]q r_ ;fj{hlgs pkof]usf] If]q 5_ cfjZostf cg';f/ tf]lsPsf cGo If]qx?
:ki6Ls/0fM pko'{Qm If]qx?sf] kl/efiff tyf If]q lgwf{/0fsf cfwf/ tyf dfkb08 cg';"rL ! df pNn]v eP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
158
&&=@ juL{s/0fsf] cfwf/df e"ldsf] ;+/If0f, Joj:yfkg / pkof]u ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ ;DaGwdf b]xfosf gLltx? cjnDag ul/g]5M
&=@=! tf]lsPsf] juL{s/0fsf] cfwf/df dfq e"ldsf] pkof]u ul/g] 5 . &=@=@ s[lif e"ldnfO{ afFemf] /fVg] k|j[lQ / pj{/ hUufsf] u}/ s[lif k|of]unfO{ lg?T;flxt ul/g]5 . &=@=# /fHosf] s"n e"–efusf] slDtdf $)Ü e"–efudf jg If]q sfod ug{ ;/sf/L hUufsf] ;+/If0f ul/g]5 . &=@=$ cf}Bf]lus gLlt nufotsf cfly{s gLlt;+u tfnd]n x'g] u/L pBf]u, cfjf;, s[lifsf] ljsf; ug{ lghL If]q
cfPdf /fHon] /fli6«o e"–pkof]u gLlt / :yfgLo e"–pkof]u of]hgf cg'?k x'g] u/L cfjZos ;xof]u ug]{5 .
&=@=% k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf nflu cfjZostf x]/L /fHon] h'g;'s} k|sf/sf] e"ld lgodfg';f/ clwu|x0f u/L pkof]u ug{ ;Sg]5 .
&=#M e"ldsf] v08Ls/0fnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ tyf of]hgfa4 zx/Ls/0fnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{ b]xfosf
gLltx? cjnDag Ufl/g]5M &=#=! s[lif e"ldsf] rSnfaGbL tyf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] nflu hUuf k|flKt ug{ Jojl:yt hUuf PsLs/0f (Land
Pooling) sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cjnDag ul/g]5 . &=#=@ hUufsf] clgolGqt v08Ls/0fnfO{ lg?T;flxt ul/g]5 . &=#=# cfjZostf cg';f/ pko'Qm :yfgdf cfjf; If]qsf] ljsf; tyf zx/Ls/0fnfO{ k|f]T;flxt Pjd\ Jojl:yt
ul/g]5 . &=#=$ tf]lsPsf] dfkb08 ljk/Lt k|fs[lts :j?kdf kl/jt{g x'g] u/L ul/g] e"ldsf] pkof]unfO{ lg?T;flxt
ul/g]5 . &=$ ljsf; / jftfj/0faLr ;Gt'ng sfod/fVg b]xfo cg';f/sf gLltx? cjnDag ul/g]5M &=$=! zx/L If]qdf Go"gtd xl/t tyf v'Nnf If]q lgwf{/0f ul/Gf]5 . &=$=@ jftfj/0fsf b[li6n] ;+j]bglzn If]qsf] klxrfg tyf ;+/If0f ul/g]5 . &=$=# e"ld, jftfj/0f / ljsf;jLr ;Gt'ng sfod /fVb} h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;Dj4{g ul/g]5 . &=$=$ hnjfo" kl/jt{gsf] c;/nfO{ ;d]t Wofgdf /fvL bLuf] ljsf;sf l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ljsf; lgdf{0fsf
sfo{x? ;+rfng ul/g]5g\ . &=$=% k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] b[li6sf]0fn] hf]lvdo'Qm If]qdf j;f]jf; ug]{ k|j[ltnfO{ lg?T;flxt ul/g]5 . &=% ef}uf]lns, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s, P]ltxfl;s, ko{6sLo nufot ljz]if dxTjsf If]qx? /x]sf]
e"ldsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf b]xfosf gLltx? cjnDag ul/g]5M &=%=!= ljZj;Dkbf ;"rLdf /x]sf If]qx?sf] ;+/If0f ul/g]5 . &=%=@= ljleGg P]ltxfl;s, wfld{s, ko{6sLo Pjd\ ;f+:s[lts dxTjsf If]qx?sf] klxrfg, ;+/If0f tyf ljsf;
ul/g]5 . &=^ e"–pkof]u gLltnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L e"–pkof]u of]hgf tof/ ug]{ ;DaGwdf b]xfosf
gLltx? cjnDag ul/g]5M &=^=! txut e"–pkof]u of]hgf tof/ u/L nfu" ul/g]5 . &=^=@ s'g} klg ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{x? ;+rfng ubf{ e"–pkof]u of]hgf cg's"n x'g]u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . &=^=# e"–pkof]usf af/]df ;r]tgf clej[l4 ug{ z}lIfs kf7\oqmddf e"–pkof]u ;DjGwL ljifoa:t' ;dfa];
ul/g]5 . &=& e"–ppkof]usf] cfwf/df Go"gtd d"Nof+sg tyf e"lds/ k|0ffnL lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf b]xfosf
gLltx? cjnDag ul/g]5M &=&=! tf]lsPsf] If]q / pkof]u ;d]tsf cfwf/df hUufsf] Go"gtd d"Nof+sg tyf s/sf] b/ lgwf{/0f ul/g]5 . &=&=@ tf]lsPsf] k|of]hgdf hUufsf] pkof]u gug]{ k|j[ltnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{ yk s/ nufpg'sf ;fy} /fHoaf6
pknJw u/fOg] ;]jf–;'ljwfdf ;d]t s6f}tL ul/g]5 .
&=* pkof]udf g/x]sf] e"ldnfO{ ;d'lrt k|of]udf Nofpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg b]xfosf gLltx?
cjnDag ul/g]5M
8. /0fgLlt tyf sfo{gLlt
*=! e"ldsf] juL{s/0f ug]{ ;DaGwL gLlt sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg b]xfo cg';f/sf /0fgLlt tyf sfo{gLltx? cjnDag ul/g]5M
s_ e"–agf}6, Ifdtf / pko'Qmtfsf] cfwf/M
v_ df}h'bf e"–pkof]usf] cfwf/M
u_ cfjZostfsf] cfwf/
*=@ juL{s/0fsf] cfwf/df e"ldsf] ;+/If0f, Joj:yfkg / pkof]u ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ ;DaGwL
gLltx? sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg b]xfosf /0fgLltx? tyf sfo{gLltx? cjnDag ul/g]5M
159
&=* ppkof]udf g/x]sf] e"ldnfO{ ;d'lrt k|of]udf Nofpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg b]xfosf gLltx?
cjnDag ul/g]5M &=*=!= ;d'lrt pkof]udf g/x]sf] jf s'g} pkfoaf6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] hUufnfO{ clwstd nfe xfl;n x'g] u/L
pkof]u ul/g]5 . &=*=@ tf]lsPsf] e"–pkof]usf] If]qdf k/]sf] t/ ;f] jdf]lhd pkof]u x'g g;s]sf] hdLgnfO{ cGo pkof]udf
Nofpg] gLlt cjnDag ul/g]5 .
8. /0fgLlt tyf sfo{gLlt
*=! e"ldsf] juL{s/0f ug]{ ;DaGwL gLlt sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg b]xfo cg';f/sf /0fgLlt tyf sfo{gLltx? cjnDag ul/g]5M
*=!=! b]xfosf cfwf/x?df e"ldsf] juL{s/0f ul/g]5M s_ e"–agf}6, Ifdtf / pko'Qmtfsf] cfwf/M
e"–agf}6, Ifdtf / pko'Qmtfsf] cfwf/df e"ldsf] dxQd nfe xfl;n ug{ e"–pkof]u If]q lgwf{/0f (Land Use Zoning) ul/g]5 . v_ ddf}h'bf e"–pkof]usf] cfwf/M
pko'Qmtfsf] cfwf/df e"–pkof]usf] ju{ tf]Sg ;Sg] cj:yf g/x]df xfn e} /x]sf] pkof]usf] cfwf/nfO{ b[li6ut u/L e"ldsf] juL{s/0f ul/g]5 . u_ cfjZostfsf] cfwf/
;fj{hlgs lxt tyf ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{sf] nflu s'g} hUufnfO{ tf]lsPsf] eGbf km/s pkof]usf] nflu k|of]udf Nofpg' kg]{ ePdf /fHon] To:tf] hUUff tf]lsPsf] k|lqmof k'¥ofO{ cGo pkof]usf] nflu k|of]u ug{ ;Sg]5 .
*=!=@ pRr kxf8L e]usf] e"ldnfO{ d"Nojfg hl8j'6L tyf kmnkm"n v]tL / kz'kfngsf] nflu r/g If]qsf] ljsf; ug{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 .
*=!=# lxdfnL If]q / pRr kxf8L If]qdf 5l/P/ /x]sf j:tLx?nfO{ ;'ljwfhgs If]qdf j:tL ljsf; sfo{qmd nfu" u/L Pslqt ?kdf ;f/L vfnL x'g uPsf If]qnfO{ e"ldsf] pj{/fzlQm / pko'Qmtfsf cfwf/df s[lif, hl8a'6L, jg, vfgL, ko{6g cflb If]qdf ljsf; ul/g]5 .
*=!=$ l;+rfO{ ;'ljwf ePsf tyf ljsf; ug{ ;lsg] t/fO{+ tyf kxf8L If]qsf] e"lddf e"–;+/If0fsf] k|ljlw ;d]tnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL pko'Qm s[lifjfnL nufpg k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 .
*=!=% cJojl:yt / clgolGqt ?kdf e} /x]sf] cf}Bf]lus Pjd\ jfl0fHo Joj;fo If]qsf] lj:tf/nfO{ lgoGq0f u/L lglZrt If]qdf Jojl:yt, j}1flgs / jftfj/0fLo b[li6n] cg's"n x'g] u/L ljsf; / lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . cf}Bf]lus If]q, ljz]if cfly{sIf]q, ljz]if lgof{t If]q, cf}Bf]lus sf]l/8f]/ cflbnfO{ of]hgfa4 Pjd\ Jojl:yt 9+un] ljsf; Pjd\ lj:tf/ ul/g'sf] ;fy} cfjf;Lo If]qaf6 lglZrt b"l/df dfq ljsf; ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
*=!=^ e"ldxLg nufot e"lddf kx'Fr Go"g /x]sf ju{nfO{ cfjf;sf] ;'lglZrtfsf] nflu /fHon] ljz]if If]q klxrfg u/L sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{5 .
*=@ juL{s/0fsf] cfwf/df e"ldsf] ;+/If0f, Joj:yfkg / pkof]u ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ ;DaGwL
gLltx? sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg b]xfosf /0fgLltx? tyf sfo{gLltx? cjnDag ul/g]5M *=@=! juL{s/0fsf cfwf/df dfq e"ldsf] pkof]u ug{ ;DalGwt ;j}sf] nflu ;"rgf hf/L ul/g]5 . *=@=@ dgfl;j sf/0fn] e"ldsf] pkof]udf kl/jt{g ug'{ kg]{ ePdf gLltut tyf ;+:yfut Joj:yf u/L ;f]sf]
:jLs[ltaf6 dfq ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . cfjZos k|lqmof gk'¥ofO{ hldgsf] pkof]udf kl/jt{g u/]sf] kfOPdf ;fljss} pkof]udf NofOg'sf ;fy} sfg"g adf]lhd b08 ;hfo ul/g]5 .
*=@=# s[lif k]zfnfO{ Joj;foLs/0f ug{ Jofj;flos v]tL, ;xsf/L v]tL, s/f/ v]tL h:tf v]tL k|0ffnLx? cjnDag ug{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 .
160
*=@=$ dgfl;j sf/0f j]u/ # -tLg_ jif{;Dd s[lif If]qdf kg]{ hUUff jf cGo k|of]hgsf] nflu lg0f{o u/fO{ pkof]udf gNofOPsf] afFemf] s[lifof]Uo hUufnfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd /fHon] k|fKt u/L tf]lsPsf] ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] sfo{df nufpg ;Sg]5 .
*=@=% s[lif pkof]usf] juL{s/0fdf k/]sf] hdLgdf v]tL gnufpg] hUufwgLnfO{ ;/sf/n] lbg] cg'bfg, ;'ljwf / ;xof]u s6f}tL u/L yk s/ nufpg ;Sg]5 .
*=@=^ s[life"ldsf] Ifdtf cg';f/ juL{s/0f u/L ;f] cg'?k afnL nufpg k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . *=@=& s[lifof]Uo hdLgsf] u}/ s[lifIf]qdf x'g] kl/jt{gnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{ tyf s[lifIf]qnfO{ ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g
ug{sf] nflu /fHon] sfg'gL Joj:yf u/L tyf dfkb08 lgwf{/0f u/L cg'bfg, Ifltk"lt{ tyf ;x'lnotsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg]5 .
*=@=* jg–If]qsf] ;Ldf+sg u/L xl/t k"hf{ tof/ ul/g]5 . *=@=( jg–If]qsf] nflu lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] hUufnfO{ cGo k|of]hgdf Nofpg gkfOg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . ljsf;
lgdf{0fsf] sfo{sf] nflu jg–If]qsf] hUufsf] k|of]u ug}{ kg]{ ePdf slDtdf ;f]xL If]qkmn a/fj/ cGoq jgIf]qsf] ljsf; ug{ cfof]hgfsf] ah]6 d}+ Joj:yf ug]{ / ;f] adf]lhd jg–If]q ljsf; ug]{ Joj:yfnfO{ nfu" ul/g]5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf jg–If]qsf] Ps ?v sf6\g' kbf{ cGoq slDtdf @% ?v /f]Kg' kg]{ Joj:yfnfO{ cem k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 .
*=@=!) x}l;ot lju|sf] jg–If]qdf a[Iff/f]k0f u/L k|rlnt jg P]g cg'?k Joa:yfkg ul/g]5 . *=@=!! plrt k|of]udf g/x]sf ;/sf/L, ;fj{hlgs hUuf tyf gbL psf;df j[Iff/f]k0f u/L jg–If]qsf] ljsf;
ul/g]5 . *=@=!@ e"–pkof]u of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg] lghLIf]qnfO{ /fHon] k|f]T;fxg ug]{5 . *=@=!# kxf8L tyf lxdfnL If]qsf pTkfbsTj Go"g /x]sf tyf jg–If]qsf] aLrdf /x]sf a:tLsf hUufsf
hUufwgLx?nfO{ jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ngdf k|lts"n c;/ gkg]{ u/L x}l;ot lju|]sf t/ s[lif k|of]hgdf pko'Qm x'g;Sg] jg jf cGo If]qdf ;fljsdf lghn] rr]{sf] hUufsf] ;du| nfedf sd gx'g]u/L hUuf pknJw u/fO{ :yfgfGt/0f u/fpg / lghsf] ;fljssf] hUufdf jg If]qsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsg]5 .
*=@=!$ vlgh, t]n, UofF;, kfgLsf] d'xfg cflb h:tf dxTjk"0f{ k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f ug{ h'g;'s} juL{s/0fdf /x]sf] eP tfklg /fHon] plrt Ifltk"lt{ lbO{ lng ;Sg]5 .
*=#M e"ldsf] v08Ls/0fnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ tyf of]hgfa4 zx/Ls/0fnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{
lnOPsf gLltx? sfof{Gjog ug{ b]xfosf /0fgLlt tyf sfo{gLltx? cjnDag Ufl/g]5M *=#=! s[lif If]qsf] ?kdf k|of]u ul/Psf] hdLgnfO{ rSnfjGbL ug{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . *=#=@ ljsf; lgdf{0fsf cfof]hgf ;+rfng ug{, Jojl:yt cfjf;Lo If]qsf] ljsf; ug{, cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] ljsf;
ug{ hUuf PsLs/0f (Land Pooling) sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/g]5 . *=#=# pkof]usf] cfwf/df hUufsf] Go"gtd If]qkmn tf]sL ;f] eGbf ;fgf] 6'qmfdf hUufsf] v08Ls/0f ug{ gkfpg]
Joj:yf ul/g]5 . *=#=$ gu/, gu/f]Gd'v ufpF tyf cGo cfjf; If]qsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ubf{ ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] b[li6n] pko'Qm
e"ldnfO{ u|fXotf lbOg]5 . *=#=% e"ldsf] k|fs[lts :j?kdf kl/jt{g ug]{ ;DaGwdf dfkb08 lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . o;/L tf]lsPsf] dfkb08
ljk/Lt e"ldsf] :j?kdf kl/jt{g x'g] u/L pkof]u ul/Psf] kfOPdf ;fljs :j?kdf sfod ug{ nufOg]5 . *=$ ljsf; / jftfj/0faLr ;Gt'ng sfod /fVg lnOPsf gLltx? sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg b]xfosf
/0fgLlt tyf sfo{gLltx? cjnDag ul/g]5 M *=$=! xl/t zx/sf] ljsf;sf nflu :yfgLo lgsfo;+u ;xsfo{ u/L /fHon] ljz]if sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{5 .
zx/L If]qdf lglZrt k|ltzt hUufdf clgjfo{ ?kdf ?v /f]Kg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . *=$=@ :yfgLo lgsfosf] ;d]t ;fwg;|f]t kl/rfng u/L zx/LIf]qdf cfjZos dfqfdf v'Nnf If]q, kfs{, pBfg,
v]nd}bfg, dgf]/~hg :yn, cflbsf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbOg]5 . *=$=# ;8s, kf]v/L / gx/sf] bfofF afofF xl/t If]q (Green Belt) lgdf{0fsf] nflu k|f]T;fxg ul/g] 5 . o;sf]
;+/If0f / Joj:yfkg :yfgLo lgsfon] ug]{5 . *=$=$ kxf8L If]qdf x'g] e"–:vngsf] sf/0f t/fO{ tyf a]zL If]qdf cfpg] af9L klx/f]af6 x'g] gf]S;fgLnfO{
lgoGq0f ug{ tL If]qx¿sf] klxrfg u/L ;+/If0fsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
*=% ef}uf]lns, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s, P]ltxfl;s, ko{6sLo nufot ljz]if dxTjsf If]qx?sf] ;+/If0fug]{ ;DaGwL gLltnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg b]xfosf /0fgLlt tyf sfo{gLltx? cjnDag ul/g]5M
e"–pkof]u of]hgf tof/ug]{ ;DaGwL gLltx? sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg b]xfosf /0fgLlt tyf sfo{gLltx? cjnDag ul/g]5M
161
*=$=% ef}uf]lns Pj+ kof{j/0fLo ljljwtf sfod /fVg a9\bf] e"–:vng, e"–Ifo tyf pRr hg;+Vof j[l4 / a;fO;/fO{sf sf/0f hdLgdf kl//x]sf] k|lts"n k|efjnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ hf]8 lbOg]5 .
*=$=^ e"–Ifosf b[li6n] Hofb} ;+j]bgzLn If]qx¿sf] ;+/If0f ug{ lghL :jfldTjsf] hUuf ePdf gLlh jg tyf ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs ePdf ;+/If0fd'vL ;fd'bflos jgsf] ljsf;sf lglDt k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 .
*=$=& hnfwf/ If]q, ;Ld;f/ If]q, ;+/lIft If]q, dWojtL{ If]q, /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf cf/If, r/g cflb If]qsf] ;+/If0f ug{ ljz]if Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
*=$=* t/fO{sf] hnfwf/If]qsf] ?kdf /x]sf] r'/] tyf efj/ If]qsf] ;+/If0f ug{ ljz]if of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . o; If]qsf] hdLg ;+j]bgzLn ePsf]n] o;sf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu k|lts"n c;/ kfg]{ u/L 5l/P/ /x]sf dfgj a:tLnfO{ qmdzM :yfgfGt/0f ug{ PsLs[t a:tL ljsf;sf nflu sfo{qmdx? NofOg]5g\ .
*=$=(= kxf8L If]qdf ;8s lj:tf/ ubf{ kof{j/0fsf] ;+/If0fnfO{ dWogh/ u/L ;'?ªdfu{ jf /Hh'dfu{sf] lgdf{0fnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 .
*=$=!) h}ljs dfu{ /x]sf] jf /xg] ;Defjgf ePsf jg ;d]tsf If]qnfO{ ;+/lIft jgsf] ?kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 tyf jg If]q, 3fF;] d}bfg, jGohGt'sf] jf;:yfgsf] ;+/If0f ul/g]5 .
*=$=!! gbLgfnf, tfntn}of / ;Ld;f/ If]qsf] ljj/0f tof/ u/L, h}ljs tyf ko{6sLo lx;fjn] lglZrt b"/L;Dd k|j]z lgif]w If]q (No go zone) sf] ?kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 .
*=$=!@ k|sf]ksf] ;+efjgf a9L ePsf If]qx?sf] klxrfg u/L To:tf If]qdf /x]sf a:tLnfO{ ;'/lIft :yfgdf :yfgfGt/0f x'g k|f]T;fxg ul/g'sf ;fy} To:tf If]qdf a:tLljsf; tyf k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug{ lg?T;flxt ul/g]5 .
**=% ef}uf]lns, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s, P]ltxfl;s, ko{6sLo nufot ljz]if dxTjsf If]qx?sf] ;+/If0fug]{ ;DaGwL gLltnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg b]xfosf /0fgLlt tyf sfo{gLltx? cjnDag ul/g]5M
*=%=! ljZj;Dkbf ;"rLdf k/]sf If]qsf] e"ldnfO{ cj/f]w / c;/ kg]{ u/L pkof]u jf ;f]df kl/jt{g ug{ gkfOg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
*=%=@ ef}uf]lns, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s, P]ltxfl;s, ;fdl/s Pjd\ jftfj/0fLo b[li6sf]0fn] ljz]if dxTj /x]sf If]qx?sf] e"ldnfO{ cGo k|of]hgdf pkof]u ug{ gkfOg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
*=%=# ko{6sLo If]qsf] e"ldsf] pkof]u ubf{ ;f] If]qsf] df}lnstf -lgdf{0f x'Fbf h] h:tf] cj:yfdf lyof] ;f]xL cj:yf_ df c;/ gkg]{ u/L ul/g]5 .
*=%=$ gbLgfnfx?sf] k|fs[lts jxfj, ;Ldf / dfkb08nfO{ c;/ kg]{ u/L e"ldsf] k|of]u ug{ gkfOg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . t/ d'n'snfO{ 7"nf] nfe k'Ug] ljsf;–lgdf{0fsf sfo{x?sf nflu of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ o; k|fjwfgn] jfwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g .
*=%=% tfn–tn}of, ;/sf/L, ;fj{hlgs kf]v/L h:tf ;Ld;f/ If]qx?sf] ;Ldf cltqmd0f gx'g] tyf u'0f:t/df x|f; gx'g] u/L o;sf] k|fs[lts pkof]u / ko{6g k|jw{gsf] sfo{df jfx]s cGo k|of]hgdf pkof]u ug{ gkfOg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
*=%=^ ;/sf/L ;fj{hlgs hUufsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;b'kof]u ug{ o:tf hUufsf] oyfy{ clen]v tof/ u/L ;f]sf] sfo{of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ clwsf/ ;DkGg :yfoL ;+oGq agfOg] 5 . o:tf hUufx? s'g} klg ;+3 ;+:yf jf JolQmnfO{ ef]uflwsf/ lbOg] 5}g tyf oL hUufx?sf] ;+/If0f / pkof]u ug]{ ;DjGwdf :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ ;d]t lhDd]jf/ jgfOg]5 .
*=^ ee"–pkof]u of]hgf tof/ug]{ ;DaGwL gLltx? sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg b]xfosf /0fgLlt tyf
sfo{gLltx? cjnDag ul/g]5M *=^=! e"–pkof]u gLltnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpgsf] lgldQ ljleGg tx -s]Gb|, lhNnf, gu/kflnsf jf
uf=lj=;=:t/_ df e"–pkof]u of]hgfx? th'{df ul/g]5g\ . *=^=@ txut e"–pkof]u of]hgf th'{df ubf{ dflyNnf] txsf] of]hgf cg's"n x'g] u/L th'{df ug'{kg]{5 . s]Gb|Lo
lgsfon] :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ e"–pkof]u of]hgf tof/ ug{ cfjZos ;'emfj, lgb]{zg / k|fljlws ;xof]u k|bfg ug{ ;Sg]5 .
*=^=# e"–pkof]u of]hgf tof/ ug{sf nflu cfjZos ljleGg ;"rgfx? ;+sng u/L e"–pkof]u gS;fx? tof/ ul/g]5g\ .
162
*=^=$ e"–pkof]u of]hgf th'{df ubf{ ;/sf/L tyf ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf ;fy} lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt x'g] u/L ;dGjofTds ?kdf ul/g]5 .
*=^=% e"–pkof]u of]hgf th{'df ubf{ pTkfbsTj, jftfj/0f ;Gt'ng tyf ;+/If0f, ;fdflhs, cfly{s ;d[l4, ul/jL lgjf/0fh:tf ljifonfO{ cfj4 ul/g]5 .
*=^=^ e"–pkof]u of]hgfx?nfO{ k|To]s kfFr jif{df /fli6«o cfjlws of]hgf;+u cfj4 u/L k'g/fjnf]sg ul/g]5 . *=^=& ljsf; lgdf{0fsf of]hgf agfpFbf tyf sfo{qmd ;+rfng ubf{ ;DalGwt If]qsf] e"–pkof]u of]hgfnfO{
cfwf/sf ?kdf lnOg]5 . *=^=* dfWolds tx;Ddsf] kf7Øqmddf e"–pkof]u ;DaGwL ljifonfO{ ;dfj]z u/L cWoog–cWofkg u/fOg]
Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
**=& e"–ppkof]usf] cfwf/df s/ k|0ffnL sfof{Gjogug{ b]xfosf /0fgLlt tyf sfo{gLltx? cjnDag ul/g]5 .
*=&=! pkof]usf] cfwf/df 3/hUufsf] Go"gtd d"Nof+sg tyf s/ k|0ffnL lgwf{/0f ug{ cfjZos sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
*=&=@ 3/–38]/L jfkt tf]lsPsf] ;+Vof tyf If]qkmn eGbf j9L hUuf /fVg] k|j[lQnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{ To:tf] a9L ;+Vof jf If]qkmnsf] hUufdf j9L e"lds/ nufOg]5 .
*=&=# vfB;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"ltsf nflu s[lif k|of]hgsf] nflu pkof]u ePsf] e"lddf s/ ;x'lnot lbOg]5 . cGo If]qsf xsdf pkof]u / nfe ;d]tsf cfwf/df s/ nufOg]5 .
*=&=$ plrt tyf dgfl;j sf/0f j]u/ tf]lsPsf] pkof]udf g/x]sf] hUufdf pRr b/df s/ nufOg]5 . *=&=% jx'tn] cfjf;Lo ejg tyf Jojl:yt cfjf; of]hgf ;+rfng u/L cfjf; ;'ljwf pknJw u/fpg] ;+:yf
tyf k|of]ustf{nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 .
*=* ppkof]udf g/x]sf] e"ldnfO{ plrt k|of]udf Nofpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg lnOg] gLltx? sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg b]xfosf /0fgLlt tyf sfo{gLltx? cjnDag ul/g]5M
*=*=! plrt pkof]udf g/x]sf] ;/sf/L, ;fj{hlgs tyf u'7L hUufnfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ ;fj{hlgs lxtdf k|of]u ul/g]5 .
*=*=@ pkof]udf gcfPsf hdLgnfO{ Jofj;flos v]tL, ko{6g k|j4{g, dgf]/~hg:yn, v]ns'b:yn cflbsf ?kdf pkof]udf Nofpg lghL If]qnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 .
*=*=# gbLsf] k|fs[lts jxfjnfO{ sfod /fVg] u/L t6aGw u/L psf; x'g cfPsf] hUufnfO{ pko'Qmtf cg';f/ s[lifjg, ko{6g, ;8s cflbdf pkof]u ul/g]5 .
*=*=$ x}l;ot lau|]sf jg tyf k|fs[lts ;Dkbf -hnfzo, tfn, kf]v/L, gbL, gfnf, 3f]n, ;Ld;f/ If]q cflb_ sf] x}l;ot ;'wf/ u/L h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, ;Da4{g / pkof]u ul/g] 5 .
*=*=% tf]lsPsf] e"–pkof]usf] If]qdf k/]sf] t/ ljz]if sf/0fjz ;f] jdf]lhd pkof]u x'g g;s]sf] hdLgnfO{ k"j{ :jLs[lt lnO{ pko'Qmtfsf] cfwf/df cGo pkof]udf ;d]t Nofpg cg'dlt lbg ;lsg]]5 .
9.;+:yfut ;+/rgf e"–pkof]u gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] nflu k|efjsf/L ;+u7g–;+/rgf cfjZos x'g] ePsf]n] s]Gb|df e"–pkof]u kl/ifbsf] u7g / e"–pkof]u Joj:yfkg ljefusf] u7g tyf :yfgLo:t/df lhNnf:t/Lo e"–pkof]u sfof{Gjog ;ldlt / uf=lj=;= jf g=kf= :t/Lo e"–pkof]u sfof{Gjog ;ldltsf] u7g ul/g]5 . plNnlvt ;+u7g–;+/rgf tyf sfo{ ljj/0f ;DaGwL lj:t[t ljj/0f cg';"rL @ df pNn]v ul/Psf]5 .
10. cfly{s kIf e"–pkof]u of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;Gbe{df cfjZos k"jf{wf/sf] Joj:yfsf nflu gSzf tyf ef}uf]lns ;"rgfx?sf] pTkfbg, e"–pkof]u If]qx?sf] lgwf{/0f, e"–pkof]u of]hgf th'{df, ;f+u7lgs tyf sfg"gL Joj:yf, bIf hgzlQmsf] cfk"lt{ h:tf ljljw sfo{x? ug'{kg]{ ePsf]n] o;sf nflu 7"nf] dfqfdf ;fwg;|f]t cfjZos kg]{ x'G5 . of] cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ ug{ d'n'ssf] cfGtl/s ;|f]tsf ;fy} yk jfXo ;|f]t ;d]t cfjZos kg]{ b]lvG5 . t;y{ e"–pkof]u gLlt th'{df eP kl5 sfof{Gjogsf] nflu agfOg] of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd ;+rfngug{ cfjZos kg]{ cfly{s ;|f]tsf] klxrfg tyf Joj:yf tt\ tt\ ;dodf g} ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .
11. sfg'gL Joj:yf
12. cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg
13. hf]lvd
14. gLltdf kl/dfh{g
15. afwf, c8\sfp km'sfpg]
163
111. sfg'gL Joj:yf k|:t't gLlt sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg gLlt cGtu{t /xL @ jif{ leq P]g, lgod, lgb]{lzsf lgdf{0f u/L sfg'gL Joj:yf ;'b[9 ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf nflu cfjZostf cg';f/ lgDg sfo{x? ul/g]5g\ .
If]qut ?kdf 5l/P/ /x]sf e"ld;DjGwL sfg'gx¿nfO{ ;do;fk]If ;'wf/ tyf kl/dfh{g ;lxt PsLs[t u/L nfu" ul/g]5 .
e"–pkof]u ;DaGwL jt{dfg sfg'gL Joj:yfdf ;do ;fk]If ;'wf/ Pj+ kl/dfh{g u/L nfu" ul/g]5 .
e"ld;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ lgb]{lzt ug{;Sg] /fli6«o e"–pkof]u lgb]{lzsf th'{df u/L nfu" ul/g]5 .
12. cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg k|:t't gLltsf] sfof{Gjogaf6 ck]lIft k|ltkmn tyf p2]Zo xfl;n eP gePsf] ;DaGwdf cg'udg / d"NofÍg ug{ cg'R5]b ( cGtu{tsf kl/ifb, ;ldlt tyf ljefun] ;DalGwt ;a} lgsfox¿;Fu ;dGjo u/L cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{5g\ . o; gLltsf] k|efj d"Nof+sg /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] ug]{5 .
13. hf]lvd k|:t't e"–pkof]u gLlt PsLs[t ?kdf th'{df u/L k|yd k6s sfof{Gjogdf cfpg nfu]sfn] o;sf] sfof{Gjogdf ljleGg cj/f]wx? cfpg ;Sg] b]lvG5g\ . o; ;Gbe{df gLltsf] ;xh Pjd\ ;kmn sfof{Gjogsf k|d'v hf]lvdx? lgDgfg';f/ /xg] b]lvPsf 5g\ M
o; gLltn] ljleGg If]qx? ;d]6g] ePsf]n] tL If]qx?sf] cfsf+Iff ;Daf]wg x'g g;s]df sfof{Gjogsf qmddf c;xof]u jf k|lt/f]w x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .
o; gLltsf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu s]Gb| tyf :yfgLo txdf pRr:t/sf] /fhgLlts k|lta4tf Pjd\ k|zf;lgs sl6a4tf cfjZos kg]{ ePsf]n] o;sf] cefjdf gLlt sfof{Gjogdf sl7gfO{ kg]{ ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .
gLlt tyf ;f] adf]lhd lgwf{/0f ul/Psf sfo{qmdx?sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfGtl/s ;|f]t;fwg kof{Kt gx'g] b]lv+bf j}b]lzs ;xof]u kl/rfngsf] nflu cfjZos kxn ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .
e"ldsf] pkof]udf s'g} lsl;dsf] lgoGq0f g/x]sf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf ;j{:jLsfo{ x'g]u/L lgoGq0fd'vL e"–pkof]u of]hgfx?sf] sfof{Gjog k|d'v hf]lvdsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 .
e"–pkof]usf] If]q jx'kIfLo ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo ePsf]n] ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox?sf] ;xof]u ljgf o;sf] sfof{Gjog k|efjsf/L x'g ;Qm}g .
of] gLlt sfof{Gjog ug{sf] nflu pko'Qm sfg"gL Joj:yf, ;+:yfut ;+/rgf, bIf hgzlQmsf] pknJwtf / ;Ifd Joj:yfksLo Ifdtfsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
14. gLltdf kl/dfh{g !$=! e"ld;DaGwL ljifo ;d]6g] of] k|d'v gLlt xf] . o; gLlt cg's"n gePsf P]g, lgod tyf gLltx? of]
gLlt nfu" ePsf] @ jif{ leq ;DalGwt lgsfon] of] gLlt cg'?k x'g]u/L ;+zf]wg Pj+ kl/dfh{g ug'{ kg]{5 .
!$=@ e"–pkof]u gLltnfO{ k|To]s !) jif{df k'g/fjnf]sg Pj+ kl/dfh{g ul/g]5 .
15. afwf, c8\sfp km'sfpg] o; gLltsf] sfof{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf s'g} ;d:of pTkGg ePdf g]kfn ;/sf/, e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfnon] jfwf c8sfp km'sfpg ;Sg]5 .
164
ccg';"rL !M kl/efiff tyf If]q lgwf{/0fsf cfwf/ Pjd\ dfkb08 !=! kl/efiff -s_ s[lif If]q
æs[lif If]qÆ eGgfn] s[lif pTkfbg -cGg afnL, gub] afnL, afujfgL, cflb_, kz'kfng, dT:okfng, lghL hUufdf ePsf j[Iff/f]k0f jf jgafl6sf ;d]t ePsf jf x'g;Sg] hUufnfO{ hgfpF5 .
-v_ a;f]jf; If]q
æa;f]jf; If]qÆ eGgfn] dflg;n] jf;:yfgsf] nflu k|of]u u/]sf 3/ /x]sf hUufnfO{ hgfpF5 / ;f] zAbn] 3/;+u hf]l8Psf] jf ghf]l8Psf] eP tfklg uf]7, esf/L, Uof/]h, tj]nf, Ogf/, kmnkm"n au}+rf, s/];faf/L, cfFug jf To:t} c? s'g} sfddf k|of]u ul/Psf] hUuf ;d]tnfO{ hgfpg] 5 . of] zJbn] s'g} lglZrt If]qnfO{ ;/sf/n] a;f]jf;sf nflu 3f]if0ff u/L tf]s]sf] If]qnfO{ ;d]t hgfpg] 5 .
-u_ Jofj;flos If]q
æJofj;flos If]qÆ eGgfn] k;n, xf]6]n, k|bz{gL sIf, k]6«f]n kDk, uf]bfd, l;g]df 3/ jf :jf:Yo, ;+rf/ jf dgf]/~hg ;DaGwL ;]jf jf j:t'sf] vl/b ljqmL x'g] :yfg jf s'g} ;flxlTos, j}1flgs jf k|fljlws ;]jf, ;"rgf tyf k/fdz{ pknAw u/fpg] ;+:yf jf cGo s'g} Jofj;flos k|of]hgsf] nflu lgdf{0f ul/Psf 3/n] rr]{sf hUuf tyf ;f] k|of]hgsf] nflu 5'§ØfOPsf hUuf, tyf ko{6sLo If]qn] rr]{sf hUuf ;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 . of] zJbn] s'g} lglZrt ef}uf]lns If]qdf ahf/ lj:tf/ tyf gofF zx/ lgdf{0f ug]{ u/L ;/sf/n] 3f]if0ff u/L tf]s]sf] If]qnfO{ ;d]t hgfpFg]5 .
-3_ cf}Bf]lus If]q
æcf}Bf]lus If]qÆ eGgfn] s'g} klg sfo{:yn -js{;k_ jf j:t' pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]u tyf ;f] ;+rfng ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu /x]sf 3/, 6x/fx?n] rr]{sf hUuf nufot ;f] k|of]hgsf] nflu 5'§ØfOPsf hUufnfO{ hgfpF5 . of] zJbn] s'g} lglZrt ef}uf]lns If]qdf pBf]u k|j4{g ug]{ p2]Zon] ;/sf/n] 3f]if0ff u/L tf]s]sf] ljz]if cfly{s If]qnfO{ ;d]t hgfpFg]5 .
-ª_ jg–If]q
æjg–If]qÆ eGgfn] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kdf ?v tyf jg:kltn] 9fs]sf], dfly plNnlvt s'g} If]q cGtu{t gkg]{ ;/sf/L, ;fd'bflos, sj'lnotL, nufot ;j} k|sf/sf jGo If]q nfO{ hgfpF5 . of] zJbn] s'g} lglZrt ef}uf]lns If]qdf jg If]q lj:tf/sf] nflu ;/sf/n] 3f]if0ff u/L tf]s]sf] If]qnfO{ ;d]t hgfpFg]5 .
-r_ ;fj{hlgs pkof]usf] If]q
æ;fj{hlgs pkof]usf] If]qÆ eGgfn] :s"n, sn]h, 5fqfjf;, wd{zfnf, wfld{s If]q, cGTo]li6:yn, Ogf/, s'jf, rf}tf/L, kf6L, kf}jf, uf}zfnf, pBfg, a;kfs{, Po/kf]6{, uf}r/ tyf cGo ;fj{hlgs pkof]usf] nflu lgdf{0f ul/Psf 3/, 6x/f, :yfg tyf tL :yfgn] rr]{sf hUufx?nfO{ hgfpF5 . of] zJbn] s'g} lglZrt ef}uf]lns If]qdf ;fj{hlgs pkof]usf] If]q egL ;/sf/n] 3f]if0ff u/L tf]s]sf] If]qnfO{ ;d]t hgfpFg]5 .
!=@ e"–pkof]usf] If]q lgwf{/0fsf cfwf/ / dfkb08 s_ s[lifIf]q b]xfo adf]lhdsf] k|of]udf ePsf] hUufnfO{ s[lifIf]qdf juL{s/0f ul/g]5 . 1) jflif{s ?kdf pTkfbg x'g] vfBfGg jf t]nxg jf sf];]jfnL jf xl/of] t/sf/L jf ;fu;AhL nufOPsf] hUuf /
;f] hUufsf] l8n, 5]p, cfnL, sfGnf ;d]tsf hUufx? .
v_ a;f]af;If]q
165
2) vghf]t u/L v]tL nufpg tof/ ul/Psf] hUuf jf vghf]t u/L tof/ ul/Pdf v]tL nufpg pko'Qm x'g ;Sg] cfjfb nfos ktL{ jf afFemf] hUufx? .
3) afujfgL jf kmnkm"nsf] au}+rf jf ;f] sf] g;{/L, km"nsf] au}+rf jf ;f] sf] g;{/L, jf ;f] sf] jLh pTkfbg ul/Psf hUufx? Jff d;nfhGo j:t'x?sf] v]tL jf ;3g v]tL ul/Psf hUufx? .
4) 8fn]3fF; jf kz'–cfxf/sf nflu k|of]u ul/g] ?v jf jg:ktLx? x'sf{OPsf] jf s[lifhGo pkhsf nflu k|of]u x'g] btf{jfnf hUufx? .
5) kz'–cfxf/sf nflu 3fF; pTkfbg ul/Psf ;/sf/L / ;fj{hlgs jgIf]q jfx]ssf v/jf/L, eL/, sfGnf, 3fF;] d}bfg, r/g If]q tyf afF; tyf j]tsf] emf8L ePsf hUufx? .
6) ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs vf]nfgfnf, kf]v/L jfx]s v]t tyf kf]v/Ldf df5f kfng ul/Psf hUufx? . 7) lrof, skmL, pv', s'/Lnf], cld|;f], s]/f h:tf gub]jfnLsf lj?jf /f]lkPsf jf pTkfbg ul/Psf jf ;f] sf g;{/L
ePsf] lghL hUufx? . 8) lghL hUufdf jg k}bfjf/ jf h8La'8L pTkfbg ug]{ p2]Zon] x'sf{OPsf jg:klt jf hl8a'8L ePsf hUufx?. 9) kz'–kfngsf nflu k|of]u ePsf hUuf, ;f] k|of]hgsf nflu k|of]u ePsf 3/, 6x/f, 5fk|f jf kz'–k|hgg
:ynsf] ?kdf k|of]u ePsf hUufx? . 10):yfoL ?kdf l;+rfO{ ;'ljwf pknAw ePsf s[lifof]Uo hUufx? . 11)d'Vo ?kdf s[lif sfo{sf nflu k|of]u ePsf kof{Kt k|fs[lts jg:klt ;lxtsf hUufx? . 12)s[lif–pTkfbgsf] /]vb]v ug{, e08f/ ug{, ;'sfpg tyf k|zf]wg ug{ k|of]u ePsf s'g} klg ef}lts ;+/rgf jf
3/, 6x/f cflb ePsf hUufx? . 13)a;f]af;, Jofj;flos If]q jf cGo pkof]u ePsf If]q;Fu hf]l8Psf ePtf klg lsQfsf] If]qkmn !))) ju{
ld6/ eGbf j9LeO{ v]tL ul/Psf] jf vghf]t ul/Psf] jf klt{ afFemf] hUufx? . 14)Psf:yfgdf ljleGg lsQfx? Hff]l8P/ ! x]S6/ jf ;f] eGbf j9L If]qkmndf v]tL ul/Psf jf vghf]t ul/Psf
jf klt{ afFemf] v]tLof]Uo hUufx? . vv_ aa;f]af;If]q b]xfo adf]lhdsf] k|of]udf ePsf hUufnfO{ cfjf;Lo If]qdf juL{s/0f ul/g]5 . 1) s[lif–pkhsf] /]vb]v, e08f/0f tyf k|zf]wg–k|of]hg jf pBf]u sn–sf/vfgfsf] ;+rfng tyf ;'/Iff–k|of]hg
jfx]s cfjf;sf ?kdf k|of]u ePsf ejg, 3/, 6x/f ePsf hUufx? . 2) JolQmut 3/ / ;f];Fu hf]l8Psf au}+rf, Uof/]h, cfFug / ;f] k|of]hgsf] nflu k|of]u x'g] JolQmut jf6f] cflb
/x]sf hUufx? . 3) PseGbf w]/} kl/jf/x? a:g] ljsl;t ckf6{d]G6 /x]sf hUuf, To; k|of]hgsf] nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] jf6f], ;fd"lxs
Uof/]h, kfls{Ë :yn, au}+rf, rf}/ cflb /x]sf hUufx? . 4) ax'tn] ejgsf cfjf;Lo ˆNof6x? /x]sf hUufx? tyf ;f] k|of]hgsf] nflu kfls{Ë :yn, Uof/]h, au}+rf, rf}/
cflb /x]sf hUufx? . 5) u|fdL0f If]qdf ag]sf] 3/, cfFug, rf]s, cGg e08f/ ug]{ esf/L, 3/;Fu} /x]sf uf]7, rkL{, s/];fjf/L cflbn]
rr]{sf hUufx? . 6) j[4f>d, afnu[x, Aof/]s, cfjf;Lo ljBfno, 5fqfaf;, wfld{s cf>d jf u'Daf cflb /x]sf hUufx? tyf ;f]
k|of]hgsf] nflu 5'6\ofOPsf hUufx? . 7) sd{rf/L cfjf;, cfjf;Lo xf]6n, cflb ;fd"lxs cfjf;–k|of]hgsf nflu lgdf{0f ePsf ejg tyf ;f]
k|of]hgsf] nflu 5'6\ofOPsf hUufx? . 8) a;f]af;, Jofj;flos tyf cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{sf nflu cfjZos ef}lts k"jf{wf/, ;8s, ljB't,
vfg]kfgL, 9n, ;~rf/, cflbsf] ljsf; ePsf] If]qdf /x]sf %%) ju{ ld6/ eGbf ;fgf lsQfsf hUufx? . 9) a;f]jf;If]qdf pkof]uug{ cfjZos Go"gtd k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ePsf lsQf hUuf /x]sf 7fpFjf6 !)) ld6/sf]
cw{Jof;sf] If]qdf PsfTds kl/jf/ cfjf; OsfO{ -Single Family Unit) !%) / ;+o'Qm kl/jf/ cfjf; OsfO{ -Joint Family Unit) cfjf; !) eGbf j9L ePsf hUufx? .
166
uu_ Jofj;flos If]qM b]xfo adf]lhdsf] k|of]udf ePsf hUufnfO{ Jofj;flos If]qdf juL{s/0f ul/g]5 . 1) k;n, a'l6s, l8kf6{d]G6n :6f]/, v'b|f Jofkf/, ;'k/ dfs]{6 cflb j:t'sf] vl/b laqmL x'g] :yn /x]sf 3/–hUuf
tyf ;f] k|of]hgsf] nflu 5'6\ofOPsf hUufx? . 2) xf]6]n, u]i6 xfp;, kmf:6km'8, dgf]/~hg :yn, ;fO{j/ Sofkm], /]i6'/]G6 Sofkm], jf/, l;g]df, lyP6/, sG;6{ xn,
a|f]8sf:6 :6'l8of], 8fG; xn, gfO6 Sna, u]ldË P08 UofDalnË Sna /x]sf :yn tyf ;f] k|of]hgsf] nflu pkof]u ePsf 3/ /x]sf hUuf nufotsf k|of]hgsf] nflu 5'6\ofOPsf hUufx? .
3) lghL If]qjf6 ;+rfng ul/Psf lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;+rf/ cflb ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] :yn, ;f] k|of]hgdf k|of]u ePsf 3/ / ltgn] rr]{sf hUufx? .
4) hnfzo, phf{s]Gb| , s]j'nsf/, Uof; / t]n e08f/0f :yn, x'nfs sfof{no , k|bz{gL sIf, 8«fO{ lSng;{, k]6«f]n kDk cflb /x]sf :yn / ;f] k|of]hgsf] nflu k|of]u ePsf 3/ / ltgn] rr]{sf hUufx? .
5) s'g} klg j:t' jf oGq pks/0fsf] dd{t–;Def/ jf ;kmf ul/g]] :yn jf sjf8L e08f/0f ul/Psf :yn, ;f] k|of]hgsf nflu k|of]u ePsf] 3/ / ltgn] rr]{sf hUufx? .
6) x'nfs ;]jf, /]l8of] :6]zg, 6L=eL=:6]zg, b"/;+rf/ cflb /x]sf :yn, ;f] k|of]hgsf nflu k|of]u ePsf 3/ / ltgn] rr]{sf hUufx? .
7) s'g} klg j:t'sf] e08f/0f ul/Psf] :yn, v'b|f laqmL :yn jf yf]s laqmL :yn, ;f] k|of]hgsf] nflu k|of]u ePsf 3/ / ltgn] rr]{sf hUufx? .
8) ljleGg Jofj;flos ;]jf, k/fdz{ ;]jf, k|fs[lts :jf:Yo ;]jf k|bfg ul/g] :yn jf lhd xfp; ;+rfng ePsf :yn, ;f] k|of]hgsf] nflu k|of]u ePsf 3/ / ltgn] rr]{sf hUufx? .
9) s'g} Ps Jofj;flos k|s[ltsf] ;]jf ;+rfngdf /x]sf] 3/ / ;f] 3/n] rr]{sf] hUuf . 10) s'g} Jofj;flos lqmofsnfk ;+rfng gePsf] ePtfklg ;f] sf] k"jf{wf/ ;d]t pknAw ePsf] / ;f] 3/ jf
hUuf /x]sf] :yfgjf6 !)) dL= sf] cw{Jof;df sl/j %) Jofj;flos sf/f]jf/ /x]sf] :yn, ;f] k|of]hgsf] nflu k|of]u ePsf 3/ / ltgn] rr]{sf hUufx? .
11);/sf/L ;]jf k|bfg ug{ :yfkgf ul/Psf sfof{nox? tyf ltgn] rr]{sf hUuf jf eljiodf lgdf{0fsf] nflu 5'§ØfOPsf hUufx? .
12)ko{6sLo ultljlwdf pkof]u e} /x]sf If]qx?n] rr]{sf hUufx? . 13) Jofj;flos If]qnfO{ d"ne"t?kdf b'O{j6f pk–ju{df juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsg]5M
s_ ;/sf/L ;]jfIf]q v_ Jofkfl/s If]q
3_ cf}Bf]lus If]q b]xfo adf]lhdsf] k|of]udf ePsf hUufnfO{ cf}Bf]lus If]qdf juL{s/0f ul/g]5 . 1) s'g} klg sRrf kbfy{ pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]u jf js{;k /x]sf] :yn, ;f] k|of]hgsf nflu lgdf{0f ePsf 3/ jf
6x/f tyf pBf]u ;+rfngsf] nflu k|of]u ePsf] hUufx? . 2) s'g} klg vlgh kbfy{ pTkfbg, k|zf]wg ug]{ pBf]u /x]sf] If]q, ;f]xL k|of]hgdf k|of]u ePsf] 3/, 6x/f tyf
pBf]u ;+rfngsf] nflu k|of]udf cfPsf] hUuf jf vfgL ;+rfng ePsf] hUuf . 3) kfgL k|zf]wg :yn, kfgL tfGg] kDk;]6 /x]sf] 3/ / ;f] 3/n] rr]{sf] hUuf . 4) sf]O{nf, wft' tyf cGo j:t'x?sf] k|zf]wg :yn /x]sf hUuf, ;f] k|of]hgsf] nflu k|of]u ePsf ejg tyf ;f]
ejgn] rr]{sf hUufx? . 5) vfBfGg k|zf]wg, k]o kbfy{ pTkfbg, ;'tL{hGo kbfy{ tyf k|zf]wg :yn tyf ;f] k|of]hgsf nflu 5'6\ofOPsf
hUufx? . 6) /;fog tyf ;f]sf] ;+of]hgaf6 ljleGg lsl;dsf kbfy{x?sf] pTkfbg :yn tyf ;f] k|of]hgsf] nflu
5'6\ofOPsf hUufx? . 7) df]6/uf8Lx?sf] lgdf{0f tyf dd{t :yn, kmnfd tyf wft'hGo kbfy{af6 lgdf{0f ;fdfu|L pTkfbg :yn tyf ;f]
k|of]hgsf] nflu 5'6\ofOPsf hUufx? . 8) sk8f tyf kf]zfs pTkfbg :yn tyf ;f] k|of]hgsf] nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] hUuf . 9) O{+6f, df6fsf efF8fs'F8f, lzzf tyf l;d]G6sf] pTkfbg ul/Psf] :yn tyf ;f] k|of]hgsf] nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] hUuf
ª_ ;fj{hlgs pkof]usf] If]q
]
r_ jg–If]q
–
167
10) sf7hGo pTkfbg / kmlg{r/, sfuh tyf 5fkfvfgf ;+rfng /x]sf] :yn tyf ;f] k|of]hgsf] nflu 5'6\ofOPsf hUufx? .
11)s'g} klg pBf]u ;+rfng tyf /]vb]v ug{ cfjZos 3/, 6x/f tyf js{;kn] rr]{sf] hUuf tyf sRrf kbfy{ e08f/0f ug{ pkof]u ul/Psf] hUuf .
12)pBf]ujf6 pTkflbt kmf]x/hGo kbfy{sf] lj;h{g ug{] k|of]hgsf nflu k|of]]u ePsf] hUuf . 13)g]kfn ;/sf/n] 3f]if0ff u/]sf ljz]if cfly{s If]qx/ tyf ;f] If]qn] rr]{sf] hUufx? . ª_ ;fj{hlgs pkof]usf] If]q b]xfo adf]lhdsf] k|of]udf ePsf] hUufnfO{ ;fj{hlgs pkof]usf] If]qdf juL{s/0f ul/g]5 . 1) ;8s ,af6f], k''n, ufO{a:t'sf] lgsf;, ljdfg:yn, cflbn] cf]u6]sf] If]q . 2) s'g} ;fj{hlgs wfld{s ejg, z}lIfs ejg, c:ktfn cflb ejg ePsf] :yn / ;f]n] rr]{sf] hUuf . 3) zx/L If]qsf] v'nf If]q, au}+rf, kfs{, lrl8ofvfgf, lkslgs :k6, v]n d}bfg cflb /x]sf] :yn . 4) k|fs[lts tyf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf tyf :tDex? /x]sf] :yn / ;f]n] rr]{sf] hUuf . 5) ;fj{hlgs k':tsfno, ;+u|xfno, Uofn/L, /+uzfnf, se8{ xn, v]ns'b d}bfg cflb /x]sf hUufx? . 6) vf]nfgfnf, gx/, s'nf], ju/, kfgL kw]+/f], cGTo]li6:yn, kf]v/L, kf6L, kf}jf, ;Qn, d7, u'Daf, dl:hb, rr{
cflb :yn / ;f] n] rr]{sf] hUuf . 7) jGb/ufx, a;kfs{, sf/kfs{, ;8s k]6L, k|bz{gL :yn, Nof08lkmn ;fO6, ljBfno, SofDk;, ljZjljBfno
cflbn] rr]{sf] hUuf . 8) k|x/L rf}sL, jf?0foGq, b"/;+rf/–a'y, ljh'nLsf] vDaf /x]sf] hUuf . 9) rf}tf/L, O{gf/, s'jf, 6'F8Lv]n cflb ;fj{hlgs ?kdf pkef]u ePsf :ynx? / ltgn] rr]{sf hUufx? . r_ jg–If]q jg P]g, /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f P]g, e" tyf hnfwf/ ;+/If0f P]gdf kl/eflift ul/P nufot b]xfo adf]lhdsf] k|of]udf ePsf] hUufnfO{ jg––If]qdf juL{s/0f ul/g]5 . 1) k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kn] ?v tyf jg:kltn] 9flsPsf hUufx? . 2) lghL hUufdf s[lif k|of]hg jfx]s jgk}bfjf/ pTkfbg ug]{ dgzfon] x'sf{Psf] ?v tyf jg:kltn] 9fs]sf
hUufx? . 3) ;/sf/L, ;fd'bflos, sj'lnotL, wfld{s nufot ;a} k|sf/sf jg h+un ePsf hUufx? . 4) ?v tyf jg:kltx? j[Iff/f]k0f ul/Psf ;/sf/L hUufx? . 5) ?v tyf jg:klt gePsf] ePtfklg cGo k|of]hgsf ?kdf juL{s/0f gePsf phf8 hUufx? . 6) emf8L, k|fs[lts r/g, ;Ld;f/ If]q, /fli6«o lgs'~h, jGohGt' cf/If, lzsf/ cf/If, dWojtL{ If]q tyf ;+/lIft
If]q /x]sf hUufx? . 7) kfgLsf] d'xfgnfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ x'sf{OPsf jf hf]ufOPsf ?v tyf jg:kltn] 9fs]sf hUufx? . 8) hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 ;Da]bgzLn tyf hf]lvdo'Qm If]q . 9) gbL–psf;af6 k|fKt u/L lghL hUuf afx]ssf tyf jgIf]qsf nflu tf]lsPsf hUufx? .
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ccg';"rL @M ;+u7g–;+/rgf ;DaGwL lj:t[t ljj/0f s_ e"–pkof]u kl/ifbsf] u7g e"–pkof]u gLlt / e"ld;DjGwL ljifosf] ;du| Joj:yfkg, ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f Pj+ ;'b[9Ls/0f tyf hgzlQm ljsf;sf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;do–;dodf ;'emfj lbg df}h'bf e"–pkof]u kl/ifbnfO{ cem Jofks agfO{ yk lqmofzLn agfOg]5 . e"–pkof]u kl/ifbsf] u7g b]xfo cg';f/ ul/g]5M
pkfWoIf, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u – cWoIf ;lrj, u[x dGqfno – ;b:o ;lrj, /Iff dGqfno – ;b:o ;lrj, cy{ dGqfno – ;b:o ;lrj, jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno – ;b:o ;lrj, s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno – ;b:o ;lrj, ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f dGqfno – ;b:o ;lrj, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno – ;b:o ;lrj, l;+rfO{ dGqfno – ;b:o ;lrj, sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfno – ;b:o ;lrj, jftfj/0f dGqfno – ;b:o ;lrj, pBf]u dGqfno – ;b:o e"–pkof]u ;DaGwL ljz]if1x¿dWo] g]kfn ;/sf/af6
dgf]lgt slDtdf ! hgf dlxnf ;lxt # hgf – ;b:o ;lrj, e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfno – ;b:o–;lrj
v_ e"–pkof]u Joj:yfkg ljefusf] u7g e"–pkof]u gLlt sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg, e"–pkof]u of]hgf tof/ ug]{ cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug{, e"–pkof]u of]hgfx?sf] sfof{GjognfO{ lgodg, cg'udg tyf sfof{Gjogdf ;xhLs/0f ug{ e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfno cGtu{t xfn sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] /fli6«o e"–pkof]u cfof]hgfnfO{ :yfoL ;+u7gsf] ?kdf k'g;{+/rgf u/L e"–pkof]u Joj:yfkg ljefu :yfkgf ul/g]5 . o;/L ljefusf] :yfkgf ubf{ e"–pkof]u ;DaGwL ljlzi6Ls[t If]qsf k|fljlwsx?nfO{ ;d]t ;+u7gdf ;d]6g] u/L ;+/rgf tof/ ul/g]5 . ljefusf] u7g gx'Fbf;Dd xfn sfod /x]sf] /fli6«o e"–pkof]u cfof]hgfaf6 pNn]lvt sfo{x? ;Dkfbg ul/g] 5g\ . u_ lhNnf:t/Lo e"–pkof]u sfof{Gjog ;ldltsf] u7g lhNnf:t/df e"–pkof]u of]hgf th'{df tyf sfof{Gjogdf k|fljlws ;xof]u tyf k/fdz{ k|bfg ug{ tyf lhNnfleqsf] e"–pkof]u kl/jt{g ;DaGwL lg0f{o ug{ k|To]s lhNnfdf b]xfo adf]lhd e"–pkof]u sfof{Gjog ;ldltsf] u7g ul/g]5 .
;efklt, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt – cWoIf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L jf lghn] tf]s]sf] clws[t k|ltlglw – ;b:o sfof{no k|d'v, lhNnf jg sfof{no – ;b:o sfof{no k|d'v, lhNnf e" ;+/If0f sfof{no – ;b:o sfof{no k|d'v, s[lif ljsf; sfof{no – ;b:o sfof{no k|d'v, zx/L ljsf; l8lehg sfof{no – ;b:o sfof{no k|d'v, l;+rfO{ sfof{no – ;b:o
sfof{no k|d'v, dfnkf]t sfof{no -;DalGwt If]q_ – ;b:o sfof{no k|d'v, e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no – ;b:o
sfof{no k|d'v, gfkL sfof{no -;DalGwt If]q_ –;b:o :yfgLo txsf] ;DalGwt If]qdf cfj4 ;+3–;+:yfsf k|ltlglw tyf j'l4hLjLx?dWo] lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltaf6 dgf]lgt slDtdf ! hgf dlxnf ;lxt @ hgf – ;b:o
:yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L – ;b:o–;lrj
3_ ufpFljsf; ;ldlt jf gu/kflnsf:t/Lo e"–pkof]u sfof{Gjog ;ldltsf] u7g
ª_ If]qflwsf/sf] afF8kmfF8
tx If]qflwsf/ lhDd]jf/ lgsfo
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lhNnf:t/df e"–pkof]u ;DaGwL sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug]{ lhDd]jf/L lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] /xg] 5 . lhNnfdf e"–pkof]u ;DaGwL sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ tyf lhNnf:t/Lo e"–pkof]u sfof{Gjog ;ldltnfO{ e"–pkof]u gSzf tof/ ug]{, e"–pkof]u of]hgf th'{df ug]{ ;Gbe{df k|fljlws ;xof]u cfjZos k/]df lhNnfl:yt gfkL sfof{non] ;f] pknJw u/fpg] 5 . ;f] qmddf gfkL sfof{nonfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ;fwg–;|f]tsf] Joj:yf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn] g} ug'{kg]{5 . 3_ ufpFljsf; ;ldlt jf gu/kflnsf:t/Lo e"–pkof]u sfof{Gjog ;ldltsf] u7g ufpFljsf; ;ldlt jf gu/kflnsf:t/df e"–pkof]u of]hgf lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjogdf k|fljlws ;xof]u tyf k/fdz{ k|bfg ug{ ufpFljsf; ;ldlt jf gu/kflnsfdf e"–pkof]u sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug{ b]xfo cg';f/sf] ;ldlt u7g ul/g]5 . k|d'v, ufpFljsf; ;ldlt ÷gu/kflnsf – cWoIf ;DalGwt j8fsf] cWoIf – ;b:o ;DalGwt ufpFljsf; ;ldlt=÷gu/kflnsf x]g]{ s[lif k|fljlws – ;b:o ;DalGwt ufpFljsf; ;ldlt ÷gu/kflnsf x]g]{ jg k|fljlws – ;b:o ;DalGwt ufpFljsf; ;ldlt÷gu/kflnsfsf] j8f x]g]{ dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] sd{rf/L – ;b:o ;DalGwt ufpFljsf; ;ldlt÷gu/kflnsfsf] j8f x]g]{ gfkL sfof{nosf] sd{rf/L – ;b:o :yfgLo a'l4hLjLx?dWo] ufpFljsf; ;ldlt ÷ gu/kflnsfaf6 dgf]lgt slDtdf ! hgf dlxnf ;lxt @ hgf – ;b:o ufpFljsf; ;ldltsf] ;lrj÷gu/kflnsfsf] of]hgf zfvf k|d'v – ;b:o–;lrj :yfgLo:t/ -gu/kflnsf jf ufpFljsf; ;ldlt_ df e"–pkof]u ;DaGwL sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug]{ lhDd]jf/L ;f]xL lgsfosf] /xg]5 . :yfgLo:t/df e"–pkof]u ;DaGwL sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ tyf :yfgLo:t/sf] e"–pkof]u sfof{Gjog ;ldltnfO{ e"–pkof]u gSzf tof/ ug]{, e"–pkof]u of]hgf th'{df ug]{ ;Gbe{df k|fljlws ;xof]u cfjZos k/]df lhNnfl:yt ;DalGwt gfkL sfof{non] ;f] pknJw u/fpg] 5 . ;f] qmddf gfkL sfof{nonfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ;fwg;|f]tsf] Joj:yf ;DalGwt lgsfon] g} ug'{kg]{5 .
ª_ If]qflwsf/sf] afF8kmfF8 e"–pkof]u of]hgf th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;Gbe{df s]Gb|, lhNnf / :yfgLo:t/sf] If]qflwsf/ b]xfo cg';f/ x'g]5M
tx If]qflwsf/ lhDd]jf/ lgsfo
s]Gb|Lo e"ld;|f]tsf] pkof]u, kl/rfng tyf ;+/If0f ;DaGwL gLlt–lgdf{0f ug]{ jf gLlt–lgdf{0f ug{ dfu{bz{g lbg]
sfg'g lgdf{0fu/L e"ld;|f]tsf] pkof]usf nflu clwsf/ / st{Jo ;lxtsf] sfo{lgb]{lzsf (Normative Directives) hf/L ug]{
e"ld;|f]tsf] pkof]u / ;+/If0fsf nflu /fli6«o sfo{qmd th'{df ug]{
e"–pkof]u of]hgf ;DaGwL sfo{ljlwx?nfO{ PsLs[t ug]{
e"–pkof]u of]hgf ;DaGwL lqmofsnfkx?sf] ;+of]hg ug]{
e"–pkof]u of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog ;DaGwdf tNnf] txsf lgsfonfO{ cfjZos dfu{bz{g lbg], cg'udg tyf ;'k/Lj]If0f ug]{
tNnf] lgsfo ;Ifd gx'Fbf;Dd e"–pkof]u of]hgf–lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos k|fljlws ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] tyf cfjZos ;|f]t;fwgsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg]
e"–pkof]uIf]q kl/jt{gsf nflu l;kmfl/; e} cfPsf ljifodf lg0f{o lng]
e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfno, e"– pkof]u kl/ifb, s]Gb|Lo e"– pkof]u ;dGjo ;ldlt, ;DalGwt dGqfno tyf s]Gb|Lo lgsfox?, e"– pkof]u Joj:yfkg ljefu .
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lhNnf:t/ e"–pkof]u sfo{qmd ;+rfngsf] nflu pko'Qm If]qx? klxrfg ug]{
e"–pkof]u tyf lgoGq0f ljlwsf] lgodg ug]{
e"–pkof]u ;DaGwL k|fljlws ;]jf pknJw u/fpg]
e"–pkof]u of]hgf–lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjogdf cfj4x'g] hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ tfnLdx? ;+rfng ug]{
e"–pkof]u of]hgfsf] dxTjsf af/]df ;r]tgf clej[l4 ug]{
e"–pkof]usf nflu lgwf{/0f ul/Psf /0fgLltx?nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg]
e"–pkof]u of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogsf qmddf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfg ug]{]
tNnf] lgsfonfO{ e"–pkof]u of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu lqmofzLn agfpg], sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg, d"Nof+sg Pjd\ ;'k/Lj]If0f ug]{
e"–pkof]uIf]q kl/jt{gsf nflu dflyNnf] lgsfodf l;kmfl/; ug]{
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldt, lhNnf e"– pkof]u sfof{Gjog ;ldlt, cGo If]qut lgsfox? .
uf=lj=;= jf gu/kflnsf
e"–pkof]usf ;DaGwdf :yfgLo hgtfsf] rfxgf, cfsf+Iff tyf wf/0ffx?nfO{ PsLs[t ug]{
e"–pkof]u of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogsf qmddf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfg ug]{]
e"–pkof]u of]hgfnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg cfjZos lg0f{o lng]
e"–pkof]u of]hgf–lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjog–k|lqmofdf ;DalGwt ;j} ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg]
e"–pkof]u of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogsf ;DaGwdf cfjZos kg]{ lgb]{zg, ;xof]u cflbsf] nflu dflyNnf] lgsfodf cg'/f]w ug]{
e"–pkof]uIf]q kl/jt{gsf] nflu dflyNnf] lgsfodf l;kmfl/; ug]{
uf=lj=;= jf gu/kflnsf sfof{no, uf=lj=;= ÷g= kf= :t/Lo e"– pkof]u sfof{Gjog ;ldlt.
171
@)^(÷&) df ;+rflnt sfo{qmdx?sf]] cg'udgsf] qmddf lnOPsf tl:j/x?
lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h s;/fdf cjl:yt 3l8ofn ;+/If0f tyf k|hgg s]Gb|
lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] ;'lsef/ kf]i6df lgdf{0f e} /x]sf] ;'/Iffkf]i6
172
dsjfgk'/sf] kbdkf]v/Lsf] s'v'/]gL vx/]df glblgoGq0fsf] nflu lgdf{0f ul/Psf] ;+/rgf
kbdkf]v/L uf=lj=;= j8f g+=! xflQuf}8fdf l5l/Ë nfdfsf] lghL hUufdf nufOPsf] pGgt3fF; / s'l/nf]sf] ldl>t v]tL
173
k;f{ jGohGt' cf/Ifsf] u8'jf nfOg kf]i6df lgdf{0fflwg ;'/Iffkf]i6ejg
dgxl/ uf]bfdbdf/df /df}nLk|tfkk'/sf] j:tL :yfgfGt/0fsf] qmddf 3/ 6x/f jgfOb}
174
j[Iff/f]k0fsf] nflutof/ ub}{ ul/Psf] af/f lhNnf 8'd/jfgf uf=lj=;= j8f g+= *, df}nfk'/ vo/3f/L
Aff/f lhNnf /tgk'/L uf=lj=;=j8f g+= # sf]nufFpsf] eQmnfn vf]nfdf lgdf{0f ul/Psf] gbL–lsgf/ ;+/If0f ;+/rgf
175
lhNnf jg sfof{no, dxf]Q/Ln]] dfO:yfgdf ;+rfng u/]sf] g;{/L
gbLpsfz ;+/If0ftyf ;b'kof]u sfo{qmd, t/]ugfuf]ljGbk'/ %,^,& l;/xf
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lj?jf pTkfbg,Onfsf jg sfof{no, sGrgk'/
uN5L klx/f] pkrf/, ;'v{]t
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gbLlsgf/ ;+/If0f , c3f{vfFrL
All WeatherRoad Construction, alb{of /f=lg=
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