Annual Report 2020 Institute for Frontier Materials

Institute for Frontier Materials

Annual Report 2020

deakin.edu.au/ifmInstitute for Frontier MaterialsAnnual Report 2020 2

2020 Year at a Glance

428JOURNAL PAPERS

184HDR STUDENTS

26STUDENT

COMPLETIONS

STUDENTS FROM

31COUNTRIES

$15.4mRESEARCH INCOME

Part 1

Institute for Frontier Materials2

http://deakin.edu.au/ifm


ContentsPart 1

2 2020 Year at a Glance

4 Chair’s Report

5 Director’s Report

6 IFM Vision and IFM Mission

6 IFM Executive Members

7 IFM Board Members

8 IFM Industry Partners

Case Studies

Key Research Areas

10 New facility to transform metals additive manufacturing

12 New compounds show promise in fight against corrosion

14 Creating a concrete solution for PFAS soils

15 Research creating stronger materials for larger turbines

18 Applying circular economy thinking to carbon fibre research

20 A new joint-venture company to develop Li-S batteries

21 Breakthrough expands potential applications for artificial muscles

Collaborative Research Centres

24 ARC Research Hub for Future Fibres – Creating global textile innovations

26 ARC Training Centre in Alloy Innovation for Mining Efficiency – Optimising the properties of white cast irons

28 ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science – Safer electrolytes for sustainable batteries

30 ARC Training Centre for Future Energy Storage Technologies – Novel ionic electrolytes for batteries

32 Future Fuels Cooperative Research Centre – Measuring hydrogen in steel pipelines

34 Innovative Manufacturing Cooperative Research Centre – Plasma offers innovative textile treatment solution



Chair’s Report

2020 was indeed a momentous year. Momentous, because of the COVID pandemic and its impact, momentous because of the incredible response of our staff and students – which has enabled research and research training to largely continue and increasingly recover – and momentous, because we have built our success even further than before.

This has only been possible because of ever-growing participation by our researchers in external opportunities, while working hard to maintain quality and success. In addition to the enormous challenges of working from home, many Deakin researchers have pivoted their activities to focus on the urgent circumstances. Working together – often across disciplines and with partners in industry, other institutions and government – they established processes to understand the pandemic’s immediate, short-term and long-term implications and find creative solutions to reduce its impact. Early on in the pandemic, IFM scientists, working with their industry partner, quickly turned their efforts to creating several hundred litres of lab-made sanitiser to provide a stockpile for frontline workers. Other research

has focused on developing virus and bacteria resistant textiles and surfaces.I congratulate all the researchers and teams who have achieved success this year through grants, awards and professional recognition. Among them, IFM researcher Dr Dan Liu received an ARC Future Fellowship and Professor Ying Chen and his team were successful in their bid for an ARC Industrial Transformation Research Hub for Safe and Reliable Energy.At Deakin, we are doing our utmost to contribute to a sustainable future. Our new Hycel Technology Hub in Warrnambool is seeking to drive Australia’s emerging hydrogen economy, and our microgrid solar farm is now contributing 50-60 per cent of the energy needs of our Waurn Ponds campus. They will both be tremendous resources for the energy industry, researchers and students developing solutions for the future.There have been many other achievements at Deakin this year – from thriving new businesses at the ManuFutures hub, including FormFlow, which had its origins in IFM – to a record number of Deakin PhD scholarships awarded and new Alfred Deakin postdoctoral fellowships for outstanding early career researchers. So, reflecting on 2020, IFM continued to do what it does so well – perform research and deliver outcomes with societal benefits while providing excellent training to its cohort of higher degree researchers. The number of papers published by IFM researchers in high-ranking journals continued to increase, in line with the trend over recent years. IFM continues to play a leading role in the development of the University’s Circular Economy Initiative and I look forward to sharing more news as this continues to take shape in 2021.The past year has shown us the importance of a strong and vibrant manufacturing industry in Australia. It reinforces the significance of the research and innovation being carried out at IFM to our stakeholders and communities.

Professor Julie OwensDeputy Vice-Chancellor ResearchChair, Institute for Frontier Materials Board



Director’s Report

What a year! It is said that true colours come out in adversity and this was certainly the case for IFM in 2020. Staff rallied strongly. A crisp customer focus came to the fore. And new ways of delivering on our commitments were developed.

In 2020, we continued to push the boundaries of material performance and to imagine and test new ways to integrate materials into a circular economy.For example, smart textile treatments to fight viruses are being developed by IFM researchers working with industry partner HeiQ. New families of novel inhibitors to prevent corrosion were developed as part of an ARC Discovery project in the infrastructure team. Researchers in the ARC storEnergy Training Centre found benefits in being embedded with their industry partner, Boron Molecular, resulting in new learnings on both sides. New battery technologies were developed and ways to achieve marked improvements in Li-S battery performance are being explored. Methods for improving compression performance of carbon fibre composites for wind turbines are being trialled. Materials with self-healing properties are being created for use in the petrochemical sector. And our efforts to create artificial muscles forged ahead.

In furthering the circular economy, work by our infrastructure materials researchers on incorporating remediated PFAS contaminated soils into concrete is giving excellent results with great potential to reduce the amount of treated soil going to landfill. Our new metals additive manufacturing facility is opening up new avenues for rapid melt-free recycling of chipped and mixed metal scrap. And with industry partners Vesta and ELG, we are increasing the value of recycled carbon fibre, paving the way for new high-value applications. Research training remained a focus in 2020 and, in addition to scheduled skeleton lab access, we exploited a range of webinars and Zoom conferences to interact with our highly valued trainee researchers. Nevertheless, we acknowledge that is was a particularly difficult year for HDRs and our hats go off to their continued high level of performance and their valuable contribution towards serving our partner organizations. It is indeed our HDRs and our partners who underpin our efforts to better the world through materials science and engineering!

Professor Matthew BarnettDirector, Institute for Frontier Materials

5

During the early stages of thepandemic, IFM researchers got together with industry partner HeiQ to produce large batches of hand sanitiser, which provided a vital stockpile for Victoria’s emergency service workers.


deakin.edu.au/ifmInstitute for Frontier Materials6 Annual Report 2020

IFM Vision IFM Mission

To create and translate knowledge at the frontier of materials science for globally raised standards of living by:

> Re-designing materials for a circular economy

> Imparting materials with extraordinary functionality

Through excellence in research quality, translation, training and research culture.

To lead and inspire innovations in materials science and engineering that have a transformational benefit to society.

PROFESSOR MARIA FORSYTH

Associate Director, Institute for Frontier Materials

MS MICHELLE GAIT

General Manager, Institute for Frontier Materials

PROFESSOR RUSSELL VARLEY

Professor of Composite Materials

PROFESSOR XUNGAI WANG

Pro Vice-Chancellor Future Fibres

IFM Executive Team

PROFESSOR MATTHEW BARNETT

Director, Institute for Frontier Materials



PROFESSOR JULIE OWENS

Chair and Deputy Vice-Chancellor Research

PROFESSOR MARIA FORSYTH

Associate Director, Institute for Frontier Materials

PROFESSOR SAEID NAHAVANDI

Director, Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation

MS GENEVIEVE REID

Director, Deakin Strategic Partnerships – Research

PROFESSOR MATTHEW BARNETT

Director, Institute for Frontier Materials

PROFESSOR KAREN HAPGOOD

Executive Dean, Faculty of Science, Engineering & Built Environment

PROFESSOR GORDON WALLACE

External Independent Director

DR KATHIE MCGREGOR

Senior Representative, CSIRO

IFM Board MembersThe IFM Board is responsible for advising on the external opportunities for research, development and commercialisation activities of IFM.

PROFESSOR SYBRAND VAN DER ZWAAG


PROFESSOR SEERAM RAMAKRISHNA


MR FRANCOIS SOUCHET




Industry Partners

AustraliaAdvanced Metallurgical Solutions Pty LtdAPT Management Services Pty LtdAustralian Engineering Solutions Pty LtdAustralian Wool Innovation LimitedBaosteel Australia Joint Research & Development Centre (Uni of Qld)BNNT Technology LimitedBradken Pty LtdBrown Coal Innovation Australia limitedCalix LimitedCallidus Welding Solutions Pty LtdCarbon Revolution Pty LtdThe CASS Foundation LimitedCast Bonding Australia Pty LtdClean TeQCSL Behring (Australia) Pty LtdCytomatrix Defence Materials Technology CentreDemtech (Australia) Pty LtdDenso Australia Pty LtdDraggin JeansEar Science Institute Australia IncorporatedEden Energy LtdFormflow Pty LtdFusion Biobased Materials Pty LtdFuture Fuels CRC LtdGale Pacific LimitedGalvanizers Association of AustraliaGekko Systems Pty LtdGMS Composites Pty LtdGraphene Manufacturing AustraliaHaemograph Pty LtdH-E Parts International Crushing SolutionsHeiQ Australia Pty LtdHycast Metals Pty LtdInductabend Pty LtdInfraBuild Construction Solutions Pty LtdInnovative Manfacturing CRC LimitedInnovyz Advanced Materials & Manufacturing Pty LtdIonic Industries LtdIXL Metal Castings Pty LtdJemena Northern Gas Pipeline Pty LtdKeech Castings Australia Pty LtdLiberty OneSteel NewcastleLi-S Energy Pty LtdMurphy Pipe and Civil Pty LtdNacap Australia

Nanollose LimitedNational Australian PipelinesOSD Pty LtdPFP (Aust) Pty LtdPipe Lining & Coating Pty LtdPPG Industries Australia Pty LtdQenosQIC Protective CoatingsQuickstep Automotive Pty LimitedRenex GroupSensorplex Pty LtdSentek Pty LtdSpeedpanel (Vic) Pty LtdSpiecapag Australia Pty. LimitedSupraG EnergyThe Remediation GroupTransform Metals Pty LtdTrelleborg Engineered Products Australia Pty LtdUniversial Corrosion CoatingVestas - Australian Wind Technology Pty LimitedWeir Minerals Australia LtdXefco Pty Ltd

InternationalCytec USA (United States)Dongfang Turbine Co Ltd (China)ELG Carbon Fibre Ltd (United Kingdom)Ford USA (United States)General Motors Holdings LLC (United States)Hebei Guanchengyuexing Technology Co Ltd (China)Lincoln Agritech Ltd (New Zealand)Lintec of America, Inc.Lubris BioPharma (United States)Ningxia BOLT Technologies Co., Ltd (China)Novelis Inc (United States)Petronas Research SDN BHD (Malaysia)POSCO (South Korea)Rockwool International (Denmark)Shanghai AR New Materials Technology Ltd (China)Sustech Environmental Inc (China)Toyota Motor Corporation (Japan)Universal Alloy Corporation (United States)Wuhan Iron and Steel Company Limited (China)Xiamen FilterTech Industrial Corporation (China)Yuntong Nanomaterials Technology Co. Ltd (China)Zhejiang YongJin Biotechnology Co Ltd (China)Zhejiang YongJin Biotechnology Co Ltd (China)


ResearchCase Studies

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Advanced alloys and infrastructure materials

Carbon fibre and composites

Electro and energy materials

Fibres and textiles

Annual Report 2020




New facility to transform metals additive manufacturing

Metals research at the Institute for Frontier Materials has moved to a new dimension with the addition of a MELD B8 facility designed to perform a breakthrough additive manufacturing technology called Additive Friction Stir Deposition.

The facility, installed and commissioned in IFM’s proof of concept building, is the first one outside the United States. The facility and collaborative research program represents an alliance between the process inventors at MELD Manufacturing Corporation (Virginia, USA) and Deakin University to advance the science of this innovative solid-state metal additive manufacturing process.

Unlike most other metal additive manufacturing processes MELD does not involve melting and so avoids undesirable solidification defects and coarse microstructures common in traditional metal 3D printing.

In fact, the microstructure in the as-deposited state has the refined and uniform appearance of those formed by intensively forged or rolled materials - a novelty in 3D printed metals, which provides the deposit’s desirable properties.

Almost all alloy classes can be printed and at deposition rates an order of magnitude higher than powder-based additive manufacturing processes. This is a “large-format” 3D printing technology capable of making components at cubic metre scale, again quite distinctive for additive manufacturing processes.

ADVANCED ALLOYS AND INFRASTRUCTURE MATERIALS

IFM’s Dr Steve Babaniaris and Dr Mohammad Imran receive training from MELD Manufacturing’s Dr Chase Cox (right) and Chris Garguilo (left).



Highlight Publication: Ghorbani, M; Soto Puelles, J; Forsyth, M; Catubig, R.A; Ackland, L; Machuca, L; Terryn, H; Somers, A.E. Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel by Cetrimonium trans-4-Hydroxy Cinnamate: Entrapment and Delivery of the Anion Inhibitor through Speciation and Micellar Formation. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2020, 11, 9886-9892.

Puelles, J.S.; Ghorbani, M.; Yunis, R.; Machuca, L.L.; Terryn, H.; Forsyth, M.; Somers, A.E. Electrochemical and surface characterization study on the corrosion inhibition of mild steel 1030 by the cationic surfactant cetrimonium trans-4-hydroxy-cinnamate. ACS Omega 2021, 6, 1941-1952.


Fundamental research at IFM is directed at understanding how microstructures develop in this process across alloy classes, and application opportunities are being sought in diverse sectors such as space manufacturing and high value components used in mineral processing and the hydrogen economy.

The technology is also central to the advanced alloy research group’s engagement with the circular economy. It is opening up a whole new avenue for the melt-free recycling of chipped and mixed metal scrap, removing the need for entire factories housing traditional foundry and thermo-mechanical processes.

It also has potential for melt-free low heat input repair of critical components on the aerospace sector. Finally,

MELD provides an opportunity to ‘mix’ into metal deposits new reinforcement materials such as the boron nitride nanotubes being developed by IFM spin-off, BNNT Technology, to create high-strength complex shaped metal matrix composites.

Associate Professor Daniel Fabijanic is overseeing the research program based on the MELD technology.

(Top left) The MELD additive manufacturing of a Ti-6Al-4V alloy. (Top right) MELDed 6063Al alloy from chipped and mixed metal scraps. (Bottom images) The as-deposited microstructures of the MELDed alloys at IFM, providing homogeneous defect free microstructures.

Almost all alloy classes can be printed and at deposition rates an order of magnitude higher than powder-based additive manufacturing processes.




Electron migrograph showing corrosion proceeding under a protective inhibitor film on a steel plate.

Researchers have developed a family of novel compounds which offer an environmentally friendly approach to tackle the insidious problem of microbiologically influenced corrosion.

Due to its relatively low cost and favourable mechanical properties, mild steel is one of the most widely used materials in engineering structures. However, its susceptibility to corrosion is a major problem, estimated to cost more than 3% GDP globally each year. Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC), or bio-corrosion, is metal deterioration caused by common bacteria. This process makes up at least 20 per cent of corrosive activity and its impacts are not only economic, but also threaten human life and environmentally sensitive areas, as evident from catastrophic pipeline failures caused by rapid MIC. It is difficult to guard against MIC without the use of toxic biocides, which are often indiscriminate in their effects, damaging both microbial and animal cells. In this project, a team led by Dr Anthony Somers and Prof Maria Forsyth are attempting to limit the damage caused by MIC through the use of novel, non-toxic inhibitor compounds.

Traditionally, inhibitor compounds used to limit MIC are either anti-microbial or anti-corrosive in their action. The scientists are adopting a multi-faceted approach to address the effects of both microbes and corrosion by combining a quaternary ammonium cation, known for its antimicrobial action, with a carboxylate anion that is known to limit corrosion.

Novel inhibitors for multi-pronged approach

They have synthesised a family of compounds that have shown an ability to reduce corrosion and cause bacteria cell death in separate tests. Quaternary ammonium compounds form lipid molecules (known as micelles) in solution and the nature of these micelles can influence the surface interactions. Through solution studies and molecular modelling, Dr Anthony Somers and his colleagues have determined the structure of the novel compounds in solution. They found that changes in concentration and, more importantly, small changes in

New compounds show promise in fight against corrosion



the chemical structure of these inhibitors, can result in major changes in the structure of these micelles, from spherical to wormlike and even branched. These changes can have a significant influence on the ability to protect the surface from corrosion. Importantly, these changes in chemical structure do not affect the anti-microbial effect of these compounds or their non-toxic nature.Collaborators in this project at the School of Life and Environmental Sciences (LES) at Deakin and the Curtin

Highlight Publication: Ghorbani, M; Soto Puelles, J; Forsyth, M; Catubig, R.A; Ackland, L; Machuca, L; Terryn, H; Somers, A.E. Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel by Cetrimonium trans-4-Hydroxy Cinnamate: Entrapment and Delivery of the Anion Inhibitor through Speciation and Micellar Formation. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2020, 11, 9886-9892.

Puelles, J.S.; Ghorbani, M.; Yunis, R.; Machuca, L.L.; Terryn, H.; Forsyth, M.; Somers, A.E. Electrochemical and surface characterization study on the corrosion inhibition of mild steel 1030 by the cationic surfactant cetrimonium trans-4-hydroxy-cinnamate. ACS Omega 2021, 6, 1941-1952.

A computer model showing how micelle structures gather on a metal surface.

Corrosion Centre have been investigating the role of bacteria in establishing MIC and how the novel inhibitors affect their metabolic pathways.

Next steps

Using atomic force microscopy, the next step will be to experimentally confirm modelling results that show how the different micelle structures in solution subsequently arrange on a steel surface. In final studies they are incorporating the inhibitors into paint coatings and, with the LES and Curtin researchers, will determine the ability of the inhibitors to leach out at a defect and protect an exposed surface from MIC.This research was supported by the Australian Research Council (DP180101465 Multifunctional and environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitor systems).


The researchers are incorporating the new inhibitors into paint coatings to determine how well they protect exposed surfaces from corrosion.



Mixing concrete lab scale - Dr Andras Fehervari and Chathuranga Gallage mix coarse aggregates with an admixture of water+concrete, which helps improve the workability of the concrete.

Working with industry, IFM researchers are finding new uses for remediated PFAS contaminated soils.

Hormone disrupting chemicals, per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are found in many plastics and substances such as fire retardants. They don’t break down in the environment or in the human body and can have alarming impacts on fertility as well as kidney and liver function.In a $1 million project mainly funded by the ARC, and industry partners Renex and The Remediation Group (TRG), IFM’s infrastructure materials research team are working to incorporate remediated PFAS contaminated soils into concrete. Renex is a Melbourne based company, which treats thousands of tonnes of soil each year to destroy organic contaminants, such as hydrocarbons and PFAS using controlled (pyrolytic) heat treatment.Australia and many other parts of the world face issues of PFAS contamination in soils and groundwater. While heat treatment can destroy PFAS, the contaminated soil is classified as industrial waste which then cannot be used for any agricultural purpose. It is mainly used

as a material in road base under roads and freeways. The IFM researchers are working with Renex to find a better use for these treated soils so they can be used for construction and minimise the amount going to landfill.They are using the treated soil as both a replacement for sand in concrete aggregate and even as a replacement for cement. This latter use is particularly interesting and is possible because many soils in Victoria have a high clay content. Importantly, the same heat treatment that removes the contaminants from the soil, is also the correct temperature to activate the clay in the soil, allowing it to act in a similar way to cement when water is added. The researchers are investigating the properties of the concrete produced using this material and, so far, results are very promising.The team has shown that as much as 100 per cent of fine aggregate in concrete and mortar can be replaced with remediated soil and still retain high strength suitable for structural applications.

Creating a concrete solution for PFAS soils


Dr Andras Fehervari and Chathuranga Gallage mixing concrete in a 70L planetary concrete mixer.



Its use as a replacement for sand is important because of the worldwide shortage of fine aggregate, which has impacts on infrastructure building, particularly in developing countries, and also environmental impacts from sand mining.There are exciting future applications of this research. Importantly, concrete produced using this method has a much lower carbon footprint than conventional concrete.

Highlight Publication: Fehervari, A; Gates, WP; Gallage, C; Collins, F. 2020. Suitability of remediated PFAS-affected soil in cement pastes and mortars. Sustainability 12, 430. doi:10.3390/su1214300

The researchers are also working with Renex and The Remediation Group to show that heat treatment can be applied to agricultural waste streams, such as olive pulp and pips, used malt from breweries, or apricot kernels to make PFAS adsorbing materials useful in groundwater remediation projects. The goal of the project is to lower the overall costs of PFAS remediation by supporting a sustainable industry to develop to regenerate and reuse activated carbon adsorbents.


One hundred per cent of fine aggregate in concrete and mortar can be replaced with remediated soil and still maintain high strength.

Piles of contaminated soil at the Renex site, ready to be heat-treated in the company’s rotary kiln.



CARBON FIBRE AND COMPOSITES

As the global demand for renewable energy continues to increase, large wind turbines are an important component in the energy mix.

To create turbines with larger blades, however, requires strong, lightweight materials to withstand increased loads.The Danish wind turbine company Vestas has teamed up with IFM Carbon Nexus researchers to develop stronger carbon fibre composite materials for reinforcing its turbine blades.Carbon fibre reinforced composites are the material of choice for the renewable energy industry but the material’s poor compressive strength limits the development of larger wind turbine blades. Although carbon fibre is very strong in tension, it can be quite weak in compression, which limits the length of wind turbine blades. Longer blades could catch more

wind and generate more power at lower cost. Cheaper and lighter blades therefore translate to more affordable renewable energy.The team at Carbon Nexus are working to address these challenges on two levels, the fibre and the composite. The first focuses on developing a new carbon fibre with significantly higher compressive strength, while the second involves improving the composite’s compressive performance by developing strategies which quantify and reduce possible defects which can occur during manufacture.So far they have been able to significantly enhance the compressive performance of the carbon fibre through careful control of the chemistry and final micro-structure

Research creating stronger materials for larger turbines



without any negative impact on processability. Their work has also shown that new and innovative composite structures combined with improved fabrication methods can also greatly increase compression performance. Current efforts are now directed towards scaling up and validating the improvements at a larger scale. “With optimisation and refinement, even further improvements are expected, which could lead to a new family of carbon fibres ideally suited to the renewable energy sector,” said project leader, Professor Russell Varley. The research funded by Vestas is part of a project to build two wind farms in Victoria that together will deliver more than 500 megawatts, enough to power 350,000 homes.The rapid growth in renewable energy across the world has meant that Vestas is now the world’s largest user of carbon fibre. The company has made a commitment to develop the industry in Victoria, from assembling the turbine hubs in a decommissioned Ford factory to research into materials and other technology.“Working with Vestas is a great opportunity to help realise the potential of carbon fibre to contribute to a zero emissions energy generation future and a greener world,” said Professor Varley.

Next Steps

Reducing the cost of renewable energy is critical to a zero emissions future, but overall sustainability is also at the heart of the Carbon Nexus-Vestas collaboration. For this reason, Vestas has invested in a new project explor-ing alternative approaches to the effective recycling and re-use of wind turbine blades at the end of their useful service life. Current recycling methods generally result in the lower value applications of the carbon fibre after recycling. This project will explore new approaches that maintain the value of the carbon fibre allowing its re-use in high value applications.


“With optimisation and refinement, even further improvements are expected, which could lead to a new family of carbon fibres ideally suited to the renewable energy sector,” Professor Russell Varley

IFM team launch world-first recycled carbon surfboardsThree IFM researchers have established the world’s first recycled carbon fibre surfboard company, with the help of Deakin’s SPARK Accelerator 2020 program.Their startup company, JUC Surf, will hit the market with its revolutionary boards, made entirely of recycled carbon fibre.The three researchers, Filip Stojcevski, Andreas Hendlmeier and James Randall have combined their knowledge of carbon fibre manufacturing, electrochemistry and material interfaces to overcome the technical hurdles of using recycled carbon fibre to create a robust, affordable, high-performance surfboard.The team believe their boards are stronger, lighter and more durable than conventional e-glass fibre-reinforced boards, for a similar price.“Until now, carbon fibre surfboards have been too rigid and prone to delamination, due to micro-cracks in the carbon fibre interface. We’ve used advanced electrochemistry to improve the properties of surface-

modified hydrophobic carbon fibres and recycled fibres to solve the problem,” explains Dr Stojcevski.With more than 45,000 tonnes of carbon fibre sent to landfill each year, the new start-up is attracting a great deal of interest from both surfers and carbon fibre producers.

IFM higher degree researcher Lucas Rosson tests one of the new recycled carbon fibre boards.




At IFM, researchers are seeking new technologies that allow them to extract value from waste and to design new materials that can be easily recycled and repurposed as well as being designed to last multiple lifetimes.

The development of self-healing polymer coatings, for example, offers a way to extend the life of polymers such as pipelines and other infrastructure exposed to harsh environments.In a project led by Professor Russell Varley, IFM researchers are working with the University of Adelaide and Malaysia’s oil and gas company Petronas to explore new concepts in autonomous healing of materials specifically targeted towards structures and pipelines that experience extremely harsh conditions and are difficult to repair manually.They have developed a novel self-healing epoxy that delivers a highly robust and reliable performance when added to the interior of steel pipes in oil field operations.These methods ensure the integrity of materials during operation, which could lead to longer service life of the materials and cost avoidance for maintenance and inspection by about 80 per cent.

While it is impossible to completely prevent degradation, the property of self-healing in materials provides a way of controlling or managing degradation to greatly prolong the structure’s service life.The team was recognized at the IChemE Malaysia Awards 2020 with the Oil and Gas Award for their project.

Recycling carbon fibre

Despite the increasing uptake and utility of carbon fibres, there are few methods to recycle or repurpose them at the end of their life. Recycled carbon fibre is currently used in generic, small-scale applications or milled into fillers which restricts it being used in higher value-added applications. IFM researchers are seeking to give it a better second-life.Professor Luke Henderson and his research team are investigating surface treatments of carbon fibre through

Applying circular economy thinking to carbon fibre research

Self-healing polymer coatings offer a way to extend the life of infrastructure exposed to harsh environments.




Highlight Publication: Lundquist, N; Tikoalu, A; Worthington, M; Shapter, R; Tonkin, S; Stojcevski, F; Mann, M; Gibson, C; Gascooke, J; Karton, A; Henderson, L; Esdaile, L; Chalker, J. 2020. Reactive compression molding post-inverse vulcanization: a method to assemble, recycle, and repurpose sulfur polymers and composites, Chemistry - A European Journal, Vol. 26 (44), pp. 10035-10044.

IFM research fellow, Dr Jane Zhang analyses self-healing coatings using a 3D profilometer.

a chemistry lens. This research looks to strengthen and broaden the applications for recycled carbon fibre. “The aspect of this research that sets us apart is that we have come at it with a very fundamental organic chemistry understanding – to understand it by design rather than through its engineering,” explains Professor Henderson.The outcomes of this project include gaining a deeper understanding of the surface of carbon fibre and working to improve its viability, thus providing new insights into the lifespan of future recycled materials. In another project, working with Associate Professor Justin Chalker at Flinders University, ProfessorHenderson and his team are using novel polymers (made entirely from waste cooking oil and waste sulphur) as the supporting polymer to make new composites reinforced with recycled carbon fibre.The goal of this project is for these new composites themselves to also be recyclable. They could potentially be used as new and sustainable construction materials for roads, buildings and in other high-volume applications, such as insulation. The innovation in this research is that the polymer matrix enables the composite to be recycled repeatedly. Importantly, the polymer and carbon are all waste materials, so no new materials are required in this processing method.IFM’s research is fundamental to unearthing value-added applications for recycled carbon fibre, to integrate these advanced materials within a circular economy.



ELECTRO AND ENERGY MATERIALS

The limitations of lithium ion (Li) battery technology have spurred a quest for other battery options.

Among these, only lithium-sulphur batteries have been developed rapidly by universities and industry. Li-S batteries have several advantages which make them strong candidates as next-generation batteries to meet increasing demand The theoretical energy density of Li-S batteries is several times higher than that of Li-ion batteries. This means that a mobile phone needs to be charged only once per week if it uses a Li-S battery. Electric cars can run well over 500 km per charge using a smaller number of battery cells to minimise cost, weight and safety issues.Li-S batteries run on a very different and fast chemical reaction mechanism, so the charging process is much faster, and thus much shorter charging times are required. The batteries use cheap sulphur instead of the expensive metal oxides used in Li-ion batteries. Because sulphur and graphene are much lighter than metal oxides, Li-S batteries will be much lighter than Li-ion batteries, which is a significant advantage for applications such as wearable devices, electric vehicles and unmanned aircraft.IFM’s nanotechnology team has been developing the Li-S battery technology over the past 10 years and has made several significant breakthroughs in designing and

synthesizing new electrodes with substantially improved cycling performance. They have lodged a patent application for their innovation in flexible Li-S battery technology and the potential has been recognized by an Australian company, PPK Group Ltd, which has invested $1.3M to commercialise the technology via a new joint-venture company Li-S Energy Limited. The new company will establish a prototyping production line for boron nitride nanotube (BNNT) Li-S batteries using new electrodes containing BNNTs to further improve battery performance. This is the second joint-venture company to commercialise the group’s research, following BNNT Technology Limited based at ManuFutures, which is now producing commercial quantities of high purity BNNTs. A new Li-S battery project laboratory has been established at IFM, with new battery making and testing equipment installed in 2020. Li-S Energy Ltd has achieved scale up of the technology from small research coin cells to larger pouch cells, which are performing well and will be used to build battery packs, with potential applications such as electronic devices, drones, electric vehicles and energy storage systems.

A new joint-venture company to develop Li-S batteries

The LI-S Energy project team – Professor Ying (Ian) Chen, Nick Edghill, Dr Ye Fan and Dr Baozhi Yu.



FIBRES AND TEXTILES

In a paper published in the prestigious journal Science, an international research team including IFM researchers Dr Si (Alex) Qin and Professor Joselito Razal, describe an important breakthrough in the development of artificial muscles.

The research team, which includes scientists from the United States, South Korea, China and Australia, fabricated artificial muscles by twisting and coiling carbon nanotube and polymer yarns. The muscles actuate by contracting or extending their length when voltage is applied on the yarns.The research represents a breakthrough in the practical use of these materials, which allows the artificial muscles to work efficiently at room temperature without the need for heating or cooling. The new muscles are actuated by an electrochemical process,

with the researchers overcoming several obstacles that had previously limited the stroke and efficiency of electrochemically driven carbon nanotube artificial muscles.Dr Qin and Professor Razal have been collaborating with the international team for the past four years and their role has been mainly in material preparation, and evaluating and confirming performance of the artificial muscles. They also provided important electrochemical characterisation and analysis to help understand the unipolar behaviour and performance enhancement

Breakthrough expands potential applications for artificial muscles

Work by Professor Joselito Razal (left) and Dr Alex Qin on functional fibres is contributing to breakthroughs in the development of artificial muscles.



FIBRES AND TEXTILES

Highlight Publication: Chu, H; Hu, X; Wang, Z; Mu, J; Li, N; Zhou, X; Fang, S; Haines, C; Park, JW; Qin, S; Yuan, N; Xu, J; Tawfick, S; Kim, H; Conlin, P; Cho, M; Cho, K; Oh, J; Nielsen, S; Alberto, K; Razal, J; Foroughi, J; Spinks, M; Kim, S; Ding, J; Leng, J; Baughman, R. Unipolar stroke, electroosmotic pump carbon nanotube yarn muscles. Science 371, Issue 6528, pp.494-498.

mechanism. Artificial muscles that can operate efficiently at room temperature can be used in a wider range of applications than those that require heating and cooling. Potential applications include use in robots, medical tools, prosthetics, miniature machines and wearable electronics.The work was carried out in collaboration with the University of Texas at Dallas, University of Illinois, Changzhou University, Jiangsu University, Harbin Institute of Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul National University, University of Wollongong, Opus 12 and MilliporeSigma.

Prof Razal and Dr Qin received support from the Australian Research Council, Alfred Deakin Postdoctoral Research Fellowship and the Australian National Fabrication Facility.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of a coiled carbon nanotube muscle. Image adapted from Science 2021, 371 (6528), 494-498.

Reprinted with permission from AAAS.


Collaborative Research Centres


ARC Research Hub for Future Fibres

ARC Training Centre in Alloy Innovation for Mining Efficiency (mineAlloy)

ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES)

ARC Training Centre for Future Energy Storage Technologies (storEnergy)

Future Fuels Cooperative Research Centre

Innovative Manufacturing Cooperative Research Centre



ARC RESEARCH HUB FOR FUTURE FIBRES

IFM researchers are working with industry to create innovative materials with extraordinary functionality. Our industry partners are using these materials to develop smarter products and fight COVID-19, while creating local manufacturing opportunities.

Multinational company, HeiQ supplies textile makers with specialised treatments that are applied to the surface of textiles during their manufacture. Its unique products add functionality, such as adaptive cooling, odour control, antimicrobial properties and moisture management to everyday apparel produced by more than 200 global textile brands.HeiQ works with a cross-disciplinary team of researchers from the ARC Research Hub for Future Fibres led by Associate Professor Alessandra Sutti to successfully develop and share new treatments such as HeiQ Real Silk and HeiQ No Fuzz with the company’s global operations.The nimble research structure developed over the past six years has allowed the company and the research to pivot during the COVID-19 pandemic. Together, the team is helping to further advance the HeiQ Viroblock technology. When the pandemic began, HeiQ expedited production of Viroblock, which combines silver antimicrobial technology and vesicle technology to rapidly destroy enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses. Testing indicates that HeiQ Viroblock

achieves a virus reduction of more than 99.9% relative to the control and, since March 2020, it has been used to treat face masks with anti-viral and antibacterial properties. The product is manufactured in Europe, the US and at Manufutures on the Deakin Geelong campus.The development of textiles and surfaces that are virus and bacteria-resistant is one aspect of helping to address the current pandemic emergency, as well as future pandemic threats.

Anti-viral textile coatings

The team also pitched in during the early stages of the pandemic, producing hundreds of litres of hand sanitiser at a time when supplies were struggling to keep up with rapid high demand. They realised they had the expertise and equipment available to make large batches of sanitiser relatively quickly, providing a vital stockpile for Victoria’s emergency service workers. HeiQ supported the project, contributing equipment, supplies and production support to enable larger batches of sanitiser to be produced. More than 300,000 doses of

Creating global textile innovations

A liquid formulation is added into a laboratory padder for treatment of a fleece fabric.



ARC RESEARCH HUB FOR FUTURE FIBRES

Research engineer Nathan Thompson, Dr Murray Height and A/Professor Alessandra Sutti with hand sanitiser produced for Victoria’s emergency services.

hand sanitiser have been made, with the team able to produce more if required.“Although we don’t have NAATA accreditation in our labs, we have a full suite of characterisation techniques that can help our industry partners develop or screen materials for their product to maximise time efficiency and minimise more costly analysis such as viral assays,” explains Associate Professor Sutti.“Our characterisation techniques and material expertise also help identify alternative materials, or assess the suitability of materials that are new to the medical space but have been widely used in other applications, such as food or cosmetics.“We always work within the economic and supply chain considerations of our industry partners, since we understand that commercial viability is important for any material development.”The research team continue to collaborate on new starting materials for novel textile treatments to improve sustainability, including waste materials from agricultural or food processing and recycled textiles. Future product applications and topics being explored include home furnishings, uniforms and scope for increased Australian-based manufacturing capability.

International linkages

In 2020, Hub researchers published 57 journal articles, including many which highlight the collaborative nature of the Hub. The publications below describe spinning of improved silk fibres and were an outcome of cross-collaboration between fibre spinning, silk biomaterials and experimental optimisation. The Hub also provided support to PhD candidate, Ya Yao to spend several months in Partner Investigator Professor David Kaplan’s lab at Tufts University, USA.

Highlight Publication: Improving the tensile properties of wet spun silk fibers using rapid Bayesian algorithm, Y. Yao, B. Allardyce, R. Rajkhowa, D. Hegh, A. Sutti, S. Subianto, S. Gupta, S. Rana, S. Greenhill, S. Venkatesh, X. Wang, J. Razal, ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering, 6, 3197-3207

Spinning regenerated silk fibers with improved toughness by plasticizing with low molecular weight silk, Y. Yao, B.J. Allardyce, R. Rajkhowa, C. Guo, X. Mu, D. Hegh, J. Zhang, P. Lynch, X. Wang, D.L. Kaplan, J.M. Razal, Biomacromolecules



ARC TRAINING CENTRE IN ALLOY INNOVATION FOR MINING EFFICIENCY (MINEALLOY)

Using a combination of computer simulations, processing data and advanced characterisation techniques, researchers are increasing scientific understanding and pushing the technological boundaries of white cast irons used in the mining industry.

White cast irons are commonly used in mining applications because of their hardness and wear resistance. These materials are essentially iron-carbon alloys with a high content of carbide forming elements, mainly chromium. Their high carbide content is responsible for their hardness and abrasion resistance. As well as their chemical composition, heat treatments have a significant influence on the mechanical properties of white cast irons. Heat treatments affect the type of carbide, their size, morphology and their distribution in the microstructure, as well as the type and volume fraction of iron phases, mainly martensite (a hard but brittle phase) and retained austenite (a soft but tough phase). Most of the microstructural features are interdependent and have opposing effects on hardness and toughness, which makes optimisation of the alloy composition and heat treatment very challenging.

Also, the heat treatment of large white cast iron components for mining applications is time consuming and energy demanding. Most heat treatments are conducted at temperatures between 800oC and 1100oC for several hours, with both financial and environmental implications. So, the chemical composition and heat treatment of white cast irons need to be optimised in order to improve their properties, reduce their cost and minimise their environmental footprint.

Optimising heat treatment

Through mineAlloy, researchers at IFM and Bradken are working together to tackle the problem. Using a combination of computational thermodynamic simulations, materials characterisation and advanced testing techniques, they are studying the effect of slight variations in the chemical composition and heat treatment parameters (heating rate, maximum

Optimising the properties of white cast irons

A dilatometer is used to measure changes in the material induced by heating and cooling.



ARC TRAINING CENTRE IN ALLOY INNOVATION FOR MINING EFFICIENCY (MINEALLOY)

temperature, holding time, cooling rate, etc.) on the resulting mechanical properties of white cast irons. And, even more importantly, the results are revealing the underpinning principles behind critical microstructural features, such as type and distribution of carbides, chemical composition and mechanical stability of e.g. retained austenite. In this way, the project is expected to increase the scientific understanding and push the technological boundaries of white cast irons.

An innovative approach

The combined approach using computer simulations, processing data from the production environment and advanced characterisation and testing has given rapid results. Firstly, researchers used the ThermoCalc software and databases to study different alloy compositions and to calculate the stable phases and their volume fractions at different temperatures. In parallel, Bradken provided samples and processing data (thermal cycles) from production environments. The specimens were analysed and compared with the computer simulations to validate the model.In the next stage, researchers designed new heat treatments based on the thermodynamic models and taking into account the limitations of industrial facilities (maximum temperature, heating and cooling rates, etc.). The proposed heat treatments were applied to small specimens of white cast iron using a dilatometer – a scientific instrument capable of measuring the volume changes of a sample induced by phase transformations in the material. This method allowed the researchers to rapidly explore multiple heat treatment schedules and even assess the differences between the thermal cycle of the core and the surface of one large component.

Once a new promising heat treatment schedule was identified, researchers produced a set of samples for mechanical testing (hardness, wear and impact toughness) and microstructural analyses. The tests provided preliminary data on the expected performance of the material prior to full-scale industrial trials.

Outcomes

The results so far have been most revealing, particularly regarding the optimised heat treatment. Researchers obtained new insights on the evolution of different carbides during heat treatment, which revealed new pathways to improve the mechanical properties of white cast irons while reducing the heat treatment time. The findings are now being implemented in full-scale industrial trials with promising results.

“We are now finding that we are able to tune heat treatments for specific customer needs and gain maximum performance for their particular application.”The next step will be to investigate novel alloy compositions which show great potential to supersede the standard grades of white cast iron currently used in mining applications.

Photo from Bradken mill: Grinding mill liner system comprising white cast iron components.

“We are already seeing benefits in the field from the work conducted by the research team at Deakin which has been primarily focused on heat treatment optimisation,” said Bradken Research and Development Manager, Reece Attwood.



ARC CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE FOR ELECTROMATERIALS SCIENCE

ACES researchers at IFM in collaboration with CIC energiGUNE, Spain, have developed new electrolyte compositions for sustainable batteries based on abundant and cheap active materials, sodium and oxygen.

Lithium-ion batteries are the dominant energy storage systems used in electrified transportation and modern technology as well as for renewable energy storage. However, these batteries require scarce, toxic and unethically resourced materials for their fabrication, creating an urgent need for novel and improved technologies. The sodium-oxygen (Na-O2) battery is an emerging and sustainable alternative with high energy density – almost six times higher than Li-ion batteries.However, the poor cyclability (the number of times a battery can be charged and discharged) of Na-O2 batteries resulting mostly from passivation (when the electrode stops being conductive) of the battery electrodes is limiting their commercialisation. The chemical composition of the electrolytes in sodium-

oxygen batteries can control the electrodes’ passivation and improve the battery’s long-term performance. Recent research by ACES higher degree researcher Laura Garcia-Quintana and Dr Cristina Pozo-Gonzalo using a new hybrid electrolyte based on the combination of an ionic liquid and organic solvent (diglyme) commonly used in sodium-air batteries, has established a clear relationship between the morphology, purity, size and distribution of the discharge products on the air cathode. This finding prevents the passivation of the battery electrodes and in turn favours long-term battery performance. Their recent publication in ACS Energy Letters reports the difference in battery performance when using only diglyme or ionic liquid compared with the superior

Safer electrolytes for sustainable batteries

Dr Cristina Pozo-Gonzalo with a new hybrid electrolyte based on ionic liquid and an organic solvent.



The sodium-oxygen battery is an emerging and sustainable alternative to Lithium-ion batteries.

ARC CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE FOR ELECTROMATERIALS SCIENCE

results for the hybrid electrolyte. This is related to the species generated in the bulk of the electrolyte and their movement and has been corroborated by experimental characterisation and modelling in collaboration with IFM’s Dr Fangfang Chen.Higher degree researchers Han Li and The An Ha are jointly working on novel, flexible and free-standing air cathodes for sodium-oxygen batteries. By manipulating the morphology and chemical composition, the Na-O2 battery has been able to cycle for 160 cycles at 0.1 mA cm-2 which is the highest reported in the literature for N-doped air cathodes. This is the result of collaborations between Dr Pozo-Gonzalo and Professor Patrick Howlett together with Professor Xungai Wang at IFM and Dr Jian Fang, former ACES researcher and now working at Soochow University, China.

Highlight Publication: Nagore Ortiz-Vitoriano, Iciar Monterrubio, Laura Garcia-Quintana, Juan Miguel López del Amo, Fangfang Chen, Teófilo Rojo, Patrick C. Howlett, Maria Forsyth, Cristina Pozo-Gonzalo, “Highly homogeneous sodium superoxide growth in Na-O2 batteries enabled by a hybrid electrolyte” ACS Energy Letters 2020, 5, 903 909.

Dr Cristina Pozo-Gonzalo and Laura Garcia-Quintana discuss their next publication on sodium air batteries.

Global engagementIn February 2020, IFM’s ACES researchers attended the 14th Annual International Electromaterials Science Symposium over three days in Canberra. More than 120 people participated in the three-day event, which covered both fundamental and applied aspects of electromaterials across areas of research in health, energy and ethics. The ACES network of members and collaborators is substantial, creating a significant global reputation, reflected in the centre’s publications. In 2020, ACES published 121 (55.8%) journal articles with international collaborations and 750 (54.7%) since 2014. The articles published also demonstrate a global reach, receiving 538 citations from 56 countries in 2020 and 33,380 citations from 115 countries 2014-2020 (SCIVAl, Scopus data 14.01.21).



ARC TRAINING CENTRE FOR FUTURE ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES (STORENERGY)

IFM researchers are working with storEnergy industry partner, Boron Molecular to develop new ionic electrolytes with improved conductivity and greater robustness for batteries.

The team at IFM has vast experience developing novel electrolytes, such as ionic liquids and organic ionic plastic crystals for use in battery applications. With the expertise and facilities at Boron Molecular, the researchers also aim to explore the commercial scalability of ionic electrolyte production. Associate Research Fellow, Dr. Colin Kang and Higher Degree researcher, Anna Warrington are synthesising a range of new ionic electrolytes, both in liquid and solid form (advantageous because they cannot leak). A key focus has been exploring the addition of certain functionalities to improve the flexibility and conductivity of these materials. With the development of such materials, which can improve the coordination and transport of lithium ions, the goal is to target these

electrolytes toward advanced lithium batteries to achieve higher performance and safety. Over the past year, Dr Kang and Ms Warrington have spent at least half their time working in Boron Molecular’s laboratories. This was exceptionally valuable during 2020 when access to the IFM laboratories was very limited. The arrangement now enables an excellent balance between synthetic activities at Boron Molecular and materials analysis at Burwood.“Being able to do synthesis at Boron Molecular helped us so much. Learning new synthetic techniques and having access to facilities, such as their NMR and GC. They are learning from us as well. It’s a great exchange of knowledge,” says Ms Warrington.

Novel ionic electrolytes for batteries

Higher-degree researcher Anna Warrington has found working in Boron Molecular’s commercial labs to be an invaluable experience.



ARC TRAINING CENTRE FOR FUTURE ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES (STORENERGY)

An Innovative process Alongside the novel materials and innovative purification methods, the researchers are also using a new approach to upscale optimal materials. Rather than synthesising such materials in a traditional batch process (which requires a lot of solvent), a flow process will enable the continuous production of electrolyte material. Not only can this reduce the amount of waste generated, but it can also reduce the production cost toward commercial scalability.“The industry experience at Boron Molecular has been eye-opening to their systematic ways of materials synthesis and purification. It’s interesting for us to see the way they do things and also for them to understand how we purify, analyse and characterise our materials. It allows us to expand our synthetic knowledge and skills and move towards our common goal.” says Dr Kang.With the current results at hand, the team will take what they have learnt and use this to optimise other prospective electrolytes whilst also testing the most promising electrolyte systems in devices with other researchers in the storEnergy centre.

Electrifying idea proves a winner

A green idea to electrify motor scooters with sodium batteries propelled a team of storEnergy researchers to the international grand final of Climate Launchpad 2020 – the world’s largest green business idea competition.Known as ‘Elevenstore’ (from sodium’s atomic number) the team of Karolina Biernacka, Dr Faezeh Makhlooghi Azad, Dr Jenny Sun and Dr Vahide Ghanooni Ahmadabadi, all from the IFM electromaterials group, entered the competition against 3000 applications from 56 countries. They emerged as winners in their theme of sustainable mobility, gaining a prize of €5000 to put towards their new start-up company. They have also secured themselves a place in the Climate-KIC Climate Launchpad Accelerator, which will help them turn their idea of using cutting-edge sodium batteries for mobility applications into a reality. “We are confident that our sodium batteries, with their safer and cheaper features, can open up a new market for light electric vehicles in Indonesia and Southeast Asia more broadly,” said Karolina Biernacka.“Participating in the Launchpad has been empowering. It’s helped us to translate technology from the lab into reality and show other young researchers they can step out of the lab.”The researchers were encouraged by storEnergy Director, Professor Maria Forsyth, to participate in the project to gain the skills, expertise and contacts to achieve translation of the world-leading research.

Members of the Elevenstore team: Karolina Biernacka, Dr Jenny Sun and Dr Faezeh Makhlooghi Azad.

Dr Colin Kang has adopted various techniques to synthesise ionic liquid electrolytes while working in the labs of industry partner Boron Molecular.



FUTURE FUELS COOPERATIVE RESEARCH CENTRE

With growing interest in the use of hydrogen as a clean energy source, attention is turning to how our gas infrastructure will perform with the new fuel.

Hydrogen embrittlement is a condition that occurs when hydrogen diffuses into a metal and causes it to crack and so is a problem for steel pipelines. A team of Future Fuels CRC researchers from Deakin’s School of Engineering and IFM are pioneering the use of a technique known as atom probe tomography (APT) to measure hydrogen in steel pipelines.Their results suggest that APT is a promising method for quickly assessing hydrogen diffusion and interaction with pipeline steels and could be used as a tool for selecting pipeline steel and for quality control.The technique could also be used to assist in the design, development, manufacturing and treatment of steels with high resistance to hydrogen embrittlement in steel and pipeline manufacturing. Importantly, the

researchers believe this method could be used to reveal the scientific causes of hydrogen embrittlement, which would revolutionise our understanding of materials failure phenomena, such as hydrogen induced cracking and fatigue.

Measuring hydrogen in steel pipelines

Safe and efficient design, construction and operation of future fuel infrastructure is one of the Future Fuels CRC’s major research themes.

Atom probe tomography could reveal the scientific causes of hydrogen embrittlement...and revolutionise our understanding of materials failure phenomena, such as hydrogen induced cracking and fatigue.



FUTURE FUELS COOPERATIVE RESEARCH CENTRE

In the next phase of the project, higher-degree researchers will further refine the method and assess its capability to assess the relationships between material defects and hydrogen-rich compounds, and subsequent changes in mechanical properties. Further investigation could lead to better understanding of the mechanisms of hydrogen embrittlement and the evaluation of materials for specific applications such as hydrogen-carrying high-pressure steel pipelines. This will be achieved by further testing and assessment of pipelines selected by industry, such as those with welds or rust patches in order to achieve real-life application of the method.

The state-of-art atom probe at Deakin University is being used to measure hydrogen in steel pipelines.

Sandpit provides test bed for hydrogenA future where Australians can enjoy the convenience of gas heating and cooking, without CO2 emissions, is one step closer with the Hydrogen Test Bed project now up and running at Deakin’s Warrnambool campus.The goal of the five-year $2.3 million Future Fuels CRC research project is to better understand how commonly used natural gas infrastructure performs with hydrogen. Led by Associate Professor Nolene Byrne, the research team will monitor pipe performance over a four-year period.Three types of commonly used pipes will be filled with hydrogen and buried in sandpits to replicate real world conditions.Associate Professor Byrne said the project is an important first step towards the safe introduction of hydrogen into existing natural gas networks. The hydrogen test beds are located within Deakin’s Hycel Technology Hub.“This project is looking at all parts of the reticulated gas network, including welds, junctures, regulators and

appliances, so that we can safely introduce hydrogen into existing infrastructure,” Associate Professor Byrne said.Research results aim to extend the life of existing Australian infrastructure while investing in clean energy solutions.

Associate Professor Nolene Byrne explains her project to visitors at the hydrogen test beds.



INNOVATIVE MANUFACTURING COOPERATIVE RESEARCH CENTRE

IFM researchers, technology company Xefco, Geelong engineering firm Proficiency Contracting and the Innovative Manufacturing CRC (IMCRC) are collaborating on a project to developing a novel coating technology with applications that include anti-viral textiles.

Coatings are applied to textiles to impart desired functional properties such as water resistance, fire retardance and odour control. Traditional coatings are applied using methods such as dipping, padding or spraying. However, these processes are often associated with high consumption of water, harsh chemicals and poor durability of the applied coatings. This three-year project, led by Associate Professor Weiwei Lei, aims to develop a novel commercial plasma coating system operating at atmospheric pressure. Using plasma technology has potential to significantly reduce the cost and complexity of existing coating equipment while also increasing processing speed. Earlier research by the IFM team has identified that coatings applied via a plasma polymerisation process can provide significantly improved durability while also substantially reducing chemical and water consumption. But the use of plasma pre-treatment and plasma polymerisation coating methods is restricted by the requirement for a low pressure environment to allow evenness and consistency of plasma. This, in turn, necessitates large and expensive hardware and also limits the efficiency of the coating process due to the need to process materials in batches.

In 2020, the team had a breakthrough in developing the novel atmospheric plasma coating technology and received an additional grant of $503,950 from the IMCRC to expand the research on developing antiviral coatings by plasma technology (taking the total funding to $4.3M). A small-scale prototype has been built and moved from Proficiency Contracting to IFM to carry out the research work, with an industrial prototype system under construction. The team is working to develop a roll-to-roll atmospheric plasma system that provides equivalent coating consistency and quality to those produced by low pressure plasma equipment at a substantially reduced cost and significantly greater efficiency.The new atmospheric plasma system will have environmental benefits compared to wet coating methods, including reduced chemical and water consumption of the coating process, as well as improved durability of the coatings.Other manufacturing industries that may benefit from the developed functional coating technology include composites, metal surfacing, glass and plastics industries.

Plasma offers innovative textile treatment solution

The IMCRC-Xefco project team: John Francia, Qingrui Kong, Dr Frank Chen and Associate Professor Weiwei Lei.


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Financial Reports, Grants and Publications

Annual Report 2020


Contents3 IFM Financial Summary 2020

4 IFM Performance 2015 – 2020

5 New Grants and Projects

8 Publications



IFM Financial Summary 2020Financial Summary for Period Ended 31 December 2020 Actual

Income $

Research Income 15,394,617

Other Income 709,621

Research Allocation/ University Contribution 18,655,719

Total Income 34,759,957

Employment Costs

Academic Salaries 18,710,065

General Salaries 8,121,919

Other Employment Costs -240

Contractors 266,921

Total Employment Costs 27,098,665

Non Salary Expenses

Buildings & Grounds Infrastructure Costs 234,346

Communication/ Advertising, Marketing & Promotions 72,930

Consumables 1,859,907

Depreciation & Amortisation 1,559,047

Equipment - Repairs, Maintenance & Other Costs 1,002,134

Other Costs 1,338,691

Professional, Legal and Consultants 28,512

Staff Recruiting, Training & Other/Library Information Resource Expenses 95,733

Student Expenses 1,272,345

Travel, Catering & Entertainment 197,648

Total Non Salary Expenses 7,661,293

Surplus/(Deficit) –

*includes contributions to other universities, IT, project costs, non salary recoverable, fleet management.



HDR Student Load (Equivalent Full Time, 2015 – 2020)

Grant Applications Awarded in 2020

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

143.1 143.1 139.3 150.1 158.7 156.9

*Publications (2015 – 2020)

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

162.3 190.1 212.5 251.5 302.8 316.7

Grants Amount Awarded

Reportable – Category 1 $2,008,557

Reportable – Category 2-4 $3,363,181

Total $5,371,738

IFM Performance 2015-2020

Category 3 includes all research funding from industry, international sources, donations, bequests and foundations, and Higher Degree by Research fee income for domestic and international students.

*CRC (Category 4) is a university’s research income from Cooperative Research Centres excluding their own contribution. Note: CRC income is based on financial year results.

Category 1 – Australian competitive grants R&D. The term used to describe a group of some 70 research grant schemes to which all universities can apply and where awards are based on merit of the application and the research team. The ARC and NHMRC are two of the major funding bodies included in this list.

Category 2 – Government sector R&D Government funding, Federal or State.From schemes not included in the ACG group and not necessarily determined through a competitive process; it includes contract research and research-related consultancies.

HDR Student Completions (Equivalent Full Time, 2015 – 2020)

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

30.0 30. 33.0 29.0 38.0 26.0

2020 33%27%

11%29%

Category 2 – 11% ($1,703,869.14)Government sector R&DCategory 3 – 29% ($4,557,825.94)Industry & other R&D

Category 4 – 27% ($4,119,207.35)Co-operative research centres R&D

Category 1 – 33% ($5,134,997.16)Australian competitive grants R&D

Total Grant Portfolio



Australian Research Council

ARC Industrial Transformation Research Hubs

New Grants and Projects

Prof Ying (Ian) Chen, Prof Colin Barrow, Dr Md Mokhlesur Rahman, Prof David Cahill, A/Prof Wenrong Yang, Dr Srikanth Mateti, Dr Baozhi Yu

ARC Research Hub in New Safe and Reliable Energy Storage and Conversion Technologies

2021-2025 IH200100035 $5,000,000

Dr Paul Zulli, …A/Prof Daniel Fabijanic, Dr Anthony Somers

ARC Research Hub for Australian Steel Innovation

2021-2025 IH200100005 led by University of Wollongong

ARC Future Fellowship

Dr Dan Liu Development of novel 2D functionalized nanomaterials

2021-2025 FT200100730 $791,428

ARC Discovery

Dr Hao Shao, Prof Tong Lin, Prof Gregory Rutledge, Prof George Chase

High Temperature, Piezoelectric Polymer Membranes

2021-2024 DP210100838 $277,874

Prof Maria Forsyth, A/Prof Luke O’Dell, Prof Patrick Howlett, Dr Fangfang Chen, Prof Agilio Padua, Prof Michel Armand

Sustainable high energy sodium batteries with enhanced safety & cycle life

2021-2024 DP210101172 $651,162

A/Prof Jingliang Li Nano-fibrous structure for high-performance organic photovoltaic thin films

2021-2024 DP210100482 $340,000

Prof Jenny Pringle, Dr Mega Kar, Prof Douglas MacFarlane

Designing disorder into ionic materials for clean energy applications

2021-2024 DP210101269 $470,000

ARC Linkage

Prof Douglas MacFarlane, Prof Jenny Pringle, Dr Mega Kar, Mr Stephen White

Phase Change Materials for Wind and Solar Energy Storage

2020-2023 LP190100522 led by Monash University

$180,069

ARC Linkage Infrastructure Equipment & Facilities (total awarded)

Prof Nicolas Voelcker, A/Prof Brant Gibson, Prof Lingxue Kong, Prof Abbas Kouzani, Victor Cadarso, Prof Simon Moulton, Ranjith Rajasekharan Unnithan, Dr Adrian Neild, Prof Peter Kingshott, Dr John Forsythe, Prof Ampalavanapillai Nirmalathas, Peng-Yuan Wang, Dr Lee Djumas, Dr Md Hemayet Uddin

The 3D Nanofabrication Facility 2020-2021 LE190100116 led by Monash University

$809,000

Prof Maria Forsyth, A/Prof Luke O'Dell High Performance Solid State NMR spectroscopy for Materials Research

2020-2021 LE200100136 led by University of NSW

$895,000

Prof Kiet Tieu, Prof Matthew Barnett, Prof Ying (Ian) Chen

An upgraded nanoindenter facility with in-situ Raman at high temperature

2020-2021 LE200100047 led by University of Wollongong

$245,750

A/Prof Yuerui Lu, A/Prof Weiwei Lei Advanced Multifunctional Electro-Opto-Magneto-Mechanical Analysing Platform for Micro- and Nano-scale Devices

2020-2021 LE200100032 led by The Australian National University

$600,000

A/Prof Ross Marceau, Prof Patrick Howlett, Amelia Liu

Next-generation ion-beam facility for ultimate materials characterisation and modification

2020-2021 LE200100132 led by Monash University

$1,486,000

Team Project title Years Industry Partner / Funding Body

Total Awarded ($AU)



Other Government Funding

A/Prof Daniel Fabijanic, Dr Santiago Corujeira Gallo, Prof Matthew Barnett

Improving the Abrasive Wear Resistance of Ground Engaging Tools.

2020-2021 Dept Industry Innovation & Science and Sandvik Mining & Construction

$99,660

Dr Thomas Dorin, Dr Mahendra Ramajayam Developing a new high strength / high conductivity alloy for overhead HV conductors.

2020-2021 Dept Industry Innovation & Science and Australian Mines Ltd

$106,309

Dr Yong Sun, Dr Michael Pereira, Dr Buddhika Abeyrathna, A/Prof Matthias Weiss

Improving performance and quality of sound and fire barriers – Phase 2

2020-2021 Dept Industry Innovation & Science and Speedpanel Holdings Pty Ltd

$127, 952

Dr Johannes Reiner, Prof Bernard Rolfe, Dr Mandy De Souza, Mr Rodney Macaulay, Dr Yanan Wang, Prof Russell Varley

Next Generation Carbon Fibre Reinforced Compostite Tray Body.

2021 Department of Industry, Innovation and Science and Duratray International

$105,543

Dr Omid Zabihi, A/Prof Minoo Naebe Optimization & Commercialization of Sustainable Fire Retardant Polymer Composite Materials for Construction Applications.

2020-2021 Department of Jobs, Precincts & Regions (Vic) and Demtech (Australia) Pty Ltd

$100,000

Dr Masihullah Jabarulla Khan, Dr Mohsen Seraji, Prof Russell Varley

Fire Proof Carbon Fibre for Building and Construction Applications.

2020-2021 Department of Jobs, Precincts & Regions (Vic) and Gale Pacific Limited

$40,000

Dr Shuaifei Zhao, A/Prof Weiwei Lei, A/Prof Jingliang Li

Novel membrane technology for mining wastewater treatment.

2020-2023 Department of Jobs, Precincts & Regions

$200,000

Dr Alastair MacLeod, Dr Will Gates Interactions of PFAS and landfill liner components.

2020 Environmental Protection Authority

$18,182

Cooperative Research Centres

Prof Maria Forsyth, Prof Patrick Howlett, Dr Robert Kerr, Dr Fangfang Chen, A/Prof Luke O’Dell

Future Electrolyte Systems 2020-2024 Future Battery Industries CRC

$83,000

Dr Luhua Li, Dr Qi Chao Boron nitride nanotube reinforced dental ceramic composites.

2021-2022 Innovative Manfacturing CRC Limited

$299,983

A/Prof Matthias Weiss, Prof Bernard Rolfe, Dr Mariana Paulino

High volume, scalable manufacturing cell for enhanced building products

2020-2021 Innovative Manfacturing CRC Limited

$206,995

A/Prof Nolene Byrne, A/Prof Tim Hilditch Hydrogen test bed - plastic pipe network 2020 Future Fuels CRC Ltd $525,970

A/Prof Weiwei Lei, Dr Zhiqiang Chen, Dr Christopher Hurren, Dr Dan Liu

New functional composite coating for anti-viral and antibacterial applications

2020-2022 Innovative Manufacturing CRC Ltd

$503,950

Industry and Other Funding

Dr Fenghua She, Dr Andrea Merenda, Mr Riyadh AL-Attabi, Prof Lingxue Kong

Characterization of Templated Fabrics. 2020 Gale Pacific Limited $11,250

Prof Peter Hodgson Validation & Design of ECAP Press 2020-2021 Transform Metals Pty Ltd $31,000

A/Prof Alessandra Sutti Swimsuit 2024 - Phase 1 2020 HeiQ Pty Ltd $53,888

A/Prof Alessandra Sutti Durable antiviral textile surface treatment & characterisation

2020 HeiQ Pty Ltd $50,000

A/Prof Alessandra Sutti, Dr Surya Subianto, Dr Abhijeet Bapat

Innovation Project 2020 Minor Figures Pty Ltd $16,798

A/Prof Alessandra Sutti, Dr Surya Subianto, Mr Amol Patil

Non-woven- Ph1 2020-2021 Varden Process Pty Ltd $13,115

Prof Ying (Ian) Chen, Dr Baozhi Yu BNNT Lithium Sulphur Battery 2020-2022 Li-S Energy Pty Ltd $1,272,756

Dr Luhua Li, Dr Qi Chao Boron nitride nanotube reinforced dental ceramic composites.

2021-2022 3D Dental Technology Pty Ltd

$105,454

Dr Luhua Li, Prof Matthew Barnett Boron nitride nanotube reinforced precious metals.

2020-2022 BNNT Precious Metals Limited

$346,000

Dr Luhua Li Boron nitride nanotube reinforced resins for ballistic applications.

2020-2021 BNNT Precious Metals Limited

$27,000

Dr Luhua Li White Graphene 2021-2022 White Graphene Limited $1,443,000

Dr Luhua Li Research and development on the upscaling of boron nitride nanotube manufacturing facility

2020-2021 BNNT Technology Ltd $136,560


Total Awarded ($AU)



A/Prof Daniel Fabijanic, A/Prof Tim Hilditch Literature review - Fatigue behaviour of martensitic steels.

2020 Bradken Pty Ltd $10,000

A/Prof Peter Lynch, Dr Pablo Mota Santiago, Dr Claudia Creighton

Next generation fibres program: CARBON FIBRE X-RAY SCATTERING ANALYSIS.

2020-2021 The Boeing Company - USA $50,000

A/Prof Peter Lynch, Dr Pavel Cizek, Dr Sitarama Kada

Development of a Microstructural Damage Accumulation Model to Determine the Fatigue Life of Aerospace Materials - Part III

2020-2021 DSTO contract $100,000

Dr Hongxia Wang Fabrication of nanofibre fabrics 2020-2021 DSTG $30,000

Dr Wren Greene EVE-M initiative 2020 Medical Research Future Fund (Cmwlth Standard Grant Agreement)

$37,400

Dr Jianyu Xiong, Prof Mike Yongjun Tan Pipeline coating testing and assessment - Diavrosi Protection Pty Ltd

2020-2022 Diavrosi Protection Pty Ltd $5,650

Prof Mike Yongjun Tan Orontide Industrial Services 2020-2022 Orontide Industrial Services t/as Orontide Alphablast Pty Ltd

$10,900

Dr Maryam Naebe, Mr Md Abdullah Al Faruque

Invgestigation of contaminations in selected rubber compound samples

2020 Motherson Elastomers Pty Ltd

$3,360

Prof Jeong Yoon Generic Project with DAEWOO in the ICIM 2020-2023 Daewoo Industrial Co Ltd $60,000

Prof Tiffany Walsh, A/Prof Santu Rana, Prof Svetha Venkatesh

Molecular Modelling and Machine Learning to Optimize the Cellulose Nanocrystal Interface with Water and Polymers

2020-2022 Ford USA Grant - Research $287,272

Prof Patrick Howlett, Mr Mojtaba Eftekharnia, Prof Maria Forsyth, Dr Vahide Ghanooni Ahmadabadi, Dr Robert Kerr

Electrochemical Cell Testing and Pouch Cell Prototyping of Sicona Anode Materials.

2020 Sicona Battery Technologies Pty Ltd

$5,700

Dr Thomas Dorin, Dr Steven Babaniaris Aluminium Alloy Development for Aeronautical Applications - Stage 2

2020 Universal Alloy Corporation $90,000

Dr Thomas Dorin, Dr Lu Jiang Effect of solution treatment temperature and duration on dispersoids in AI-Cu-Sc-Zr alloys.

2020-2021 Clean TeQ $10,237

Dr Hossein Beladi, A/Prof Daniel Fabijanic, Prof Matthew Barnett

Atomic scale analysis of heat treated cold rolled rods.

2020-2021 InfraBuild Construction Solutions Pty Ltd

$49,000

A/Prof Matthias Weiss, Dr Mariana Paulino Analysis of Material Behaviour in FormFlow Crash Forming Process.

2020 Formflow Pty Ltd $25,114

A/Prof Minoo Naebe Pitch pre-cursor material technologies for the future development of high-mesophase content carbon fibres.

2020 DSTO Grant - Research - De-fence Science & Technology Organisation

$19,500

A/Prof Minoo Naebe Carbon Fibre from Alberta Oilsand Asphaltene.

2020-2021 Alberta Innovates $50,000 (CAD)

Dr Jinfeng Wang, Prof Xungai Wang, Dr Bin Tang

Commercialisation agreement on recovering grease from scouring wastewater

2020-2023 New Zealand Woolscouring Limited

$105,000

Dr Alastair MacLeod, Dr Will Gates, Prof Frank Collins

Sydney Opera House - VAPS Loading Dock Project.

2020-2021 Sydney Opera House Trust $92,000

Dr Ryan Hess Rare earth metal production literature review and research recommendations.

2020-2021 Arafura Resources Limited $15,000

Dr Pablo Mota Santiago Development of real time fatigue testing of carbon fibre-based composite materials

2020 The Australian Institute of Nuclear Science and Engineering (AINSE) Early Career Researcher Grant (ECRG)

$10,000

Dr Shuaifei Zhao, A/Prof Weiwei Lei, A/Prof Jingliang Li

Novel membrane technology for mining wastewater treatment.

2020-2023 Department of Jobs, Precincts & Regions

$200,000


Total Awarded ($AU)

Industry and Other Funding



Publications

Book chapters1. Dong, H; Corujeira Gallo, S (2020), Plasma surface

activation and functionalization of carbon-based materials, in Charitidis CA; Koumoulos EP; Dragatogiannis DA, Carbon-Based Smart Materials, pp. 1-1, Walter de Gruyter.

Journal Articles1. Abdikheibari, S; Dumée, L; Jegatheesan, V; Mustafa, Z;

Le-Clech, P; Lei, W; Baskaran, K (2020), Natural organic matter removal and fouling resistance properties of a boron nitride nanosheet-functionalized thin film nanocomposite membrane and its impact on permeate chlorine demand, Journal of water process engineering, Vol. 34, pp. 1-13, Elsevier.

2. Abolhasani, M; Naebe, M; Hassanpour Amiri, M; Shirvanimoghaddam, K; Anwar, S; Michels, J; Asadi, K (2020), Hierarchically structured porous piezoelectric polymer nanofibers for energy harvesting, Advanced Science, Vol. 7, NO. 13, Wiley.

3. Acikel, A; Bouazza, A; Gates, W; Singh, R; Rowe, R (2020), A novel transient gravimetric monitoring technique implemented to GCL osmotic suction control, Geotextiles and geomembranes, Vol. 48, NO. 6, pp. 755-767, Elsevier.

4. Addinsall, A; Wright, C; Kotsiakos, T; Smith, Z; Cook, T; Andrikopoulos, S; Van Der Poel, C; Stupka, N (2020), Impaired exercise performance is independent of inflammation and cellular stress following genetic reduction or deletion of selenoprotein S, American Journal of physiology – regulatory integrative and comparative physiology, Vol. 318, NO. 5, pp. R981-R996, American Physiological Society.

5. Ahmadi, M; Zabihi, O; Jeon, S; Yoonessi, M; Dasari, A; Ramakrishna, S; Naebe, M (2020), 2D transition metal dichalcogenide nanomaterials: advances, opportunities, and challenges in multi-functional polymer nanocomposites, Journal of materials chemistry A, Vol. 8, NO. 3, pp. 845-883, Royal Society of Chemistry.

6. Al Faruque, M; Chandrasekharan Nair Remadevi, R; Razal, J; Wang, X; Naebe, M (2020), Investigation on structure and characteristics of alpaca-based wet-spun polyacrylonitrile composite fibers by utilizing natural textile waste, Journal of applied polymer science, Vol. 137, NO. 7, pp. 1-9, John Wiley & Sons.

7. Al Faruque, M; Remadevi, R; Razal, J; Naebe, M (2020), Impact of the wet spinning parameters on the alpaca-based polyacrylonitrile composite fibers: Morphology and enhanced mechanical properties study, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, pp. 1-15, Wiley.

8. Aldalur, I; Wang, X; Santiago, A; Goujon, N; Echeverria, M; Martinez-Ibanez, M; Piszcz, M; Howlett, P; Forsyth, M; Armand, M; Zhang, H (2020), Nanofiber-reinforced polymer electrolytes toward room temperature solid-state lithium batteries, Journal of power sources, Vol. 448, pp. 1-7, Elsevier.

9. Allioux, F; Merhebi, S; Ghasemian, M; Tang, J; Merenda, A; Abbasi, R; Mayyas, M; Daeneke, T; O’Mullane, A; Daiyan, R; Amal, R; Kalantar-Zadeh, K (2020), Bi-Sn catalytic foam governed by nanometallurgy of liquid metals, Nano letters, Vol. 20, NO. 6, pp. 4403-4409, American Chemical Society.

10. Al-Masri, D; Yunis, R; Hollenkamp, A; Doherty, C; Pringle, J (2020), The influence of alkyl chain branching on the properties of pyrrolidinium-based ionic electrolytes, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 22(32), pp. 18102–18113.

11. Al-Masri, D; Yunis, R; Hollenkamp, A; Pringle, J (2020), Designing solid-state electrolytes through the structural modification of a high-performing ionic liquid, ChemElectroChem, Vol. 7(19), pp. 4118–4123.

12. Al-Shammary, A; Kouzani, A; Gyasi-Agyei, Y; Gates, W; Rodrigo-Comino, J (2020), Effects of solarisation on soil thermal-physical properties under different soil treatments: a review, Geoderma, Vol. 363, pp. 1-17, Elsevier.

13. Al-Shammary, A; Kouzani, A; Kaynak, A; Khoo, S; Norton, M; Gates, W; Al-Maliki, M; Rodrigo-Comino, J (2020), The performance of the des sensor for estimating soil bulk density under the effect of different agronomic practices, Geosciences, Vol. 10, NO. 4, pp. 1-21, MDPI.

14. Antony, A; Schmerl, N; Sokolova, A; Mahjoub, R; Fabijanic, D; Stanford, N (2020), Quantification of the dislocation density, size, and volume fraction of precipitates in deep cryogenically treated martensitic steels, Metals, Vol. 10, NO. 11, pp. 1-25, MDPI AG.

15. Arao, K; Mazouzi, D; Kerr, R; Lestriez, B; Le Bideau, J; Howlett, P; Dupre, N; Forsyth, M; Guyomard, D (2020), Editors’ Choice-Understanding the Superior Cycling Performance of Si Anode in Highly Concentrated Phosphonium-Based Ionic Liquid Electrolyte, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 167, NO. 12, Electrochemical Soc Inc.

16. Awad, N; Wong, C; Zhou, H; Niu, H; Wang, H; Morsi, Y; Lin, T (2020), Effect of elasticity on electrospun styrene-butadiene-styrene fibrous membrane cell culture behaviors, Journal of biomaterials science, polymer edition, pp. 1-14, Taylor & Francis.

17. Awuah, J; Walsh, T (2020), Side-chain effects on the co-existence of emergent nanopatterns in amino acid adlayers on graphene, Nanoscale, Vol. 12, NO. 25, pp. 13662-13673, Royal Society of Chemistry.

18. Azghandi, S; Weiss, M; Arhatari, B; Adrien, J; Maire, E; Barnett, M (2020), A rationale for the influence of grain size on failure of magnesium alloy AZ31: An in situ X-ray microtomography study, Acta Materialia, Vol. 200, pp. 619-631, Elsevier.

19. Azghandi, S; Weiss, M; Barnett, M (2020), The effect of grain size on the bend forming limits in AZ31 Mg Alloy, JOM, Vol. 72(7), pp. 2586-2596, Springer.

20. Babaniaris, S; Ramajayam, M; Jiang, L; Langan, T; Dorin, T (2020), Tailored precipitation route for the effective utilisation of Sc and Zr in an Al-Mg-Si alloy, Materialia, Vol. 10, 100656.

21. Babaniaris, S; Ramajayam, M; Jiang, L; Varma, R; Langan, T; Dorin, T (2020), Effect of A13(Sc,Zr) dispersoids on the hot deformation behaviour of 6xxx-series alloys: a physically based constitutive model, Materials science and engineering A, Vol. 793, pp. 1-13, Elsevier.

22. Babaniaris, S; Varma, R; Beer, A (2020), Ignition and Mechanical Properties of Hot Extruded Magnesium Alloys with Trace Yttrium Additions, JOM, Vol. 72, NO. 8, pp. 3011-3019.



23. Balaji, K; Shirvanimoghaddam, K; Rajan, G; Ellis, A; Naebe, M (2020), Surface treatment of Basalt fiber for use in automotive composites, Materials today chemistry, Vol. 17, pp. 1-28, Elsevier.

24. Balakrishnan, H; Badar, F; Doeven, E; Novak, J; Merenda, A; Dumee, L; Loy, J; Guijt, R (2020), 3D Printing: An Alternative Microfabrication Approach with Unprecedented Opportunities in Design, Analytical Chemistry, American Chemical Society (ACS).

25. Bapat, A; Sumerlin, B; Sutti, A (2020), Bulk network polymers with dynamic B-O bonds: healable and reprocessable materials, Materials Horizons, Vol. 7, NO. 3, pp. 694-714, Royal Society of Chemistry.

26. Barnett, M; Senadeera, M; Fabijanic, D; Shamlaye, K; Joseph, J; Kada, S; Rana, S; Gupta, S; Venkatesh, S (2020), A scrap-tolerant alloying concept based on high entropy alloys, Acta Materialia, Vol. 200, pp. 735-744, Elsevier.

27. Bazaka, O; Bazaka, K; Truong, VK; Levchenko, I; Jacob, M; Estrin, Y; Lapovok, R; Chichkov, B; Fadeeva, E; Kingshott, P; Crawford, R; Ivanova, E, Effect of titanium surface topography on plasma deposition of antibacterial polymer coating, Applied Surface Science, Vol. 521, 146375.

28. Begic, S; Chen, F; Jonsson, E; Forsyth, M (2020), Water as a catalyst for ion transport across the electrical double layer in ionic liquids, Physical review materials, Vol. 4, NO. 4, pp. 045801-1-045801-16, American Physical Society.

29. Beladi, H; Ghaderi, A; Rohrer, GS (2020), Five-parameter grain boundary characterisation of randomly textured AZ31 Mg alloy, Philosophical Magazine, 100(4), pp. 456-466.

30. Bhagabati, P; Bhasney, S; Bose, D; Remadevi, R; Setty, M; Rajkhowa, R; Katiyar, V (2020), Silk and wool protein micro-particle reinforced crystalline polylactic acid bio-composites with improved cell interaction for targeted biomedical applications, ACS Applied Polymer Materials, Vol. 2(11), pp. 4739-4751, American Chemical Society (ACS).

31. Bian, X; Saleh, A; Lynch, P; Davies, C; Gazder, A; Pereloma, E (2020), An in situ synchrotron study of the localized B2-B19’ phase transformation in an Ni-Ti alloy subjected to uniaxial cyclic loading-unloading with incremental strains, Journal of Applied Crystallography, Vol. 53(2), pp. 335-348, International Union of Crystallography.

32. Biernacka, K; Al-Masri, D; Yunis, R; Zhu, H; Hollenkamp, A; Pringle 2020, Development of new solid-state electrolytes based on a hexamethylguanidinium plastic crystal and lithium salts, Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 357, 136863.

33. Brljak, N; Parab, A; Rao, R; Slocik, J; Naik, R; Knecht, M; Walsh, T (2020), Material composition and peptide sequence affects biomolecule affinity to and selectivity for h-boron nitride and graphene, Chemical Communications, Vol. 56, No. 62, pp. 8834-8837, Royal Society of Chemistry.

34. Burns, N; Theakstone, A; Zhu, H; O’Dell, L; Pearson, J; Ashton, T; Pfeffer, F; Conlan, X (2020), The identification of synthetic cannabinoids surface coated on herbal substrates using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol. 1104, pp. 105-109, Elsevier.

35. Byrne, N; De Silva, R; Hilditch, T (2020), Linking Antioxidant Depletion with Material Properties for Polyethylene Pipes Resins, Polymer Engineering and Science, Vol. 60, NO. 2, pp. 323-329, Wiley.

36. Cai, Q; Gan, W; Falin, A; Watanabe, K; Taniguchi, T; Zhuang, J; Hao, W; Huang, S; Tao, T; Chen, Y; Li, L (2020), Two-Dimensional Van der Waals Heterostructures for Synergistically Improved Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy, ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, Vol. 12, NO. 19, pp. 21985-21991, American Chemical Society.

37. Cai, Q; Scullion, D; Gan, W; Falin, A; Cizek, P; Liu, S; Edgar, J; Liu, R; Cowie, B; Santos, E; Li, L (2020), Outstanding Thermal Conductivity of Single Atomic Layer Isotope-Modified Boron Nitride, Physical Review Letters, Vol. 125, NO. 8, American Physical Society (APS).

38. Cao, R; Pan, Z; Tang, H; Wu, J; Tian, J; Nilghaz, A; Li, M (2020), Understanding the coffee-ring effect of red blood cells for engineering paper-based blood analysis devices, Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 391, pp. 1-9, Elsevier.

39. Cao, X; Liu, Y; Zhong, Y; Cui, L; Zhang, A; Razal, J; Yang, W; Liu, J (2020), Flexible coaxial fiber-shaped asymmetric supercapacitors based on manganese, nickel co-substituted cobalt carbonate hydroxides, Journal of materials chemistry A, Vol. 8, NO. 4, pp. 1837-1848, Royal Society of Chemistry.

40. Cao, X; Zhang, J; Chen, S; Varley, R; Pan, K (2020), 1D/2D nanomaterials synergistic, compressible, and response rapidly 3D graphene aerogel for piezoresistive sensor, Advanced functional materials, Vol. 30, NO. 35, pp. 1-10, John Wiley & Sons.

41. Catubig, R; Neil, W; McAdam, G; Yunis, R; Forsyth, M; Somers, A (2020), Multifunctional Inhibitor Mixtures for Abating Corrosion on HY80 Steel under Marine Environments, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 167, pp. 1-15, IOP Science.

42. Chambre, L; Parker, R; Allardyce, B; Valente, F; Rajkhowa, R; Dilley, R; Wang, X; Kaplan, D (2020), Tunable biodegradable silk-based memory foams with controlled release of antibiotics, ACS applied bio materials, Vol. 3, NO. 4, pp. 2466-2472, American Chemical Society.

43. Chen, C; Liu, D; He, L; Qin, S; Wang, J; Razal, J; Kotov, N; Lei, W (2020), Bio-inspired nanocomposite membranes for osmotic energy harvesting, Joule, Vol. 4, NO. 1, pp. 247-261, Cell Press.

44. Chen, C; Liu, D; Qing, X; Yang, G; Wang, X; Lei, W (2020), Robust Membrane for Osmotic Energy Harvesting from Organic Solutions, ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, Vol. 12, NO. 47, pp. 52771-52778, American Chemical Society (ACS).

45. Chen, C; Liu, D; Yang, G; Wang, J; Wang, L; Lei, W (2020), Bioinspired Ultrastrong Nanocomposite Membranes for Salinity Gradient Energy Harvesting from Organic Solutions, Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 10, NO. 18, pp. 1-7, Wiley.

46. Chen, C; Liu, D; Yang, G; Wang, J; Wang, L; Lei, W (2020), Nanocomposite Membranes: Bioinspired Ultrastrong Nanocomposite Membranes for Salinity Gradient Energy Harvesting from Organic Solutions (Adv. Energy Mater. 18/2020), Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 10, NO. 18, pp. 1-7, Wiley.

47. Chen, J; Pakdel, E; Xie, W; Sun, L; Xu, M; Liu, Q; Wang, D (2020), High-Performance Natural Melanin/Poly(vinyl Alcohol-co-ethylene) Nanofibers/PA6 Fiber for Twisted and Coiled Fiber-Based Actuator, Advanced Fiber Materials, Vol. 2, pp. 64-73, Springer.

48. Chen, T; Zhong, L; Yang, Z; Mou, Z; Liu, L; Wang, Y; Sun, J; Lei, W (2020), Enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity of g-C-N-/nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots/TiO-ternary heterojunctions for ciprofloxacin degradation with narrow band gap and high charge carrier mobility, Chemical research in Chinese universities, Vol. 36, pp. 1083-1090, Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

49. Chen, X; Vanangamudi, A; Wang, J; Jegatheesan, J; Mishra, V; Sharma, R; Gray, S; Kujawa, J; Kujawski, W; Wicaksana, F; Dumee, L (2020), Direct contact membrane distillation for effective concentration of perfluoroalkyl substances - Impact of surface fouling and material stability, Water research, Vol. 182, pp. 1-10, Elsevier.



50. Chen, Z; Mahmud, S; Cai, L; He, Z; Yang, Y; Zhang, L; Zhao, S; Xiong, Z (2020), Hierarchical poly(vinylidene fluoride)/active carbon composite membrane with self-confining functional carbon nanotube layer for intractable wastewater remediation, Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 603, Elsevier.

51. Cizek, P; Kada, S; Wang, J; Armstrong, N; Antoniou, R; Lynch, P (2020), Dislocation structures representing individual slip systems within the - phase of a Ti-6Al-4V alloy deformed in tension, Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol. 797, pp. 140225-140225, Elsevier BV.

52. Corva, D; Hosseini, S; Collins, F; Adams, S; Gates, W; Kouzani, A (2020), Miniature Resistance Measurement Device for Structural Health Monitoring of Reinforced Concrete Infrastructure, Sensors, Vol. 20, NO. 15, pp. 1-18, MDPI.

53. Cruz, V; Chao, Q; Birbilis, N; Fabijanic, D; Hodgson, P; Thomas, S (2020), Electrochemical studies on the effect of residual stress on the corrosion of 316L manufactured by selective laser melting, Corrosion Science, Vol. 164, pp. 1-9, Elsevier.

54. Czech, B; Shirvani Moghaddam, K; Trojanowska, E; Naebe, M (2020), Sorption of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) onto a sustainable cotton based adsorbent, Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, Vol. 18, pp. 1-9, Elsevier.

55. de Souza, M; Dubois, C; Zhang, J; Varley, R (2020), Water activated healing of thiolene boronic ester coatings, Progress in Organic Coatings, Vol. 139, pp. 1-8, Elsevier.

56. de Vaucorbeil, A; Hutchinson, C (2020), A new total-Lagrangian smooth particle hydrodynamics approximation for the simulation of damage and fracture of ductile materials, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol. 121, NO. 10, pp. 2227-2245, Wiley.

57. de Vaucorbeil, A; Nguyen, V; Hutchinson, C (2020), A Total-Lagrangian Material Point Method for solid mechanics problems involving large deformations, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Vol. 360, pp. 1-31, Elsevier.

58. de Vaucorbeil, A; Nguyen, V; Nguyen-Thanh, C (2020), Karamelo: an open source parallel C++ package for the material point method, Computational particle mechanics, pp. 1-23, Springer.

59. de Vaucorbeil, A; Nguyen, V; Sinaie, S; Wu, J (2020), Material point method after 25 years: Theory, implementation, and applications, Advances in Applied Mechanics, Elsevier.

60. Del Olmo, R; Casado, N; Olmedo-Martinez, L; Wang, X; Forsyth, M (2020), Mixed ionic-electronic conductors based on PEDOT: PolyDADMA and organic ionic plastic crystals, Polymers, Vol. 12(9) p. 1981.

61. Delon, L; Nilghaz, A; Cheah, E; Prestidge, C; Thierry, B (2020), Unlocking the potential of organ-on-chip models through pumpless and tubeless microfluidics, Advanced healthcare materials, Vol. 9, NO. 11, pp. 1-9, Wiley.

62. Deng, N; Feng, Y; Wang, G; Wang, X; Wang, L; Li, Q; Zhang, L; Kang, W; Cheng, B; Liu, Y (2020), Rational structure designs of 2D materials and their applications toward advanced lithium-sulfur battery and lithium-selenium battery, Chemical engineering journal, Vol. 401, pp. 1-25, Elsevier.

63. Deng, N; Liu, Y; Li, Q; Yan, J; Zhang, L; Wang, L; Zhang, Y; Cheng, B; Lei, W; Kang, W (2020), Functional double-layer membrane as separator for lithium-sulfur battery with strong catalytic conversion and excellent polysulfide-blocking, Chemical engineering journal, Vol. 382, pp. 1-16, Elsevier.

64. Deng, N; Wang, L; Feng, Y; Liu, M; Li, Q; Wang, G; Zhang, L; Kang, W; Cheng, B; Liu, Y (2020), Co-based and Cu-based MOFs modified separators to strengthen the kinetics of redox reaction and inhibit lithium-dendrite for long-life lithium-sulfur batteries, Chemical engineering journal, Vol. 388, pp. 1-14, Elsevier.

65. des Ligneris, E; Dumée, L; Kong, L (2020), Nanofibers for heavy metal ion adsorption: Correlating surface properties to adsorption performance, and strategies for ion selectivity and recovery, Environmental nanotechnology, monitoring and management, Vol. 13, Elsevier.

66. Desroches, P; Silva, S; Gietman, S; Quigley, A; Kapsa, R; Moulton, S; Greene, G (2020), Lubricin (PRG4) Antiadhesive Coatings Mitigate Electrochemical Impedance Instabilities in Polypyrrole Bionic Electrodes Exposed to Fouling Fluids, ACS Applied Bio Materials, Vol. 3, NO. 11, pp. 8032-8039, American Chemical Society (ACS).

67. Ding, Q; Khan, W; Lam, F; Zhang, Y; Zhao, S; Yip, A; Hu, X (2020), Graphitic carbon nitride/copper-iron oxide composite for effective fenton degradation of ciprofloxacin at near-neutral pH, ChemistrySelect, Vol. 5, NO. 27, pp. 8198-8206, Wiley.

68. Dokouhaki, M; Prime, E; Qiao, G; Kasapis, S; Day, L; Gras, S (2020), Structural-rheological characteristics of Chaplin E peptide at the air/water interface; a comparison with β-lactoglobulin and β-casein, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Vol. 144, pp. 742-750, Elsevier.

69. Dong, S; Cabral, D; Pringle, J; Macfarlane, D (2020), Exploring the electrochemical properties of mixed ligand Fe(II) complexes as redox couples, Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 362, p. 137109.

70. Drew, K; Walsh, T (2020), DNA Hairpin Adsorption on Gold Surfaces: Temperature and Salt Concentration Effects on Structure, Australian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 73(10), pp. 987-1000, CSIRO Publishing.

71. Duan, F; Wang, W; Jin, X; Niu, J; Lin, T; Zhu, Z (2020), Research progress in formation of starch fibers and their drug-loaded controlled-release, Fangzhi xuebao/Journal of textile research, Vol. 41, NO. 10, pp. 170-177.

72. Duan, S; Liu, F; Pettersson, T; Creighton, C; Asp, L (2020), Determination of transverse and shear moduli of single carbon fibres, Carbon, Vol. 158, pp. 772-782, Elsevier.

73. Emonson, N; Eyckens, D; Allardyce, B; Hendlmeier, A; Stanfield, M; Soulsby, L; Stojcevski, F; Henderson, L (2020), Using in situ polymerization to increase puncture resistance and induce reversible formability in silk membranes, Materials, Vol. 13, NO. 10, pp. 1-14, MDPI.

74. Enfrin, M; Lee, J; Gibert, Y; Basheer, F; Kong, L; DumÉe, L (2020), Release of hazardous nanoplastic contaminants due to microplastics fragmentation under shear stress forces, Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 384, pp. 1-9, Elsevier.

75. Eshetu, G; Elia, G; Armand, M; Forsyth, M; Komaba, S; Rojo, T; Passerini, S (2020), Electrolytes and Interphases in Sodium-Based Rechargeable Batteries: Recent Advances and Perspectives, Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 10, NO. 20, pp. 1-41, Wiley.

76. Eyckens, D; Demir, B; Randall, J; Gengenbach, T; Servinis, L; Walsh, T; Henderson, L (2020), Using molecular entanglement as a strategy to enhance carbon fiber-epoxy composite interfaces, Composites Science and Technology, Vol. 196, pp. 108225: 1-8, Elsevier.

77. Eyckens, D; Randall, J; Stojcevski, F; Sarlin, E; Palola, S; Kakkonen, M; Scheffler, C; Henderson, L (2020), Examining interfacial interactions in a range of polymers using poly(ethylene oxide) functionalized carbon fibers, Composites part A: applied science and manufacturing, Vol. 138, pp. 1-10, Elsevier.



78. Fakhrhoseini, S; Czech, B; Shirvanimoghaddam, K; Naebe, M (2020), Ultrafast microwave assisted development of magnetic carbon microtube from cotton waste for wastewater treatment, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, Vol. 606, pp. 1-11, Elsevier.

79. Fan, Y; Rahman, M; Tao, T; Chen, Y (2020), Ultra-fast and high-energy density polysulfide-eight ion batteries, Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 477, pp. 229018-229018, Elsevier BV.

80. Fan, Y; Tao, T; Gao, Y; Deng, C; Yu, B; Chen, Y; Lu, S; Huang, S (2020), A Self-Healing Amalgam Interface in Metal Batteries, Advanced Materials, pp. 1-7, Wiley.

81. Farabi, E; Tari, V; Hodgson, P; Rohrer, G; Beladi, H (2020), On the grain boundary network characteristics in a martensitic Ti-6Al-4V alloy, Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 55, NO. 31, pp. 15299-15321, Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

82. Farabi, E; Tari, V; Hodgson, P; Rohrer, G; Beladi, H (2020), The role of phase transformation mechanism on the grain boundary network in a commercially pure titanium, Materials Characterization, Vol. 169, pp. 110640-110640, Elsevier BV.

83. Fehervari, A; Gates, W; Gallage, C; Collins, F (2020), Suitability of remediated PFAS-affected soil in cement pastes and mortars, Sustainability, Vol. 12, NO. 10, pp. 1-19, MDPI.

84. Fehervari, A; MacLeod, A; Garcez, E; Aldridge, L; Gates, W; Yang, Y; Collins, F (2020), On the mechanisms for improved strengths of carbon nanofiber-enriched mortars, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 136, pp. 1-12, Elsevier.

85. Feng, C; Yi, Z; Jin, X; Seraji, S; Dong, Y; Kong, L; Salim, N (2020), Solvent crystallization-induced porous polyurethane/graphene composite foams for pressure sensing, Composites part B: engineering, Vol. 194, pp. 1-10, Elsevier.

86. Fordyce, I; Annasamy, M; Sun, S; Fabijanic, D; Gallo, S; Leary, M; Easton, M; Brandt, M (2020), The effect of heat treatment on the abrasive and erosive wear behaviour of laser metal deposited Fe-28Cr-2.7C alloy, Wear, Vol. 458-459, pp. 1-12, Elsevier.

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367. Yang, Q; Guo, X; Ye, X; Zhu, H; Kong, L; Hou, T (2020), Functionalized polyacrylonitrile fibers with durable antibacterial activity and superior Cu(II)-removal performance, Materials Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 245, pp. 1-11, Elsevier.



368. Yang, X; Zhu, H; Jiang, F; Zhou, X (2020), Notably enhanced proton conductivity by thermally-induced phase-separation transition of Nafion/ Poly(vinylidene fluoride) blend membranes, Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 473.

369. Yang, Y; Huo, Q; Zhang, Y; Luo, L; Xiao, Z; Wang, J; Hashimoto, A; Yang, X (2020), Effects of volume fraction of fine grains on the tensile creep properties of a hot-deformed Mg-Gd-Y-Zr alloy, Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol. 777, pp. 1-11, Elsevier.

370. Yang, Y; Yu, X; Wang, X; Sun, Y; Zhang, P; Liu, X (2020), Effect of jade nanoparticle content and twist of cool-touch polyester filaments on comfort performance of knitted fabrics, Textile research journal, pp. 1-14, Sage.

371. Yao, Y; Allardyce, B; Rajkhowa, R; Guo, C; Mu, X; Hegh, D; Zhang, J; Lynch, P; Wang, X; Kaplan, D; Razal, J (2020), Spinning Regenerated Silk Fibers with Improved Toughness by Plasticizing with Low Molecular Weight Silk, Biomacromolecules, pp. 1-12, American Chemical Society (ACS).

372. Yao, Y; Allardyce, B; Rajkhowa, R; Hegh, D; Sutti, A; Subianto, S; Gupta, S; Rana, S; Greenhill, S; Venkatesh, S; Wang, X; Razal, J (2020), Improving the tensile properties of wet spun silk fibers using rapid Bayesian algorithm, ACS biomaterials science and engineering, Vol. 6, NO. 5, pp. 3197-3207, American Chemical Society.

373. Ye, W; Liu, R; Chen, X; Chen, Q; Lin, J; Lin, X; Van der Bruggen, B; Zhao, S (2020), Loose nanofiltration-based electrodialysis for highly efficient textile wastewater treatment, Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 608, pp. 1-8, Elsevier.

374. Ye, W; Liu, R; Lin, F; Ye, K; Lin, J; Zhao, S; Van der Bruggen, B (2020), Elevated nanofiltration performance via mussel-inspired co-deposition for sustainable resource extraction from landfill leachate concentrate, Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 388, pp. 1-9, Elsevier.

375. Yolland, C; Phillipou, A; Castle, D; Neill, E; Hughes, M; Galletly, C; Smith, Z; Francis, P; Dean, O; Sarris, J; Siskind, D; Harris, A; Rossell, S (2020), Improvement of cognitive function in schizophrenia with N-acetylcysteine: a theoretical review, Nutritional neuroscience, Vol. 23, NO. 2, pp. 139-148, Taylor & Francis.

376. Yoshizawa-Fujita, M; Yamada, H; Yamaguchi, S; Zhu, H; Forsyth, M; Takeoka, Y; Rikukawa, M (2020), Synthesis and characteristics of pyrrolidinium-based organic ionic plastic crystals with various sulfonylamide anions, Batteries and supercaps, pp. 1-9, John Wiley & Sons.

377. Young, T; Chen, F; Burba, C (2020), Quantitative Investigation of Ion Clusters in a Double Salt Ionic Liquid by Both Vibrational Spectroscopy and Molecular Dynamics Simulation, Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 124, NO. 19, pp. 3984-3991, American Chemical Society.

378. Yu, B; Fan, Y; Mateti, S; Kim, D; Zhao, C; Lu, S; Liu, X; Rong, Q; Tao, T; Tanwar, K; Tan, X; Smith, S; Chen, Y (2020), An Ultra-Long-Life Flexible Lithium-Sulfur Battery with Lithium Cloth Anode and Polysulfone-Functionalized Separator, ACS Nano, American Chemical Society (ACS).

379. Yu, M; Gao, F; Hu, Y; Wang, L; Hu, P; Feng, W (2020), Tunable electronic properties of multilayer InSe by alloy engineering for high performance self-powered photodetector, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 565, pp. 239-244, Elsevier.

380. Yu, M; Hu, Y; Gao, F; Dai, M; Wang, L; Hu, P; Feng, W (2020), High-Performance Devices Based on InSe-In1-xGaxSe Van der Waals Heterojunctions, ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, Vol. 12, NO. 22, pp. 24978-24983, American Chemical Society.

381. Yu, M; Li, H; Gao, F; Hu, Y; Wang, L; Hu, P; Feng, W (2020), Synthesis of multilayer InSe-.--Te-.-- alloy for high performance near-infrared photodetector, Journal of alloys and compounds, Vol. 815, pp. 1-6, Elsevier.

382. Yu, X; Yang, W; Yang, Y; Wang, X; Liu, X; Zhou, F; Zhao, Y (2020), Subsurface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization: effect of graft layer thickness and surface morphology on antibiofouling properties against different foulants, Journal of materials science, Vol. 55, pp. 14544-14557, Springer.

383. Yu, X; Yang, Y; Yang, W; Wang, X; Liu, X; Zhou, F; Zhao, Y (2020), Solvent-driven migration of highly polar monomers into hydrophobic PDMS produces a thick graft layer via subsurface initiated ATRP for efficient antibiofouling, Chemical Communications, pp. 1-4, Royal Society of Chemistry.

384. Yuan, G; Shao, D; Ren, Q; Feng, F; Yang, H; Wang, L; Ren, X (2020), A New Kinetically Preferable Polymorph of 1-(4--Cyanobenzyl)pyridinium bis(maleonitriledithiolato)nickelate with Spin-Peierls-type Transition, Crystal Growth and Design, Vol. 20, NO. 3, pp. 1829-1837, American Chemical Society.

385. Yunis, R; Al-Masri, D; Hollenkamp, A; Doherty, C; Zhu, H; Pringle, J (2020), Plastic Crystals Utilising Small Ammonium Cations and Sulfonylimide Anions as Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 167, NO. 7, pp. 1-13, IOP Science.

386. Yunis, R; Pringle, J; Wang, X; Girard, G; Kerr, R; Zhu, H; Howlett, P; MacFarlane, D; Forsyth, M (2020), Solid (cyanomethyl)trimethylammonium salts for electrochemically stable electrolytes for lithium metal batteries, Journal of materials chemistry A, Vol. 8, NO. 29, pp. 14721-14735, Royal Society of Chemistry.

387. Yusoff, N; Idris, N; Din, M; Majid, S; Harun, N; Rahman, M (2020), Investigation on the Electrochemical Performances of Mn2O3 as a Potential Anode for Na-Ion Batteries, Scientific Reports, Vol. 10, pp. 1-10, Springer Nature.

388. Zabihi, O; Ahmadi, M; Li, Q; Ferdowsi, M; Mahmoodi, R; Kalali, E; Wang, D; Naebe, M (2020), A sustainable approach to scalable production of a graphene based flame retardant using waste fish deoxyribonucleic acid, Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 247, pp. 1-11, Elsevier.

389. Zabihi, O; Ahmadi, M; Liu, C; Mahmoodi, R; Li, Q; Ghandehari Ferdowsi, M; Naebe, M (2020), A sustainable approach to the low-cost recycling of waste glass fibres composites towards circular economy, Sustainability, Vol. 12, NO. 2, pp. 1-10, MDPI.

390. Zabihi, O; Ahmadi, M; Liu, C; Mahmoodi, R; Li, Q; Naebe, M (2020), Development of a low cost and green microwave assisted approach towards the circular carbon fibre composites, Composites part B: engineering, Vol. 184, pp. 1-12, Elsevier.

391. Zeng, B; Wang, X; Byrne, N (2020), Cellulose beads derived from waste textiles for drug delivery, Polymers, Vol. 12, NO. 7, pp. 1-10, MDPI.

392. Zhang, D; Yang, H; Li, X; Chen, S; Gao, L; Lin, T (2020), Inhibition effect and theoretical investigation of dicarboxylic acid derivatives as corrosion inhibitor for aluminium alloy, Materials and Corrosion, pp. 1-11, Wiley.

393. Zhang, F; Ren, Y; Yang, Z; Su, H; Lu, Z; Tan, C; Peng, H; Watanabe, K; Li, B; Barnett, M; Chen, M (2020), The interaction of deformation twins with long-period stacking ordered precipitates in a magnesium alloy subjected to shock loading, Acta Materialia, Vol. 188, pp. 203-214, Elsevier.



394. Zhang, H; Li, C; Eshetu, G; Laruelle, S; Grugeon, S; Zaghib, K; Julien, C; Mauger, A; Guyomard, D; Rojo, T; Gisbert-Trejo, N; Passerini, S; Huang, X; Zhou, Z; Johansson, P; Forsyth, M (2020), From Solid-Solution Electrodes and the Rocking-Chair Concept to Today’s Batteries, Angewandte Chemie - International Edition, Vol. 59, NO. 2, pp. 534-538, Wiley.

395. Zhang, H; Yang, Z; Shangguan, L; Song, X; Sun, J; Lei, W (2020), Band structure engineering of PTI in C-PTI/ZnO heterostructures for enhanced visible-light-driven H- evolution, Nanotechnology, Vol. 31, NO. 14, pp. 1-6, Institute of Physics Publishing.

396. Zhang, J; Chevali, V; Wang, H; Wang, C (2020), Current status of carbon fibre and carbon fibre composites recycling, Composites Part B: Engineering, Vol. 193.

397. Zhang, J; de Souza, M; Creighton, C; Varley, R (2020), New approaches to bonding thermoplastic and thermoset polymer composites, Composites Part A: applied science and manufacturing, Vol. 133, pp. 1-8, Elsevier.

398. Zhang, J; Kerr, E; Usman, K; Doeven, E; Francis, P; Henderson, L; Razal, J (2020), Cathodic electrogenerated chemiluminescence of tris(2,2’-bipyridine)ruthenium(ii) and peroxydisulfate at pure Ti3C2Tx MXene electrodes, Chemical communications (Cambridge, England), Vol. 56, NO. 69, pp. 10022-10025, Royal Society of Chemistry.

399. Zhang, J; Kong, N; Hegh, D; Usman, K; Guan, G; Qin, S; Jurewicz, I; Yang, W; Razal, J (2020), Freezing titanium carbide aqueous dispersions for ultra-long-term storage, ACS applied materials & interfaces, Vol. 12, NO. 30, pp. 34032-34040, American Chemical Society.

400. Zhang, J; Kong, N; Uzun, S; Levitt, A; Seyedin, S; Lynch, P; Qin, S; Han, M; Yang, W; Liu, J; Wang, X; Gogotsi, Y; Razal, J (2020), Scalable Manufacturing of Free-Standing, Strong Ti3C2Tx MXene Films with Outstanding Conductivity, Advanced Materials, pp. 1-9, Wiley.

401. Zhang, J; Tan, B; Zhang, X; Gao, F; Hu, Y; Wang, L; Duan, X; Yang, Z; Hu, P (2020), Atomically Thin Hexagonal Boron Nitride and Its Heterostructures, Advanced Materials, pp. 1-28, Wiley.

402. Zhang, J; Uzun, S; Seyedin, S; Lynch, P; Akuzum, B; Wang, Z; Qin, S; Alhabeb, M; Shuck, C; Lei, W; Kumbur, E; Yang, W; Wang, X; Dion, G; Razal, J; Gogotsi, Y (2020), Additive-Free MXene Liquid Crystals and Fibers, ACS Central Science, Vol. 6, NO. 2, pp. 254-265, ACS Publications.

403. Zhang, J; Wang, H; Blanloeuil, P; Li, G; Sha, Z; Wang, D; Lei, W; Boyer, C; Yu, Y; Tian, R; Wang, C (2020), Enhancing the triboelectricity of stretchable electrospun piezoelectric polyvinylidene fluoride/boron nitride nanosheets composite nanofibers, Composites communications, Vol. 22, pp. 1-7, Elsevier.

404. Zhang, J; Yao, W; Sang, L; Pan, X; Wang, X; Liu, W; Wang, L; Ren, X (2020), Multi-step structural phase transitions with novel symmetry breaking and inverse symmetry breaking characteristics in a [Ag4I6]2- cluster hybrid crystal, Chemical Communications, Vol. 56, NO. 3, pp. 462-465, Royal Society of Chemistry.

405. Zhang, L; Chen, C; Zhou, J; Yang, G; Wang, J; Liu, D; Chen, Z; Lei, W (2020), Solid Phase Exfoliation for Producing Dispersible Transition Metal Dichalcogenides Nanosheets, Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 30, NO. 45, pp. 1-8, Wiley.

406. Zhang, L; Liu, D; Wu, Z; Lei, W (2020), Micro-supercapacitors powered integrated system for flexible electronics, Energy Storage Materials, Vol. 32, pp. 402-417, Elsevier.

407. Zhang, L; Qing, X; Chen, Z; Wang, J; Yang, G; Qian, Y; Liu, D; Chen, C; Wang, L; Lei, W (2020), All Pseudocapacitive Nitrogen-Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide and Polyaniline Nanowire Network for High-Performance Flexible On-Chip Energy Storage, ACS Applied Energy Materials, Vol. 3, NO. 7, pp. 6845-6852, American Chemical Society.

408. Zhang, L; Yang, G; Chen, Z; Liu, D; Wang, J; Qian, Y; Chen, C; Liu, Y; Wang, L; Razal, J; Lei, W (2020), MXene coupled with molybdenum dioxide nanoparticles as 2D-0D pseudocapacitive electrode for high performance flexible asymmetric micro-supercapacitors, Journal of materiomics, Vol. 6, NO. 1, pp. 138-144, Elsevier.

409. Zhang, P; Pereira, M; Abeyrathna, B; Rolfe, B; Wilkosz, D; Hodgson, P; Weiss, M (2020), Plastic instability and fracture of ultra-thin stainless-steel sheet, International Journal of Solids and Structures, Vol. 202, pp. 699-716, Elsevier.

410. Zhang, Y; Remadevi, R; Hinestroza, J; Wang, X; Naebe, M (2020), Transparent ultraviolet (UV)-shielding films made from waste hemp hurd and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Polymers, Vol. 12, NO. 5, pp. 1-14, MDPI.

411. Zhao, H; Li, Z; Lu, X; Chen, W; Cui, Y; Tang, B; Wang, J; Wang, X (2020), Fabrication of PANI@TiO- nanocomposite and its sunlight-driven photocatalytic effect on cotton fabrics, Journal of the Textile Institute, NO. Latest Articles, Routledge.

412. Zhao, J; Diaz-Dussan, D; Jiang, Z; Peng, Y; White, J; Duan, W; Narain, R; Hao, X; Kong, L (2020), Facile Preparation of Macromolecular Prodrugs for Hypoxia-Specific Chemotherapy, ACS Macro Letters, Vol. 9, NO. 11, pp. 1687-1692, American Chemical Society (ACS).

413. Zhao, J; Diaz-Dussan, D; Wu, M; Peng, Y; Wang, J; Zeng, H; Duan, W; Kong, L; Hao, X; Narain, R (2020), Dual-Cross-Linked Network Hydrogels with Multiresponsive, Self-Healing, and Shear Strengthening Properties, Biomacromolecules, pp. 1-11, American Chemical Society (ACS).

414. Zhao, S; Golestani, M; Penesyan, A; Deng, B; Zheng, C; Strezov, V (2020), Antibiotic enhanced dopamine polymerization for engineering antifouling and antimicrobial membranes, Chinese chemical letters, Vol. 31, NO. 3, pp. 851-854, Elsevier.

415. Zhao, S; Hu, S; Zhang, X; Song, L; Wang, Y; Tan, M; Kong, L; Zhang, Y (2020), Integrated membrane system without adding chemicals for produced water desalination towards zero liquid discharge, Desalination, Vol. 496, pp. 1-9, Elsevier.

416. Zhao, S; Shen, L (2020), Editorial: Advanced Membrane Science and Technology for Sustainable Environmental Applications, Frontiers in Chemistry, Vol. 8, P. 609774, Frontiers Media SA.

417. Zhao, X; Zhao, C; Jiang, Y; Ji, X; Kong, F; Lin, T; Shao, H; Han, W (2020), Flexible cellulose nanofiber/Bi2Te3 composite film for wearable thermoelectric devices, Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 479, pp. 229044-229044, Elsevier BV.

418. Zhao, Z; Hurren, C; Zhang, M; Zhou, L; Wu, J; Sun, L (2020), In Situ Synthesis of a Double-Layer Chitosan Coating on Cotton Fabric to Improve the Color Fastness of Sodium Copper Chlorophyllin, Materials, Vol. 13, NO. 23, pp. 5365-5365, MDPI AG.

419. Zhao, Z; Hurren, C; Zhou, L; Sun, L; Wu, J (2020), Effects of gallic acid grafted chitosan on improving light fastness of cotton fabric dyed with gardenia yellow, Journal of the Textile Institute, pp. 1-11, Informa UK Limited.

420. Zhao, Z; Zhang, M; Hurren, C; Zhou, L; Wu, J; Sun, L (2020), Effects of UV absorbers and reducing agents on light fastness of cotton fabrics pre-dyed with sodium copper chlorophyllin and gardenia yellow, Textile Research Journal, SAGE Publishing.



421. Zhao, Z; Zhang, M; Hurren, C; Zhou, L; Wu, J; Sun, L (2020), Study on photofading of two natural dyes sodium copper chlorophyllin and gardenia yellow on cotton, Cellulose, Vol. 27, pp. 8405-8427, Springer.

422. Zhou, H; Niu, H; Wang, H; Yang, W; Wei, X; Shao, H; Lin, T (2020), A versatile, highly-effective nanofibrous separation membrane, Nanoscale, Vol. 12, NO. 4, pp. 2359-2365, Royal Society of Chemistry.

423. Zhou, Q; Wang, W; Zhang, Y; Hurren, C; Li, Q (2020), Analyzing the thermal and hygral behavior of wool and its impact on fabric dimensional stability for wool processing and garment manufacturing, Textile research journal, Vol. 90, NO. 19-20, pp. 2175-2183, Sage.

424. Zhu, H; Forsyth, M (2020), Ion vacancies and transport in 1-methylimidazolium triflate organic ionic plastic crystal, Journal of physical chemistry letters, Vol. 11, NO. 2, pp. 510-515, American Chemical Society.

425. Zhu, J; Zhong, L; Zhao, Z; Zhao, N; Jiang, L; Xu, Y (2020), Formation mechanism of (TiNb)C surface reinforced layer by in-situ solid-state carbonization reaction, Surface and Coatings Technology, Vol. 393, pp. 1-8, Elsevier.

426. Zhu, X; Feng, S; Zhao, S; Zhang, F; Xu, C; Hu, M; Zhaoxiang, Z; Xing, W (2020), Perfluorinated superhydrophobic and oleophobic SiO2@PTFE nanofiber membrane with hierarchical nanostructures for oily fume purification, Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 594, pp. 1-10, Elsevier.

427. Zolotarevskiy, V; Kadin, Y; Vieillard, C; Hadfield, M (2020), Modelling the criticality of silicon nitride surface imperfections under rolling and sliding contact, Tribology International, Vol. 148, pp. 1-12, Elsevier.

428. Zou, Z; Liu, X; Ding, J; Chen, T; Wang, X (2020), Activated carbon powder derived from cashmere guard hair, Journal of industrial textiles, Vol. 50, NO. 5, pp. 599-615, Sage.

Conference papers1. Abeyrathna, B; Ghanei, S; Rolfe, B; Taube, R; Weiss, M

(2020), Springback and end flare compensation in flexible roll forming, IDDRG 2020, IOP Publishing.

2. Bueno, M; Galdos, L; de ArgandoÃ±a, E; Weiss, M; Rolfe, B; Lou, Y; Mendiguren, J (2020), Strain rate effect on the fracture behavior of the AA5754 aluminum alloy, in Bambach M, European Scientific Association for Material Forming. Conference (23rd: 2020: [Online]), pp. 1264-1269, Elsevier.

3. Buenviaje, S; Usman, K; Edanol, Y; Maylem, G; Payawan, L (2020), One-pot photochemical synthesis of solution-stable TiO2-polypyrrole nanocomposite for the photodegradation of methyl orange, Key Engineering Materials, pp. 217-222, Trans Tech Publications, Ltd..

4. Deole, A; Etxebarria, N; Mendiguren, J; Ilinich, A; Weiss, M (2020), A simple device to measure bend limit of sheet metals, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, pp. 012058-012058, IOP Publishing.

5. Fox, D; Pierlot, A; Kaur, J; Hillbrick, L; Creighton, C; Lynch, P (2020), Application of serial X-ray scattering for microstructure optimization of polyacrylonitrile fibres produced by wet spin processing, CAMX 2019 - Composites and Advanced Materials Expo, CAMX.

6. Guo, W; Li, C; Cao, Y; Song, X; Wang, L; Kong, L (2020), Preparation of porous iron hydroxy phosphate by phosphate slag and its application for adsorbing heavy metal Pb2+, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering.

7. Latino, M; Varela, F; Forsyth, M; Tan, Y (2020), Coating ageing and its impact on CP conduction, Corrosion and Prevention 2019, Australasian Corrosion Association.

8. Li, C; Guo, W; Liu, C; Shen, T; Chen, T; Wang, L; Kong, L (2020), Alkali treatment of bamboo powder mixed polypropylene and its effect on properties, Applied Chemistry and Industrial Catalysis. International Conference (2019 : Shenzhen, China), pp. 1-7, IOP Publishing Ltd.

9. MacLeod, A; Catubig, R (2020), Performance of lanthanum 4-hydroxycinnamate in a polyurethane coating in simulated seawater - Exposed cement solution, Corrosion and Prevention 2019, Australian Corrosion Association.

10. Perumal, V; Gupta, R; Bhattacharya, S; Costa, F; Kashi, S (2020), Modelling stress response of glass-fibre composites during shear flow using 3-dimensional fibre orientation evolution and fibre migration data, 18th European Conference on Composite Materials (ECCM-18), Applied Mechanics Laboratory.

11. Shilton, A; Gupta, S; Rana, S; Vellanki, P; Park, L; Li, C; Venkatesh, S; Dorin, T; Sutti, A; Rubin, D; Slezak, T; Vahid, A; Height, M (2020), Accelerated Bayesian Optimization through Weight-Prior Tuning, in Chiappa S; Calandra R, Artificial Intelligence and Statistics. Conference (2020 23rd : Online from Palermo, Italy), pp. 1-10, Addison-Wesley.

12. Tan, M; Huo, Y; Varela, F; Wang, K; Ubhayaratne, I (2020), An overview of recent progresses in monitoring and understanding localized corrosion on buried steel pipelines, Corrosion. Conference & Expo (2020 : Houston, Texas), NACE International.

13. Tan, M; Varela, F; Latino, M; Wang, K (2020), Understanding factors affecting corrosion under disbonded coatings, Corrosion & Prevention 2019, Australasian Corrosion Association.

14. Varela, F; Latino, M; Tan, Y; Forsyth, M (2020), Overview of latest advances in measuring and understanding cathodic protection current permeability by organic coatings, in National Association of Corrosion Engineers International. Conference (2020 : Event cancelled), NACE International.


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Annual Report 2020 Institute for Frontier Materials

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