AnnualReport2001

United Nations University

Background

The United Nations University (UNU) functions as aninternational community of scholars engaged in research,postgraduate training and dissemination of knowledge infurtherance of the purposes and principles of the Charter ofthe United Nations. The idea for this type of internationalorganization was originally proposed in 1969 by then UnitedNations Secretary-General U Thant, who suggested thecreation of “a United Nations university, truly international incharacter and devoted to the Charter’s objectives of peace andprogress.”

The University commenced operations in September 1975as an autonomous organ of the United Nations GeneralAssembly, under the joint sponsorship of the United Nationsand the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Culturalfic and CulturalfOrganization (UNESCO).

Objectives and main roles

As the UNU’s Charter states, its aim is to foster intellectualcooperation among scholars and scientists in an effort toffort tofunderstand and solve “pressing global problems of humansurvival, development and welfare.” The University has aspecial mandate to alleviate the intellectual isolation ofacademics in developing countries by organizing worldwidenetworks of collaborating scholars and research institutions.Based on an analysis of the UNU Charter, it is evident thatfour roles are central to the UNU mission in the coming years.These are that:• UNU should be an international community of scholars;• UNU should form a bridge between the United Nations and

the international academic community;• UNU should serve as a think-tank for the United Nations

system; and• UNU should contribute to capacity development, particu-

larly in developing countries.

Organization

The University consists of the UNU Centre in Tokyo, severalresearch and training centres and programmes (RTC/Ps), andRTC/Ps), andRa network of associated and cooperating institutions andscholars.

The University Council sets the principles and policies forthe University. It has 24 members who are appointed for six-year terms by the Secretary-General of the United Nationsand the Director-General of UNESCO. Members serve intheir individual capacities, not as representatives of theircountries. There are three ex offfff icio members: the Secretary-ficio members: the Secretary-fGeneral of the United Nations, the Director-General ofUNESCO and the Executive Director of the United NationsInstitute for Training and Research (UNITraining and Research (UNIT TAR). The UNURector is also a Council member.

The Rector is the University’s chief academic and adminis-trative offfff icerficerf , with responsibility for the direction, organiza-tion and administration of its overall programme.

Research and training directions in the 21st centuryt

The University studies the effects of human actiffects of human actif vities, whichare altering the world on an unprecedented scale. Particularimportance is given to those that affect deffect def veloping countries.The University’s academic activities are coordinated andcarried out by the UNU Centre and the RTC/Ps as well asRTC/Ps as well asRthrough a global network of associated and cooperatinginstitutions and scholars.

UNU Centre, Tokyo, Japan (1975)Tokyo, Japan (1975)T

The work of the UNU Centre is divided into two thematicareas: Environment and Sustainable Development andtPeace and Governance. The Envirnvirn onment and SustainableDevelopment Programme focuses on the interactionsbetween human activities and the natural environment, innvironment, innparticular the challenges facing defacing def veloping countries. The aimof the Peace and Governance Programme is to contribute,through research and capacity development, to the promotionof peace and good governance. The UNU Centre also coordi-nates the Capacity Development Programme, whichprimarily provides grants to train young scientists fromdeveloping countries.

UNU World Institute for Development EconomicsResearch (UNU/WIDER), Helsinki, Finland (1985)

UNU/WIDER, the University’s first research and trainingfirst research and trainingfcentre, studies global economic policies that will help im-prove human lives. Its studies are conducted by an in-housestaff of research felloff of research fellof ws, economists and scholars. Althoughthere are many economic “think-tanks,” UNU/WIDER is oneof the few focusing on the problems of developing countries.Its ultimate purpose is to help such countries form economicpolicies that lead to robust, equitable and environmentallynvironmentallynsustainable growth.

UNU Institute for New Technologies (UNU/INTECH), Maastricht, the Netherlands (1990)

UNU/INTECH conducts integrative policy-oriented researchand training on the economic and social implications of newtechnologies for developing countries. It does this by settingup links to institutions in developing countries pursuingsimilar research. UNU/INTECH's programmes emphasizeresearch on the economic and social impact of new technolo-gies, policy studies on matters of urgent importance, and thetraining of Ph.D. fellows.

(Continued on the inside back cover)

CONTENTS

RECTOR'S PREFACE ............................................................................................. 2

THE YEAR IN REVIEW .......................................................................................... 4

PEACE AND GOVERNANCE ............................................................................... 12

ENVIRONMENT & SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ............................................ 18

MAJOR CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES ...................................................................... 27

CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT ................................................................................ 31

NETWORKING ACTIVITIES ................................................................................ 37

LINKS WITH THE UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM .................................................... 40

DISSEMINATION ................................................................................................ 44

INCOME, EXPENDITURE AND STAFF ................................................................. 49

ANNEXES

Annex 1: Statistical Information on UNU Activities .......................................... 52

Annex 2: New UNU Agreements in 2001 ........................................................ 55

Annex 3: Other Partners (Non-UN) ................................................................. 56

Annex 4: Contributions Received in 2001 ........................................................ 58

Annex 5: Titles Published in 2001 .................................................................... 61

Annex 6: Journal Articles, Book Chapters and Working Papers

Published in 2001 ............................................................................. 64

Annex 7: Members of the Council of the United Nations University

for 2001 ........................................................................................... 80

2

RECTOR'S PREFACE

Advancing Knowledge for Human Security andDevelopment: The Need for Dialogue Is Greater thanEver

The 2001 Nobel Peace Prize awarded jointly to theUnited Nations and Secretary-General Kofi Annan wasan honour for all who work in the system. It acknowl-edges the important role the organization and the Secre-tary-General play in promoting peace. It also encouragesus to work even harder to secure a safer world and abetter life for all people. To achieve this, greater efforts are certainly required,for the world is in a sombre mood after the unprec-edented scale and cruelty of the terrorist attacks of 11September. We must ensure that the foundations ofcivilized relations among the family of nations are notdestroyed, for that would give victory to the terrorists.Even in the present difficult times, we must remaincommitted to the crucial longer term issues of humansecurity and development. The year 2001 was designated as United Nations Yearof Dialogue among Civilizations — and, clearly, the needfor dialogue is now greater than ever. The United NationsUniversity (UNU), in cooperation with UNESCO,organized a series of workshops, conferences and otherevents this year with particular emphasis on a scientificexploration of the dialogue itself. We have also focusedon the role that education can play in preparing new

generations, on the media’s role, and on the importanceof ethics. The framework for action that has been devel-oped gives helpful guidance on a way forward. It is clear to those who have looked beyond whatseems different in members of other ethnic, religious,cultural or social groups that there is so much we all havein common. We cannot pass sentence on a person simplybecause that person looks, talks or prays differently. Thisis what the dialogue among civilizations is about. It willtake time and effort. Certainly, in the short term, it willnot be able to prevent atrocious acts such as thosewitnessed recently, but in the long run, dialogue is theonly way forward. Dialogue would also be fruitful between the advocatesand opponents of globalization. A key issue for the futurewill be to make globalization work for the benefit of allpeople. We live in an increasingly interconnected andinteractive world characterized as much by technology-driven international exchange and communication as byterritorial borders and political separation. Yet, the realityof massive human insecurity cannot simply be wishedaway. Over a billion people are still living in abjectpoverty; it is estimated, for instance, that every eightseconds one child dies from a water-related disease. UNU has been contributing to this debate. In January2001, UNU published the findings of its study on “TheRole of the WTO in Global Governance.” With a range ofexpert contributions — from, among others, UN Secre-tary-General Kofi Annan, incoming WTO Director-General Supachai Panitchpakdi and UN High Commis-sioner for Human Rights Mary Robinson — the bookfocuses on how best to support a trading system that hasled to unprecedented growth in the world economy, whilealso ensuring that the benefits are more fairly distributed.Some of the key recommendations — such as to establishan external panel of eminent trade experts to formulateinnovative policy directions for the WTO, provide greaterpublic access to WTO documents and ensure greaterinvolvement of the private sector — were discussed at ahigh-level book launch in Geneva in May. Globalization has the potential to improve the lives formany around the world. At the same time, its negativeaspects and implications have also attracted considerableattention. In contrast to the problems in Seattle in 1999,this year has been dominated by the preparations for andsuccessful launching of a new “development” round ofthe World Trade Organization (WTO) in Doha. A remain-ing, and vital, challenge is for policy makers to respond

3

to the controversy and diverse pressures on the WTOsystem, often in areas that are well outside the domain oftraditional trade policy. UNU has been working intensively towards the WorldSummit for Sustainable Development (WSSD) inJohannesburg. In particular, UNU has been concentratingon the issue of “Interlinkages” between globalization,poverty, development and the environment. If the WSSDis to be a success, these issues will have to be addressedin a balanced way. So, too, there must be greater consistency and coher-ence within the international environmental governancesystem, and between this system and other aspects of theglobal governance system such as trade and health.Although it is generally recognized that sustainabledevelopment involves complex and multifaceted pro-cesses, global agreements and treaties tend to focus onone specific set of issues only. UNU has placed particularemphasis on the need to focus on the interlinkages andsynergies between processes, in particular in theirimplementation at the national level. Understanding and providing responses to pressingglobal problems such as these is precisely the goal of

UNU. Another important element of the work of UNU isto develop capacities and alleviate the isolation ofacademics in developing countries, and thus ensure thattheir voices are part of the debate. We are also increas-ingly being asked to contribute to UN debates — to makeuse of our niche as a UN agency that can focus on crucialglobal problems with academic independence andobjectivity. The many ways in which we are working towardsthese goals are outlined in the pages of this AnnualReport. However, none of our work would have beenpossible without UNU’s global network of researchersand organizations, the large and participative audienceswho attend UNU seminars and conferences, the widecirculation of UNU ideas through electronic dissemina-tion and printed publications, and the generosity ofgovernments, foundations and firms that contribute to thework of UNU. We are very grateful for their continuingsupport.

Hans van GinkelRector

4

THE YEAR IN REVIEW

showcasing the work and values of the United Nations —on such topics as the UNEP International Photo Compe-tition on the Environment, World Heritage Sites andTrafficking in Small Arms.

The University clusters its work within two majorthematic areas — (i) Peace and Governance and (ii)Environment and Sustainable Development. Within thesebroad thematic areas, the Strategic Plan 2000 identifiedfive areas that affect human security and development inwhich to group UNU work: (i) peace; (ii) governance;(iii) development; (iv) science, technology and society;and (v) environment. The University undertakes researchand training and develops networks on a broad range ofissues: from the causes of conflict to leadership, debtrelief and international environmental governance. Theresults of the University’s work are disseminated throughhigh-level panels, conferences, workshops, books,journals, newsletters and the Internet.

UNU Mission and Key Roles

Mission:“to contribute, through research and capacitydevelopment, to efforts to resolve the pressingglobal problems that are the concern of theUnited Nations, its Peoples and Member States.”

Four key roles:• An international community of scholars;• A bridge between the United Nations and the

international academic community;• A think tank for the United Nations system; and• A builder of capacities, particularly in develop-

ing countries.

1 Please visit http://www.unu.edu/ for full details of the activities of UNU.

“We, heads of State and Government, have gatheredat United Nations Headquarters in New York ... at thedawn of a new millennium, to reaffirm our faith in theOrganization and its Charter as indispensable founda-tions of a more peaceful, prosperous and just world.”[United Nations Millennium Declaration – paragraph 1]

Introduction

The United Nations University has the overarching goalof advancing knowledge for human security and develop-ment. An international community of scholars, UNUstrives to be a think tank for the United Nations and abuilder of capacities, particularly in developing countries.The University is strongly committed to working towardsthe goals of the Millennium Declaration, which wasendorsed last year by world leaders. This Annual Reportdoes not provide an exhaustive account of UNU work,but rather it focuses on a few key topics and majoradvances in 2001.1

Our year began with a visit to Tokyo by Secretary-General Kofi Annan. While here, the Secretary-Generalformally opened the UNU Headquarters Building as the“UN House” in Japan. He noted that “The idea of ahouse of all nations, held together by a common bondand structure, helps us to visualize the very concept uponwhich the United Nations was built.” This year also sawthe opening of the UN Gallery, with regular exhibitions

UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan speaking in front of the newlyrededicated “UN House” on 24 January

5

Governing Council

The University Council, our governing body, held itsannual session at UNU Centre in Tokyo, Japan, from 3–7December 2001. The main functions of the Council areto formulate principles and policies that govern theoperations of the University and to make recommenda-tions regarding the effective functioning of the Univer-sity. This year, the deliberations focused on five maintopics:(i) reviewing the implementation of planned activities

of the University in 2001;(ii) considering the evaluations and peer reviews of

UNU/WIDER and UNU’s capacity developmentactivities;

(iii) examining proposals for new RTC/Ps, networks andinitiatives;

(iv) assessing the financial situation of the University in2000–01 and the prospects for 2002–03 andbeyond, as well as discussing ways of mobilizingresources for UNU’s work in developing countries;and

(v) reviewing and adopting the draft for the 2002–03academic programme and budget.

Peace and Governance

Peace — The year 2001 offered many tragic remindersof the inter-connectedness of peace, well-being, equityand justice, and of the importance of cross-culturaldialogue. The September 11 terrorist attacks in the US

underlined the symbiotic relationship between securityand governance, and the need to address new securitychallenges outside the conventional paradigms. TheUNU Centre Peace and Governance Programme teamedup with counterpart institutions in South and SoutheastAsia to conclude a major project on non-traditionalsecurity in Asia. Funded by the Ford Foundation, theproject aimed to deepen our understanding of non-traditional security within and between communities,highlighting social, economic and environmental issues,and to mainstream knowledge on non-traditional securityfor the next generation of Asian scholars and policyanalysts. A UNU/WIDER comparative study on the causes ofconflict concluded that one key to avoiding conflict iscontaining and reducing grievance. Policies that favour anarrow minority — thereby widening inequality inincomes and access to basic services — induce grievanceand erode respect for society’s rules of the game. Also,adverse economic shocks — the decline in the price of akey export commodity, for instance — can, by inducingrecession, exacerbate grievance when one group bears adisproportionate share of the adjustment costs. But it isnot just poor societies that fall into the abyss of violence:greed and grievance are a deadly combination forcountries “cursed” by resource riches.

Governance — The UNU Centre project on “CivilSociety and Global Finance,” done in collaboration withthe University of Warwick, analysed the changes thathave taken place in global economics, the political andsocial questions that have arisen as a result of this, andthe response of international civil society. The findings,

Members of the UNU Council at its 48th session, held in Tokyo

6

presented at the UN and the IMF, showed that civilsociety plays an important and growing role in globalfinance: as a channel of information, a source of legiti-macy and a catalyst to democratization. But civil societyactors, in turn, need to pay more attention to theirprofessional competence and their own democraticattributes. There is a growing consensus that (individual) ac-countability and justice are the essential foundations ofpeace and stability, both within and between societies.But this process is not uncontested: many people believethat justice must be local. International justice is oftenseen as a political and inconsistent process, or sometimesas “victors’ justice.” Moreover, in transitional societies,there may be tensions between ensuring justice andaccountability on the one hand, and maintaining peaceand stability on the other. A major international confer-ence with the Netherlands Institute of Human Rights(SIM) at Utrecht University, entitled “From a Culture ofImpunity to a Culture of Accountability,” explored theseissues.

Environment and Sustainable Development

Development — Many low-income countries have veryhigh levels of external debt, much of it owed to officialcreditors. In December 2000, the IMF and the WorldBank announced that 22 eligible countries (18 of them inAfrica) had qualified for debt relief worth some US$ 34billion. But the HIPC initiative, and debt relief moregenerally, remains highly controversial. Many haveargued that the debt should be completely written off soas to provide a fresh start for the world’s poorest econo-mies. Others have argued that a complete write-off willnot necessarily benefit the poor of the indebted countries.On 17–18 August 2001, UNU/WIDER held a conferenceto discuss these issues. Building on the recent debate, theUNU/WIDER conference reviewed what is presentlyknown about the relationship between debt, development,and poverty reduction, and assessed the state of progresson debt relief and its implications for the relationshipbetween aid donors and recipient countries. Starting in the late 1980s, a wave of privatization tookplace throughout Latin America, affecting a vast array ofactivities (water, electricity, transport, telecommunica-tions, etc.). While the aim was to raise the efficiency ofservice delivery, privatization affects directly the welfare

of the population, because utilities provide some of themost essential human needs. The objective of the UNU/WIDER project was to elucidate the effects of theprivatization of public utilities on consumers’ welfare.While increases in access do seem to have benefited thepoor, the distribution of benefits has been mixed. Atpresent, the worst levels of utility coverage remain inrural areas. The lowest point of the overall privatizationexperience in the countries under study seems to be theweakness of regulation. Increased private participation ininfrastructure does not exempt governments from theirprimary responsibility: ensuring universal access to basicservices.

Science, Technology and Society — Governments acrossthe developed and developing worlds have been institut-ing a host of measures to support industrial research anddevelopment (R&D). Focusing on the experience ofIndia, Malaysia, Singapore and South Africa, a UNU/INTECH project on “Market-Friendly InnovationPolicies in Developing Countries” assessed the variouspolicy instruments used to increase investments in R&Dby their respective enterprise sectors. The findingsindicate that for financial instruments to succeed, it isalso important to have a well-articulated innovationpolicy, with emphasis on human resource development. In response to the rapid increase in the use of comput-ers and progress in software technology development,

Participants of the UNU/EFI/METLA World Forest, Society andEnvironment Research Programme discussing population dynamics andgrowth of canopy tree species in Costa Rican secondary rain forest.(Photograph: Jean-Marc Roda, Economie des produits forestiers // Forestproducts economics)

7

UNU/IIST undertakes research and assists developingcountries to build up their research, development andeducation capacities in the field of software technology.In 2001, UNU/IIST focused on two research projects:“Theory and Design Methods for Real-time Systems”and “Formal Techniques for Software Development.”During the year, UNU/IIST also held 16 training schoolsand courses, with about 500 participants from more than26 countries.

Environment — The “People, Land Management andEnvironmental Change” (UNU/PLEC) project developssustainable and participatory approaches to biodiversityconservation within agricultural systems around theworld. PLEC focuses on the identification and demon-stration of profitable and biodiversity-rich managementsystems, and on networking and capacity development.In twelve developing countries (Brazil, China, Ghana,Guinea, Jamaica, Kenya, Mexico, Papua New Guinea,Peru, Tanzania, Thailand and Uganda), demonstrationsites are turned into fruitful places for farmer-to-farmerinteraction, with the scientists playing a supporting role.Officials and other stakeholders are brought into thefarmers’ meetings to demonstrate the success of PLECapproaches, which are recognized and often replicatedelsewhere. Working with PLEC has helped more than 40institutions and 200 professional participants to embracea farmer-centred approach, and learn new research skills. UNU has adopted a facilitating role in fostering zeroemissions-related activities through “UNU/Zero Emis-sions Forum” (ZEF). This Forum brings together repre-sentatives from business, government and the scientificcommunity in pursuit of three objectives: research,capacity development and networking. ZEF promotesinternational multidisciplinary research efforts to analysetrends in society and technology using a range of meth-

odologies. UNU organized the Zero Emissions Sympo-sium 2001 on 25–26 October, focusing on “Zero Emis-sions Economy and Utilization of Biological Resources.”UNU work on zero emissions has also increasinglyexpanded internationally, with meetings in the Republicof Korea, Thailand, Tunisia and Viet Nam.

Major Cross-Cutting Issues

The year 2001 was proclaimed the “United Nations Yearof Dialogue among Civilizations” by the UN GeneralAssembly. Drawing upon its unique characteristic as anacademic institution rooted in the United Nations system,UNU has undertaken a scientific exploration of thedialogue itself: What are the prerequisites of a meaning-ful dialogue? How can we best facilitate it? The Univer-sity brought together over 100 academics and otherexperts from diverse cultural backgrounds for in-depthdiscussions in a series of conferences and workshopsheld throughout the year. The project culminated in the“International Conference on the Dialogue of Civiliza-tions” organized in cooperation with UNESCO on 31July–3 August 2001 in Tokyo and Kyoto. The confer-ences and workshops highlighted that while a consciouseffort is necessary to turn cross-cultural exchange into ameaningful dialogue, the potential of such a dialogue toarrive at new and creative solutions to the commonproblems facing mankind is vast. Although it is commonly recognized that sustainabledevelopment involves complex and multifaceted pro-cesses, global agreements and treaties tend to focus onspecific individual issues. UNU has placed particularemphasis on the need for greater consistency and coher-ence within the international environmental governancesystem, and between this system and other aspects of the

Kyoto session of the International Conference on theDialogue of Civilizations, held at the KyotoInternational Conference Hall

8

global governance system such as trade and health. On3–4 September 2001, UNU organized an “InternationalEminent Persons Meeting on Inter-Linkages” to helpfeed the findings of our work into the 2002 “WorldSummit for Sustainable Development” (WSSD) inJohannesburg.

Capacity Development

All parts of the UNU system engage in capacity develop-ment activities, aimed in particular at strengthening therole of individuals and academic institutions in develop-ing countries. Our specialized capacity developmentprogrammes include short- and long-duration trainingprogrammes for postgraduate scholars and youngprofessionals, as well as degree-oriented study andresearch training programmes. The programmes cover awide variety of subject fields, spanning all priorityprogramme areas of the University. In the past year, morethan 800 young scholars and professionals participated inshort courses (of up to two months duration) organizedby UNU. The University also awarded over 80 fellow-ships to participants in longer specialized programmes ofbetween three-months and one-year duration, coveringsuch diverse fields as biodiversity, fisheries, food tech-nology, geothermal energy and software technology. Inaddition, more than 30 Ph.D. candidates and postdoctoralfellows engaged in research work at our research andtraining centres. UNU is continuing its efforts to support lifelonglearning and other forms of on-line and distance educa-tion. The Virtual University Initiatives (VUI) of UNUaim to make use of the flexible nature of the Internet toestablish open and extensible educational infrastructures.The VUI have newly established links with UNHCR,aiming to develop a UNHCR e-Centre distance learningprogramme that builds on the VUI e-learning platform.UNU/INWEH, together with the UN Department ofEconomic and Social Affairs and the University ofWaterloo in Canada, is creating a distance learningprogramme on integrated water resource managementthat builds on best practices to improve water manage-ment in developing countries. The curriculum will bedisseminated through a global network of regional andnational training institutions, which will serve as teach-ing and resource centres for the programme. UNU builds on its research and training experience to

assist institutions of higher learning in developingcountries to upgrade their teaching curricula. UNU/INRAhas developed a modular postgraduate training course inenvironmental management and policy analysis for useby universities in Africa. UNU/IIST supports universitiesin the development of curricula for computer sciencedepartments.

Knowledge Networks

The University is reaching out to partners in internationalacademia that have similar objectives to UNU. We areworking more with universities around the world as wellas through networks such as the Academic Council onthe United Nations System, the International Associationof Universities, the International Association of Univer-sity Presidents, the International Council for Science, andthe InterAcademy Panel of Academies of ScienceWorldwide. The major activity of the Food and NutritionProgramme (FNP) during 2001 was the preparation forand follow-up on the annual meeting of the ACC Scien-tific Committee on Nutrition (SCN), held in Nairobi inApril. The FNP co-chaired the SCN’s working group oncapacity development with the International Union ofNutrition Sciences (IUNS), and targeted Africa as theprincipal focus of the SCN’s attention. Action plans forthe realization of the “African Capacity DevelopmentInitiative” were outlined in a series of four workshopsheld over the past two years. The plans’ principal aim isto secure inspired African leadership in nutrition that issustainable and capable of meeting the continent’schallenges, driving the nutrition agenda at nationallevels, and mobilizing inter- and intra-regional coopera-tion to achieve the eradication of malnutrition as a publichealth problem. UNU has long supported a global network of expertsfocusing on issues related to sustainable mountaindevelopment - including the quarterly journal MountainResearch and Development. Our work in this area hasbeen given particular emphasis since the UN GeneralAssembly proclaimed 2002 as the UN International Yearof Mountains. The new Global Mountain PartnershipProgramme will undertake long-term research collabora-tion on such issues as degradation of natural resources,loss of biodiversity, demographic pressure, weak socialinfrastructure and lack of local governance.

9

A Think Tank for the UN System

In order to better tap knowledge, analyses and expertisefrom around the world, each year UNU jointly organizesthe Geneva Research and Policy Dialogue with the UNOffice in Geneva. This year, presentations were focusedon “Freedom from Want,” “Securing our Future,” and“Freedom from Fear,” the themes raised in the Millen-nium Report of the Secretary-General. The dialogue alsohighlighted:• the need to improve access to research material pro-

duced within the system;• the relevance and added value of research produced by

UN institutes compared with academic research;• the need to close the gap between research and policy

making within the system; and• the culture shift required to enable the UN to develop a

strong capacity in research, analysis and policy plan-ning, and thus help improve the performance of theorganization.

UNU holds a number of policy panels in New York,Geneva, Paris and other UN locations in order to directlybring the findings of UNU work directly to policymakers in the system. In 2001, we convened panels on“The Governance of Globalization,” “Global Finance andCivil Society after Prague,” “Coming Out of Violence —The Management of Peace Processes,” “Governance andDevelopment in Africa,” and the UNU/UNITAR Serieson “Sustainable Development Practice.” UNU also signed new Agreements of Cooperationwith the United Nations Conference on Trade andDevelopment (UNCTAD), the United Nations Environ-ment Programme (UNEP) and the United Nations HighCommissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). In 2001, UNUcollaborated with over 30 UN agencies in implementingits project activities.

“The Mountains of Heaven” (Tien Shan, Xinjiang,China): a hike to Glacier Number One withProfessor Shi Yafeng(Photograph: Jack D. Ives, Adviser to the UNUEnvironment and Sustainable DevelopmentProgramme)

10

Dissemination and Public Lectures

This year, UNU launched the U Thant DistinguishedLecture Series. The series will bring some of the world’sleading thinkers to Japan to address the twenty-firstcentury’s most pressing issues and the potential role ofthe UN in promoting better livelihoods for all peoples.These eminent persons will include scholars as well asprominent thinkers in business, government, religion andinternational affairs. Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad, PrimeMinister of Malaysia, delivered the first lecture, on“Globalization, Global Community and the UnitedNations.” President Thabo Mbeki of South Africa gavethe second lecture, on the “New African Initiative.” In 2001 UNU/INTECH launched the Amilcar HerreraAnnual Public Lecture in Science, Technology andDevelopment. The first lecture — on “TechnologicalRevolutions and Opportunities for Development as aMoving Target” — was delivered by Carlota Perez. UNU/WIDER also initiated a new form of activity —that of major development conferences on topical issues.In 2001, these conferences focused on the themes of“Growth and Poverty” and “Debt Relief.” Each confer-ence attracted about 150 participants, consisting of agood mix of both experienced and younger people,academics, international organizations, NGOs, andresearchers from both the developed and developingworld. A second series of television public service announce-ments giving a general introduction to UNU and itsinternational network of research and training centresand programmes is being broadcast to television viewers

worldwide, thanks to CNN. The 60-, 30- and 15-secondads are being broadcast on CNN International six to ninetimes a day until February 2002. The objective of thecampaign is to attract viewers to the UNU website,where they can learn more about the organization and itsaffiliated institutes and programmes. Recognition of the UNU Press as a fast, efficient, andflexible publisher has continued to grow within theinternational academic and publishing communities.Among the notable achievements of UNU Press in 2001was the receipt of the prestigious Library Journal NotableGovernment Documents Award for the book Kosovo andthe Challenge of Humanitarian Intervention: SelectiveIndignation, Collective Action, and International Citizen-ship, edited by Albrecht Schnabel and Ramesh Thakur,published in 2000. In order to promote the broadestpossible distribution of its titles in developing countries,the UNU Press continued to encourage the production ofinexpensive local editions by indigenous publishers andto promote free distribution of its publications in appro-priate quarters. In all, the work of the University led to the publicationof 46 new books in 2001, of which UNU Press published17. The work of UNU was promoted at panels and bookfairs around the world, including Beijing, Frankfurt,Geneva, Helsinki, Los Angeles, London, Moscow, Paris,Singapore and Tokyo. The University had 113 articlespublished in scholarly and popular journals and 203articles printed in the press.

Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad, Prime Minister of Malaysia Mr. Thabo Mbeki, President of South Africa

11

Organizational Developments, Finance and Administration

The UNU Research and Training Programme (RTP) onComparative Regional Integration Studies (UNU/CRIS),set up with the College of Europe and the FlemishGovernment, began work this year. Dr. Luk vanLangenhove was appointed as the first Director of theInstitute. The main priority of UNU/CRIS is to build adatabase on existing initiatives and ongoing processes inregional integration around the world, and categorizethem according to their aims, structures and strategies. In 2001 we initiated the pilot phase of a programme onScience and Technology for Sustainability with theGovernment of the Republic of Korea and KwangjuInstitute of Science and Technology (K-JIST). This year,we also received a strong endorsement to start a newResearch and Training Centre focusing on Environmentand Human Security (UNU/EHS) in Bonn, Germany. Apublic launch and discussion of the feasibility study washeld in Bonn in August. This year, UNU initiated a new Research and TrainingProgramme on Fragile Ecosystems in Wetland Areas inMato Grosso, Brazil, in cooperation with theUniversidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT) and theGovernment of Mato Grosso. The importance of waterresources is evident. Based in the Pantanal wetland, theworld’s largest, the new RTP will help us better under-stand issues related to the protection, preservation andsustainable management of fragile ecosystems around theworld.

The new Director of UNU/IAS, Prof. A. H. Zakri, tookoffice on 1 January. The new programmatic directionemphasizes the advanced nature of the Institute asmandated by its Charter, its multidisciplinary approach tointegrated problem solving, and the advanced researchmethodologies used to challenge orthodox thinking andto find creative solutions to the most pressing globalproblems. The new direction has been translated into twobroad themes: (1) Science and Technology Drivers toSustainable Development, and (2) Ecosystems Strategiesto Sustainability. UNU extended the Agreement of Cooperation with theGovernment of Iceland and the Marine Research Instituteregarding fisheries-related capacity development activi-ties. An agreement on the extension was signed on 23October 2001 during the visit to Japan of HalldorAsgrimsson, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Iceland. Theextension is for a period of six years, from 2002 to 2008,and provides a solid base for the UNU Fisheries TrainingProgramme. Planning was completed to provide a permanentbuilding for UNU Leadership Academy on the groundsof the University of Jordan. The architectural design forthe Academy’s building was completed and constructioncommenced in late 2001. Completion is expected byOctober 2002. UNU also continued discussions with Qatar regardinga new centre in the Middle East; the Rector visited inFebruary, and a follow-up delegation visited in October.A feasibility study for a new programme on energy andwater in the Middle East is now planned. The Japan Standards Association officially certifiedUNU Centre, UNU/IAS and the Global EnvironmentInformation Centre (GEIC) in Tokyo as meeting theISO14001 standard in January 2001. UNU is the first UNagency to obtain ISO14001 certification, and the fifthacademic institution in Japan.

Giant water lilies in Pantanal wetland(Photo: PPS)

12

PEACE AND GOVERNANCE

2 Charles A. Kupchan, Emanuel Adler, Jean-Marc Coicaud, and Yuen FoongKhong, Power in Transition: The Peaceful Change of International Order,Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 2001.

“The research programmes of the institutions of theUniversity shall include, among other subjects,coexistence between peoples having different cultures,languages and social systems; peaceful relationsbetween States and the maintenance of peace andsecurity; human rights; ... and universal human valuesrelated to the improvement of the quality of life.”

[UNU Charter Article I.3]

In order to be faithful to the vision and ideals of theUnited Nations, UNU work addresses issues of peace,security and governance. It focuses on pre-conflict (forexample, the roots and causes of conflict, preventivediplomacy, abolition of child soldiers, and stigmatizationof anti-personnel landmines), conflict (peacekeepingoperations and other conflict management techniques)and post-conflict (peace-building) measures. UNU alsolooks at issues of governance (e.g., the nature andeffectiveness of political, judicial and administrativeinstitutions as well as the issue of human rights anddemocracy). It also analyses the structure of the interna-tional system and how globalization can be managed,regulated and governed more effectively. These issuesand challenges demand a forward-looking, innovativeapproach, and one that conceptualizes peace, governanceand security in the broadest sense.

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

PEACE○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

“We will spare no effort to free our peoples from thescourge of war, whether within or between States,which has claimed more than 5 million lives in thepast decade. We will also seek to eliminate the dangersposed by weapons of mass destruction.”[United Nations Millennium Declaration – paragraph 8]

The UNU mission in this thematic area — to contribute,through research, policy analysis and capacity develop-ment activities, to the promotion of sustainable peace andgood governance — is challenging and complex. Itrequires attention to the causes of war and the conditionsof peace and welfare before, during and after armedconflict. The intellectual framework of human security,reflecting the UNU commitment to knowledge foradvancing human security and human development, hasguided the selection and shape of many of UNU’s activities.

Managing Change Peacefully

One of the major faultlines along which conflict occurshistorically is when there is a significant realignment ofpower balances with the rise and fall of great powers.The UNU Centre’s project on the subject addressed thequestion of how to prepare for the waning of Americanbenign hegemony and the resultant geopolitical conse-quences.2 Drawing on historical case studies, the analysisfocused on three core issues: how great-power contend-ers for primacy come to see one another as benign, howthey negotiate a mutually acceptable international order,and how they legitimize that order. The project identifiedpast cases of peaceful transition, sought to understand thevariables that permit major power balance recalibrationswithout war, and drew lessons on how the internationalcommunity can best manage the coming transition tomultipolarity.

Analysing the Causes of Conflict

All societies are characterized by some degree of conflictover political and civil rights, employment opportunities,and access to social and economic services. But a keyquestion remains under-analysed: Why do some coun-tries avoid violent conflict while others fail? Accordingto the UNU/WIDER study of this question, violentconflict occurs when societies are unable to create thenecessary “rules of the game,” so that one or more groupsperceive themselves to be treated unfairly. At indepen-dence, having inherited weak and inappropriate colonialinstitutions, many developing countries found themselvesunable to build satisfactory social contracts. The transi-tional societies that emerged after the dissolution of theSoviet Union have also found it difficult to constructagreed-upon rules of the game. Nevertheless, societiescan be remarkably resilient, even in the direst circum-stances. One key to success is containing and reducing griev-ance. Our well-being is influenced not just by ourabsolute living standard, but also by our position relativeto others in our immediate social group as well as to

13

other social groups (thus inequality, not just poverty,matters). Policies that favour a narrow minority —widening inequality in incomes and access to basicservices — induce grievance and erode respect forsociety’s rules of the game. Accordingly, fiscal policy —that benefits from public spending and that is taxed —can contribute to conflict when it is judged to be unfair.In the worst civil wars, explicit commitment to reformingfiscal policy may need to be part of a peace settlement. Adverse economic shocks — the decline in the priceof a key export commodity, for instance — can, byinducing recession, exacerbate grievance when one groupbears a disproportionate share of the adjustment costs.Resource scarcity is a factor in conflict (in particular,fights over land), but so too, paradoxically, is resourcewealth. Greed and grievance are a deadly combination inresource-rich countries that fail to use their resources forbroad-based development. Misuse of the fiscal system isoften evident; resource rich countries are too-oftencharacterized by deliberate and inadequate accounting ofstate revenues from natural wealth and a failure to sharesuch wealth fairly across regions and ethnic groups

(Algeria, Angola, and Nigeria are just three examples). Incontrast, Botswana — one of the few resource-richAfrican countries to avoid civil war — put in place aneffective fiscal system to use resource wealth for devel-opment, and backed this up with democratic institutions.These now underpin its social contract. Criminal activities (extortion, trade in contrabandgoods) can also play a major part in financing conflict,and for some people the profits from war may exceed anypotential benefits from peace. Rebel groups, stateofficials and the military may see little advantage indemobilization. And, over time, refugees turn intoaggrieved diasporas that can provide substantial externalfinance to their local kin.

Refugees and Human Displacement

Refugees and internally displaced people suffer the mostegregious threats to their human rights and needs.Millions around the world, whether as a result of violentconflict, economic deprivation or environmental degrada-tion, find themselves in this desperate position. Beyondthe perilous situation in which such people find them-selves at the individual level, refugees and displacementflows also represent a clear threat to regional peace andsecurity. The UNU Centre project “Refugees and HumanDisplacement in Contemporary International Relations”examined the legal, political/normative and institutionalframeworks through which the international communityaddresses refugee and displacement issues, and identifieda number of inadequacies in the existing modalities andmechanisms. A number of preliminary conclusions weremade: Refugees and human displacement must becentralized in policy thinking as a key (not peripheral)dimension of peace and security within and betweensocieties. International law must be reassessed in light ofthe non-state centric nature of conflict and displacement.At a time when the ancient tradition of asylum is beingseriously eroded, it is essential that states meet theirobligations under international law. In line with this,responsibilities for hosting refugees and resettlement/asylum must be more evenly accepted; at present thecountries hosting by far the largest proportion of refugees(countries in the developing world) are those with theweakest capacity for doing this. And the ethical frame-work regarding refugees, displacement and asylum —

Woman and child at the Roghani Refugee Camp in Chaman, a Pakistaniborder town. Children and young people make up a large percentage ofthe population at Roghani Refugee Camp.(UN/DPI Photo by Luke Powell)

14

our moral responsibilities beyond borders — must bereconsidered in light of the emergence of solidarist ideasof global community and human security.

Responding to Humanitarian Crises

Refugees and human displacement are part of a widerchallenge relating to international peace and security. Incooperation with the Delegation of the European Com-mission in Japan, the UNU Centre’s Peace and Gover-nance Programme organized an international conferenceon “Partners in Humanitarian Crises: Conflict Preven-tion, Management and Resolutions — Towards a Com-prehensive Approach” at UNU Centre in Tokyo. High-profile participants from a variety of backgroundsattended, including Mr. Yasushi Akashi (former UNUnder-Secretary-General), Prof. Mari Fitzduff (Directorof INCORE), Mr. Feargal Keane (BBC journalist), Mrs.Glennys Kinnock (Member of the European Parliament),Dr. David Malone (President of the International PeaceAcademy), Mr. Poul Nielson (EU Commissioner forHumanitarian Affairs), Dr. Sadako Ogata (former UNHigh Commissioner for Refugees) and Dr. Fiona Terry(Médecins Sans Frontières). Cooperation was the key focus of the conference:cooperation between donors, policy makers, NGOs, themedia and the victims of conflict in order to optimize theeffects of assistance. The importance of capacity devel-opment on the ground and constructive involvement bythe local civil society, both when preventively addressingroot causes of conflict and when providing humanitarianassistance at the time of conflict, were among the mainpoints emphasized by the conference participants.

Conflict Data Service

The Conflict Data Service (http://www.incore.ulst.ac.uk/cds/; http://incore.hq.unu.edu/) of INCOREis a valuable resource. The Country Guides holdinformation on 43 conflicts, including East Timor,Angola and Tibet. A major new section on PeaceAgreements contains the original texts of over 200agreements from around the world.

3 Ramesh Thakur and Albrecht Schnabel (editors), United Nations Peace-keeping Operations: Ad Hoc Missions, Permanent Engagement, Tokyo:United Nations University Press, 2001.

Reforming Peace Operations

As Secretary-General Kofi Annan noted, UN peacekeep-ing is “an attempt to confront and defeat the worst inman with the best in man; to counter violence withtolerance, might with moderation, and war with peace.Day after day, year after year, United Nations peacekeep-ers have been meeting the threat and reality of conflict,without losing faith, without giving in, without givingup.” UN peacekeeping operations (PKO), one of themost visible symbols of the organization’s role ininternational peace and security, are undergoing a majoroverhaul after uneven mission successes in the 1990s andsubsequent questioning of their efficiency, effectivenessand credibility. This motivated the UN to conduct its ownassessment — the Brahimi Report — of urgently re-quired reforms of its peacekeeping operations. In celebration of UN Day 2001 and the launch of theUNU Centre’s new study on contemporary peacekeep-ing,3 and in collaboration with the International Associa-tion of Peacekeeping Training Centres (IAPTC), UNUorganized an international conference on “Reforming UNPeace Operations: New Challenges for PeacekeepingTraining.” Speakers included Mr. Jean-Marie Guéhenno(Under-Secretary-General of the Department of Peace-keeping Operations), Dr. William Durch (rapporteur ofthe Brahimi Report), numerous academic experts on

UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan and EU Commissioner forDevelopment and Humanitarian Aid Poul Nielson opening a specialpublic exhibition on Humanitarian Emergencies on 24 January

15

peacekeeping reform, and commanders from civilian,police and military peacekeeping training schools aroundthe world. They emphasized that the Brahimi Report andits follow-up recommendations have created a window ofopportunity to revitalize PKO training and implementa-tion. Effective cooperation between military, civilian andpolice contributors to peace operations is a key require-ment for success both at training and mission stages.UNU is the host institution of the IAPTC for the forth-coming year, with Dr. Albrecht Schnabel as theAssociation’s president for the year.

Leadership and Peace Building

If military leadership is vital to creating a successfulpeace operation, political and diplomatic leadership isessential to building on the success of a peace operation,or even precluding the need for a peace operationthrough effective preventive diplomacy. A project byINCORE (UNU/University of Ulster) on politicalleadership in societies in transition concluded that skilledpolitical leadership is vital if peace processes are tosucceed. The report, “From Protagonist to Pragmatist:Political Leadership in Societies in Transition,” wasundertaken through research interviews with seniorpolitical leaders in Northern Ireland, Israel/Palestine andSouth Africa. It focused on the changing nature andchallenges facing political leaders in societies in transi-tion. While obviously the various contexts differed, thereport concluded that there are a number of key issuesthat are common to all situations and that, unless dealtwith adequately, may present potential pitfalls fortransition processes. The most difficult task for leaderscontinues to be the management of their own party: forexample, for most leaders, finding the right balancebetween “executive leadership” and “collective leader-ship” continues to prove difficult for many years afterpolitical violence has ended. The project also points to the need for “elastic-bandleadership”: leadership that can “stretch” its constituentsin the interests of peace, all the while remembering thatif the elastic is stretched just a little too far, it will snap.When not undertaken sensitively, the subsequent disloca-tion between the leadership and constituents can havelong-term implications for the process, perhaps evenleaving the leadership without a mandate. For newlyelected politicians, particularly those unused to such

responsibilities, working with the civil service (particu-larly the cultivation of relationships between the topechelons of the civil service and the political leadership)has often been very difficult. Moreover, institutions ofdemocratic contestation can exacerbate inter-grouptensions. The project concluded that continued andcoordinated management of the political process is acrucial element of any post-violence process in order toensure that the responsibilities, challenges and relation-ships are not forgotten or damaged during crises.

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

GOVERNANCE○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

“We will spare no effort to promote democracy andstrengthen the rule of law, as well as respect for allinternationally recognized human rights and funda-mental freedoms, including the right to development.”[United Nations Millennium Declaration – paragraph 24]

Governance refers to the formation and stewardship ofthe formal and informal rules that regulate the publicrealm, the arena in which state as well as civil societyactors interact to make decisions. It describes the modali-ties, values and institutions that we employ to organizehuman life at all levels, within and between societies. UNU work focuses on:• Human Rights and Ethics — the significant issue of

the respect for human rights in international gover-nance and its integral role in stable, peaceful societies;

• Democracy and Civil Society — the importance ofdemocracy, in terms of both procedures and substance,and particularly the significance of civil society indomestic good governance and in underpinningpeaceful international relations;

• Leadership — capacity development in nurturingleadership qualities in the area of good governance;and

• Policy and Institutional Frameworks — the tenets ofgovernance (institutional, policy, infrastructural andnormative) that underpin sustainable human develop-ment and the international financial architecture.

This section of the report concentrates on issues of globalgovernance. It highlights the findings of work on interna-tional criminal law, civil society and globalization, andleadership.

16

International Criminal and Humanitarian Law

In landmark decisions in 1993 and 1994, the UN SecurityCouncil determined that violations of internationalhumanitarian law in the former Yugoslavia and Rwandaconstituted threats to international peace and security. Atthe 1998 Rome Conference, 120 states voted in supportof a statute creating an International Criminal Court(ICC) to prosecute those guilty of crimes against human-ity, wherever such crimes might occur. These decisionsreflected and strengthened a growing consensus that(individual) accountability and justice are the essentialfoundations of peace and stability both within andbetween societies. But this process is not uncontested:there are arguments for norms of accountability andjustice at the international level, but many people believethat justice must be local. In addition, internationaljustice is often seen as a political and inconsistentprocess, or sometimes as “victors’ justice.” Moreover,there is a popular perception that justice and accountabil-ity are in tension with peace and stability in transitionalsocieties, such as Cambodia, former Yugoslavia andSierra Leone. In November, a major international conference wasorganized in Utrecht in collaboration with the Nether-lands Institute of Human Rights (SIM) at Utrecht Univer-sity to explore these questions. The conference, entitled“From a Culture of Impunity to a Culture of Accountabil-ity,” brought leading lawyers, politicians and academicstogether with a number of key objectives: capacity

development (disseminating experience of internationalcriminal law to advanced legal students, legal practitio-ners, and public servants); raising awareness and under-standing in support of international criminal law, promot-ing it as an integral element of international peace andsecurity; and strengthening broad-based support ofinternational cooperation in the area of criminal law andthe ICC.

Civil Society and Globalization

Globalization — the declining salience of nationalborders to trade and competition, and the free movementof goods, capital, people and ideas — holds great prom-ise for poverty alleviation and development. However,the costs and benefits are at present not evenly distrib-uted. There is a perception, especially amongst non-

(UN/DPI photo)

At the conference held in Utrecht on 26–28 November 2001, from right:Mr. Martti Ahtisaari, former President of Finland; Mr. Andreas van Agt,former Prime Minister and Minister of Justice of the Netherlands; Mr.Kingsley Moghalu, Spokesperson, International Criminal Tribunal forRwanda; Prof. Cees Flinterman, Director of the Netherlands Institute ofHuman Rights(Photograph: Utrecht University)

17

governmental organizations, that globalization does notalways work in the interests of the poor, that it under-mines indigenous economic practices, and that it iscontrolled by unaccountable elites through internationalfinancial organizations. The UNU Centre project on“Civil Society and Global Finance” analysed the changesthat have taken place in global economics, the politicaland social questions that have arisen as a result of this,and the response of international civil society. Theproject’s findings were presented at the UN Secretariat inNew York and the IMF in Washington, DC. The project found that civil society engagement mightyield at least seven types of benefits. One is publiceducation; civil society organizations can raise publicawareness and understanding of global finance and itsgovernance. A second positive effect is participation;civil society can provide a means for stakeholders tomake inputs into policy processes. In particular, civilsociety can open opportunities for participation to socialcircles that are otherwise excluded from public decision-making on global finance. Third, civil society associa-tions can fuel debate about global finance. Effectivegovernance rests on vigorous, uninhibited discussion ofdiverse views, and civil society can promote that diver-sity and spark critical, creative policy debate. Fourth, civil society can contribute positively byincreasing public transparency around global finance.Civil society actors can push financial markets andregulatory authorities to be more open about theiroperations, thereby enhancing both efficiency anddemocracy. Fifth, civil society involvement can introducegreater public accountability into the governance ofglobal finance; civil society can push regulatory agenciesin global finance to take public responsibility for theiractions. Sixth, civil society organizations can contributepositively in respect to welfare; service delivery throughcivil society organizations can help to counter theeconomic and social fallout of financial difficulties.Finally, through these various means, civil society canenhance the legitimacy of global financial governance.Civil society activities can allow people to feel that they“own” the process of global finance, and that it works intheir interest. So, civil society has considerable positive potential inthe area of global finance. But civil society actors, inturn, need to pay more attention to their own professionalcompetence and democratic attributes.

Leadership

Undertaking studies on leadership qualities is a coredimension of the work of UNU’s Leadership Academy(UNU/LA). A major research project, “Global Leader-ship Survey,” is underway to ascertain public opinionaround the world on the challenges to global leadershipand the response to date by national and internationalleaders. The Academy has commissioned two researchorganizations — Gallup Organization of the USA andAl-Ahram Centre of Egypt — to undertake the survey. Astatistically significant sample of citizenry in eachcountry will be asked to complete a questionnaire ofsome 40 questions pertaining to the local, national andglobal problems they perceive to exist and how well theirleaders and other countries’ leaders are dealing withthem. A separate survey will be completed by selectedopinion-makers from the same countries. Three countrieshave been surveyed to date (Egypt, India, USA), and theresults are currently being processed. Subject to funding,a large number of countries (65) will be surveyed overthe next few years. In a second research project, the Academy is inter-viewing selected UN leaders to elicit their vision andinsights into global leadership in a fast-changing world.Some ten heads of UN agencies will be interviewed oncamera. Four areas of enquiry are explored: their visionof a better world in twenty years’ time, their fears andapprehensions of the “nightmare scenario” if the interna-tional community fails to harmonize national policies,the managerial challenge of leading an internationalorganization with a large multicultural staff, and, finally,the personal qualities required to lead a large organiza-tion working on global problems, as well as their ownodyssey in arriving at where they are. Three such leadershave been interviewed (the heads of WTO, ILO andWHO) in 2001, and the remaining leaders will beinterviewed in 2002. The interviews, conducted by aprofessional TV journalist, are some 60 minutes inlength, and are being edited for 30-minute documenta-ries.

18

ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

“The research programmes of the institutions of theUniversity shall include, among other subjects ...economic and social change and development; theenvironment and the proper use of resources;[and]basic scientific research and the application of theresults of science and technology in the interests ofdevelopment ...”

[UNU Charter Article I.3]

In this thematic area, UNU focuses on the issues ofdevelopment; science, technology and society; andenvironment, as well as the interactions among them.The issues of poverty and inequity as well as growth andemployment are at the very core of the work of UNU.The University also looks at the issues of globalization,technological change (information, software and biotech-nology) and urbanization, and assesses the implicationsfor people and societies. The global environment, naturalresources management, and sustainable energy use andproduction are also critical concerns.

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

DEVELOPMENT○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

“We will spare no effort to free our fellow men,women and children from the abject and dehumaniz-ing conditions of extreme poverty, to which more thana billion of them are currently subjected. We arecommitted to making the right to development a realityfor everyone and to freeing the entire human race fromwant.”[United Nations Millennium Declaration – paragraph 11]

Reducing poverty has emerged as the number onepriority — and rightly so, with around 1.2 billion peopleliving in extreme poverty. Although there is increasingagreement on some of the foundations for successfuldevelopment strategies, controversy still surrounds manyissues. The University concentrates its work on issues of:

• Globalization and Development — investigating thedriving forces and impacts (social, economic andpolitical) of, and policy responses to, globalization,and searching for alternatives to the present drivetowards “ungoverned globalization”;

• Growth and Employment — identifying policies andapproaches for developing countries to achieve morerapid and broad-based growth;

• Poverty, Inequality and Basic Needs — devisingstrategies regarding the unfinished agenda of eradicat-ing “structural poverty” and the “new poverty”; and

• Urbanization — assessing the implications of the rapidrise in urban populations, particularly in developingcountries.

This section of the report concentrates on UNU/WIDERwork on the issues of debt and development, risk andsafety nets, and the privatization of services in LatinAmerica. These projects represent only a sample of therange of UNU/WIDER work. Further information on allwork, including outlines of current projects, can be foundin the UNU/WIDER newsletter 4 and on the UNU/WIDER website.

Debt Relief and Development

Many low-income countries have very high levels ofexternal debt, much of it owed to official creditors. TheHeavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative aimsto reduce debt levels to “sustainable” levels, therebyreducing the burden of debt repayment on export earn-ings and on the government budget. This should, in turn,release resources for development, especially for povertyreduction. In December 2000, the IMF and the WorldBank announced that 22 eligible countries (18 of them inAfrica) had qualified for debt relief worth some US$ 34billion. But the HIPC initiative, and debt relief more generally,remains highly controversial. Many have argued that theHIPC initiative does not go far enough, and that the debtshould be completely written off so as to provide a freshstart for the world’s poorest economies. Others haveargued that a complete write-off will not necessarilybenefit the poor of the indebted countries. And there ismuch debate regarding the poverty reduction strategypapers that are a key part of the HIPC process, as well asthe question of how to improve fiscal systems so that theresources released by debt relief reach the poor. Building on the recent debate, UNU/WIDER held a

4 The latest issue of WIDER Angle can be accessed from the UNU/WIDERwebsite at http://www.wider.unu.edu/.

19

conference on 17–18 August 2001 to discuss debt relieffor poor countries. The conference reviewed what ispresently known about the relationship between debt,development and poverty reduction, and assessed thestate of progress on debt relief, and its implications forthe relationship between aid donors and recipient coun-tries. Papers on all aspects of debt relief were presented,including its poverty and social impacts, and numerouscase studies were discussed (including such countries asGhana, Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda and Zambia). The conference paid particular attention to understand-ing the economic, developmental and social impacts ofdebt relief. To this end, participants presented anddiscussed papers on the macro-economic effects of debtrelief (for instance, how debt relief affects key macro-economic variables such as inflation and growth) and thesocial impact (for example, how debt relief will releaseresources for improving primary health care, and howgood use can be made of these resources). The meetingalso looked at how debt relief will affect the total volumeof aid available to poor countries, and the role of tradepolicy in resolving the debt crisis of poor countries.5

Risk, Poverty and Safety Nets

Insurance and credit markets, combined with widespreadsocial security, provide an important cushion againstpoverty in rich countries. In contrast, poor people indeveloping countries must cope with drought, flood,illness, recession and political instability. Much of theirenergy goes into coping with these shocks and into day-to-day survival, leaving little for efforts to improve theirlives in the longer term. The poor do have some informal mechanisms to copewith risk and misfortune. These are based on self-insurance by means of savings, together with the familyor community-based mutual assistance. Nevertheless,their scope remains limited. They are better at dealingwith individual-specific risks, such as household illness,than systemic risks associated with drought, flood orrecession. These events devastate whole communities,thereby limiting the opportunities for risk pooling withinthe community or via local markets. Building on the insights of micro-level studies, theUNU/WIDER project on “Insurance against Poverty”draws lessons for policy, including the design of moreeffective insurance mechanisms and safety nets. Theinitial point is to avoid using scarce resources to substi-tute for effective mutual support when it already exists.

5 Some 76 papers from the conference, PowerPoint presentations and me-dia reports are posted on the UNU/WIDER website; revised papers willappear in the Institute’s discussion paper series. Please see: http://www.wider.unu.edu/.

New residents arrive at the RoghaniRefugee Camp in Chaman, a Pakistaniborder town.(UN/DPI Photo by Luke Powell)

20

Public funds are better used in assisting network orcommunity-based systems, and filling the gaps left byinformal insurance. Basic support systems with universalcoverage offer possibilities. But the resources of verypoor countries may not permit this, resulting in rationingand new mechanisms of exclusion. Since means testing isdifficult and costly, a basic self-targeted system — withlimited stigma and maximum access — may prove thebest starting point. But what can be done about covariate or systemic risk?This is the most dangerous risk for communities, sincethey are least able to deal with it. Insuring for largeshocks (for example, crop insurance) has often beenunsustainable. There are some promising new alterna-tives, such as rain-indexed insurance contracts. Theremay even be a strong macro-economic case for subsidiz-ing these schemes (including through aid), since shockssuch as drought or large commodity price changes havelarge externalities for the economy as a whole. Finally, we should not forget that households often usesavings to self-insure. In India, for example, self-insur-ance via savings is far more important than mutualsupport for smoothing consumption over time. The key isto have good-quality savings instruments available to all.This dimension has long been neglected, but it providesanother important starting point in helping the poor copemore effectively with risk.

Social Impact of Privatization and Regulation of Utilities in Latin America

Starting in the late 1980s, a wave of privatization tookplace throughout Latin America, affecting a vast array ofactivities (water, electricity, transport, telecommunica-tion, etc.). A desire to raise the efficiency of servicedelivery was one of the most important stated motiva-tions for privatization in the region. But, because someutilities represent essential inputs to a decent standard ofliving, privatization directly affects the welfare of thepopulation. The objective of the project on Latin Ameri-can utility reform was to elucidate the effects ofprivatization of public utilities on people’s welfare.6

The project highlights a number of key findings andpolicy implications. First, access (as measured by thenumber of households connected to telephones, electric-ity and water) has increased, and the increase in accessseems to have benefited the poor. This is particularlyevident in the case of the telecommunications sector,where technological progress (such as the availability ofcell phones) has enhanced competition in the market andmade services available to poorer consumers. But the distribution of benefits has been mixed. Tariffscharged to consumers have increased substantially since

UNU/WIDER Development Conference on Growth and Poverty

Will the 1.2 billion people living on less than US$1 a day see much benefit from current policies? What moreneeds to be done to ensure that more poor people share the benefits of growth? These are some of the questionsthat were discussed at the UNU/WIDER “Development Conference on Growth and Poverty.” Sustained economic growth is a prerequisite for raising the incomes of the poor. But so, too, is enhancing theparticipation of the poor in growth. The size of their benefits from growth depends on their access to land,education and markets. If this access is limited, then their benefits from growth will be limited. Hence, policiessuch as land reform, more investment in education, and market reform are often required to reduce poverty at afast rate. Women are often found to be disproportionately among the poor, so gender discrimination in educationspending and employment must also be tackled. Moreover, policies aimed at raising economic growth cansometimes have adverse short-term effects, including higher unemployment, greater economic insecurity and theweakening of traditional safety nets. And policies for growth that ignore the environment may cause pollution,soil erosion and deforestation, thereby damaging the livelihoods and health of the poor. Over 30 of the confer-ence papers are available at http://www.wider.unu.edu/conference/conference-2001-1/conference1.htm.

6 Relevant working papers are available on the UNU WIDER publicationswebsite at http://www.wider.unu.edu/publications/discussion-papers.htm.

21

privatization, thus reducing consumer welfare andleading to the exclusion of the most disadvantaged fromthe market. In addition, privatization of utilities in LatinAmerica took place against a background of abysmalinequality in service access, especially between rural andurban areas. In the countries under study, privatizationhas also affected mainly urban areas. At present, theworst levels of utility coverage remain in the rural areas. The lowest point of the overall privatization experiencein the countries under study seems to be the weakness ofregulation. Absence of competition characterizes activi-ties such as electricity and water distribution to finalusers. In this context, a regulatory framework, to preventthe private monopoly from charging idiosyncratic prices,is needed to protect consumers. Regulation should beguided by technical considerations aiming to achieveefficiency and provide incentives for long-term invest-ment in the sector. It is important to achieve a degree ofindependence of the regulator from partisan politics andto minimize the risk of capture. There is also much scopefor including participation of consumers as stakeholdersin the regulatory process. Increased private participation in infrastructure doesnot exempt governments from their primary responsibil-ity of ensuring universal access to basic services. There isstill a role for the state in the provision of privatizedinfrastructure. This is illustrated by the Chilean experi-ence, where the government has designed a series ofinterventions to ensure affordability of water by thepoorest consumers, and to act as a catalyst of privateinvestment in the electricity and telecommunicationssectors in rural areas.

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

“We also resolve ... To ensure that the benefits of newtechnologies, especially information and communica-tion technologies ... are available to all.”[United Nations Millennium Declaration – paragraph 20]

Science and technology are critical components of thedevelopment process. Rapid technological advances,particularly in Information and Communication Tech-nologies (ICTs) and biotechnologies, have createdimmense new opportunities. UNU work concentrates on:• Innovation — the impact of new technologies on

efficiency and competitiveness, and the implicationsfor developing countries;

• Information and Biotechnologies — the impact ofinformation technology and biotechnology on society;

• Software Technology — focusing on formal methods insoftware development; and

• Food and Nutrition — research and capacity develop-ment on issues that relate human development to foodand nutrition.

This section of the report highlights UNU major researchprojects on innovation policies in developing countries aswell as on technological upgrading in Southern Europe.It also draws attention to practical research work onsoftware technology.

Finance and Innovation in Southern Europe

A major international research programme coordinatedby UNU/INTECH and funded by the European Commis-sion was designed to address the connection betweentechnological innovation and investment finance. Theinnovation studies literature has paid limited attention tothese issues. This project revealed how macro-economicchanges and new market structures arising from marketintegration are affecting the investment decisions ofmanufacturing small and medium-size enterprises inSouthern Europe. Teams in Oxford and Maastrichtprovided the theoretical underpinning, a comprehensivesurvey of research on the finance of innovation, and aformal model of the investment decisions of the smalland medium enterprises that provide the bulk of employ-ment and output in Southern Europe. Teams in Athens,Lisbon and Madrid applied these concepts to empiricaldata from industrial censuses and extensive interviews incase studies of Greece, Portugal and Spain. The competitiveness of firms is increasingly based ontheir innovative capabilities, through the development,absorption and upgrading of new solutions — not only inthe technological domain, but also in the marketing andorganizational fields. Capital markets (bank lending,private equity, venture capital, securities issue and stockmarkets) can all play a crucial part, but are often absentor unwilling to finance small and medium enterpriseinnovation. In Southern Europe, public authorities haverelied upon uncoordinated policies of technologicalskilling, infrastructure provision and tax incentives. The

22

effectiveness of these interventions has been limited by alack of understanding of how firms are managed andactually make their investment decisions. This project produced 19 reports and a volume titledInvesting in Convergence: Corporate Finance andInnovation in Southern Europe (forthcoming fromOxford University Press). It provides both the analyticalframework and the empirical evidence required toimprove policy design in this crucial field. Researchfindings from this project have been presented in severalacademic conferences and policy workshops. A series oflocal workshops in the three selected countries attractedthe attention of policy makers and influenced the debateon innovation policy instruments in these countries.UNU/INTECH has already taken the initiative to orga-nize a follow-up project in that direction. This initiativewill analyse the link between corporate innovation andlocal financial systems in advancing industrializingcountries.

Market-Friendly Innovation Policies in Developing Countries

Governments across the developed and developingworlds have been instituting a host of measures tosupport industrial research and development (R&D).While the arguments for stimulating industrial R&D indeveloped countries are very clearly articulated, develop-

ing countries are perceived to be mere assemblers, or atbest “imitators,” of technologies that are usually im-ported from the developed countries. They are advised toopen up their production and trade regimes so thattechnology can easily flow into their economies. This familiar argument assumes much less significancein a context where (albeit small) numbers of developingcountries become full-fledged technology innovators.There are at least two reasons why government support isnecessary for innovations in the enterprise sector. First,recent research has shown that empirical evidence forglobalization of corporate innovation is very limited.Therefore, policies designed to give national enterprisesa competitive advantage make sense. Second, as acorollary, the market for technologies is shrinking, asmany technologies are being transferred from North toSouth through essentially non-market forms, such asForeign Direct Investment. Again, empirical evidenceshows very limited technology spillovers to local enter-prises from foreign ones. Against this background, the project assessed thevarious policy instruments used by the more advanced ofthe developing countries to increase investments in R&Dby their respective enterprise sectors. The basic questionof the study was whether countries can stimulate invest-ments in R&D in the enterprise sector by merely fine-tuning financial instruments, such as research grants andtax incentives. The study focused on the experience offour countries: India, Malaysia, Singapore and SouthAfrica. In Singapore, a clearly articulated innovation policyencourages increased R&D investments by private sectorenterprises. The country worked to accumulate a criticalmass of technically trained personnel who then becameavailable for conducting research in R&D laboratoriesattached to industry, and for initiating technology-basedenterprises. Consequently, the number of researchscientists and engineers in Singapore has increased rathersignificantly. In contrast, South Africa and Malaysia havesought to encourage R&D investments by introducinglarge research grants, without at the same time havingenough qualified scientists and engineers. The shortageof technical manpower is caused by low enrollment ofstudents (especially at the graduate level) in science- andtechnology-oriented courses. India forms an in-betweencase; the country has a large supply of scientists andengineers, but the number engaged in R&D at theenterprise level is low. In addition, India suffers from

New Annual Public Lecture in Science, Technol-ogy and Development

In 2001, UNU/INTECH launched the “AmilcarHerrera Annual Public Lecture in Science,Technology and Development.” The late professorHerrera (from Argentina) believed scientificdevelopment was essential for the kinds oftechnological innovation needed for social changein developing countries. The first lecture — on“Technological Revolutions and Opportunities forDevelopment as a Moving Target” — was givenby Carlota Perez. The lecture focused on howcountries in the periphery can benefit from thesuccessive windows of opportunity created by thesurges of technological transformation.

23

inadequate financial support for civilian industrial R&D. The cases thus indicate that mere fine-tuning of thefinancial instruments in developing countries, whilenecessary, is not sufficient. The financial instruments forpromoting industrial R&D can succeed only if thecountry has sufficient numbers of technically trainedpersonnel who can engage in R&D. For financial instru-ments to succeed and bear fruitful results, it is alsoimportant to have a well-articulated innovation policy,with emphasis on human resource development.

Software Technology

In order to transform the digital divide into a digitalopportunity, there is an urgent need for education andtraining of software engineers and educators in develop-ing countries. The mission of UNU/IIST, located inMacau, is to assist developing countries in strengtheningtheir capacities for education, development and researchof software technology. UNU/IIST undertakes capacitybuilding for software development in developing coun-tries, focusing on formal techniques and universitycomputer science curriculum. Under this programme, in2001, UNU/IIST continued its two research projects on“Theory and Design Methods for Real-time Systems”and “Formal Techniques for Software Development.”UNU/IIST research projects help the internationalacademic community to further develop software tech-nology and help developing countries strengthen theirresearch and development capacities. Although software systems are widely used, andpeople rely more and more on them, the “software crisis”is still with us. Large software projects are almost alwayslate, over-budget and even abandoned. Those that arecompleted usually contain many bugs and are difficult tomaintain. People who are doing research on formaltechniques hope to introduce a more rigorous approach tosoftware development and to help software engineersfinally resolve this crisis. UNU/IIST aims to contribute tothis worldwide research. The project “Theory and DesignMethods for Real-time Systems” is to research intomodels, theories, design methods and tools for thedevelopment of real-time systems, where timing issuesare often critical. The project “Formal Techniques forSoftware Development” is to apply and improve formaltechniques in designing practical software systems. In2001, these two projects also researched into new topics:

Modelling Language (UML) and Object-OrientedProgramming, Co-design of Mixed Hardware/SoftwareSystems, and Software Tools. In 2001, UNU/IIST staffand fellows published 21 technical reports in interna-tional journals and conferences, and wrote two books:Algebraic Approach to Hardware Compilation andSpecification Case Studies in RAISE.

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

ENVIRONMENT○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

“Prudence must be shown in the management of allliving species and natural resources, in accordancewith the precepts of sustainable development. Only inthis way can the immeasurable riches provided to usby nature be preserved and passed on to our descen-dants. The current unsustainable patterns of produc-tion and consumption must be changed in the interestof our future welfare and that of our descendants.”[United Nations Millennium Declaration – paragraph 6]

The welfare and development of the peoples of the worldis closely linked to the utilization, as well as the conser-vation and restoration, of environmental resources.Environmental issues have complex interactions with awide range of sectors (for example, food security, energyproduction and utilization, industrial development andurban growth). The research and capacity developmentwork at UNU focuses on the nexus between anthropo-genic activities and the environment. Key areas of workinclude:• Natural Resource Management — utilization of natural

resources in a productive-yet-sustainable manner, witha focus on minimizing resource depletion and pollu-tion;

• Sustainable Industrial and Urban Development — thebroader implications of human lifestyles and consump-tion patterns on both urban and industrial realms;

• Water — understanding and developing capacity inmajor issues that relate to water, environment andhuman health; and

• Climate Change and Global Governance — approachesto comprehending and managing the complex linkagesbetween environmental, economic and social issues.

This section concentrates on the issues of agrodiversity,zero emissions and Local Agenda 21.

24

People, Land Management and Environmental Change (UNU/PLEC)

The overarching goal of the “People, Land Managementand Environmental Change” project (UNU/PLEC) is todevelop sustainable and participatory approaches tobiodiversity conservation within agricultural systems.This work is carried out at over 20 demonstration sitesthrough a network of locally based research clusters inWest Africa (Ghana and Guinea), East Africa (Kenya,Tanzania and Uganda), Asia-Pacific (China, Thailand andPapua New Guinea), and tropical America (Brazil, Peru,Mexico and Jamaica). The whole PLEC network has nowexpanded to include more than 40 institutions and 200professionals, including core and associated scientists,young researchers and students (the majority of whomare in developing countries), plus several hundredparticipating farmers. The PLEC approach is to collaborate with farmers andlocal communities in identifying appropriate conserva-tion approaches that are environmentally, socially andfinancially sustainable, and which sustain biodiversity.By integrating locally developed knowledge of soil,

climate, and other physical factors with scientific assess-ments of their quality in relation to crop production, a setof sustainable agricultural technologies can be devised sothat crop diversity and management diversity are main-tained. The PLEC network uniquely provides both forSouth-to-South cooperation and South-to-North twinningarrangements.7

PLEC continued to enhance capacities of individualparticipants as well as local institutions. Increasingnumbers of extensionists, students, junior researchers andofficials received training “on the job” in the PLECmethods. Three Ph.D.’s, six graduate and 14 undergradu-ate students have finished their degree theses based onPLEC work. Demonstration on resource managementbenefits not only farmers but also school teachers,children, extensionists, researchers and officials. Training

7 Selected publications this year include: (i) H. Brookfield, Exploring Agrodiversity, New York: Columbia University Press, 2001; (ii) M. Stocking and N.Murnaghan, Handbook for the Field Assessment of Land Degradation, London: Earthscan Publications, 2001; (iii) L. Liang et al., “Biodiversity Conserva-tion through Agrodiversity,” in Global Environmental Change 11 (2001), pp. 97–101; and (iv) T. Yamauchi et al., “Physical Activity and Subsistence Patternof the Huli, a Papua New Guinea Highland Population” in American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 114:258–68 (2001). Further information on theproject is available on the PLEC homepage, http://www.unu.edu/env/plec.

Global Environment Information Centre(GEIC)

The Global Environment Information Centre is ajoint initiative of UNU and the Ministry of theEnvironment of Japan. GEIC is concerned withpromoting the nexus between information develop-ment and the environment. It has been veryeffective in mobilizing NGOs and NPOs and inpromoting greater awareness of environmentissues among the public. Being based inJapan, GEIC plays a role in bringing informationon Japan and its environment to the world, andvice-versa. It also works to find ways in which theInternet may be useful to people in contemplatingenvironmental issues. Particularly valuable sets ofproducts are the original data sets housed at theCentre. GEIC highlights in 2001 included thelaunch of the “Innovative Communities Project”(see http://www.inn-comm.org/) and the “YouthGroup for Environmental Leadership” (YouthGEL; see http://www.geic.or.jp/y-gel/).

PLEC expert farmer in Tanzania describing the technologies of intensiveuse of manures and compost in his medicinal farm to participants of thePLEC Project Management Meeting, in Olgilai-Ngiresi twin villages onthe slopes of Mt. Neru, Arusha, Tanzania(Photograph: Libor Jansky, UNU)

25

courses or leaflets on management of new crops or farminputs were organized to equip farmers with wide optionsfor solving production problems. New farmers’ groupshave formed at PLEC sites, especially in Tanzania,Uganda and Guinea. Development of community accordsfor resource management continued. In addition to direct activities, this year UNU orga-nized an International Symposium on “ManagingBiodiversity in Agricultural Ecosystem” in collaborationwith the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute(IPGRI) and the secretariat of Convention on BiologicalDiversity (CBD) in Montreal. The symposium broughttogether worldwide experiences and ideas on manage-ment of agricultural biodiversity and made an impact oninternational and national biodiversity programmes andpolicy, in particular, and contributed to and promoted theimplementation of the CBD Programme of Work onAgricultural Biodiversity. About 150 participants from 30developing countries and 15 developed countries partici-pated in the symposium.

Zero Emissions Forum

UNU has adopted a facilitating role in fostering zeroemissions-related activities through the UNU/Zero

Emissions Forum (ZEF). This Forum brings togetherrepresentatives from business, government and thescientific community in pursuit of three objectives:research, capacity development and networking. ZEFpromotes international multidisciplinary research effortsto analyse trends in society and technology using a rangeof methodologies (including input-output/materialsbalance flows, etc.). Working closely with leadinguniversities, ZEF is promoting the development ofmultidisciplinary centres of excellence in zero emissions.ZEF collaborates with development institutions, fundingagencies, governments, businesses and communities tostimulate regional and local zero emissions initiativesacross industrial and social sectors worldwide. In thiscontext, ZEF plays a key role in advocating the incorpo-ration of zero emissions goals in government policy-making and programmes in collaboration with NGOs andresearch institutes. In 2001, a number of activities were held in Tokyo. On29–30 January 2001, UNU jointly organized a sympo-sium with the Scientific Research Group of the Ministryof Education of Japan. The research findings of 22 zeroemissions research activities were presented and dis-cussed. On 11 May, there were special lectures on the“Management of Environmental Forestry” and “Environ-mental Education for the Children.” On 25–26 October2001, UNU hosted the Zero Emissions Symposium 2001focusing on “Zero Emissions Economy and Utilization ofBiological Resources.” In addition to the above majoractivities in Tokyo, there were zero emissions seminars invarious cities in Japan, organized jointly with JETRO andJapan Management Association. UNU work on zero emissions has also increasinglyexpanded internationally. From 28 March–10 April 2001,a delegation of the ZEF academic network visited Tunisat the invitation of the Tunisian Government and gavelectures on zero emissions research work. In July andSeptember, there were seminars at the National Univer-sity of Hanoi (Viet Nam), the Asian Institute of Technol-ogy (Thailand) and Yeungnam University (Repubic ofKorea). Discussion concentrated on the possibility ofapplying the idea of zero emissions in each country.Finally, the Environmental Policy Research Unit (FFU)of the Free University of Berlin became host of UNU/ZEF Focal Point in Europe with the aim to institutional-ize the work of UNU/ZEF in Europe.

As an example of agroforestry, a tree nursery station of the researchprogramme on plantation forest with indigenous and exotic species un-der the FORESTA project, administered by Foundation for the Develop-ment of Central Volcanic Range, in Sarapiqui, Costa Rica. The principalnative species used in reforestation are “pilon” (Hieronymaalchorneoides), “roble coral” (Terminalia amazonia) and “chancho”(Vochysia guatemalensis). From UNU/EFI/METLA World Forest, Societyand Environment Research Programme.(Photograph: Libor Jansky, UNU)

26

project tend to suggest that a new model of digital localenvironmental governance might be appropriate based onwhat can be understood as policy epistemic virtualcommunities. This implies that local governments shouldbegin by creating an online community of expertsdealing with specific environmental policy issues in thelocality, based at key research institutions, universitiesand NGOs. Once a lively and online expert debate hasbeen stimulated, it might then prove possible to explorenew avenues to engage members of the local communityand to encourage their online participation. These, andother ICT-related issues, represent the beginnings of anexciting new research and development agenda.

A Greener United Nations University

The Japan Standards Association officially certi-fied UNU Centre, UNU/IAS and the GlobalEnvironment Information Centre (GEIC) in Tokyoas meeting the ISO14001 standard in January2001. UNU is the first UN agency to obtainISO14001 certification, and the fifth academicinstitution in Japan. The UNU ISO14001 working group developedan environmental policy entitled Going for Green.In implementing this policy, UNU seeks to con-tribute to the global and local community and to“green” work practices and a “green” work place.In the 2000–01 biennium, the University coordi-nated nearly thirty environment-related projectsthrough a global network of research and trainingcentres, including work on climate change andglobal environmental governance, land and naturalresource development, and water conservation, aswell as sustainable urban and industrial develop-ment. Implementation of the ISO14001 at UNU inTokyo has resulted in a number of positive impactsin terms of emergency preparedness, and reduc-tions in energy and resource consumption, withassociated cost savings, as well as a generalincrease in the environmental awareness of allpersonnel. In addition, efforts have been made todisseminate this best practice experience to otherparts of the UN system and online via the UNUwebsite (http://www.unu.edu/ISO14001).

Local Environmental Knowledge and Participation in the Information Society

One of the most significant success stories stemmingfrom the Rio Earth Summit of 1992 has been the imple-mentation of Local Agenda 21 (LA21) by over 6,400local authorities worldwide. This has been accelerated bythe use of the Internet; many local authorities havedeveloped interactive websites in support of their LA21strategies. Online public participation in environmentalpolicy formulation is fast becoming part of everydaylocal government activity in the industrialized world. UNU has been monitoring developments associatedwith the emerging information society and has imple-mented a number of projects examining issues related tolocal environmental sustainability. One such project isthe Iwate Environment Network, which explores thepotential impacts of the application of Information andCommunication Technologies (ICTs) to the processesunderpinning local environmental governance. At a costof US$ 6 million over three years, UNU/IAS has collabo-rated with Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation(NTT) and Iwate Prefectural Government on researchdealing with a range of issues, including online environ-mental monitoring, public participation, environmentalconsciousness-raising and education. Experience from this partnership project offers impor-tant insights for local policy makers on the barriers andopportunities related to the development of digitalenvironmental governance. On the positive side, ICTscan provide significant opportunities to increase thespeed of stakeholder access to, and transparency of,environmental data. These technologies can be used tosupport the dissemination and sharing of environmentalknowledge within the local community while maintain-ing a two-way communication flow between the policymakers and their constituencies. However, measures arerequired to ensure that the online data is understandableto the lay public, and on how best to deal with thepotential for citizens to become “digitally disengaged.”In implementing this project, researchers at UNU/IASfound that real innovation through the application ofICTs is difficult due to the tendency for these newpractices to be designed to ensure institutional legitima-tion rather than more radical institutional reform. In other regions of the globe, where Internet access islower, the findings from the Iwate Environment Network

27

MAJOR CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES

“Human beings must respect one other, in all theirdiversity of belief, culture and language. Differenceswithin and between societies should be neither fearednor repressed, but cherished as a precious asset ofhumanity. A culture of peace and dialogue among allcivilizations should be actively promoted.”[United Nations Millennium Declaration – paragraph 6]

UNU Strategic Plan 2000 highlighted UNU’s desire toinclude work on a number of cross-cutting issues in orderto complement our work in the previously describedthematic areas. These involve projects that cut across theprogramme areas and different academic disciplines. Forexample, issues concerning globalization — the drivingforces, impacts and policy responses — already formimportant multidisciplinary research agendas for UNU.Other such issues include ethics, human rights, gender,water and global public goods. This year, the reportconcentrates in particular on our work on the Dialogue ofCivilizations, international environmental governance,water and urban ecosystems.

Dialogue of Civilizations

In November 1998, in a unanimous resolution, theGeneral Assembly of the United Nations proclaimed2001 as the United Nations Year of Dialogue amongCivilizations. In doing so, the Assembly rejected theconcept of a “Clash of Civilizations,” which is based onthe notion that inter-civilizational understanding isunattainable. The General Assembly expressed its firm

determination to facilitate just such a dialogue, which isaimed at increasing mutual understanding and toleranceamong peoples of different cultural backgrounds, throughan active exchange of ideas, visions and aspirations.

Drawing upon its unique character-istic as an academic institution rootedin the United Nations system, UNUhas undertaken a scientific explora-tion of the dialogue itself: What arethe prerequisites of a meaningfuldialogue? How can we best facilitateit? Reflecting its global perspective,the University has brought togetheracademics and other experts fromdiverse cultural backgrounds for in-depth discussions aimed at develop-ing a better understanding of what is

necessary to realize a meaningful dialogue amongcivilizations. Starting with the “International Conferenceon Global Ethos,” which was held in Tokyo in October2000, UNU convened a series of conferences and work-shops on various aspects of the dialogue of civilizations,involving more than 100 academics, journalists, repre-sentatives of national, regional and international organi-zations, and, last but not least, students as panellists anddiscussants. The project culminated in the “International Confer-ence on the Dialogue of Civilizations” organized incooperation with UNESCO on 31 July–3 August 2001 inTokyo and Kyoto. More than 40 speakers from 23countries participated in the conference, includingAtaollah Mohajerani, the Director of the International

Keynote speakers for the International Conference on the Dialogue of Civilizations: From left, Dr. Ataollah Mohajerani, Director of theInternational Center for the Dialogue among Civilizations in Tehran; Mrs. Vigdis Finnbogadottir, former President of the Republic ofIceland; and Dr. Hayao Kawai, Professor Emeritus of Kyoto University

28

8 The “Framework for Action” along with reports on the conferences andworkshops as well as video recording and full texts of presentations atthe International Conference on the Dialogue of Civilizations areavailable on the project website at http://www.unu.edu/dialogue.

Center for the Dialogue among Civilizations in Tehran;Vigdis Finnbogadottir, the former president of theRepublic of Iceland and founding chair of the Council ofWomen World Leaders; Giandomenico Picco, thePersonal Representative of UN Secretary-General KofiAnnan; and Koichiro Matsuura, Director-General ofUNESCO. The conference showed that even for thosewho have been much involved in issues of dialogue,discussions are not always easy, in particular when theytouch upon specific values and norms. It also very clearlyproved, however, that as long as the parties involvedagree that it is better to talk than to fight each other,dialogue is possible and actually leads to new andcreative solutions to the common problems facinghumankind. The conference highlighted that individuals,governments, civil society and international organiza-tions alike should make efforts to turn cross-culturalexchange into a meaningful dialogue. Education, scienceand the media were identified as spheres of particularimportance for the promotion of a meaningful dialogueamong civilizations. Building on the observations and recommendationsthat were discussed in the course of the project, UNUdeveloped a “Framework for Action” for the dialogueamong civilizations.8 This framework focuses on con-crete measures that governmental and civil society actorson the local, national, regional and international levelscould take to promote the dialogue among civilizationsas a new paradigm in international relations.

Inter-linkages: Multilateralism and Sustainable Development

Although it is now recognized that sustainable develop-ment involves complex and multifaceted processes,global agreements and treaties tend to focus on specificissues. UNU has placed particular emphasis on exploringthe changing nature of multilateral governance frame-works relating to technology, the economy and theenvironment in order to assist in the development of acoordinated approach to environmental policy. Through-out 2001, work has continued on Inter-linkages, a long-

term university-wide initiative focusing on the need forgreater consistency and coherence within the interna-tional environmental governance system and betweenthis system and other aspects of the global governancesystem, such as trade and health.9

On 3–4 September 2001, UNU organized an Interna-tional Eminent Persons Meeting on “Inter-Linkages —Bridging Problems and Solutions to Work TowardsSustainable Development” to discuss new strategies forsustainable development, focusing on the inter-linkagesamong multilateral environmental agreements and linksbetween globalization and sustainable development.Organized in cooperation with Japan’s foreign affairs andenvironment ministries and Global Legislators Organiza-tion for a Balanced Environment (GLOBE) International,the results of the meeting will feed into next year’s WorldSummit for Sustainable Development (WSSD) inJohannesburg. Meeting participants included Jan Pronk,Minister of Housing, Spatial Planning and Environmentof the Netherlands; Maurice Strong, Senior Adviser toUN Secretary-General Kofi Annan; Norman Myers,leading British ecologist and environmental economist;Martin Kohr, Executive Director of Third World Net-work; and Akiko Domoto, Governor of Chiba Prefectureand former President of GLOBE International. Several capacity development activities have alsoemanated from UNU’s focus on the need for greatercoherence within the international environmental gover-nance system. These have included contributions to theInformal Regional Consultation on Inter-linkages, inKuala Lumpur, Malaysia, in February as part of thepreparation for two national case studies to be imple-mented this year, and the chairing of a capacity develop-ment workshop on “Globalization and Bio-safety:Seeking Policy Coherence between Multilateral Instru-ments” in Florence, Italy. This year, the ASEAN Secre-tariat offered its endorsement for the proposal that UNU/IAS serve as implementing agency for a number of theassociation’s capacity development efforts. This willinvolve the institute collaborating with the ASEANSecretariat in a number of capacity development activi-ties of mutual interest.

9 See W. Bradnee Chambers (ed.), Inter-linkages: The Kyoto Protocoland the International Trade and Investment Regime, UNU Press, 2000.

29

10 See M. Feroze Ahmed, M. Ashraf Ali and Z. Adeel (eds.), Technolo-gies for Arsenic Removal from Drinking Water, UNU-BUET, Dhaka,Bangladesh, 2001; and, Z. Adeel, Arsenic Crisis Today — Strategy ForTomorrow, United Nations University, 2001.

Urban Ecosystems and Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) is a four-year international assessment of the current and futureability of the world’s ecosystems to meet human needsfor goods and services. It is multi-scalar, and the goal isto provide information requested by international con-ventions, national governments, etc. UNU/IAS work onurban ecosystems has been accepted as part of the MAprogramme. Work on urban ecosystems by UNU/IAShighlights a number of different perspectives: 1) health,environment and the city; 2) city as ecosystem; and 3)city as modifier of ecosystems. UNU/IAS held an Urban Ecosystems workshop on20–22 September 2001 to find ways to input urbanecosystem research outputs into the MA. The event wassponsored by UNU/IAS, WHO and UNESCO/MAB andwas attended by participants from other internationalorganizations including the International Institute forEnvironment and Development, Institute for GlobalEnvironmental Strategies, International Energy Agencyof OECD and National Institute for EnvironmentalStudies. UNU/IAS has sketched a conceptual frameworkwithin which the assessment of urban ecosystems can beundertaken. This framework is based on the UrbanEnvironmental Transitions concept and highlights thatsocio-economic variables are most important in deter-mining the most relevant urban ecosystem issues fordifferent cities.

Water Crises

It is estimated that, at any given time, one-half of thepeople in developing countries are suffering fromdiseases caused either directly by infection through theconsumption of contaminated water or food, or indirectlyby disease-carrying organisms that breed in water. Theissue of water cuts across many issues central to UNUwork — from meeting basic human needs to the chal-lenges of managing international water resources. Someof the different elements of UNU work on water in 2001are outlined below.

The Disaster of Arsenic Poisoning of Groundwater inSouth Asia — The pollution of groundwater by arsenic in

West Bengal (India), Nepal and Bangladesh has led to acrisis affecting over 35 million people. An urgentlyneeded measure is to provide arsenic-safe water to thepeople in the affected region. In the context of the crisis,UNU has undertaken research to address some of the keyissues and has also been in involved in formulation ofpolicies to cope with the arsenic crisis. UNU has collaborated with the Bangladesh Universityof Engineering and Technology (BUET) in the develop-ment of household-level technologies for removingarsenic contamination in pumped groundwater. Aninternational workshop was held at BUET in Dhaka,Bangladesh, on 5–7 May 2001. The aim was to provide aforum to (i) evaluate different technologies that arecurrently available for arsenic treatment, (ii) identifycritical directions for further research on these technolo-gies, and (iii) develop scenarios for practical applicationof technologies, including an economic evaluation ofvarious alternatives. A number of household treatmentunits were set up and are operating in two villages inBangladesh. Interestingly, a number of villagers adoptedthe technologies at their own expense and effort. UNU is also involved in development of broaderstrategies to cope with the arsenic crisis, particularly theemergency measures needed to overcome the arseniccrisis as well as an outlook on long-term needs. Aroundtable meeting in Dhaka on 3 July 2001, involvingstakeholders and Bangladesh cabinet members, contrib-uted to the development of an emergency policy to tacklethe crisis and by identifying long-term policy alterna-tives. While the focus of UNU’s research has been onBangladesh, the findings are applicable throughout theregion and in other developing countries.10

Environmental Monitoring and Governance in the EastAsian Coastal Hydrosphere — A major component ofthis project deals with monitoring of pollution in marineand coastal environments caused by land-based sourcesof Endocrine Disruptor Chemicals (EDCs). This monitor-ing is undertaken in the coastal waters in nine East Asiancountries: China, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea,Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam and thePhilippines. The monitoring programme has clearly

30

indicated an increasing trend in pollution from land-based sources, particularly pesticides and herbicidesfrom agricultural sources. Urban areas also have made amajor contribution to this pollution. There are also someencouraging signs of reducing DDT levels in coastalareas in the region, which indicate improved control ofDDT application in East Asia. A comprehensive GIS-based database of the monitor-ing data, called LandBase, has been developed for datacoordination and dissemination; it can be accessed athttp://landbase.hq.unu.edu/. This project is jointly fundedby the Shimadzu Corporation, Iwate PrefecturalGovernment, UNESCO and the Ministry of ForeignAffairs of Japan as well as UNU. In 2001, the projectheld a number of meetings and training courses, focusingon issues ranging from pollution caused by endocrinedisruptors to nutrient cycles and pollution in coastalecosystems. Significant capacity building for coastalmonitoring has been included in the project.

Management of International Rivers and Lake Basins —Other UNU Centre work looks at identifying strategiesfor mutually agreeable options for management ofInternational Rivers and Lake Basins.11 While manydiscuss the ways and means of managing internationalrivers, there is much less discussion regarding themanagement of lake systems that are shared by two ormore countries. In particular in 2001, UNU was heavilyinvolved in the 9th International Conference on theConservation and Management of Lakes, held on 11–16November 2001 in Otsu, Japan. UNU organized a

workshop at the conference on “Lakes and Reservoirs asImportant Elements of International Water Systems” withpresentation on international water systems in Russia/Central Asia, Southern Africa, Eastern Europe, South-East Asia and Japan. As a follow-up, UNU is developingthe idea of a “World Lake Vision” for inclusion in the 3rdWorld Water Forum to be held in Japan in March 2003.

Adaptive Management of River Basins and Wetlands to Climate Change

UNU/INWEH has joined with the International Unionfor the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), a global NGO,and a number of developing-country organizations toundertake a US$ 1.3 million project on water and climatechange. The goal of the project is to develop methods forthe application of ecosystem management approaches toadapt river basins and wetlands to climate change inCentral America, South-East Asia and West Africa. Theobjectives of the project are to improve understanding ofthe vulnerability of river basins and wetlands to climatechange; evaluate adaptive management options toimprove resilience to climate change; strengthen thecapacity of governments, NGOs, the private sector andcommunity organizations for climate change adaptation;and assist developing countries to contribute to theConventions on Climate Change, Wetlands and Biologi-cal Diversity. UNU/INWEH, along with other partners, will provideinput into discussion papers on water and climate changein the three regions. Based on these, the project will workwith the local partners to fill information gaps by assess-ing current experiences on climate impact and evaluatingadaptation strategies. They will also participate inregional consultative meetings, contribute to the develop-ment of regional policies for the Conventions on Wet-lands, Biological Diversity and Climate Change, andprovide analysis and input into a global synthesis work-shop. The project commenced in October 2001, and willcontinue through March 2004.

11 Asit K. Biswas and Juha I. Uitto (eds.), Sustainable Development ofthe Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Basins, UNU Press, 2001; Naser I.Faruqui, Asit K. Biswas and Murad J. Bino (eds.), Water Management inIslam, UNU Press and IDRC, 2001; and M. Nakayama and L. Jansky,“New Perspectives for Management of International Water Systems,” inGlobal Environmental Change, 11 (3):247–50 (2001).

Lake Victoria, Tanzania — an important component of internationalwater systems in East Africa(Photograph: Juha I. Uitto, UNDP)

31

CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT

“To ensure that, by the same date (2015), childreneverywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able tocomplete a full course of primary schooling and thatgirls and boys will have equal access to all levels ofeducation.”[United Nations Millennium Declaration – paragraph 19]

All parts of the UNU system engage in capacity develop-ment activities aimed in particular at strengtheningacademic institutions in developing countries. To do so,we endeavour to increase the capability of young schol-ars and professionals to contribute to the extension,application and diffusion of knowledge. The Universityalso aims to alleviate the intellectual isolation of re-searchers and institutions from developing countries bysupporting their integration into the wider internationalacademic community.

Training Programmes

Our specialized capacity development programmesinclude short- and long-duration training programmes forpostgraduate scholars and young professionals as well asdegree-oriented study and research training programmes.The programmes cover a wide variety of subject fields,spanning all priority programme areas of the University.These programmes usually require graduate qualifica-tions for admission.

Short-duration Training Programmes

International CoursesEvery year, UNU Centre organizes a six-week trainingprogramme in Tokyo for a selected group of around 60postgraduate students and young professionals on variousissues of global concern. The aim of the programme is toprovide young people who wish to pursue an interna-tional career in public service or private organizationswith the knowledge and skills to analyse global issuesfrom a truly global perspective, both theoretically andempirically. The courses bring together a diverse groupof students and lecturers both in terms of cultural back-ground and professional experience. In 2001, 58 partici-pants from 33 countries, who were selected from a totalof over 300 applicants, were taught by a faculty of UNUacademic staff and more than 20 external experts fromacademia, the UN and other governmental and non-

governmental institutions. The courses focused on“United Nations System: Structure and Activities,”“Environmental Monitoring and Quality,” “HumanRights: Concepts and Issues” and “International Coop-eration and Development.”

Conflict ResolutionUNU/University of Ulster Institute on Conflict Resolu-tion and Ethnicity (INCORE) annually organizes asummer school for international policy makers andpractitioners. In 2001, 38 participants met for six days ofin-depth training on issues such as “Challenges andContradictions of Development and Conflict,” “Psycho-logical Approaches to Conflict Resolution” and “Post-Conflict Situations Dealing with the Past.” UNU/INCORE also offers courses on conflict resolution andmediation skills for local participants at its location inLondonderry, Northern Ireland.

LeadershipThe leadership education courses offered by the UNULeadership Academy (UNU/LA) in Amman, Jordan, nowemploy a unified core curriculum combining seminardiscussions, multi-media presentations, video-conferencing, group discussions and presentations byparticipants with personality identification and analysis.The Academy also introduced a new, rigorous nomina-tion and selection procedure to identify mid-careerleaders for participation in its leadership educationcourses. In 2001, courses were held on “Leadership forPoverty Reduction” with 23 participants from 22 (pre-

Prof. Yozo Yokota, Special Adviser to the UNU Rector, presents acertificate of completion to a UNU International Courses student.

32

dominantly developing) countries and on “Leadership forYoung Jordanian Entrepreneurs” with 25 participantsfrom the Academy’s host country. UNU/INRA and UNU/LA jointly organized a leader-ship training course in Ghana for African WomenEntrepreneurs, with eight participants. The course builtupon a UNU/INRA study on African women who havesucceeded as professionals and entrepreneurs in naturalresources management enterprises. The studies showedthat among the many problems that the women faced, theissue of lack of access to credit was pervasive. Thestudies also showed that while the women exhibitedinnate abilities to be good entrepreneurs, they lacked theknow-how to be “successful managers.”

Sustainable DevelopmentThe UNU Institute of Advanced Studies (UNU/IAS)organizes short training courses on sustainable develop-ment in collaboration with the Asian Institute of Technol-ogy (AIT) in Bangkok and the Tata Energy ResearchInstitute (TERI) in New Delhi. The courses are open tomid-career government officials, policy makers andmanagers from developing countries.

Natural Disaster Risk ManagementFor a number of years, UNU has been cooperating with

the University of Geneva in Switzerland in a two-monthtraining course on the analysis and management ofgeological risks. The course is aimed at training advisersfor the public and private sectors on preventive measuresto reduce the impact of natural disasters. In 2001, thecourse was held at the University of Costa Rica in SanJose.

BiodiversityUNU Centre and UNESCO jointly offer a two-weekinternational training course on coastal biodiversity inmangrove ecosystems at the Center of Advanced Study(CAS) in Marine Biology of Annamalai University inTamil Nadu, India. The course provides training in themethodology for assessing, monitoring and conservingbiodiversity in mangrove ecosystems for young profes-sionals with a postgraduate degree in marine sciences ora closely related field. The first course was held with 15participants, all of whom came from developing coun-tries in the South and South-East Asian region, in March2001.

BiotechnologyUNU/BIOLAC focuses on modern biotechnology-relatedhealth issues, bioethics, biosafety, bioinformatics andgenomics. The programme organized eight training

UNU Capacity Development Programmes - Location of Implementation in 2001

Short-duration training programmes (up to 2 months) Long-duration training programmes (3 months to one year)

Degree-oriented programmes (incl. PhD internships)Integrated capacity development

BrazilBrazil

IcelandIceland

Northern Northern IrelandIreland

NetherlandsNetherlands

BelgiumBelgium SwitzerlandSwitzerland

SyriaSyria

MalawiMalawi

ZimbabweZimbabwe

MongoliaMongolia

Belize, Belize, Guatemala, Guatemala, HondurasHonduras

Belize, Guatemala, Honduras

VenezuelaVenezuelaVenezuela

Brazil

Iceland

United United KingdomKingdomUnited Kingdom

Northern Ireland

Netherlands

Belgium Switzerland

FinlandFinlandFinland

Syria

CanadaCanadaCanada

GhanaGhanaGhana

NigeriaNigeriaNigeria

IsraelIsraelIsrael

PalestinePalestinePalestine

IraqIraqIraq

UgandaUgandaUganda

Malawi

ZimbabweSouth AfricaSouth AfricaSouth Africa

Gulf StatesGulf StatesGulf States

JordanJordanJordanThailandThailandThailand

IndiaIndiaIndia

NepalNepalNepal

Mongolia

ChinaChinaChina

IndonesiaIndonesiaIndonesia

AustraliaAustraliaAustralia

KoreaKoreaKoreaJapanJapanJapan

MexicoMexicoMexico

KenyaKenyaKenya

33

courses in these areas, with a total of 121 participants,mainly from the Latin American region.

Food Composition DataThe long-standing cooperation between UNU and theFood and Agricultural Organization (FAO) in the field ofnutrition data management was continued with two three-week training courses on the “Production and Use ofFood Composition Data in Nutrition.” The coursesprovide comprehensive training in the production ofanalytical data for nutrients in foods and the compilationof these data into food composition tables and nutritionaldatabases. One course was organized at the CaribbeanFood and Nutrition Institute in Kingston, Jamaica, withUNU supporting ten participants mainly from LatinAmerica. UNU provided fellowships to another eightparticipants from various developing countries in thecourse held at Wageningen University in the Netherlands.

Software TechnologyThe UNU Institute for Software Technology (UNU/IIST)extended the scope of its advanced courses and trainingschools on the RAISE method and duration calculus,creating homepages and algorithmics to include newtraining courses on software project management and theco-design of hardware and software systems. In total, 16advanced courses and training schools were organized inten developing countries, involving around 500 partici-pants from more than 26 countries.

Long-duration Training Programmes

BiodiversityUNU Centre cooperates with the University of Ghent tooffer professionals in the fields of monitoring, conserva-tion and management of biological diversity in develop-ing countries in-depth training to broaden their theoreti-cal knowledge and practical capabilities. In 2001, tenfellows from eight developing countries started theirnine-month training programme on biological diversity,which combines lectures and classroom sessions withindividual research work, at the University of Ghent.

FisheriesThe six-month UNU Fisheries Training Programme(UNU/FTP) provides advanced training in variousfisheries-related areas to specialists from the public,private and academic sectors. Provincial fisheries admin-istrators, fisheries scientists and operational managers,economists, planners and technical personnel receive in-depth, individualized training in fisheries policy andplanning; marine and inland waters resources assessmentand monitoring; quality management of fish handlingand processing; management of fisheries companies andmarketing; fishing technology; fleet operations; aquacul-ture; or environmental protection assessment and moni-toring. Fourteen fellows from 10 developing countries,among them three women, started the programme inAugust 2001. In addition to their coursework and indi-

Geothermal energy is used successfullyfor fish-farming in many countries.Here, UNU Fellows follow the actionof the North-Atlantic salmon farmedin landbased tanks in Iceland.(Photograph: Ludvik S. Georgsson,UNU/GTP)

34

vidual research projects, the fellows attended the“Reykjavik Conference on Responsible Fisheries in theMarine Ecosystem,” jointly organized by the Govern-ment of Iceland and FAO, with many of them participat-ing in the work of their country delegations. UNU/FTPwas introduced at a poster session and generated consid-erable interest among conference delegates.

Food TechnologyWith generous funding from a Japanese private company,UNU organizes an annual 12-month training programmeon food science and technology at the National FoodResearch Institute in Tsukuba, Japan. The programmetargets scientists at universities or research institutesfrom developing countries, with a particular emphasis onthe Asia Pacific region. In 2001, five fellows fromBangladesh, India, Mongolia, China and Viet Nam tookpart in the programme.

Geothermal EnergyThe UNU Geothermal Training Programme (UNU/GTP)is operated at the National Energy Authority of Iceland,which has been an Associated Institution of UNU since1979. The main goal of UNU/GTP is capacity develop-ment in the sustainable use of geothermal energy re-sources. The aim is to assist developing and transitionalcountries with significant geothermal potential in build-ing up groups of specialists that can cover most aspectsof geothermal exploration and development. Since thefoundation of UNU/GTP in 1979, 261 scientists andengineers from 38 countries have completed the annualsix-month courses. In 2001, 16 fellows from ten coun-tries, two of them women, completed their specializedtraining in geothermal utilization, environmental studies,chemistry of thermal fluids, geological exploration,borehole geology and geophysical exploration. Staffmembers of UNU/GTP gave lectures at several interna-tional conferences, including an invited paper on geother-mal energy opportunities in Africa at the 21st session ofthe Governing Council of UNEP and the Second GlobalMinisterial Environment Forum in Kenya in February2001.

Software TechnologyUNU/IIST provides advanced training for a maximumduration of one year to young software engineers fromdeveloping countries. Training is offered in softwareresearch and development, curriculum development for

postgraduate and postdoctoral courses in formal softwaredevelopment, and the development of curricula forcomputer science departments. In 2001, 36 fellows from13 developing countries were trained at UNU/IISTpremises in Macau or at universities in developedcountries.

Peace and Environment in Central AsiaUNU Centre supports four or five Japanese Ph.D.candidates and postdoctoral fellows annually in fieldresearch activities within the framework of the generaltheme of “Peace and Environment in Central Asia.” Theprogramme is funded from the Yutaka Akino MemorialDonation. Four young Japanese scholars took up theirfield studies in Central Asia in 2001.

Degree-oriented Programmes

UNU helps to upgrade the academic qualifications ofyoung researchers, in particular from developing coun-tries, through three types of programmes: Ph.D. intern-ships, programmes that lead to the award of a degree, andpostdoctoral fellowships. UNU Ph.D. Internships provide candidates who havebeen accepted in Ph.D. programmes, particularly atuniversities in developing countries, with the opportunityto conduct part of the research for their dissertation atone of UNU’s research and training centres. Interns gainaccess to the latest scientific information, receive expertadvice from the academic staff of the institute and canlink up with the wider academic community at thelocation of the institute. In 2001, three Ph.D. internsconducted research at UNU/WIDER in Helsinki forbetween three and six months. UNU/IAS in Tokyoaccepted four Ph.D. interns for up to ten months. UNU/INTECH in Maastricht this year invited four Ph.D.interns to join the academic community at the Institutefor up to three months. UNU currently supports three degree-oriented studiesprogrammes: Fellowships for Master’s and Ph.D. studiesin the field of Science and Technology for Sustainabilityare available at the Kwangju Institute for Science andTechnology in the Republic of Korea. In 2001, fivepersons joined this programme. Once every biennium,UNU awards fellowships for students, mainly fromanglophone Africa, to participate in the two-year post-graduate training programme in nutrition planning

35

offered within the framework of the Applied NutritionProgramme at the Department of Food Technology andNutrition of the University of Nairobi, Kenya. Two suchfellowships were awarded in 2001. UNU/INTECH and the Maastricht Economic ResearchInstitute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT), adivision of the University of Maastricht, have, since1995, jointly offered a Ph.D. programme on the eco-nomic and policy dimensions of technical change. In2001, the programme graduated its first student. After atough competitive selection, fellowships were offered tofive candidates from Benin, India, Mexico, the Philip-pines and Viet Nam, and a Brazilian student came withher own funding, to join the programme in 2001. Under anew 2-year M.Sc. programme established in cooperationwith the UNU Geothermal Training Programme (UNU/GTP) at the University of Iceland, one fellow fromJordan completed his degree in geothermal science andengineering, and two fellows from Kenya newly joinedthe programme in 2001. UNU/GTP provides scholar-ships for the fellows, who are selected from among theparticipants in UNU/GTP (see above). Postdoctoral fellowships are newly available at UNU/IAS for research in the areas of biodiversity, biosafetyand sustainable development; information technology forthe environment; ecosystems and socio-economicimpacts; urban ecosystems; and ecosystems and multilat-eral institutions. Six postdoctoral fellows worked atUNU/IAS in 2001.

Integrated Capacity Development

Apart from the programmes that are specifically designedfor advanced training, many of the research projectsdeveloped and managed within the two programme areasat UNU Centre or by UNU’s Research and TrainingCentres and Programmes (RTC/Ps) upgrade the skillsand knowledge of individuals and/or the capacity ofacademic or other institutions through their involvementin UNU project work. This is what we call “integratedcapacity development.” The concept of integrated capacity development alsoincludes the manifold non-regular training seminars andworkshops that are conducted in direct connection withongoing research projects. In the past year, UNU/INWEH organized such a training workshop for localpractitioners and managers on a predictive model of

physical, chemical and water quality processes in LakeMalawi. INCORE, meanwhile, translated its researchexpertise into training workshops on conflict resolutionfor Macedonian government officials and the IndonesianHuman Rights Commission; on women, peace-buildingand the Internet for around 60 participants in India; andon peace-building and issues of pluralism for govern-mental and civil society organizations in Israel. As part of the project implementation of the UNUproject on “Environmental Monitoring and Governancein the East Asian Coastal Hydrosphere,” significantintegrated capacity development has been undertaken.Over the last six years, UNU has worked with eightresearch/educational institutions in the East Asian regionto build their technological capacity to undertake envi-ronmental monitoring. This includes about $500,000worth of laboratory equipment, materials and supplies. Acomparable amount has been spent on training youngpersonnel and carrying out monitoring. For example, thisyear a short training programme for young professionalsfrom these eight countries was held in cooperation withShimadzu Corporation (Hadano, Japan; April 2001). Thiscapacity development activity has enabled these institu-tions to undertake environmental monitoringprogrammes of their own in the respective countries,which they otherwise would not be able to do. TheLandbase website (http://landbase.hq.unu.edu) highlights

UNESCO-UNU international training course on mangroves (AnnamalaiUniversity, India) — part of hands-on capacity building approaches(Photograph: Annamalai University)

36

the information and data collected under the CoastalHydrosphere project. A unique element of the database isthe web portal based on Geographical InformationSystems (or GIS), which is searchable by country, city orchemical pollutant.

Virtual University

UNU is continuing its efforts to support lifelong learningand other forms of online and distance education. The

aim of the UNU/IAS Virtual University Initiatives (VUI)is to make use of the flexible nature of the Internet toestablish open and extensible educational infrastructures.Research and development activities concentrate onlearning technologies and pedagogical approaches toInternet-based education. In the past year, the VUI have worked with UNHCR toexplore the full range of possibilities for collaboration inthe field of training and education. In particular, theparties aim to develop a UNHCR e-Centre distancelearning programme and to use the e-learning platformthat is being developed within the VUI for deliveringtraining courses on topics relevant to UNHCR. The VUIhave also teamed up with UNEP/GRID-Arendal andAgder University College in Norway to jointly developan advanced Virtual University programme focusing onenvironment and development.

Disseminating Capacity Development Expertise

In close connection with their research work, UNUResearch and Training Centres assist institutions ofhigher learning in developing countries to upgrade theirteaching curricula. In 2001, UNU/INRA developed amodular postgraduate training course in environmentalmanagement and policy analysis for use by universitiesin Africa. UNU/IIST supports universities in the develop-ment of curricula for computer science departments. UNU also cooperates with international and nationalorganizations to upgrade capacity development strategiesin their fields of work. UNU/INWEH co-organized aninternational symposium on human capacity develop-ment in the water sector in Delft, the Netherlands, to feedinto the upcoming International Conference on Freshwa-ter, the World Summit on Sustainable Development andthe Third World Water Forum. The UNU Food andNutrition programme has, in 2001, conducted a numberof workshops in Africa aimed at identifying strategies forcapacity development in nutrition leadership, which willbe followed up in the coming years with various capacitydevelopment initiatives.

Management in Higher Education

Jointly with the OECD Programme on InstitutionalManagement in Higher Education (IMHE), UNUorganized a conference on 27–28 February on“University Research Management: Learning fromDiverse Experience.” Institution-wide researchmanagement has emerged as a new and substantialconcern for universities. This reflects severalclosely inter-related factors in the external environ-ment: changes in funding regimes; new societaldemands on universities and university systems;changes in the practice of innovation; and burgeon-ing new research links between universities,industry, commerce, government and the widercommunity. This conference — part of a widerIMHE project — aimed to further understandingof the complex relations between various stake-holders involved in financing, evaluation, trainingand administrative support in connection withhigher education institutions’ research activities.Over 30 participants from various OECD and non-OECD countries discussed such issues as themanagement and support of research withininstitutions; the interactions and funding flowsbetween the state, intermediary-level agencies, theprivate sector and research-producing institutionssuch as universities; and the role of the universityin an environment where the nexus between aresearch career and an academic career has beenweakened. A report on a previous conference withOECD — Social Sciences and Innovation — waspublished in 2001.

37

“We resolve therefore ... to give greater opportunitiesto the private sector, non-governmental organizationsand civil society, in general, to contribute to therealization of the Organization’s goals andprogrammes.”[United Nations Millennium Declaration – paragraph 30]

The increasingly international nature of research agendasand the rapid advances in information and communica-tion technology have made networking critical to knowl-edge generation, education and outreach. These trendshave made possible the creation of new networks ofpractitioners and researchers. New technologies shouldalso enable us to develop even broader partnerships,bringing together UN organizations, academic entities,professional associations, private sector bodies and otherelements of civil society. Over the past few years, UNU has been striving tostart new initiatives and to reach out to prominentresearch groups, international organizations and businessgroups as well as participating in external networks thathave similar objectives to UNU. A list of new agreementssigned in 2001 is given in Annex 2. UNU is particularlyaiming to strengthen links to other UN agencies. It alsohopes to strengthen its links to research and other relatedinstitutions, particularly those located in developingcountries. (See Annex 3 for existing links.) This section outlines some of the thematic areas inwhich UNU is leading or participating in major network-ing activities.

Food and Nutrition Network

The ongoing revolution in biology, slow but steadyeconomic development, and rising aspirations in everyregion of the world present unprecedented opportunitiesto assist in enhancing well-being by improving food andnutrition conditions throughout the globe. For over 25years, the UNU Food and Nutrition Programme (FNP)has worked with leading international organizations, suchas the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), theWorld Food Programme (WFP), the World HealthOrganization (WHO), the International Atomic EnergyAgency (IAEA) and UNICEF to improve food securityand nutrition worldwide. The FNP assists developingregions to enhance individual, organizational and institu-tional capacity in the area of food and nutrition, under-

takes research activities that require global efforts, andserves as the academic arm for the United Nationssystem in areas of food and nutrition that are bestaddressed in a non-regulatory, non-normative environ-ment.12

In 2001, the FNP’s capacity development activitiesfocused on Africa. As part of the African CapacityDevelopment Initiative, ten-year action plans to helpmeet Africa’s contemporary food and nutrition chal-lenges were developed in a series of four workshops heldover the last two years, involving regional leaders fromSouthern, Eastern, and West and Central Africa. Theplans’ principal aims are to secure inspired Africanleadership in nutrition that is sustainable and capable ofmeeting the continent’s challenges, to drive the nutritionagenda at national levels, and to mobilize inter- and intra-regional cooperation to achieve the eradication ofmalnutrition in the regions as a public health problem.During 2001, the Food and Nutrition Programme’s majoractivity was the preparation for and the follow-up of theACC/SCN’s annual meeting held in Nairobi in April. TheFNP co-chaired the SCN’s working group on capacitydevelopment with the International Union of NutritionSciences (IUNS) and targeted Africa as the principalfocus of the SCN’s attention. The FNP is working with WHO to develop newgrowth references for infants and young children. Thenew reference will be characterized by major technicalimprovements and, importantly, also serve as a majortool for advocacy in support of child health. The refer-ence under development will include children from everyregion of the world, unlike the present one that includeschildren from only one country. UNICEF also haspartnered with WHO and UNU in this important researchactivity. The INF is the responsible unit within the FNPfor the Global Cereal Fortification Initiative and the IronDeficiency Anemia Program Advisory Service. The aimof the former activity is to assess the health outcomes oflysine fortification of the food supply, and the aim of thelatter is to significantly reduce iron deficiency andeliminate iodine deficiency in the countries of CentralAsia and Mongolia. These activities are carried out incollaboration with the Asian Development Bank,UNICEF and other organizations.12 UNU continues to support The Food and Nutrition Bulletin, edited byN. Scrimshaw, and The Journal of Food Composition and Analysis,edited by Barbara Burlingame and published by Academic Press, onbehalf of both UNU and FAO.

38

The FNP has worked with WHO, WFP, FAO, OECDand IAEA in activities that are best addressed in a non-regulatory, non-normative environment. The INF takesprimary responsibility for the Food and Nutrition Bulle-tin (FNB) and International Network of Food DataSystems (INFOODS). INFOODS is a joint activityundertaken with FAO. The FNP has worked closely withWHO in its review of technical information relevant tointernational policies related to infant feeding. The FNPis working closely with WHO and FAO in developingupdates for the evaluation of protein and energy require-ments, and discussions are underway with both agenciesfor reviewing the harmonization of approaches fordeveloping dietary standards published by individualcountries. The programme also has assisted OECD in itsupdate of issues related to the safety of geneticallymodified foods and the IAEA in its development ofprograms related to the use of stable isotopes in nutri-tion-related research.

Integrating Land Management in Dry Areas

The objective of this project is to assist developingcountries in dry areas to manage their land resourceswhile achieving sustainable utilization of the water andbiodiversity resources contained therein. Integratedmanagement of natural resources and development ofmultidisciplinary approaches are key to achieving theseobjectives. The project is implemented through a networkof researchers and institutions. The main purposes are toenhance information exchange and to identify thespecific research needs of marginal lands in terms ofcapacity development. The International Center forAgricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA) andUNESCO are key partners in the implementation of thisproject.13

Directory of professional African women innatural resources management

There is lack of information on the number andquality of African women professionals inresearch, training and advisory services in naturalresources conservation and management. To helpsolve this problem, UNU/INRA created an onlinedirectory of African women professionalscontaining background information on thewomen, their areas of specialization andcompetence, and their contact addresses. Thisinformation will serve the needs of policy makers,Africa’s development partners, educationalinstitutions and civil society seeking professionalwomen consultants. At the end of 2001, therewere over 1,000 entries in the directory. Theonline directory contains a registration form thatwomen professionals can use to add their namesto the database.

The Professional African Women in NaturalResources Management database is online atwww.unu.edu/inra/. 13 See Z. Adeel (ed.), New Approaches to Water Management in Central

Asia, UNU Desertification Series No. 3 (2001) and Z. Adeel (ed.),Integrated Land Management in Dry Areas, UNU Desertification SeriesNo. 4 (2001).

A small oasis in the Sahara.(Photograph: Dr. Iwao Kobori, UNU Senior Programme Adviser)

39

The network itself is maintained and expanded througha series of workshops, held annually. In 2001, thenetwork had two major activities:• In February 2001, the first batch of fellowships or

research grants for “Traditional Water Management inDry Areas” was awarded.

• On 10–14 September 2001, UNU co-organized aninternational workshop on the theme of soil conserva-tion practices in Beijing, China, in cooperation withthe Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Sustainable Mountain Development Network

UNU has long supported a global network of expertsfocusing on issues related to sustainable mountaindevelopment. The key modality is to work with theregional mountain associations; for example, the AfricanMountain Association and the Andean Mountain Asso-ciation were established with the assistance of UNU. In 2001, the network focused on a number of issues:• “Mountain Prospects — A UNU Mountain Photograph

Exhibit” of photos by Jack D. Ives was installed for theInternational Mountain Symposium in Interlaken,Switzerland, 30 September – 4 October 2001.

• UNU co-organized the “IV International Symposiumon Sustainable Development in The Andes: TheAndean Challenge for the XXI Century” held inMérida, Venezuela, 25 November – 2 December 2001.

• The UNU-supported Mountain Research and Develop-ment continues to be the world-leading scientificjournal in the field.

UNU work in this area has been given particular empha-sis since the UN General Assembly proclaimed 2002 asthe UN International Year of Mountains (IYM 2002). Theaim of IYM is to ensure the well-being of mountain andlowland communities by promoting the conservation andsustainable development of mountain regions. UNU willmark the start of the IYM 2002 with three events at UNUCentre in Tokyo: a public forum entitled “Mountains:Environment and Human Activities,” an InternationalSymposium on “Conservation of Mountain Ecosystems”and a mountain photography exhibit on “MountainProspects — Images for the International Year of Moun-tains 2002.” UNU will be organizing major activitiesassociated with the Bishkek Global Mountain Summit tobe held in Kyrgyzstan later in the year.

Network to Revitalize African Universities and Research Institutions

On 28–29 May 2001, UNU/INRA teamed up withUNDP, UNESCO and the Independent Commission onAfrica and the Challenges of the Third Millennium tolaunch a campaign to revive the continent’s research andhigher education systems. Several of Africa’s most notedacademics and scientists, including Profs. Maurice Iwu,Ali Mazrui, Lamine Ndiaye and Albert Tevoedjre, joinedtheir colleagues (many of whom now reside overseas) todiscuss ways to revitalize education and research inAfrican universities and research institutions. Among the key decisions taken was the establishmentof an African Millennium Initiative for Science andTechnology. AMIST is a networking mechanism linkingAfrican talent in the diaspora to their home-basedcolleagues, members of the Independent Commissionand the UN system. Most importantly, AMIST will striveto bridge the knowledge gap between home-basedscientists and academics and their counterparts in otherparts of the world.

New Networks on Biotechnology

UNU/BIOLAC has the mission to promote biotechnol-ogy, particularly in the Latin American and Caribbeanregions. In 2001, the Institute established two researchnetworks, one on Bio-ethics and another on Bio-safety:• Bio-ethics Network — It is recognized that there are

gaps between current technological knowledge andethics, mainly in the application of modern biotechnol-ogy and its ability to transform life, and the raising ofawareness represents a high priority. In 2001, thenetwork provided inputs for a major conference toformalize a Latin American perspective on bio-ethicsissues.

• Bio-safety Network — This network focused on thecreation of a database and relevant documents, includ-ing reports on (i) “Bio-safety and Risk Management inAgri-Food Bio-technology,” (ii) “The CartagenaProtocol on Bio-safety to the Convention on BiologicalDiversity and Its Application in Latin America,” and(iii) “Public-Social Perceptions of Agri-Food Biotech-nology.”

40

“We will spare no effort to make the United Nations amore effective instrument for pursuing all of thesepriorities: the fight for development for all the peoplesof the world; the fight against poverty, ignorance anddisease; the fight against injustice; the fight againstviolence, terror and crime; and the fight against thedegradation and destruction of our common home.”[United Nations Millennium Declaration – paragraph 29]

A major priority of the University has been to continueenhancing our connections with the United Nationssystem. Through the Rector, UNU provides inputs tomeetings of the Administration Coordination Committee(ACC) of the UN; other UNU staff serve on subsidiaryACC bodies. This year, the Rector participated in theACC in Nairobi and made a presentation to the ACC/SCN; he also participated in the ACC meeting in NewYork in the autumn. The ACC meetings also enable UNUto become aware of pressing UN policy issues thatrequire new thinking. In its project activities, the Univer-sity worked with 38 agencies in the UN system in 2001.

Geneva Research and Policy Dialogue

Each year, UNU jointly organizes the Geneva Researchand Policy Dialogue with the UN Office in Geneva. Therationale is to respond to the Secretary-General’s call, inhis Report on “Renewing the UN, a Programme forReform,” for those involved in policy analysis andresearch to better tap the knowledge, analyses andexpertise from around the world so as to improve theorganization’s capability to respond to the challengesconfronting it. This year’s Research and Policy Dialoguecentred on the theme of Human Security. The presenta-tions were clustered under the sub-themes of: Freedomfrom Want, Securing our Future and Freedom from Fear,the point of departure being the issues raised in theMillennium Report of the Secretary-General. The speakers made presentations on topics includingorganized labour, the digital divide, the role of NGOs ininternational policy, and the relationship between dis-putes within countries and their implications for regionalsecurity. The Brahimi Report and its follow-up, as wellas the Conflict Prevention Report to be presented by theSecretary-General to the Security Council, were centralto the discussions under the heading “Freedom fromFear.” Prof. Andrew Mack, former Director of the

Strategic Planning Unit in the Executive Office of theSecretary-General, and currently involved in a project onHuman Security at Harvard University sponsored byUNU, made a presentation under this heading as well. A few important systemic issues were also highlighted.These included:

The need to improve access to research material pro-duced within the system — UNU is developing a user-friendly website to enable individual policy analysts toconsult the research material produced within the UNsystem. Communications within the system should alsobe improved through better use of electronic bulletinboards.

The relevance and added value of research produced byUN institutes compared with academic research —Internal knowledge can make the research producedwithin the UN more relevant than studies producedoutside it. The Secretary-General has stressed theimportance of research to improve policy planning and,to this end, has appointed prominent academics at thehead of the policy-planning unit in his Executive Office.This idea could be further developed, as it could beconducive to the creation of a strategic planning networkfor research priorities.

Research time-frame and production of results — Thecritical issue in this respect is how to close the gapbetween research that requires a long lead time andpolicy making within the system addressed to urgentproblems of the day. Closer interaction between the UNpolicy-making side and research institutes should beachieved. The dialogue between the research and thepolicy communities should seek to focus on both thelong-term and the short-term topics required for policy-making. This could lead to the selection of specificthemes of importance for the UN and the identification ofthe main research actors within the system.

Towards more policy-relevant research and a research-friendly policy culture — The Secretary-General andother UN officials recognize the need for a strategicplanning network. Policy planning cells are beingestablished throughout the house. However, a culturalshift is required to enable the UN to develop a strongcapacity in research, analysis and policy planning, whichcould improve the performance of the organization.

41

Policy Panels

In 2001, UNU convened panels on “The Governance ofGlobalization,” “Global Finance and Civil Society,”“Coming Out of Violence — The Management of PeaceProcesses,” “Governance and Development in Africa,”and the UNU/UNITAR Series on “Sustainable Develop-ment Practice.” The high-level panel on “The Governance of Global-ization”14 was organized to discuss the findings of a newstudy, New Roles and Functions for the UN and theBretton Woods Institutions, prepared by UNU/WIDER.The study warns that the UN, the World Bank and theInternational Monetary Fund, created at the end of WorldWar II, today operate on badly outdated political andeconomic foundations and need to be overhauled beforea crisis induced by globalization forces the changesrequired. In order to contribute to the ECOSOC special segmenton Africa in 2001, UNU organized a panel with the UNDepartment of Economic and Social Affairs on 20 Aprilon the topic of “Governance and Development in Africa.”Chaired by the Vice President of ECOSOC, the panelfocused on issues such as: In what ways and why doesgovernance vary from country to country? What rulesaffecting governance matter most? When, why and howdo these rules make a difference to the way a countrydevelops? What deficiencies in political arrangementsneed to be addressed in order to make conflict lesslikely? What is the role of the UN in promoting goodgovernance in Africa? UNU/INCORE work on “Coming Out of Violence,”which tried to identify those factors that facilitate orhinder peace processes, was presented at a panel in NewYork on 13 February. Based on interviews with seniorpoliticians and policy makers involved, the projectmonitored five peace processes — in the Basque country,Sri Lanka, Israel/Palestine, South Africa and NorthernIreland — over a period of two years. The projectconcludes that a successful peace process is organic andcumulative. Peace processes frequently collapse, but eachphase often delivers some level of success: (i) It is clearthat during peace negotiations, the primary function ofleaders is to “deliver” their own people; (ii) A sufficiencyof inclusion is necessary to actively involve those who

would bring the process down; (iii) Spoiler groups arebest neutralized through the active involvement of ex-militants; (iv) Members of the security forces andparamilitary groups must be integrated into normalsociety if the agreement is to last; and (v) Peace accordsneed to address the needs of victims of violence. Theresearch concludes that the search for comparativemodels is likely to be an increasingly important featureof internal peace processes.

Project Partnerships

UNU worked closely with UNESCO in 2001. Thisincluded the “International Conference on the Dialogueof Civilizations,” the International Training Course on“Coastal Biodiversity in Mangrove Ecosystems” atAnnamalai University in India and the UNITWIN/UNESCO Chairs Programme. UNU also implemented aformal staff exchange programme with UNESCO, inwhich a UNESCO officer was seconded to UNU for aperiod of about six weeks. This first element of theexchange programme was quite successful in furtherdeveloping a broad collaboration between the two sisterorganizations. UNU is also working with UNESCO in the follow-upof the “World Conference on Higher Education,” held in1998. The form is through the global network for innova-tion in higher education (GUNI). The network and UNU:• Participated in an “Expert Meeting on Research

Management” held at UNESCO in Paris on 28–29June 2001.

• Helped with the development of a proposal for a“World Report on Higher Education.”

• Proposed establishing a UNESCO/UNU Chair on e-learning to look at innovative approaches in network-ing.

• Supported innovative projects on higher educationdeveloped by the GUNI regional networks.

UNU works closely with various agencies in the UNsystem on issues of peace and conflict prevention. Someexamples include:• Collaboration with UNDPA and UNDPKO on applied

policy activities in conflict prevention, peacebuilding,peacekeeping, the UN Day Conference and IAPTCannual meetings.

14 http://www.wider.unu.edu/pressrelease/press-release-2001-1.pdf

42

• Collaboration with UNDDA and UNIDIR on projectson disarmament and arms transfers.

• UNU established a new link with the Programme ofCorrespondence Instruction (POCI) of UNITAR on“Cooperative Programme of Study on Peacekeepingand Humanitarian Operations.”

• UNU is working with UNHCR to develop an e-Centredistance learning programme and to use the e-learningplatform which is being developed within the VUI fordelivering training courses in topics relevant toUNHCR.

On issues of governance, UNU has been working to lookat issues of leadership, democracy and governance. Someexamples include:• UNU Centre worked with various units at UNDP

(Regional Bureau for Asia/Pacific, Human Develop-ment Report Office, and Bureau of DevelopmentPolicy) in the development and implementation of theWorld Governance Survey project.

• As a part of the UNDCP Global Study on Illicit DrugMarkets, UNU organized and supervised the researchon Tokyo’s illegal drug market.

• Collaboration with UNICRI on the project CoalitionAgainst Trafficking in Human Beings in the Philip-pines.

Links with the UN and Bretton Woods Institutions are acritical part in the development-related work of UNU:• Many officials from a wide range of agencies —

including IADB, IFPRI, World Bank, IMF, UNDP,UN, UNICEF, ECLAC, FAO, ILO, DHA, ECA, andOECD — participated in the work of UNU, particu-larly the research work or Development Conferences ofUNU/WIDER.

• UNU/WIDER staff gave a series of lectures on thetopic “The Political Feasibility of Economic Reform:Governance, Democratisation and Conditionality” inMay 2001 at the UN Staff College in Turin. Partici-pants in the workshop included senior officials fromthe UN, World Bank and the IMF.

• A UNU delegation participated in the Tokyo Interna-tional Conference on African Development MinisterialMeeting held in Tokyo on 3–4 December 2001. Themeeting was co-organized by Japan, the UnitedNations, and the Global Coalition for Africa and theWorld Bank.

Similarly, the University has been working with variousunits of the UN on issues of technology. A few examplesare:• UNU/INTECH was invited to join the high-level

review of the Human Development Report 2001.• UNU/INTECH collaborated with the UNCSTD

secretariat in support of the work programme onbiotechnology of the UN Commission on Science andTechnology.

• UNU/INTECH prepared a paper for the UNESCOsession on “Education for All” at the Third Conferenceon the Least Developed Countries in Brussels.

• UNU/FTP works closely with the FAO on the Interna-tional Network of Food Data Systems (INFOODS)project.

In the area of environment, some examples of our linksto the UN include:• UNU became a member of the UN Forum on Forests

(UNFF), a subsidiary body of the Economic and SocialCouncil (ECOSOC).

• UNU Centre and UNU/INWEH are contributing to thenew UN effort to compile the World Water Develop-ment Report — The State of the World’s FreshwaterResources (WWDR). UNU, in partnership with theWorld Water Assessment Programme (WWAP) and the3rd World Water Forum Secretariat, co-organized aseries of meetings that highlighted critical issues forthe management of global water resources. The firstmeeting, held at the UN House in Tokyo on 4–5 April,focused on synthesizing global water assessments intoinformation for the WWDR.

• The UNU Centre project on “Inter-Linkages —Synergies and Coordination between MultilateralEnvironmental Agreements” was implemented inpartnership with several UN organizations includingUNEP, the World Bank, the WMO, the UNDP, DESA,and secretariats of environmental conventions such asBASEL, CBD, CCD, CITES, CMS, LRTAP, OZONE,RAMSAR and UNCLOS.

• The VUI have also teamed up with UNEP/GRID-Arendal in Norway to jointly develop an advancedVirtual University programme focusing on environ-ment and development.

• UNU/INRA cooperated with the UN EconomicCommission for Africa (UNECA) on a series oflectures by Professor Maurice Iwu on “Transformationof Africa’s Natural Resources: Key Strategies for

43

Poverty Reduction and Sustainable Development.”• As one of the lead agencies in the international system,

UNU participates in the Inter-Agency Group forAgenda 21, Chapter 13, on Sustainable MountainDevelopment.

• UNU is working with DESA and UNEP as well as anumber of other agencies towards the successfuloutcome of next year’s World Summit for SustainableDevelopment (WSSD). For example, on 27–29 No-vember, UNU participated in the WSSD preparatorymeeting in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, organized byESCAP, UNDP and UNEP.

UNU/INWEH will help the UN Department of Eco-nomic and Social Affairs (DESA) in New York todevelop an electronic distance learning programme onintegrated water resource management. The programmebuilds on best practices to improve water management indeveloping countries, involving focus groups in thedevelopment of the different course modules. Thecurriculum will be disseminated through a global net-work of regional and national training institutions, whichwill serve as teaching and resource centres for theprogramme. Designed to be customized to regionalneeds, the programme will initially focus on Africa andthe South Pacific.

List of Partners in the UN System

• African Development Bank• Asian Development Bank• Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)• Economic Commission for Africa (ECA)• Economic Commission for Latin America and the

Caribbean (ECLAC)• Food and Agriculture Organization of the United

Nations (FAO)• Global Environment Facility (GEF)• Inter-Agency Committee on Sustainable Develop-

ment (IACSD)• Inter-American Development Bank (IADB)• International Fund for Agricultural Development

(IFAD)• International Labour Organization (ILO)• International Monetary Fund (IMF)• United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)

• United Nations Conference on Trade and Develop-ment (UNCTAD)

• United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification(UNCCD)

• United Nations Department of Economic and SocialAffairs (UNDESA)

• United Nations Department of Peace-keeping Opera-tions (UNDPKO)

• United Nations Department of Political Affairs(UNDPA)

• United Nations Development Fund for Women(UNIFEM)

• United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)• United Nations Economic Commission for Western

Asia (UNECWA)• United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural

Organization (UNESCO)• United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)• United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees,

Office of the (UNHCR)• United Nations Industrial Development Organization

(UNIDO)• United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research

(UNIDIR)• United Nations Institute for Training and Research

(UNITAR)• United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice

Research Institute• United Nations Office for the Coordination of

Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA)• United Nations Research Institute for Social Develop-

ment (UNRISD)• World Bank• World Health Organization (WHO)• World Meteorological Organization (WMO)• World Trade Organization (WTO)

44

“We request the General Assembly to review on aregular basis the progress made in implementing theprovisions of this Declaration, and ask the Secretary-General to issue periodic reports for consideration bythe General Assembly and as a basis for furtheraction.”[United Nations Millennium Declaration – paragraph 31]

In order to enhance the impact of our work, the Univer-sity disseminates its findings to academics, policymakers and the public. It aims, particularly, to promotethe dissemination of scientific information and bestpractice to the developing world. The main mode fordissemination of research is through books, articles injournals, policy briefs and articles in the press. UNU isalso seeking to disseminate its work in innovative ways,such as through CD-ROM, the Internet and video.

UNU Press

With an expanding international reputation and limitedfunding, the efforts of UNU Press during 2001 wereconcentrated upon “doing more with less.” The Pressresponded to the challenge of meeting demands forservices and maintaining an excellent standard in bothquality and quantity of materials published, whilestreamlining operations and conserving financial re-sources. Recognition of UNU Press as a fast, efficient andflexible publisher has continued to grow within theinternational academic and publishing communities. Thishas resulted in a steady stream of serious offers formanuscript submission from UN-affiliated and indepen-dent institutions as well as individual scholars. Theincrease in quality and quantity of manuscript submis-sions has enabled UNU Press to select from a number ofhigh-calibre manuscripts and to add a distinguishedselection of titles to its publishing list.

In 2001, UNU Press published 17 new titles. Of these,12 were the direct result of research projects carried outby the University, while five books were based onmanuscripts submitted by independent scholars in areasrelated to the University’s research (see Annex 5). ThePress’s innovative and commercially successful “fasttrack” service was commissioned to produce Financingfor Development in Latin America and the Caribbean,edited by Andrés Franco, a project sponsored by theMinistry of Foreign Affairs of Colombia. In addition toUNU Press publications, other publishers published

Book Award – Kosovo and the Challenge ofHumanitarian Intervention

Among the notable achievements of UNU Press in2001 was the receipt of the prestigious LibraryJournal Notable Government Documents Awardfor the book Kosovo and the Challenge ofHumanitarian Intervention: Selective Indignation,Collective Action, and International Citizenship,edited by Albrecht Schnabel and Ramesh Thakur,published in 2000.

45

another 21 books stemming from UNU research projectsduring the year. UNU Press books continue to be made available atprices significantly lower than those of larger universitypresses. In order to promote the broadest possibledistribution of its titles in developing countries, UNUPress continued to encourage the production of inexpen-sive local editions by indigenous publishers. In 2001, thefour titles were issued under co-publishing agreementsbetween UNU Press and local presses. In addition, threebooks were published in translation. In keeping with the University’s dissemination man-date, UNU Press continued to promote free distributionof its publications in appropriate quarters. In associationwith the Big Brother Foundation, 10,000 books weredonated to recipients in the Philippines. The Asia Foun-dation assisted with distribution of 4,000 books in Asia,while 500 books were sent to recipients in Africa withthe cooperation of Book Aid UK.

Electronic Dissemination

UNU Press has continued to explore new opportunitiesfor electronic dissemination of UNU research results aswell as endeavouring to harness the growing salespotential of e-commerce technology. In co-operationwith SMI, UNU Press has made electronic sales of UNUPress environmental titles available via the Earthprinthomepage. Negotiations are currently underway withebrary to sell UNU Press publications through theirInternet portal. UNU Press publications are alreadyavailable on a subscription basis through CIAO (Colum-bia International Affairs Online), at The Internet BookShop, and through netLibrary. UNU Press titles are alsocarried by the leading e-commerce sites for books:Amazon.com and Barnes & Noble. In cooperation with the Humanity DevelopmentLibrary in Antwerp, additional UNU Press titles weremade available in full text in the “Publications” sectionof the UNU homepage, where they can be downloadedfree of charge, along with past issues of UNU’s Food andNutrition bulletin. A comprehensive collection of UNUPress titles in the fields of environment, development,

Book Launch – The Role of the WTO and GlobalGovernance

The World Trade Organization (WTO) has founditself at the centre of controversy in areas that arewell outside the domain of traditional trade policy.UNU’s new book The Role of the World TradeOrganization and Global Governance receivedconsiderable press coverage after high-profilelaunches in both New York and Geneva. The bookcontains chapters by Supachai Panitchpakdi,incoming Director-General of the WTO; KofiAnnan, UN Secretary-General; Peter Sutherland,former WTO Director-General; Mary Robinson,UN High Commissioner for Human Rights;Claude Martin, Director General, WWFInternational; James Orbinski, President,International Council of Médecins sansFrontieres; and Maria Cattaui, Secretary-General,International Chamber of Commerce.

46

and food and nutrition are also available on the thirdedition of the CD-ROM Collection on Critical GlobalIssues, which is sent to individual researchers andinstitutions throughout the world and distributed free ofcharge in developing countries. In 2001, UNU produced a new Spanish-languagehomepage to provide an overview of the University forSpanish-speaking audiences in Europe and around theworld. The Japanese-, French- and Spanish-languagewindows on UNU activities are regularly updated, andlinkages to the main English-language site are created toreflect any changes.

Public Information

The other main channels to inform potential users aboutUNU’s work are brochures, newsletters, publicationscatalogues, the Internet homepage, public events andother promotional materials. Also, the work of UNU wasmentioned in the press over 500 times in 2001.

UNU on CNN — A second series of television publicservice announcements giving a general introduction toUNU and its international network of research andtraining centres and programmes is being broadcast totelevision viewers worldwide, thanks to CNN. The 60-,30- and 15-second advertisements are being broadcast onCNN International six to nine times a day until February2002. The objective of the campaign is to attract viewersto the UNU website to learn more about the organizationand its affiliated institutes and programmes.

Global Seminars in Japan

UNU Global Seminars, intended to bring about a betterunderstanding of the UN and global issues among youngpeople in Japan, have become a firm institution amongstudents and young professionals in the host country ofUNU Centre. With more than 2,100 participants sincetheir inception in 1985, UNU Global Seminars havecontributed to raising the international awareness ofstudents and young professionals living in Japan. In2001, we organized Global Seminars on:• “IT, the Family and Gender — Coping with Socio-

economic Change in the Information Age,” inShimane, southwestern Japan, in July;

• “Issues and Prospects of the Global Environment” inHayama (near Tokyo), in September;

• “Building a New Asia and the International Order” inKobe, in October;

• “Global Issues and the United Nations” in Kanazawa,in November; and

• “Cultures in Globalization: Towards World Peace” inOkinawa, in December.

A total of over 300 young people from Japan and othercountries participated in this year’s seminars, which weretaught by a faculty of more than 40 academics and policyprofessionals from Japan, the UN system and otherorganizations.

UNU Homepagehttp://www.unu.edu/

47

Major Public Lectures

Among the major public lectures at UNU Centre or theRTC/Ps were:• Global Sustainablility — Challenges and Responses

for the New Millennium — Ian Johnson, Vice Presi-dent, Environmentally and Socially SustainableDevelopment, World Bank; Robert Watson, ChiefScientist, World Bank; and Hideaki Oda, SecretaryGeneral, The 3rd World Water Forum; 22 February,Tokyo.

• New Roles and Functions for the UN and the BrettonWoods Institutions — Deepak Nayyer, Vice-Chancel-lor, Delhi University, 2 May, New York.

• Global Production Networks: Risks and Opportunities— Prof. Henryk Kierzkowski, Professor of Economicsat the Graduate Institute of International Studies inGeneva, 11 May, Helsinki.

• The Situation After Achievement of Peace in Tajikistanand its Rehabilitation and Reconstruction — H.E.Rakhmonov Emomali, President of Tajikistan, 15 May,Tokyo.

• Africa Day — The Millennium Africa Recovery Plan(MAP) — H.E. Chief Olusegun Obasanjo, President ofNigeria, gave the keynote focusing on the new strategybeing developed by the continent and for the continent,19 May, Tokyo. Other speakers included AmbassadorAhmed Haggag, Special Adviser to the ForeignMinister for African Affairs, Egypt; Professor ErnestAryeetey, University of Ghana; and Mr. Bernard Petit,Directorate for Development, European Commission.

• Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA): OfficialLaunch in the Asia-Pacific Region — Speakers in-cluded Robert Watson, Chief Scientist of the WorldBank, and Yoriko Kawaguchi, Minister of the Environ-ment, Japan, 6 June, Tokyo. The Millennium Ecosys-tem Assessment is the first collaborative attempt toassess the overall state of the earth’s environment andits ability to provide a sustainable supply of goods andservices for human welfare and development.

• Globalization, Global Community and the UnitedNations — Dr. Mahathir Bin Mohamad, Prime Minis-ter of Malaysia, 7 June, Tokyo. This was the inaugurallecture of the U Thant Distinguished Lecture Series, aforum for leading thinkers to share their insights aboutpressing global challenges and the role of the UN inaddressing them.

• Economic Policy, Distribution and Poverty: The Natureof Disagreements — Ravi Kanbur, T.H. Lee Professorof World Affairs and Professor of Economics atCornell University, 12 June, Helsinki.

• The Governance of Globalization — Prof. DeepakNayyar, Vice-Chancellor, Delhi University and BoardMember, UNU/WIDER, 18 June, Helsinki.

• Technological Revolutions and Opportunities forDevelopment as a Moving Target — Carlota Perez, 1October, Maastricht. This was the inaugural AmilcarHerrera Annual Public Lecture in Science, Technologyand Development.

• AIDS and Human Security — Dr. Peter Piot, ExecutiveDirector of the Joint United Nations Programme onHIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), 2 October, Tokyo. The focuswas on the global AIDS epidemic as one of the centralsecurity issues for the twenty-first century, affectingpersonal security, economic security and the stabilityof communities.

• The New African Initiative — Thabo Mbeki, Presidentof the Republic of South Africa, 2 October, Tokyo. Inthis second U Thant Distinguished Lecture, PresidentMbeki spoke about a strategy to reduce poverty andplace Africa on a path of sustainable growth anddevelopment.

• Latin America in Times of Uncertainty — Dr. JoséAntonio Ocampo, Executive Secretary, ECLAC, 19October, Helsinki.

• Reforming UN Peace Operations: New Challenges forPeacekeeping Training (UN Day Conference) — Jean-Marie Guéhenno, Under-Secretary-General, UnitedNations Department of Peacekeeping Operations(UNDPKO), 23 October, Tokyo.

• Transformation of Africa’s Natural Resources forSustainable Development and Poverty Reduction —Prof. Maurice Iwu, Executive Director of BioresourcesConservation and Development Programme, 30–31October, Addis Ababa.

• The Earth Charter: Voice of the Age to Come — Dr.Kamla Chowdhry of the Vikram Sarabhai Foundation,New Delhi, and former Minister of Environment ofIndia, 22 November, Tokyo.

• Evolution of Higher Education and the Role of UNU inJapan and on the Global Scene — Prof. YasuoMiyakawa, Kyushu University, 6 December, Tokyo.This was the 2nd Annual Michio Nagai MemorialLecture, a series organized to pay tribute to the lateProf. Michio Nagai, a former Minister of Education of

48

Japan, for his contribution to the development of UNUand the internationalization of higher education inJapan. Panellists included Prof. Dr. Akito Arima,former President of Tokyo University and formerMinister of Education, Japan; Prof. Dr. John Daniel,Assistant Director-General for Education of UNESCOand former President of the Open University, UK; Prof.Dr. Jairam Reddy, Chair of South Africa’s Committeeon the Restructuring of Higher Education and formerVice-Chancellor of the University of Durban-Westville; Prof. Dr. Josep Bricall, former Rector of theUniversity of Barcelona and former President of theEuropean Universities Association (CRE); and Dr.Kuniko Tanioka, President of Chukyo Women'sUniversity.

• Latin America: Diagnosis and Prognosis (GlobalDevelopment Network Annual Meeting 2001) — GarySampson, Special Adviser to UNU Rector; Jose

Manuel Salazar, Organization of American States; LuizFelipe Lampreia, former Minister for Foreign Affairsof Brazil; and Reinaldo Figueredo, Senior Adviser tothe Secretary General of UNCTAD; 12 December, Riode Janeiro.

• State Security — Human Security — Sadako Ogata,former United Nations High Commissioner for Refu-gees, 12 December, Tokyo. This was the 2001 FridtjofNansen Memorial Lecture, an annual event to com-memorate the life of Norwegian explorer, scientist,humanist and Nobel laureate Fridjtof Nansen.

• Horizontal Inequality: A Neglected Dimension ofDevelopment — Frances Stewart, Professor andDirector of Queen Elizabeth House, Oxford University,14 December, Helsinki. This lecture focused onhorizontal inequality (inequality among culturallydefined groups) and its implications for social stability,conflict and economic development.

Mr. Jean-Marie Guéhenno, Under-Secretary-General, United NationsDepartment of Peacekeeping Operations

Dr. Peter Piot, Executive Director of the Joint United NationsProgramme on HIV/AIDS

Mr. Olusegun Obasanjo, President of NigeriaMrs. Sadako Ogata, former United Nations High Commissioner forRefugees

49

“We resolve therefore ... to make the best use of thoseresources, in accordance with clear rules and proce-dures agreed by the General Assembly ... by adoptingthe best management practices and technologiesavailable.”[United Nations Millennium Declaration – paragraph 30]

8,125

2,521

1,083

2,062

721

0

0

0

495

3,553

230

1,202

14

0

3,213

492

876

0

2,608

6

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

14,286

2,757

2,285

2,076

721

3,213

492

876

495

4,507

215

256

69

10

405

845

85

0

18,793

2,972

2,541

2,145

731

3,618

1,337

961

495

UNU Centre

UNU/WIDER

UNU/INTECH

UNU/IIST

UNU/INRA*

UNU/IAS

UNU/INWEH

UNU/LA

UNU/BIOLAC

UNU UnitUNU UnitCore FundsCore Funds

SPC (2)SPC (2) Total (Net)Total (Net)From

EndowmentFrom

EndowmentOperating

ContributionsOperating

ContributionsMisc. Income

(1)Misc. Income

(1) SubtotalSubtotal

Table 1. Income for 2001 Income received during 2001 as of 31 December 2001 (Unit: US$ 000)

The University receives operating and specificprogramme contributions as well as the income from theEndowment Fund. The University also benefited duringthe year from counterpart and other support, includingcost-sharing support for fellowships and other activities.

Definitions:(1) Includes contributions for UNU Building, income from publications and other income.(2) Includes specific programme contributions received in 2001 only.

* According to the decisions of the Council, a specific allocation of US$500,000 from UNU Centre toUNU/INRA was made to support continued activities at UNU/INRA during the period from January toDecember 2001.

[Note: These figures have not yet been audited.]

50

UNU Centre

UNU/WIDER

UNU/INTECH

UNU/IIST

UNU/INRA

UNU/IAS

UNU/INWEH

UNU/LA

UNU/BIOLAC

Academic ActivitiesAcademic Activities (UNU) Personnel Costs(UNU) Personnel CostsGeneral Costs (3) General Costs (3) Total Total

CoreFunded

CoreFunded

SpecificFundedSpecificFunded SubtotalSubtotal Prog.

Staff (1)Prog.

Staff (1)Admin.Staff (2)Admin.Staff (2)

SubtotalSubtotal

3,428

1,056

348

400

104

356

338

469

439

6,938

3,858

80

424

83

12

368

678

7

0

5,510

7,286

1,136

772

483

116

724

1,016

476

439

12,448

3,779

856

1,096

625

301

943

121

429

0

8,150

2,978

191

344

335

94

396

0

97

0

4,435

6,757

1,047

1,440

960

395

1,339

121

526

0

12,585

3,501

324

254

274

100

610

71

144

0

5,278

17,544

2,507

2,466

1,717

611

2,673

1,208

1,146

439

30,311

UNU UnitUNU Unit

The following table provides an estimate of actual expenditure in 2001, as of 31 December 2001.

Table 2. Expenditure in 2001Expenditure in 2001 (includes unliquidated obligations) as of 31 December 2001 (Unit: US$ 000)

Definitions:(1) Total costs of staff working on research and capacity development, whether Professional, GS or PSA.(2) Total costs of all other staff.(3) Includes UNU Buildings.

[Note: These figures have not been audited.]

51

UNU Centre

UNU/WIDER

UNU/INTECH

UNU/IIST

UNU/INRA

UNU/IAS

UNU/INWEH

UNU/LA

UNU/BIOLAC

95

22

20

15

10

34

9

14

4

12

4

6

14

10

10

2

12

4

54

13

10

8

2

12

3

4

2

38

8

10

6

3

23

7

2

2

6

3

6

5

3

9

1

2

2

13

2

4

0

0

4

1

0

1

57

14

10

7

7

11

1

2

2

6

1

0

7

7

1

0

2

2

42

11

6

6

2

8

1

1

1

7

3

5

3

2

3

3

1

1

0

0

2

2

2

2

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

Total Staff (1)Total Staff (1) Of which, Professionals

Of which, Professionals

Of which, General Services

Of which, General Services

Of which, Senior Professionals (3)

Of which, Senior Professionals (3)

UNU UnitUNU UnitTotalTotal LDC

(2) LDC (2) WomenWomen TotalTotal LDC LDC WomenWomen TotalTotal LDC LDC WomenWomen TotalTotal LDC LDC WomenWomen

The University is always striving to become increasingly international in nature. The Centre and Research and TrainingCentres and Programmes (RTC/Ps) of UNU are located in eleven countries. UNU has a total staff of 223, of whom 74are from developing countries. The number of staff working at the UNU Centre in Tokyo and at the RTC/Ps are indi-cated below.

Table 3. StaffAs of 31 December 2001

Note: (1) Total = Professional, GS and Internal PSA/SSA. (2) LDC Definition: LDCs are classified as allcountries except high income countries as according to World Development Indicators 1997. The highincome countries are: Switzerland, Japan, Norway, Denmark, Germany, USA, Austria, Singapore, France,Belgium, Netherlands, Sweden, Hong Kong, Finland, Canada, Italy, Australia, UK, United Arab Emirates,Kuwait, Israel, Ireland, New Zealand, Spain, Portugal, Greece, Iceland, Luxembourg, Malta and theRepublic of Korea. (3) Senior Professional means higher than P4/L4 (i.e., P5 and above)

52

Number of MeetingsNumber of Meetings Project Expenditure(US$ 000)

Project Expenditure(US$ 000)Functional UnitFunctional Unit Number of

ProjectsNumber of

Projects Of whichin Host

Of whichin Host

Of whichin LDCsOf whichin LDCs

UNU Centre ESD

UNU Centre PG

UNU/WIDER

UNU/INTECH

UNU/IIST

UNU/INRA

UNU/IAS

UNU/INWEH

UNU/LA

UNU/BIOLAC

UNU/GTP

UNU/FTP

142912289

10101910611

41128

20225

10256

1311

1727

16153936411

9213

1721

226

1300

2,946623726472582118

1,609700600100608487

83865

16010029347

1,43024060059

608487

33525420975

5817144

4606009500

TotalTotal TotalTotal Of whichin Host

Of whichin Host

Of whichin LDCsOf whichin LDCs

149149 164164 8484 7676 9,5719,571 4,9274,927 2,7242,724

UNU Centre ESD

UNU Centre PG

UNU/WIDER

UNU/INTECH

UNU/IIST

UNU/INRA

UNU/IAS

UNU/INWEH

UNU/LA

UNU/BIOLAC

UNU/GTP

UNU/FTP

Govt. OfficialsGovt.

Officials

28291454

1510173611

125623

14172500

55310

10110000

29725182212941102512500

222143241227374

138500

63761261

21325000

2786003684

3734

N.A.202500

22200558702

12N.A.

1100

UNU Unit UNU Unit Project Directors Project Directors ConsultantsConsultants Meeting

ParticipantsMeeting

Participants

TotalTotal Of whichfrom LDCsOf which

from LDCsOf whichWomen

Of whichWomen TotalTotal Of which

from LDCsOf which

from LDCsOf whichWomen

Of whichWomen UN StaffUN Staff

Table 4. UNU Projects in 2001

[Note: ESD - Environment and Sustainable Development Programme; PG - Peace and GovernanceProgramme.]

Table 5. Project Consultants and Meeting Participants in 2001

[Note: ESD - Environment and Sustainable Development Programme; PG - Peace and GovernanceProgramme.]

ANNEX 1Statistical Information on UNU Activities

53

RecipientsRecipientsCostUS$ 000s

CostUS$ 000sFunctional Unit (1)Functional Unit (1)

UNU Centre ESD

UNU Centre PG

UNU Capacity Development

UNU/GTP

UNU/FTP

UNU/WIDER

UNU/INTECH

UNU/IIST

UNU/INRA

UNU/IAS

UNU/INWEH

UNU/LA

UNU/BIOLAC

7107619149

10360

10015

41

422226705003

3035

7882001604580

3000

9706

30

09

6919145

103607015

from LDCs from LDCs Total Total WomenWomen

UNU/GTP

UNU/FTP

UNU Centre ESD

UNU Centre PG

UNU Capacity Development

UNU/WIDER

UNU/INTECH

UNU/IIST

UNU/INRA

UNU/IAS

UNU/LA

UNU/INWEH

UNU/BIOLAC

TOTAL

Unit Unit ParticipantsParticipantsCourses in 2001Courses in 2001

60848711150

210 00

10300

180110189

21

5732 20

1601369

00

5000 00

1600369

1914

1,81250074

510

5970

2858

110137

1914

1,53110046

N.A.0

5970

1657

110137

23

42310035

N.A.0

N.A.0

13292582

14

165200

0 00000

572015

00

10100

4 00002100

CostCostTotal Total In LDCsIn LDCs Total Total from

LDCsfromLDCs WomenWomen Policy

MakersPolicy

Makers UN StaffUN Staff

Table 6. Fellowships and Internships in 2001

[Note: ESD - Environment and Sustainable Development Programme; PG - Peace and GovernanceProgramme.]

Table 7. Training Courses in 2001 Unit: US$ 000

54

UNU Centre ESD

UNU Centre PG

UNU/WIDER

UNU/INTECH

UNU/IIST

UNU/INRA

UNU/IAS

UNU/INWEH

UNU/LA

UNU/BIOLAC

UNU/GTP

UNU/FTP

1488401404030

115

12430314420

15455

2822*2

1001070

882200200001

2138

116400

2201100

UNU Unit UNU Unit PublishedBooks

PublishedBooks

Books inProductionBooks in

ProductionArticles inJournals

Articles inJournals

PolicyBriefsPolicyBriefs

Articles inthe Press

Articles inthe Press

UNU Centre

UNU/WIDER

UNU/INTECH

UNU/IIST

UNU/INRA

UNU/IAS

UNU/INWEH

UNU/LA

UNU/BIOLAC

UNU/GTP

UNU/FTP

Website“hits”

(per month)

Website“hits”

(per month)

32113110022

121

121130022

59,0008,000

600Website

1,5003,0002,000

00

400100

11146100101

8,0001,000

6001,0002,010

50000

250N.A.500

504122

91319454

10566

338123503111

950,000213,000161,00067,700

N.A.198,300150,000

N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.

Regular Documentsand Newsletters

Regular Documentsand Newsletters Promotions in 2001Promotions in 2001 Mentions

in thePress

Mentionsin thePress

MajorPublicEvents

MajorPublicEventsNo.No. Per YearPer Year CirculationCirculation NumberNumber DistributionDistribution

UNU Unit UNU Unit

1,740,0001,740,000

Table 8. Publications in 2001

[Note: ESD - Environment and Sustainable Development Programme; PG - Peace and GovernanceProgramme; * - also includes papers published in conference proceedings.]

Table 9. Publicity Materials in 2001

55

• Memorandum of Understanding between the UnitedNations University, the Federal University of MatoGrosso and the Government of the State of MatoGrosso concerning a feasibility study for the establish-ment of a proposed UNU-RTC/P on issues related toenvironment and sustainable development.

• Memorandum of Understanding between the UnitedNations University and Qatar Foundation for Educa-tion, Science and Community Development concerninga feasibility study for the establishment of a proposedUNU-RTC/P in the Gulf Region.

• Agreement of Cooperation between the United NationsUniversity and the University of Jordan to formalizethe relationship that has developed since the establish-ment of the UNU/LA in Jordan.

• Memorandum of Understanding between the UnitedNations University and the World Conference onReligion and Peace concerning cooperation in areas ofmutual interest, particularly with regard to the dissemi-nation of knowledge.

• Arrangements for Effective Cooperation between theUnited Nations University and the United NationsConference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD).

• Memorandum of Understanding between the UnitedNations University and the United Nations Environ-ment Programme (UNEP).

• Memorandum of Understanding between the UnitedNations University and the Regional Office for Japanand Republic of Korea of the United Nations HighCommissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) concerningcooperation in training and education and the hosting,maintenance and development of a website.

• Statement of Intention between the United NationsUniversity and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technol-ogy/Institute for National, Regional and Local Plan-ning concerning a joint research and trainingprogramme on issues of urban development.

• Second Memorandum of Understanding betweenUnited Nations University, the Government of Flanders(Kingdom of Belgium) and the College of Europe, andAgreement between United Nations University, theFlemish Community and the College of Europeconcerning the Research and Training Programme onComparative Regional Integration Studies (UNU/CRIS).

• Memorandum of Understanding between the UnitedNations University and the International Union ofForest Research Organisations concerning cooperationin areas such as sustainable management of naturalresources, including forest, land, water and climateaffairs.

• Memorandum of Understanding between the UnitedNations University, the European Forest Institute andthe University of Joensuu concerning the mutualsupport of research and training programmes in thearea of forest-related sciences.

• Supplemental Agreement between the United NationsUniversity and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordanregarding the UNU Leadership Academy (UNU/LA).

• Memorandum of Understanding between the UnitedNations University and the Egyptian Fund for Techni-cal Cooperation with Africa concerning cooperation inthe areas on peace and security, governance, environ-ment, sustainable development, and science andtechnology.

ANNEX 2New UNU Agreements in 2001

56

• Academic Council on the United NationsSystem (ACUNS)

• African Economic Research Consortium(AERC)

• African Network of Scientific and Technologi-cal Institutions (ANSTI)

• Anna University, India• Association of African Universities (AAU)• Canadian International Development Agency• Central Food Technological Research Institute

(CFTRI), India• Centre Régional pour l’Eau Potable et

Assainissement (Regional Centre for WaterSupply and Sanitation) (CREPA)

• Chinese Academy of Sciences, China• Consultative Group on International Agricul-

tural Research (CGIAR)• Cornell University, USA• Council of European Professional Informatics

Societies (CEPIS)• Dutch Network for Innovation Studies• Dutch Research School on Development

(CERES)• Earth Institute, Columbia University, USA• Environmental Education and Training

Institute (EETINA), Mexico• Erasmus University, The Netherlands• European Association of Development Insti-

tute (EADI)• European Centre for Development Policy

Management (ECDPM)• European Commission (EC)• Foundation for International Environmental

Law and Development (FIELD), UK• Global Change System For Analysis, Research

and Training (START)• Global Development Network (GDN)• Global Legislators Organization for a Bal-

anced Environment (GLOBE)• Icelandic Fisheries Industries• Icelandic Fisheries Laboratories• Indian Institute of Technology, India• Institute of Development Studies (IDS), UK• Institute of Nutrition, University of Chile

• Institute of Nutrition of Central America andPanama (INCAP), Guatemala

• Institute of Public Health, Yugoslavia• Institute of Social Studies, The Netherlands• Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaicais,

Brazil• International Association of Universities (IAU)• International Association of University

Presidents (IAUP)• International Council for Science (ICSU)• International Development Research Centre

(IDRC), Canada• International Economic Association• International Foundation for Science (IFS)• International Geographical Union (IGU)• International Geothermal Association• International Mountain Society (IMS)• International Peace Research Association• International Soil Reference and Information

Centre (ISRIC)• International Union of Nutritional Sciences

(IUNS), The Netherlands• Japan Association for United Nations Studies• Kirin Brewery Company, Limited, Japan• Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization (LVFO),

Uganda• Mahidol University, Thailand• Marine Research Institute, Iceland• National Academy of Sciences, Egypt• National Energy Authority, Iceland• National Food Research Institute (NFRI),

Japan• National Institute of Nutrition, Egypt• National Institute of Nutrition, Italy• Nestlé Foundation, Switzerland• Nutrition Research and Development Centre,

Indonesia• Shimadzu Corporation, Japan• Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil• Universidade Federal do Pará, Brazil• University of Akureyri, Iceland• University of Aalborg, Denmark• University of Cape Town, South Africa• University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

ANNEX 3Other Partners (non-UN)

57

• University of Eindhoven, The Netherlands• University of Geneva, Switzerland• University of Ghana, Ghana• University of Ghent, Belgium• University of Iceland• University of Maastricht/MERIT, The Nether-

lands• University of Malawi, Malawi• University of Nairobi, Kenya• University of Paris-Jussieu, France

• University of Paris-Sud, France• University of Strathclyde, UK• University of Sussex, UK• University of Tokyo, Japan• University of Twente, The Netherlands• University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon• Venezuelan Institute of Scientific Research• Wageningen Agricultural University, The

Netherlands• Wissenschaftszentrum, Berlin, Germany

58

GovernmentsAustriaCanadaCanadaDenmarkDenmark

FinlandGhanaGreeceIndiaJapanIcelandIcelandJapanJordanMacau FoundationMacau FoundationMacau Foundation (SMG)NetherlandsNorwayNorwaySwedenTrinidad and TobagoUganda

Subtotal

Other donorsArab Gulf Programme for UNDPAsian Women’s Fund (Japan)Asian Women’s Fund (Japan)Asian Women’s Fund (Japan)Asian Women’s Fund (Japan)Asian Women’s Fund (Japan)Australian National University (Australia)Carl Duisberg Gesellschaft (Germany)Corporación Andina de Fomento (CAF) (Colombia)EM Research Organization (Japan)Environmental Information Center (Japan)European Commission

European Commission

European CommissionEuropean UnionFillmore Riley (Canada)Ford Foundation (USA)

99,907 522,901 3,205 70,311 37,329

130,588 100,000 47,000 75,000 3,213,415

579,187462,301

4,225,179 1,000,000 7,570 44,222 5,597 1,105,842 113,024 40,000 47,156 2,000 31,918

11,963,652

20,000 20,161 24,194 72,581 80,645 44,355 30,000 5,845 10,750

2,378 5,379

21,128

169,145

18,452 14,375 13,261 100,000

Endowment Fund contribution for UNU CentreOperating contribution for UNU/INWEHSupport for UNU/LA New Diplomacy CourseOperating contribution for UNU/WIDERContribution for UNU/WIDER Project “Institutions and Development for the year 2000”Contribution for various UNU/WIDER projectsEndowment Fund contribution for UNU/INRAOperating contribution for UNU CentreEndowment Fund contribution for UNU/WIDEROperating contribution for UNU/IASUNU Geothermal Training Programme (UNU/GTP)UNU Fisheries Training Programme (UNU/FTP)Operating contribution for UNU CentreOperating contribution for UNU/LAFor UNU/IIST’s hydraulic lift Support for UNU/IIST INCoM Project (Phase IV)Support for 3 training courses at UNU/IISTOperating contribution for UNU/INTECHOperating contribution for UNU/WIDERSupport for UNU/LA Poverty Reduction CourseContribution for UNU/WIDER projects in 2002/2003 Support for UNESCO/UNU Chair 2000 and 2001Support for UNU/INWEH project “Lake Victoria Environment Management Project”

Support for UNU/INWEH Nitrate Drinking Water Sources projectSupport for UNU Centre Peace and Governance ProjectSupport for female participants at UNU Int’l CourseSupport for Human Rights Course at UNU Int’l CourseSupport for UNU Global SeminarSupport for UNU Centre Dialogue among Civilization and Gender projectSupport for UNU Centre project on UN and DemocratizationSupport for UNU Centre Inter-Linkages Workshop in Kuala LumpurSupport for UNU publication “Financing for Development in Latin America and the Caribbean”Support for UNU Centre Global Seminar OkinawaSupport for UNU/IAS CEIS Sustainable Global Future project

Support for UNU/INTECH project on EU Comparative Reviews of National Innovation SystemsSupport for UNU/INTECH project on Investment and Technology DecisionsSupport for UNU Centre Symposium on Humanitarian CrisesSupport for UNU-EU Global ForumSupport for UNU/INWEH African Great Lakes Research SupportSupport for UNU/IAS Conference on Global Governance Issues and the World Trade Organization

ANNEX 4Contributions Received in 2001

(US$)

59

Ford International (USA)Fortis (Netherlands)

Fuji Xerox Co. (Japan)GLOBE International (Japan)Institut f. Friedensforschung Falkenstein (Germany)International Development Research Centre (IDRC) (Canada)International Development Research Centre (IDRC) (Canada)International Institute for Communication and Development (IICD) (Netherlands)International Institute of Infonomics, NetherlandsInterRisk Research Institute & Consulting, Inc. (Japan)Ishikawa Foundation for Int'l Exchange (Japan)Iwate Prefectural Government (Japan)

Japan Foundation for the United Nations University (Japan)Japan Foundation for the United Nations University (Japan)Japan Foundation for the United Nations University (Japan)Japan Foundation for the United Nations University (Japan)Japan Foundation for the United Nations University (Japan)Japan Foundation for the United Nations University (Japan)Japan Foundation for the United Nations University (Japan)Japan Foundation for the United Nations University (Japan)Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Japan)Kirin Brewery Company Ltd. (Japan)Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen (Netherlands)La Junta de Aqua y Saneamiento de Juarez (Mexico)Macau Foundation for Cooperation and Development (Macau)Marumasa Printing (Japan)Mrs. Schlafly

Nansei Chiiki Sangyo Kasseika Center (Japan)

6,000 27,000

4,032 1,458 3,351

3,988

5,196

22,495

12,312

16,393

113,895

38,227

1,922

101,639

116,667

11,961 8,197 1,626

33,327

17,094 4,919

235,043

6,156

100,200

18,844 1,613

10,000

403

Support for UNU/LA Poverty Reduction CourseSupport for UNU Postdoctoral Fellowship in Applied Mathematics and Computer ScienceSupport for UNU/IAS U-Thant Lecture Series Support for UNU/IAS technical assistanceSupport for UNU Civil Military Relations & Post-Conflict Peace Building

Support for UNU Centre project on Conflict Prevention

Support for UNU Centre publication on Water Management in Islam

Support for UNU/INTECH project on IICD

Support for UNU/INTECH project on ICT and Higher Education

Support for UNU Centre project on IT and Environment Project

Support for UNU/IAS IICRC project

Support for UNU Centre Cooperative International Research Project on Marine and Coastal EnvironmentSupport for UNU Library

Support for UNU Centre Zero Emissions Forum

Support for UNU Centre project on Inter-Linkages

Support for UNU Centre Global Seminar Kobe

Support for UNU Centre UN Day Symposium

Support for UNU Centre Nagai Lecture

Support for UNU Cente project on Dialogue among Civilization

Support for UNU Japan-Europe Support Program for Conferences and SymposiumsSupport for UNU Centre Zero Emissions Forum Symposium

UNU CENTRE Kirin Fellowship 2001Support for UNU/INTECH project on Research Cooperation in the context of North-South DevelopmentSupport for UNU/INWEH Bio-solid Utilization Programme Phase III

Support for UNU/IIST Fellowship Programme in 2001

Support for UNU Centre Global Seminar OkinawaSupport for UNU/INRA project on Western Africa Network for Natural Products Research (WANNPRES)Support for UNU Centre Global Seminar Okinawa

60

National Insitute for Environmental Studies (Japan)Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Tropical Research (WOTRO)Okinawa Electric Power Co. (Japan)Okinawa Prefectural Government (Japan)Organizing Committee for Global Seminar (Japan)Organizing Committee for Global Seminar (Japan)Organizing Committee for Global Seminar (Japan)Organizing Committee for Global Seminar (Japan)Rockfeller Foundation (USA)

Ryuseki Corporation. (Japan)Ryuseki Corporation. (Japan)Sato Eisaku Memorial Foundation (Japan)Shimadzu Corp. (Japan)Tropical Plants Resources Research Institute (Japan)UNESCOUNESCOUNESCO

UNESCO United Nations United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA)United Nations Development ProgrammeUnited Nations Development Programme

United Nations Environment ProgrammeUnited Nations Environment Programme

Universal Networking Digital Language Foundation (Japan)UNU International CourseVAWW-Net Japan (Japan)World Bank

World Bank

World Bank (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development)Zero Emissions Symposium Secretariat (Japan)Subtotal

Grand Total

110,656

14,571

2,378 8,130 11,781

29,299

25,385

16,610

50,000

401 396

8,065 111,545 2,378

5,977 8,000 35,000

5,166

(8,765) 378,490

29,581

1,480 5,000

1,033,734

16,129

34,842 1,119 24,970

204,029

10,000

15,689

3,786,182

15,749,834

Support for UNU/IAS Sustainable Global Future project

Support for UNU/INTECH project on Evolution of Software Technologies & Implications for Int'l Division of Labour for Indian and US Software IndustriesSupport for UNU Centre Global Seminar OkinawaSupport for UNU Centre Global Seminar OkinawaEnrolment fees for Global Seminar Okinawa Session 2000

Enrolment fees for Global Seminar Shonan Session 2000

Enrolment fees for Global Seminar Shonan Session 2001

Enrolment fees for Global Seminar Okinawa Session 2001

Support for UNU/IAS Conference on Bio-safety of Genetically Modified Organisms in JakartaSupport for UNU Centre Global Seminar OkinawaSupport for UNU Centre Global Seminar OkinawaSupport for UNU LibrarySupport for UNU Centre project on Coastal HydrosphereSupport for UNU Centre Global Seminar Okinawa

Support for UNU/LA UNESCO ChairSupport for UNU Centre project on Mangrove EcosystemSupport for UNU/INWEH Feasibility of Creating Global Scale Meta DatabaseSupport for UNU Centre conference on Dialogue among CivilizationsAdjustment on funds received for In Quest on Human Security projectSupport for UNU/INWEH Capacity Building to Improve Water Manage-ment and to Accelerate Sustainable Investments in the Water SectorSupport for UNU/LA Ghana CourseSupport for UNU/INWEH World Water Development Report and the Second World Water ForumSupport for UNU Centre project on El Niño projectSupport for UNU Centre project on People, Land Management and Environmental ChangeSupport for UNU/IAS UNDL Foundation

Participation fees for UNU International CourseSupport for UNU Centre Global Seminar OkinawaSupport for UNU/INWEH AGNPS-RAISON Model for Lake Malawi WatershedsSupport for UNU/INWEH Lake Victoria Environmental Management projectSupport for UNU/INTECH project on Global Development Network projectEnrollment fees for UNU Zero Emissions Symposium

61

UNU Publications

New Approaches to Water Management in Central Asia,edited by Zafar Adeel, UNU Desertification Series No. 3,UNU.

Integrated Land Management in Dry Areas, edited byZafar Adeel, UNU Desertification Series No. 4, UNU.

Leadership in Contemporary Africa: An ExploratoryStudy, by Joseph Ayee, UNU/LA Academic Series #3.

Sustainable Development of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Basins, edited by Asit Biswas and Juha Uitto,UNU Press.

Inter-linkages: The Kyoto Protocol and the InternationalTrade and Investment Regimes, edited by W. BradneeChambers, UNU Press.

Earth Negotiations: Analyzing Thirty Years of Environ-mental Diplomacy, by Pamela S. Chasek, UNU Press.

The Legitimacy of International Organizations, edited byJean-Marc Coicaud and Veijo Heiskanen, UNU Press.

Ethics and International Affairs: Extent and Limits,edited by Jean-Marc Coicaud and Daniel Warner, UNUPress.

Financing for Development in Latin America and theCaribbean, edited by Andrés Franco, UNU Press.

Democracy in Latin America: (Re)Constructing PoliticalSociety, edited by Manuel Antonio Garretón M. andEdward Newman, UNU Press.

Geothermal Training in Iceland 2000, edited by L.S.Georgsson, Iceland: UNU Geothermal TrainingProgramme.

Embracing the Millennium: Perspectives and Challengesfor the United Nations and the International Community,edited by Hans van Ginkel and Ramesh Thakur, UNU.

Once Burned, Twice Shy? Lessons Learned from the1997-98 El Niño, edited by Michael H. Glantz, UNU.

Dialogue Among Civilisations: The Role of Leadership,by Kennedy Graham, Ataur Rahman and Neil Quilliam,UNU/LA Academic Series #1.

Financing for Development: Proposals from Businessand Civil Society, edited by Barry Herman, FedericaPietracci, and Krishnan Sharma, UNU Press.

Coastal Management in ASEAN Countries: The Struggleto Achieve Sustainable Coastal Development, by DenyHidayati, UNU.

Global Environmental Risk, edited by Jeanne X.Kasperson and Roger E. Kasperson, UNU Press.

Power in Transition: The Peaceful Change of Interna-tional Order, by Charles A. Kupchan, Emanuel Adler,Jean-Marc Coicaud, and Yuen Foong Khong, UNU Press.

Globalization and the Sustainability of Cities in the AsiaPacific Region, edited by Fu-chen Lo and Peter J.Marcotullio, UNU Press.

“Leadership in South Africa: From Dogma to Transfor-mation — An Account of Paradigm Shift,” by RoelfMeyer, UNU/LA Leaders Series #1.

The Role of the World Trade Organization in GlobalGovernance, edited by Gary P. Sampson, UNU Press.

United Nations-sponsored World Conferences: Focus onImpact and Follow-up, edited by Michael G. Schechter,UNU Press.

United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Ad HocMissions, Permanent Engagement, edited by RameshThakur and Albrecht Schnabel, UNU Press.

“Leaders of Integrity: Ethics and a Code for GlobalLeadership,” by Chris Williams, UNU/LA AcademicSeries #2.

ANNEX 5Titles Published in 2001

62

Other Published Books Based on UNU Work or byUNU Staff

Technologies for Arsenic Removal from Drinking Water,edited by M. Feroze Ahmed, M. Ashraf Ali and Z. Adeel,UNU-BUET, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Women in Natural Resources Management in Ghana, byE. Ardayfio-Schandorf and C. Wrigley, Accra: QualitypePress.

Resource Abundance and Economic Development, editedby Richard M. Auty, Oxford University Press.

Environmental Regulation in the New Global Economy:the Impact on Industry and Competitiveness, edited byAnthony Bartzokas, Rhys Jenkins and Jan Hasselberg,Edward Elgar.

Exploring Agrodiversity, by Harold Brookfield, Colum-bia University Press.

Transition and Institutions: The Experience of Gradualand Late Reformers, edited by Giovanni Andrea Corniaand Vladimir Popov, Oxford University Press.

63

Innovating People: Mobilising Skills in National Innova-tion Systems, edited by Anders Ekeland, Keith Smith andSvend Remoe, OECD.

Vodná erózia pôdy a protierózna ochrana. [WaterErosion and its Control], by Emil Fulajtar, and LiborJansky, Soil Fertility Research Institute, Bratislava.

Non-Traditional Exports and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: Issues and Experience, edited by GeraldK. Helleiner, Palgrave.

Comparing Regionalisms: Implications for GlobalDevelopment, edited by Björn Hettne, András Inotai andOsvaldo Sunkel, Palgrave (volume 5 in the UNU/WIDERNew Regionalism Series).

Access to Land, Rural Poverty and Public Action, editedby Alain de Janvry, Gustavo Gordillo, Jean-PhilippePlatteau and Elisabeth Sadoulet, Oxford UniversityPress.

Social Provision in Low Income Countries: New Patternsand Emerging Trends, edited by Germano Mwabu,Cecilia Ugaz and Gordon White, Oxford UniversityPress.

The United Nations and Human Security, edited byEdward Newman and Oliver P. Richmond, Palgrave.

Social Sciences and Innovation: Information Society,prepared by the OECD.

World Forests, Markets and Policies — Volume III, editedby Matti Palo, Jussi Uusivuori and Gerardo Mery,Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Information Technology, Productivity and EconomicGrowth: International Evidence and Implications forEconomic Development, edited by Matti Pohjola, OxfordUniversity Press.

Southeast European Security: Threats, Responses,Challenges, edited by Albrecht Schnabel, Huntington,New York: Nova Science Publishers.

Handbook for the Field Assessment of Land Degradation,London, by Michael Stocking and N. Murnaghan,

Earthscan Publications.Access to Knowledge: New Information Technologiesand the Emergence of the Virtual University, edited byTed Tschang and Tarcisio Della Senta, Elsevier ScienceLtd., IAU, Pergamon.

Mestrandos e Doutorandos no País. Trajetórias deFormação [Masters and Doctoral Students in the Coun-try. Training Trajectories], by Lea Velho and JacquesVelloso, CAPES.

EMU: Impact on Europe and the World, edited byCharles Wyplosz, Oxford University Press.

Translations

In Fairness to Future Generations, by Edith BrownWeiss (Chinese).

Conducting Environmental Impact Assessment forDeveloping Countries, by Prasad Modak and Asit K.Biswas (Japanese).

Water for Urban Areas, edited by Juha I. Uitto and AsitK. Biswas (Japanese).

Legitimacy and Politics, by Jean-Marc Coicaud (Chi-nese).

Local Reprints

Sustainable Management of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Basins, edited by Asit K. Biswas and Juha I.Uitto (India and South Asia).

Conducting Environmental Impact Assessment forDeveloping Countries, by Prasad Modak and Asit K.Biswas (India and South Asia).

The Role of the World Trade Organization in GlobalGovernance, edited by Gary P. Sampson (India andSouth Asia).

Trade, Environment, and the Millennium, edited by GaryP. Sampson and W. Bradnee Chambers (India and SouthAsia).

64

Abazov, Rafis, “International Assistance to the NewlyIndependent States of Central Asia: The Case of Japan,”UNU/IAS Working Paper 94.

Abrego, Lisandro and Doris C. Ross, “Debt Relief underthe HIPC Initiative: Context and Outlook for DebtSustainability and Resource Flows,” UNU/WIDERDiscussion Paper 96.

Adam, Christopher S. and David L. Bevan, “FiscalPolicy Design in Low-Income Countries,” UNU/WIDERDiscussion Paper 67.

Addison, T., and S. Mansoob Murshed, “The FiscalDimensions of Conflict and Reconstruction,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 49.

Addison, T., P. Le Billon and S.M Murshed “Finance inConflict and Reconstruction,” in Journal of InternationalDevelopment, Vol. 13, No. 7:951–964, 2001.

Addison, T., Philippe Le Billon, and S. MansoobMurshed, “Conflict In Africa: The Cost of PeacefulBehaviour,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 51.

Addison, Tony and Alemayehu Geda, “Ethiopia’s NewFinancial Sector and Its Regulation,” UNU/WIDERDiscussion Paper 55.

Addison, Tony and Aminur Rahman, “Why is so LittleSpent on Educating the Poor?,” UNU/WIDER DiscussionPaper 29.

Addison, Tony and Giovanni Andrea Cornia, “IncomeDistribution Policies For Faster Poverty Reduction,”UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 93.

Addison, Tony and Léonce Ndikumana, “Overcomingthe Fiscal Crisis of the African State,” UNU/WIDERDiscussion Paper 12.

Addison, Tony and Robert Osei, “Taxation and FiscalReform in Ghana,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 97.

Addison, Tony and S. Mansoob Murshed, “Credibilityand Reputation in Peacemaking,” UNU/WIDER Discus-sion Paper 45.

Addison, Tony and S. Mansoob Murshed, “Debt Reliefand Civil War,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 57.

Addison, Tony and S. Mansoob Murshed, “From Conflictto Reconstruction: Reviving the Social Contract,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 48.

Addison, Tony, Alemayehu Geda, Philippe Le Billon andS. Mansoob Murshed, “Financial Reconstruction inConflict and ‘Post-Conflict’ Economies,” UNU/WIDERDiscussion Paper 90.

Addison, Tony, “Do Donors Matter for InstitutionalReform in Africa?,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 141.

Addison, Tony, “From Conflict to Reconstruction,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 16.

Addison, Tony, “Reconstruction from War in Africa:Communities, Entrepreneurs, and States,” UNU/WIDERDiscussion Paper 18.

Adeel, Z. and M. Glantz, “El Niño of the Century: OnceBurnt, Twice Shy?” in Global Environmental Change,11(2):171–174.

Adeel, Zafar, “Arsenic Crisis Today — Strategy ForTomorrow,” UNU Working Paper.

Adeoti, John Olatunji, “Determinants of the Adoption ofEnvironmentally Benign Technologies in the NigerianManufacturing Industry,” UNU/IAS Working Paper 92.

Agosin, Manuel R., “Global Integration and Growth inHonduras and Nicaragua,” UNU/WIDER DiscussionPaper 31.

Agoun, A., “Exploitation of the Continental IntercalaireAquifer at the Kebili Geothermal Field, Tunisia,” in L.G.Georgsson (ed.), Geothermal Training in Iceland 2000,UNU/GTP, pp. 1–28.

Aguilar, Renato, “Angola's Incomplete Transition,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 47.

Ahsan, Syed M., “Institutional Framework and Poverty:A Transition Economy Perspective,” UNU/WIDERDiscussion Paper 136.

ANNEX 6Journal Articles, Book Chapters and Working Papers Published in 2001

65

Anand, P. B., “Consumer Preferences for Water Supply?An Application of Choice Models to Urban India,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 145.

Anand, P. B., “Water ‘Scarcity’ in Chennai, India:Institutions, Entitlements and Aspects of Inequality inAccess,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 140.

Arocena, Pablo, “The Reform of the Utilities Sector inSpain,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 13.

Arora, Ashish and Suma Athreye, “The Software Indus-try and India's Economic Development,” UNU/WIDERDiscussion Paper 20.

Assadzadeh, Ahmad and Satya Paul, “Poverty, Growthand Redistribution: A Case Study of Iran,” UNU/WIDERDiscussion Paper 124.

Bandyopadhyay, Sanghamitra, “Twin Peaks: Conver-gence Empirics of Economic Growth across IndianStates,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 142.

Barja, Gover and Miguel Urquiola, “Capitalization,Regulation and the Poor: Access to Basic Services inBolivia,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 34.

Barrett, B. and A. Kuroda, “Report of the Iwate Environ-ment Millennium Forum,” in NTT Gijutsu Journal, May2001.

Barrett, B. and Mikoto Usui, “The LA21 Platform forSustainable Development: An Evaluation of Experiencein Japan and the UK,” in Journal for Cross-CulturalCommunication and Business Studies, Vol. 5, No. 1,January 2001.

Barrett, Brendan, Atsushi Kuroda and Kaoru Miyamoto,“Ecological Modernisation, Environmental Knowledgeand Societal Change: Attitudes and Behaviour of theYouth in Iwate and Tokyo, Japan,” UNU/IAS WorkingPaper 89.

Barrett, Brendan, John Fien, Atsushi Kuroda and IchiroYamada, “Internet and Environmental Education: Obfus-cating the Real and the Virtual,” UNU/IAS Working Paper90.

Barrett, Brendan, W. Bradnee Chambers and HeikeSchroeder, “Perceptions of Science and Politics in theUNFCCC Process: Delegates at COP3 and COP4,”UNU/IAS EMD Series, 8.

Bartzokas, Anthony, “Policy Relevance and TheoryDevelopment in Innovation Studies,” Enterprise andInnovation Management Studies, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 1–18.

Bartzokas, Anthony and Morris Teubal, “A Frameworkfor Policy-Oriented Innovation Studies in IndustrialisingCountries,” UNU/INTECH Discussion Paper 2001-6.

Bartzokas, Anthony, “European Financial Markets afterEMU: A Review of Recent Literature and Evidence,”UNU/INTECH Working Paper 2001-1.

Bartzokas, Anthony, “Financial Markets and Technologi-cal Change: Patterns of Technological and FinancialDecisions by Manufacturing Firms in Southern Europe,”UNU/INTECH Discussion Paper 2001-4.

Bartzokas, Anthony, “Technological Change and Corpo-rate Strategies in the Fertiliser Industry,” UNU/INTECHDiscussion Paper 2001-7.

Barylo, A., “Assessment of the Energy Potential of theBeregovsky Geothermal Systems, Ukraine,” in L.G.Georgsson (ed.), Geothermal Training in Iceland 2000,UNU/GTP, pp. 29–42.

Beltaifa, Raoudha, Lamia El Abed Jilani and HendaHadjami Ben Ghezala, “A Reuse Infrastructure Intelli-gent Retrieval Process,” 5th World Multi-conference onSystemics, Cybernetics and Informatics (SCI 2001),Orlando, USA.

Benitez, Daniel A., Omar O. Chisari and AntonioEstache, “Can the Gains from Argentina's UtilitiesReform Offset Credit Shocks?,” UNU/WIDER Discus-sion Paper 33.

Berthélemy, Jean-Claude, “HIPC Debt Relief and PolicyReform Incentives,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 105.

Bevan, David L., “The Fiscal Dimensions of Ethiopia'sTransition and Reconstruction,” UNU/WIDER Discus-sion Paper 56.

66

Bigsten, Arne and Jörgen Levin, “Growth, IncomeDistribution, and Poverty: A Review,” UNU/WIDERDiscussion Paper 129.

Bigsten, Arne, Jörgen Levin and Håkan Persson, “DebtRelief and Growth: A Study of Zambia and Tanzania,”UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 104.

Bigsten, Arne, “Relevance of the Nordic Model forAfrican Development,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper131.

Blagescu, Monica, Julius Court, Goran Hyden, KenMease and Keiko Suzuki, “Assessing and AnalyzingGovernance: Lessons from the WGA Pilot Phase,” WorldGovernance Survey Working Paper No. 2, UNU.

Bloom, David E. and S. Mansoob Murshed, “Globaliza-tion, Global Public ‘Bads,’ Rising Criminal Activity andGrowth,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 50.

Booth, David, “PRSP Processes in Eight African Coun-tries: Initial Impacts and Potential for Institutionaliza-tion,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 121.

Bräutigam, Deborah and Michael Woolcock, “SmallStates in a Global Economy: The Role of Institutions inManaging Vulnerability and Opportunity in SmallDeveloping Countries,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper37.

Brickell, David, “Leadership for Poverty Reduction:Public and Private Leadership,” UNU/LA Alumni Paper#6.

Browne, Stephen, “Waiving and Drowning? Debt and theMillennium Declaration Development Goals,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 111.

Bulír, Ale and A. Javier Hamann, “How Volatile andUnpredictable are Aid Flows, and What are the PolicyImplications?,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 143.

Burnside, Craig and Domenico Fanizza, “Hiccups forHIPCs?,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 99.

Carettoni, A., S. Manzocchi and P.C. Padoan, “TheGrowth-Finance Nexus and European Integration. A

Review of the Literature,” UNU/INTECH Working Paper2001-5.

Castel-Branco, Carlos, Christopher Cramer and DegolHailu, “Privatization and Economic Strategy inMozambique,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 64.

Chambers, W. B., “Environment and Human Concerns inWorld Trade,” in Floor Brouwer and Dave Ervin (eds.),Public Concerns and Agriculture Trade: Environmental,Animal Welfare and Human Health Issues, CABI Pub-lishing, Oxfordshire.

Chang, Ha-Joon and Ali Cheema, “Conditions forSuccessful Technology Policy in Developing Countries— Learning Rents, State Structures, and Institutions,”UNU/INTECH Discussion Paper 2001-8.

Chetveryk, H., “Analytical and Numerical Modelling ofCold Water Injection into Horizontal Reservoirs,” in L.G.Georgsson (ed.), Geothermal Training in Iceland 2000,UNU/GTP, pp. 43–56.

Chirathivat, Suthiphand and S. Mansoob Murshed,“Globalization and Openness: Lessons from the RecentCrisis in Southeast Asia,” UNU/WIDER DiscussionPaper 35.

Chisari, Omar O., Antonio Estache and CatherineWaddams Price, “Access by the Poor in Latin America’sUtility Reform Subsidies and Service Obligations,”UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 75.

Chowdhury, Abdur R., “The Impact of Financial Reformon Private Savings in Bangladesh,” UNU/WIDERDiscussion Paper 78.

Chowdhury, Abdur, “External Debt and Growth inDeveloping Countries: A Sensitivity and Causal Analy-sis,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 95.

Chu, Ke-young, “Collective Values, Behavioural Norms,and Rules: Building Institutions for Economic Growthand Poverty Reduction,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper98.

Claessens, Stijn, Simeon Djankov, Joseph Fan and LarryLang, “The Pattern and Valuation Effects of Corporate

67

Diversification: A Comparison of the United States,Japan, and Other East Asian Economies,” UNU/WIDERDiscussion Paper 127.

Clark, Norman, “Innovation Systems, InstitutionalChange and the New Knowledge Market: Implicationsfor Third World Agricultural Development,” UNU/INTECH Discussion Paper 2001-10.

Cobham, Alex, “EMU, Monetary Policy and the Role ofFinancial Constraints,” UNU/INTECH Working Paper2001-6.

Cogburn, Derrick L. and Catherine Nyaki Adeya, “Pros-pects for the Digital Economy in South Africa: Technol-ogy, Policy, People, and Strategies,” UNU/WIDERDiscussion Paper 77.

Coicaud, Jean-Marc, “Reflections on InternationalOrganizations and International Legitimacy: Constraints,Pathologies and Possibilities,” The International SocialScience Journal, No. 170.

Coicaud, Jean-Marc, “The United States and the Quan-dary of International Hegemony,” Fujiwara ShotenJournal, spring 2001 [in Japanese].

Coicaud, Jean-Marc, and Luiz A. Pereira da Silva, “TheLegitimacy of International Organizations and the Futureof International Governance,” in Geoffrey Underhill andXiaoke Zhang (eds.), What is to be Done? GlobalEconomic Disorder and Policies for a New InternationalFinancial Architecture, Cambridge University Press.

Cornia, Giovanni Andrea and Julius Court, “Inequality,Growth and Poverty in the Era of Liberalization andGlobalization,” UNU/WIDER Policy Brief No. 4.

Cornia, Giovanni Andrea and Sanjay Reddy, “The Impactof Adjustment-Related Social Funds on Income Distribu-tion and Poverty,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 1.

Cornia, Giovanni Andrea with Sampsa Kiiski, “Trends inIncome Distribution in the Post-World War II Period:Evidence and Interpretation,” UNU/WIDER DiscussionPaper 89.

Cotton, Linda and Vijaya Ramachandran, “ForeignDirect Investment in Emerging Economies: Lessons fromsub-Saharan Africa,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 82.

Court, Julius and Goran Hyden, “Towards a WorldGovernance Assessment,” World Governance SurveyWorking Paper No. 3, UNU.

Court, Julius, “Bureaucracies and Perceptions of Corrup-tion: Survey Evidence From Africa,” in Global Corrup-tion Report 2001, Transparency International.

Cuesta, José A., AIDS, “Economic Growth and the HIPCInitiative in Honduras,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper79.

Danielson, Anders, “Economic and Institutional Reformsin French-speaking West Africa: Impact on Efficiencyand Growth,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 28.

Danielson, Anders, “Can HIPC Reduce Poverty inTanzania?,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 106.

de Sousa, Mário Adauta, Tony Addison, Björn Ekmanand Åsa Stenman, “From Humanitarian Assistance toPoverty Reduction in Angola,” UNU/WIDER DiscussionPaper 22.

Delfino, José A. and Ariel A. Casarin, “The Reform ofthe Utilities Sector in Argentina,” UNU/WIDER Discus-sion Paper 74.

Dijkstra, Geske and Niels Hermes, “The Uncertainty ofDebt Service Payments and Economic Growth of HIPCs:Is there a Case for Debt Relief?,” UNU/WIDER Discus-sion Paper 122.

Do Van Nhon and Dang Van Hung, “A SystematicDesign of Real-time Systems Using Duration Calculus,”5th World Multi-conference on Systemics, Cyberneticsand Informatics (SCI 2001), Orlando, USA.

Doraisamy, Anita and Rajah Rasiah, “Incentives andIndustrialization in Malaysia,” in Jomo K.S. (ed.), FiscalIncentives for Promotion of Manufactured Exports inMalaysia, Basingstoke: Palgrave, pp. 247–262.

68

Du, Jizhong, “Evaluation of the Silapu Geothermal Field,Liaoning Province, China,” in L.G. Georgsson (ed.),Geothermal Training in Iceland 2000, UNU/GTP, pp.57–74.

Durevall, Dick, “Reform of the Malawian Public Sector:Incentives, Governance and Accountability,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 109.

Easterly, William, “The Effect of IMF and World BankProgrammes on Poverty,” UNU/WIDER DiscussionPaper 102.

Emeish, M.S., “Simulation of Heating Systems inJordanian Buildings,” UNU/GTP Report 2001-1.

European Network on Debt and Development, “DebtReduction for Poverty Eradication in the Least Devel-oped Countries: Analysis and Recommendations on LDCDebt,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 110.

Fang, L., “Preliminary Geothermal EnvironmentalImpact Assessment for the Torfajökull Area, Central S-Iceland,” in L.G. Georgsson (ed.), Geothermal Trainingin Iceland 2000, UNU/GTP, pp. 75–103.

Ferreira, Francisco and Phillippe George Leite, “TheEffects of Expanding Education on the Distribution ofIncome in Ceará,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 88.

Flores, Andres, Luis Reynoso and Richard Moore, “AFormal Model of Object-Oriented Design and GoFDesign Patterns,” FME 2001, Berlin.

Flores, Andres and Richard Moore, “Analysis andSpecification of GoF Structural Patterns”, IASTEDInternational Conference on Applied Informatics (AI2001), Innsbruck, Austria.

Fozzard, Adrian and Mick Foster, “Changing Approachesto Public Expenditure Management in Low-income AidDependent Countries,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper107.

Freeman, Nick J., “The Challenges Posed by Globaliza-tion for Economic Liberalization in Two Asian Transi-tional Countries: Laos and Vietnam,” UNU/WIDERDiscussion Paper 40.

Fridleifsson, I.B., “Geothermal Energy for the Benefit ofthe People,” in Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews, Vol. 5, Elsevier, pp. 299–312.

Fridleifsson, I.B., “Energy Requirements for the NextMillennium,” Geothermal Resources Council (GRC)Bulletin 30, 4, pp. 139–144.

Fridleifsson, I.B., “Geothermal Energy: Experience ofIceland and Opportunities for Africa,” in RenewableEnergy Technologies: Potential for Africa, Proceedingsfrom the twenty-first session of the governing council ofUNEP/second global ministerial environment forum,Naivasha, Kenya, pp. 74–83.

Fridleifsson, I.B., “Geothermal Training: Needs andAvailability,” at European Summer School on Geother-mal Energy Applications 2001, University of Oradea, pp.101–108.

Fridleifsson, I.B., “Status of Geothermal Energy andHydropower Amongst the World’s Energy Sources,”Iceland Energy Conference 2001, Reykjavik: Samorka,pp. 30–36 [in Icelandic].

Fridleifsson, I.B., "What is Special about Boiling Low-temperature Fields?," Iceland Energy Conference 2001,Reykjavik: Samorka, pp. 331–334 [in Icelandic].

Fridleifsson, I.B., “What Happens to the Trainees of theUNU Geothermal Training Programme?,” Proceedings ofthe Orkustofnun Annual Meeting 2001, Reykjavik:Orkustofnun, pp. 1–4 [in Icelandic].

Fridleifsson, I.B., “The UNU/GTP and Project Export,”Proceedings of a Conference on Project Export, Geother-mal Association of Iceland, pp. 24–26 [in Icelandic].

Gemmell, Norman, “Fiscal Policy in a Growth Frame-work,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 84.

Ginkel, Hans van, “Building a Culture of Understanding:The Role of the University,” in Global Dialogue — TheDialogue of Civilisations, Vol. 3, No. 1, Winter 2001, pp.84–92.

Ginkel, Hans van, “Globalisation of Culture and the Roleof the University,” in The University of the 21st Century

69

— An International Conference Proceedings, Sultanateof Oman: Ministry of Higher Education, pp. 241–257.

Ginkel, Hans van, “Variety and Impact: Differences thatMatter. Some Thoughts on the Variety of UniversityGovernance Systems and their Impact on UniversityPolicies and Strategies,” in Werner Z. Hirsch and Luc E.Weber, Governance in Higher Education. The Universityin a State of Flux, Paris-London-Genève: Economica, pp.155–166.

Glantz, Michael (ed.), Once Burned, Twice Shy? LessonsLearned from the 1997-98 El Niño, UNU, Tokyo.

Gode, Constantino J., “Sovereign Debt and Uncertaintyin the Mozambican Economy,” UNU/WIDER DiscussionPaper 130.

Golola, Moses L., “Decentralization, Local Bureaucra-cies and Service Delivery in Uganda,” UNU/WIDERDiscussion Paper 115.

Gounder, Rukmani and V. Xayavong, “Globalization andthe Island Economies of the South Pacific,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 41.

Grimm, Michael, “A Decomposition of Inequality andPoverty Changes in the Context of MacroeconomicAdjustment: A Microsimulation Study for Côte d'Ivoire,”UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 91.

Gundlach, Erich, José Navarro de Pablo and NataschaWeisert, “Education Is Good for the Poor: A Note onDollar and Kraay (2001),” UNU/WIDER DiscussionPaper 137.

Gunter, Bernhard G., “Does the HIPC Initiative Achieveits Goal of Debt Sustainability?,” UNU/WIDER Discus-sion Paper 100.

Hamdok, Abdalla, “Governance and Policy in Africa:Recent Experiences,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper126.

Hansson, Göte, “Building New States: Lessons fromEritrea,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 66.

Harashima, Yohei and Tsuneyuki Morita, “A Compara-

tive Study on Environmental Policy DevelopmentProcesses in the Three East Asian Countries of Japan,Korea and China,” UNU/IAS Working Paper 95.

He Jifeng and Xu Qiwen, “Advanced Features of DC andTheir Applications,” in Formal Aspects of Computing.

Heady, Christopher, “Taxation Policy in Low-IncomeCountries,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 81.

Heltberg, Rasmus and Finn Tarp, “Agricultural SupplyResponse and Poverty in Mozambique,” UNU/WIDERDiscussion Paper 114.

Heltberg, Rasmus, Kenneth Simler and Finn Tarp,“Public Spending and Poverty in Mozambique,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 63.

Herbst, Jeffrey, “The Politics of Revenue Sharing inResource-Dependent States,” UNU/WIDER DiscussionPaper 43.

Hermes, Niels and Robert Lensink, “Fiscal Policy andPrivate Investment in Less Developed Countries,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 32.

Hjertholm, Peter, “Debt Relief and the Rule of Thumb:Analytical History of HIPC Debt Sustainability Targets,”UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 68.

Hong Ki Thae and Dang Van Hung, “Formal Design ofHybrid Control Systems: Duration Calculus Approach,”the Annual International Computer Software and Appli-cations Conference (COMPSAC 2001), IEEE ComputerSociety Press, pp. 423–428.

Huang, Hefu, “Study on Deep Geothermal Drilling into aSupercritical Zone in Iceland,” in L.G. Georgsson (ed.),Geothermal Training in Iceland 2000, UNU/GTP, pp.105–137.

Hunt, T., “Lectures on Environmental Effects of Geother-mal Utilization,” UNU/GTP Report 2000-1.

Hyden, Goran and Julius Court, “Governance andDevelopment: Sorting Out the Basics,” World Gover-nance Survey Working Paper No. 1, UNU.

70

Iyoda, Juliano and He Jifeng, “Towards an AlgebraicSynthesis of Verilog,” International Conference onEngineering of Reconfigurable Systems and Algorithms,Las Vegas, USA.

Jalava, Jukka and Matti Pohjola, “Economic Growth inthe New Economy. Evidence from Advanced Econo-mies,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 5.

Janowski, Tomasz and Mathai Joseph: “Dynamic Sched-uling and Fault-tolerance: Specification and Verification,”in Real-Time Systems, 20(1):51–81, January 2001.

Jansky, J., “Objectives and Priorities of Rural Develop-ment for 2000–2006 in Slovak Republic” (in Japanese),in International Cooperation in Agriculture and Forestry,23 (9/10):21–27.

Jansky, L., “The UNU Global Mountain PartnershipProgram (GMPP),” in Mountain Research and Develop-ment, 21 (2):197.

Jansky, L. and M. Nakayama, “Environmentally Sustain-able Development Programme of the United NationsUniversity: Towards the International Water SystemsProgram in 2002–3,” in Journal of Japan Society Hydro& Water Resources, 14 (6):506–514.

Janvry, Alain de and Elisabeth Sadoulet, “Access to Landand Land Policy Reforms,” UNU/WIDER Policy BriefNo. 3.

Jensen, Henning Tarp and Finn Tarp, “On the Choice ofAppropriate Development Strategy, Insights from CGEModelling of the Mozambican Economy,” UNU/WIDERDiscussion Paper 146.

Jha, Raghbendra, “Macroeconomics of Fiscal Policy inDeveloping Countries,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper71.

Jouhari, Vinnie and Kamlesh Misra, “Business Strategy:Growth Options and Dynamics of Change,” in BusinessStrategy: Growth Options and Dynamics of Change, NewDelhi: Excel Books.

Jouhari, Vinnie, “Employee and Customer ManagementProcess for Profitability — The Case of Hewlett Packard

India,” in Journal of Services Research, Vol. 1, No. 1,April–Sept. 2001.

Kang, F., “Sedimentary Geothermal Reservoir Assess-ment for Dezhou, China, and Galanta, Slovakia,” in L.G.Georgsson (ed.), Geothermal Training in Iceland 2000,UNU/GTP, pp. 139–163.

Karingithi, C.W., “Geochemical Characteristics of theGreater Olkaria Geothermal Field, Kenya,” in L.G.Georgsson (ed.), Geothermal Training in Iceland 2000,UNU/GTP, pp. 165–188.

Kato, V., “Geothermal Field Studies using Stable IsotopeHydrology: Case Studies in Uganda and Iceland,” in L.G.Georgsson (ed.), Geothermal Training in Iceland 2000,UNU/GTP, pp. 189–216.

Kibreab, Gaim, “Displaced Communities and the Recon-struction of Livelihoods in Eritrea,” UNU/WIDERDiscussion Paper 23.

Kiiski, Sampsa and Matti Pohjola, “Cross-countryDiffusion of the Internet,” UNU/WIDER DiscussionPaper 11.

Killick, Tony, “Poverty-Reducing Institutional Changeand PRSP Processes: The Ghana Case,” UNU/WIDERDiscussion Paper 70.

Klein, Lawrence R. and Thangavel Palanivel, “EconomicReforms and Growth Prospects in India,” UNU/IASWorking Paper 88.

Knowles, Stephen, “Inequality and Economic Growth:The Empirical Relationship Reconsidered in the Light ofComparable Data,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 128.

Kolko, Jed, “Silicon Mountains, Silicon Molehills.Geographic Concentration and Convergence of InternetIndustries in the US,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 2.

Komives, Kristin, Dale Whittington and Xun Wu,“Access to Utilities by the Poor,” UNU/WIDER Discus-sion Paper 15.

Kondo, Edson K., “Indicadores: Seu Impacto naAvaliacao das Politicas Publicas de C&T” (The Impact

71

of Indicators in the Evaluation of S&T Public Policy), inM. Albornoz (ed.), Temas Actuales de Indicadores deCiencia y Tecnologia en America Latina y El Caribe,Buenos Aires: RICYT [in Portuguese].

Koski, Heli, Petri Rouvinen and Pekka Ylä-Anttila, “ICTClusters in Europe. The Great Central Banana and theSmall Nordic Potato,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 6.

Krishnan, Pramila, “Culture and the Fertility Transitionin India,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 7.

Kronlid, Karin, “Household Welfare and Education inUrban Ethiopia,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 144.

Kurowska, E., “Analysing Reservoir Properties of theLiassic Sedimentary Layer in Poland,” in L.G. Georgsson(ed.), Geothermal Training in Iceland 2000, UNU/GTP,pp. 217–230.

Kwang S. Chung and Yen Kyun Wang, “Republic ofKorea,” in Corporate Governance and Finance in EastAsia: A Study of Indonesia, Republic of Korea, Malaysia,Philippines, and Thailand, Vol. 2, Asian DevelopmentBank.

Langhammer, Rolf J. and Matthias Lücke, “WTONegotiation and Accession Issues for Vulnerable Econo-mies,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 36.

Le Billon, Philippe “Angola’s Political Economy of War:The Role of Oil and Diamonds, 1975–2000,” in AfricanAffairs, 100:55–80.

Le Billon, Philippe, “Fuelling War or Buying Peace: TheRole of Corruption in Conflicts,” UNU/WIDER Discus-sion Paper 65.

Levin, Jörgen, “Taxation in Tanzania,” UNU/WIDERDiscussion Paper 80.

Li, H., “Geothermal Environmental Impact AssessmentStudies in Hebei Province,” in L.G. Georgsson (ed.),Geothermal Training in Iceland 2000, UNU/GTP, pp.231–266.

Li Xiaoshan, Liu Zhiming and He Jifeng, “Formal andUse-Case Driven Requirement Analysis in UML,” in

Proceedings of COMPSAC 2001, Chicago, USA.

Li Yong Jian and He Jifeng, “Formalising Verilog,” atInternational Conference on Applied Informatics,Innsbruck, Austria.

Liang, Luohui, Michael Stocking, Harold Brookfield andLibor Jansky, “Biodiversity Conservation throughAgrodiversity,” in Global Environmental Change:Human and Policy Dimensions 11(1):97–101.

Liu Zhiming, He Jifeng and Li Xiaoshan, “Towards aFormal Use of UML for Software Requirement Analy-sis,” at International Conference on Parallel and Distrib-uted Processing Techniques and Applications, Las Vegas,USA.

Lo Fu-chen and Peter J. Marcotullio, “Globalization,World City Formation, the Functional City System andUrban Sustainability in the Asia Pacific,” in AsfawKumssa and Terry G. G. McGee (eds.), New RegionalDevelopment Paradigms, Vol. 1: Globalization and theNew Regional Development, Westport CT: GreenwoodPublishing Group, pp. 91–128.

Macer, Darryl R. J. and Makina Kato, “Biotechnology,Patents and Bioethics,” UNU/IAS Environment & Multi-lateral Diplomacy Series, 11.

Makinda, S., From Natural Resources to NationalWealth: Ethical, National Interest and Policy Issues forAfrica in the new Millennium, UNU/INRA AnnualLecture 2000, Accra: UNU/INRA.

Manda, Damiano Kulundu, “Incentive Structure andEfficiency in the Kenyan Civil Service,” UNU/WIDERDiscussion Paper 52.

Mani, Sunil, “Government and Innovation Policy: AnAnalysis of the South African Experience since 1994,”UNU/INTECH Discussion Paper 2001-2.

Mani, Sunil, “Government, Innovation and TechnologyPolicy: An Analysis of the Brazilian Experience Duringthe 1990s,” UNU/INTECH Discussion Paper 2001-11.

72

Mani, Sunil, “Role of Government in Promoting Innova-tion in the Enterprise Sector: An Analysis of the IndianExperience,” UNU/INTECH Discussion Paper 2001-3.

Mani, Sunil, “Working with the Market: The IsraeliExperience of Promoting R&D in the Enterprise Sectorand the Lessons for Developing Countries,” UNU/INTECH Discussion Paper 2001-9.

Marcotullio, Peter, “Asian Urban Sustainability in theEra of Globalization,” Habitat International: A Journalof the Study of Human Settlements, 25(4):577–498,December 2001.

Martin, Orlando San, “Reaching the Poor: Fine TuningPoverty Targeting Using a ‘Poverty Map’ — The Case ofMozambique,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 133.

Mauco, Virginia, Chris George and Daniel Riesco,“Deriving the Types of a Formal Specification from aClient-Oriented Technique,” at ACIS 2nd InternationalConference on Software Engineering, Artificial Intelli-gence, Networking and Parallel/Distributed Computing,Nagoya, Japan.

Mauco, Virginia, Chris George and Daniel Riesco,“Heuristics to Structure a Formal Specification in RSLfrom a Client-Oriented Technique,” at 1st Annual Inter-national Conference on Computer and InformationScience (ICIS ‘L01), Orlando, USA.

Mauco, Virginia, Chris George and Daniel Riesco,“Using a Scenario Model to Derive the Functions of aFormal Specification,” APSEC 2001, Macau.

Mayer, Colin, “Financing the New Economy. FinancialInstitutions and Corporate Governance,” UNU/WIDERDiscussion Paper 4.

Mayer, Jörg, “Globalization, Technology Transfer, andSkill Accumulation in Low-Income Countries,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 39.

Mayer-Foulkes, David, “Convergence Clubs in Cross-Country Life Expectancy Dynamics,” UNU/WIDERDiscussion Paper 134.

Mbabazi, Jennifer, Oliver Morrissey and Chris Milner,

“Are Inequality and Trade Liberalization Influences onGrowth and Poverty?,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper132.

McCulloch, Neil, Bob Baulch and Milasoa Cherel-Robson, “Poverty, Inequality and Growth in Zambiaduring the 1990s,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 123.

McGillivray, Mark and Oliver Morrissey, “Fiscal Effectsof Aid,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 61.

Mehlum, Halvor, Karl Ove Moene and Ragnar Torvik,“The Market for Extortions,” UNU/WIDER DiscussionPaper 26.

Meng, Qingxuan and Mingzhi Li, “New Economy andICT Development in China,” UNU/WIDER DiscussionPaper 76.

Mhone, Guy and Patrick Bond, “Botswana and Zimba-bwe: Relative Success and Comparative Failure,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 38.

Molina, Z. F., “Las Pailas Geothermal Area Rincon de laVieja Volcano,” in L.G. Georgsson (ed.), GeothermalTraining in Iceland 2000, UNU/GTP, pp. 267–284.

Mountain Research and Development, Vol. 20, Nos. 1–4.

Murshed, S. Mansoob, “Conditionality and EndogenousPolicy Formation in a Political Setting,” UNU/WIDERDiscussion Paper 92.

Murshed, S. Mansoob, “Quantitative Restrictions on theFlow of Narcotics: Supply and Demand Restraints in aNorth-South Macro-model,” UNU/WIDER DiscussionPaper 60.

Murshed, S. Mansoob, “Tax Competition, Globalizationand Declining Social Protection,” UNU/WIDER Discus-sion Paper 101.

Murshed, S. Mansoob, “Transaction Cost Politics,Institutions for Commitment and Rent Seeking,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 125.

Muwanga-Zake, E. S. K. and Stephen Ndhaye, “TheHIPC Debt Relief Initiative: Uganda’s Experience,”

73

UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 94.

Mytelka, Lynn and Taffere Tesfachew, “The Role ofPolicy in Promoting Enterprise Learning During EarlyIndustrialization: Lessons for African Countries,”Cambridge Journal of Economics.

Mytelka, Lynn, “Foreign Direct Investment: Its Contribu-tion to Learning and Innovation in Transition Econo-mies,” in Proceedings of the International Conference onTechnology Transfer for Economic Development forCountries in Transition, Ministry of Science and Tech-nology of the Republic of Croatia, pp. 31–38.

Mytelka, Lynn, “Locational Tournaments, StrategicPartnerships and the State,” in David Wolfe & MericGertler (eds.), Innovation and Social Learning: Institu-tional Adaptation in an Era of Technological Change,UK: Macmillan.

Mytelka, Lynn, “Mergers, Acquisitions and Inter-firmTechnology Agreements in the Global LearningEconomy,” in Archibugi and B.-Ä. Lundvall (eds.), TheGlobalising Learning Economy, UK: Oxford UniversityPress, pp. 127–144.

Nakayama M. and L. Jansky, “New Perspectives forManagement of International Water Systems,” GlobalEnvironmental Change, 11 (3):247–250.

Nannyonjo, Justine, “The HIPC Debt Relief Initiative:Uganda’s Social Sector Reforms and Outcomes,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 138.

Ndikumana, Léonce, “Fiscal Policy, Conflict, andReconstruction in Burundi and Rwanda,” UNU/WIDERDiscussion Paper 62.

Ndirangu, E.G., “Selection of a Future GeothermalDrilling Rig for Kenya,” in L.G. Georgsson (ed.), Geo-thermal Training in Iceland 2000, UNU/GTP, pp. 285–302.

Newman, Edward, “(Re)building Political Society: theUN and Democratization,” in Edward Newman andOliver P. Richmond, (eds.), The United Nations andHuman Security, Palgrave/Macmillan.

Newman, Edward, “Democracy Assistance: Motives,Impacts, and Limitations,” The Ethnic Conflict ResearchDigest, vol. 4, no. 2.

Newman, Edward, “Human Security andConstructivism,” International Studies Perspectives, vol.2, no. 3,

Newman, Edward, “The Most Impossible Job in theWorld: the Secretary-General and Cyprus,” in OliverRichmond and James Ker-Lindsay (eds.), The Work ofthe UN in Cyprus: Promoting Peace and Development,London: Palgrave.

Nguyen Thi Binh Minh, “Using Foreign Direct Invest-ment to Improve Urban Environmental Infrastructure andServices? The Case of Hanoi, Vietnam,” UNU/IASWorking Paper 91.

Nissanke, Machiko and Benno Ferrarini, “Debt Dynam-ics and Contingency Financing: Theoretical Reappraisalof the HIPC Initiative,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper139.

Nokkala, Marko, “Sector Investments as Part of NationalFiscal Policy: Experience from ASIP in Zambia,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 117.

Nokkala, Marko, “Simulating the Effects of Debt Reliefin Zambia,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 118.

Nouraliee, J., “Borehole Geology and HydrothermalAlteration of Well NJ-20, Nesjavellir High-temperatureArea, SW-Iceland,” in L.G. Georgsson (ed.), GeothermalTraining in Iceland 2000, UNU/GTP, pp. 303–330.

Odedokun, Matthew O. and Jeffery I. Round, “Determi-nants of Income Inequality and its Effects on EconomicGrowth: Evidence from African Countries,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 103.

Odedokun, Matthew O., “Public Finance and EconomicGrowth Empirical Evidence from Developing Countries,”UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 72.

Ojo, Adegboyega and Tomasz Janowski, “FormalisingFeasibility and Correctness of Distributed BusinessProcesses,” in Proceedings of the 2nd International

74

Workshop on Conceptual Modeling Approaches for e-Business (ECOMO2001), Springer Verlag.

Osei, Robert and Peter Quartey, “The HIPC Initiative andPoverty Reduction in Ghana: An Assessment,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 119.

Oyelaran-Oyeyinka, Banji, “Networks and Linkages inAfrican Manufacturing Cluster: A Nigerian Case Study,”UNU/INTECH Discussion Paper 2001-5.

Pajak, L., “Simultaneous Production and Injection ofTwo Water-bearing Layers in the Same Well,” in L.G.Georgsson (ed.), Geothermal Training in Iceland 2000,UNU/GTP, pp. 331–354.

Paredes, Ricardo M., “Redistributive Impact ofPrivatization and the Regulation of Utilities in Chile,”UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 19.

Piracha, Awais Latif, “An Application of EnvironmentBased Approach (EBA) for Guiding Industrial Locationsin Punjab Province, Pakistan,” Journal of Informationand Policy Studies, Vol. 3, No. 2.

PLEC News and Views, No. 17, February 2001 andonline.

Price, Catherine Waddams and Alison Young, “UKUtility Reforms: Distributional Implications and Govern-ment Response,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 10.

Qin Shaochao and He Jifeng, “Partitioning Programs intoHardware and Software,” APSEC2001.

Qin Shengchao, He Jifeng and Qiu Zhongyan, “Con-structing Hardware/Software Interface Using ProtocolConverters,” in APAQS 2001, Hong Kong.

Radaev, Vadim, “The Development of Small Entrepre-neurship in Russia,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 135.

Raffer, Kunibert, “Debt Relief for Low-Income Coun-tries: Arbitration as the Alternative to Present, Unsuc-cessful Debt Strategies,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper113.

Rajah Rasiah, “Malaysia’s Recovery from the Burst

Bubble,” in A. Chowdhury and I. Islam (eds.), Beyondthe Asian Crisis, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 166–193.

Rajah Rasiah, “The Export Manufacturing Experience ofIndonesia, Malaysia and Thailand,” in K.S. Jomo (ed.),Southeast Asia’s Ersatz Miracle: The DubiousSustainability of its Growth and Industrialization,Basingstoke: Pelgrave, pp. 86–112.

Rasiah, Rajah, “Behind the Malaysian Financial Crisis,”in K.S. Jomo (ed.), The Malaysian Eclipse, London: ZedBooks.

Rasiah, Rajah, “Globalization and Private CapitalMovements,” in J. Mittleman and N. Othman (eds.),Capturing Globalization, London: Routledge.

Rasiah, Rajah, “Government-Business Coordination andSmall Enterprise Performance in the Machine ToolsSector in Malaysia,” Small Business Economics, 18:1–18.

Rasiah, Rajah, “International Portfolio Equity Flows andthe Malaysian Financial Crisis,” Journal of Contempo-rary Asia, 30(3).

Rasiah, Rajah, “Labour and Work Organization inMalaysia’s Proton,” in J. Hutchison and A. Brown (eds.),Organizing Labour in Globalising Asia, London:Routledge.

Rasiah, Rajah, “Politics, Institutions and Flexibility:Microelectronics Transnationals and Machine ToolLinkages in Malaysia,” in F.C. Deyo, R.F. Doner and E.Hershberg (eds.), Economic Governance and the Chal-lenge of Flexibility in East Asia, Boston: Little andRowland, pp. 165–190.

Rasiah, Rajah, “The Importance of Size in the Growthand Performance of the Electrical Industrial Machineryand Apparatus Industry in Malaysia,” in C. Nyland andW. Smith (eds.), Malaysian Business in the New Era,Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 89–107.

Rasiah, Rajah, “Liberalization and the Car Industry inSEA-4,” International Journal of Business and Society,2(1):1–19.

75

Rasiah, Rajah, and Ishak Shari, “Markets, Governmentand Malaysia’s New Economic Policy,” CambridgeJournal of Economics, 25(1).

Read, Robert, “Growth, Economic Development andStructural Transition in Small Vulnerable States,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 59.

Reinikka, Ritva and Jakob Svensson, “ExplainingLeakage of Public Funds,” UNU/WIDER DiscussionPaper 147.

Renard, Robrecht and Danny Cassimon, “On the Pitfallsof Measuring Aid,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 69.

Reynoso, Luis and Richard Moore, “A Precise Specifica-tion of GoF Behavioural Patterns,” at ACIS 2nd Interna-tional Conference on Software Engineering, ArtificialIntelligence, Networking and Parallel/DistributedComputing (SNPD'01), Nagoya, Japan.

Rivas, J.A., “Seismic Monitoring and its Application asan Exploration Tool in Berlín Geothermal Field, ElSalvador,” in L.G. Georgsson (ed.), Geothermal Trainingin Iceland 2000, UNU/GTP, pp. 355–384.

Sakamoto, Kenichi, “Zero Emission no Tenbo” (Prospectof Zero Emission), in Kigyo Niokeru Zero EmissionDonyu no Jissai (Current Status of Introduction of theConcept of Zero Emission in the Private Sector), Tokyo:N.T.S. Publishing [in Japanese].

Salisu, Mohammed, “Incentive Structure, Civil ServiceEfficiency and the Hidden Economy in Nigeria,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 86.

Saltari, Enrico, “Financial Structure and InvestmentDecision: A Survey of Theoretical and Empirical Work,”UNU/INTECH Working Paper 2001-2.

Sampson, Gary P., “Biotechnology and Trade: IssuesConfronting the WTO,” UNU/IAS Environment &Multilateral Diplomacy Series 10.

Schertler, Andrea, “Venture Capital in Europe's CommonMarket: A Quantitative Description,” UNU/INTECHWorking Paper 2001-4.

Schnabel, Albrecht and Shona Dodds, “Security,” inHans van Ginkel and Ramesh Thakur (eds.), Embracingthe Millennium: Perspectives and Challenges for theUnited Nations and the International Community, Tokyo:UNU, pp. 30–45.

Schnabel, Albrecht, “Contested Morality: HumanitarianIntervention, Kosovo and Changing World Politics,” inYang Chen Xu and Wu Miao Fa (eds.), A New Challenge— Humanitarian Intervention in International Relations,Beijing: China Youth Publishing House, pp. 69–84 [inChinese].

Schnabel, Albrecht, “E-Peace: The Role of CyberTechnology in Rebuilding War-Torn Societies,” PeaceForum, Vol. 16, No. 28, Winter 2000/2001, pp. 37–47.

Schnabel, Albrecht, “Kosovo and the InternationalCommunity: The Trigger for Peace in SoutheasternEurope?,” in Albrecht Schnabel (ed.), Southeast Euro-pean Security: Threats, Responses, Challenges, Hunting-ton, New York: Nova Science Publishers, pp. 227–250.

Schnabel, Albrecht, “One Size Fits All? Focused Com-parison and Policy-Relevant Research on ViolentlyDivided Societies,” in Marie Smyth and Gillian Robinson(eds.), Researching Violently Divided Societies: Ethicaland Methodological Issues, London: Pluto Press andTokyo: UNU Press, pp. 193–206.

Schnabel, Albrecht, “Playing With Fire: HumanitarianIntervention Post-Kosovo,” in Edward Newman andOliver P. Richmond (eds.), The United Nations andHuman Security, London: Palgrave/Macmillan, pp. 137–150.

Schnabel, Albrecht, “Preventing the Plight of Refugees,”Peace Review, Vol. 13, No. 1, March 2001, pp. 109–114.

Schnabel, Albrecht, “Preventing Wars within States:What can Intergovernmental Organizations do in Af-rica?,” in Elizabeth Sidiropoulos (ed.), A ContinentApart: Kosovo, Africa and Humanitarian Intervention,Johannesburg: The South African Institute of Interna-tional Affairs, pp. 13–36.

Schnabel, Albrecht, “Southeastern Europe: The UnlikelySecurity Community?,” in Albrecht Schnabel (ed.),

76

Southeast European Security: Threats, Responses,Challenges, Huntington, New York: Nova SciencePublishers, pp. 1–39.

Sesil, James C., Douglas L. Kruse and Joseph R. Blasi,“Sharing Ownership via Employee Stock Ownership,”UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 25.

Shi, Li, “Changes in Poverty Profile in China,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 21.

Shorrocks, Anthony and Daniel Slottje, “ApproximatingUnanimity Orderings: An Application to Lorenz Domi-nance,” Journal of Economics.

Siewe, François and Dang Van Hung, “Deriving Real-Time Programs from Duration Calculus Specifications,”at 11th Advanced Research Working Conference onCorrect Hardware Design and Verification Methods(CHARME 2001), Livingston-Edinburgh, Scotland,LNSC 2144, pp. 92–97.

Simons, Kenneth, “Information Technology and theDynamics of Firm and Industrial Structure,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 83.

Smith, Keith, “Comparing Economic Performance in thePresence of Diversity,” Science and Public Policy, Vol.28, No. 4, pp. 267–276.

Smith, Keith, “Human Resources, Mobility and theSystems Approach to Innovation,” in A. Ekeland, S.Remoe and K. Smith (eds.) Innovating People:Mobilising Skills in National Innovation Systems, Paris:OECD.

Smith, Keith, “Human Resources: The State of Knowl-edge and Policy Challenges,” in A. Ekeland, S. Remoeand K. Smith (eds.), Innovating People: Mobilising Skillsin National Innovation Systems, Paris: OECD.

Smith, Keith, “Innovation Indicators and the KnowledgeEconomy: Concepts, Results and Challenges,” in Innova-tion, Competitiveness and Enterprise Creation, Luxem-bourg: European Commission.

Smith, Keith, “Innovation,” in Malcolm Warner (ed.),International Encyclopaedia of Business Management,

Thomson Learning.

Smith, Keith, and Tore Sandven “Innovation and Eco-nomic Performance at the Enterprise Level,” in Innova-tion, Competitiveness and Enterprise Creation, Luxem-bourg: European Commission.

Smith, Stephen C., “Blooming Together or WiltingAlone? Network Externalities and Mondragón and LaLega Co-operative Networks,” UNU/WIDER DiscussionPaper 27.

Soysa, Indra de, “Paradise is a Bazaar? Greed, Creed,Grievance and Governance,” UNU/WIDER DiscussionPaper 42.

Stenbacka, Rune, “Microeconomic Policies in the NewEconomy,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 73.

Stergios Skaperdas, “Warlord Competition,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 54.

Stoneman, Paul, “Financial Factors and the Inter-FirmDiffusion of New Technology: A Real Options Model,”UNU/INTECH Working Paper 2001-8.

Stoneman, Paul, “Heterogeneity and Change in EuropeanFinancial Environments,” UNU/INTECH Working Paper2001-7.

Stoneman, Paul, “Technological Diffusion and theFinancial Environment,” UNU/INTECH Working Paper2001-3.

Sulemane, José A. and Steve Kayizzi-Mugerwa, “TheMozambican Civil Service: Incentives, Reforms andPerformance,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 85.

Sun L., “Price Scissors, Rationing, and Coercion: AnExtended Framework for Understanding PrimitiveSocialist Accumulation,” Economics of Planning,Europe: Kluwer Academic Publishers, Vol. 34, No. 3,Sept. 2001, pp. 195–213.

Sun, Laixiang, “Economics of China’s Joint-Stock Co-operatives,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 24.

Suzuki, Motoyuki, “Activation Studies of Vapor-Grown

77

Carbon Fibers with Supercritical Fluids,” Carbon,39:2143–2150.

Suzuki, Motoyuki, “A Mathematical Model of a Shallowand Eutrophic Lake,” Water Research, 35(7):1675–1686.

Suzuki, Motoyuki, “A Modelling Approach to GlobalNitrate Leaching Caused by Anthropogenic Fertiliza-tion,” Water Research, 35(8):1961–1968.

Suzuki, Motoyuki, “Analysis and Prediction of Changesin Cytotoxicity during Ozonation of DDVP-containgWater,” Journal of Japan Society on Water Environment,24(4):225–232.

Suzuki, Motoyuki, “Analysis and Prediction of Changesin Cytotoxicity during Ozonation of Landfill Leachate,”Journal of Japan Society on Water Environment,24(5):293–299.

Suzuki, Motoyuki, “An Apparatus for ContinuousTreatment of Solid Wastes by Supercritical and Near-critical Water Reactions,” Journal of Chemical Engineer-ing of Chinese Universities, 15(1):40–45.

Suzuki, Motoyuki, “A Review of Fabrication Methods ofCarbon Membranes and Applications Related to theirHydrophobic and Electrically Conductive Properties,”Seisankenkyu, 53(3):218–222.

Suzuki, Motoyuki, “Biological Efficiency and NutritionalValue of Pleurotus ostretus Cultivated on Beer SpentGrain,” Biosource Technology, 78:293–300.

Suzuki, Motoyuki, “Development of Bioassey Methodsfor Environmental Monitoring based on Medium Cell,”Seisankenkyu, 53(4):237–242.

Suzuki, Motoyuki, “Development of a Simple Double-layered Cell Culture System Using Caco-2 and TIG-1Cells as a New Cytotoxicity Test,” Alternative AnimalTest. Experiment, 7(2-3):47–58.

Suzuki, Motoyuki, “Efficacy of Non-woven FabricBioreactor Immobilized with Porcine Hepatocytes for ExVivo Xenogeneic Perfusion Treatment of Liver Failure inDogs,” Artif. Organs, 25, 4:273–280.

Suzuki, Motoyuki, “Energy-Efficient Water TreatmentTechnologies: New Approaches to Water Management InCentral Asia,” UNU Desertification Series No. 3.

Suzuki, Motoyuki, “Engineering and Global Environ-ment,” Japanese Scientific Monthly.

Suzuki, Motoyuki, “Establishment of Material CyclesOriented for Zero-emission,” Food Industry Society.

Suzuki, Motoyuki, “Formation of Human Fibroblasts-aggregates (Spheroids) by Rotational Culture for Tissue-engineered Skin,” Cell Transplant, 10:441–445.

Suzuki, Motoyuki, “Formation of Vapor-Grown CarbonFibers with Sulfuric Catalyst Precursors and Nitrogen asCarrier Gas,” Carbon, 39:91–100.

Suzuki, Motoyuki, “In Vitro Organization of BiohybridRat Liver Tissue Incorporating Growth Factor- andHormone-Releasing Biodegradable-polymerMicrocapsules,” Cell Transplant, 10:479–483.

Suzuki, Motoyuki, “Japan’s Role for Solution of WaterProblems in the Asian Region,” in Problems of WaterEnvironment in Asia, Tokyo: Environment Agency.

Suzuki, Motoyuki, “Kinetics and Product Distributionsof Cellulose Decomposition in Near Critical Water,”Journal of Chemical Industry and Eng., China.

Suzuki, Motoyuki, “New Management System ofChemical Substances in the Environment,” Seisankenkyu,53(4):237–242.

Suzuki, Motoyuki, “Paradigm for the Finite Society,” inSociety of Environmental Science, Tokyo.

Suzuki, Motoyuki, “Preface: Toward Zero-Emission,” inM. Suzuki (ed.), Forwarding Zero-Emission Industry,Tokyo: CMC Press.

Suzuki, Motoyuki, “Prologue,” in Matsuo FoundationReport, Tokyo: Matsuo Foundation.

Suzuki, Motoyuki, “Role of Local Government inAchieving Zero-Emission Society,” Journal of LocalResearch Association.

78

Suzuki, Motoyuki, “Structural Behavior of Rice HuskSilica in Pressurized Hot Water Treatment Processes,”Ind. and Eng. Chem. Res., 40:5705–5709.

Thakur, Ramesh and Albrecht Schnabel, “CascadingGenerations of Peacekeeping: Across the MogadishuLine to Kosovo and Timor,” in Ramesh Thakur andAlbrecht Schnabel (eds.), United Nations PeacekeepingOperations: Ad Hoc Missions, Permanent Engagement,Tokyo: UNU Press, pp. 3–25.

Thakur, Ramesh and Albrecht Schnabel, “From AnAgenda for Peace to the Brahimi Report: Towards a NewEra of UN Peace Operations?,” in Ramesh Thakur andAlbrecht Schnabel (eds.), United Nations PeacekeepingOperations: Ad Hoc Missions, Permanent Engagement,Tokyo: UNU Press, pp. 238–255.

Thakur, Ramesh and David Malone, “UN Peacekeeping:Lessons Learned?,” Global Governance 7:1 (Jan.–Mar.2001), pp. 11–17.

Thakur, Ramesh and Hans van Ginkel, “An InternationalPerspective on Global Terrorism,” United NationsChronicle, Vol. XXXVIII, No. 3, Sept.–Nov. 2001, pp.71–73.

Thakur, Ramesh, “Cambodia, East Timor and theBrahimi Report,” International Peacekeeping 8:3 (au-tumn 2001), pp. 115–124.

Thakur, Ramesh, “Global Norms and InternationalHumanitarian Law: An Asian Perspective,” InternationalReview of the Red Cross 83:841 (March 2001), pp. 19–44.

Thakur, Ramesh, “Global Public Goods and Peace andSecurity in Asia,” Journal of Social Science 47 (Sept.2001), pp. 1–24.

Thakur, Ramesh, “Human Rights: Amnesty Internationaland the United Nations,” in Paul F. Diehl (ed.), ThePolitics of Global Governance: International Organiza-tions in an Interdependent World, 2nd ed., Boulder: LynneRienner, pp. 365–387.

Thakur, Ramesh, “Humanitarian Intervention: Law,Hegemony and Legitimacy,” in Yang Chen Xu and Wu

Miao Fa (eds.), A New Challenge: Humanitarian Inter-vention in International Relations, Beijing: China YouthPublishing House, pp. 12–38 [in Chinese].

Thakur, Ramesh, “Security in the New Millennium,”Anthropology Review 1 (July 2001), pp. 1–24.

Thakur, Ramesh, “Sustainable Disarmament,” in CarlUngerer and Marianne Hanson (eds.), The Politics ofNuclear Non-Proliferation, St. Leonards: Allen & UnwinAustralia, pp. 11–30.

Thakur, Ramesh, “Threats without Enemies, Securitywithout Borders: Environmental Security in East Asia,”Journal of East Asian Studies 1:2 (Aug. 2001), pp. 161–189

Torero, Máximo and Alberto Pascó-Font, “The SocialImpact of Privatization and the Regulation of Utilities inPeru,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 17.

Tripp, Aili Mari, “Non-formal Institutions, InformalEconomies, and the Politics of Inclusion,” UNU/WIDERDiscussion Paper 108.

Tsikata, Yvonne M., “Owning Economic Reforms: AComparative Study of Ghana and Tanzania,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 53.

Turvey, Rosario Adapon, “Methodology for VulnerabilityAssessment of Developing Countries with Relevance toSmall Island Developing States and Least DevelopedCountries,” UNU/IAS Working Paper 93.

Udgata, Siba and Dang Van Hung, “A DistributedDynamic Allocation Scheme for Mobile Cellular Net-work as a Special Mutual Exclusion Concept,” at Inter-national Conference on Information Technology (CIT-2001), Gopalpur-on-the-Sea.

Ugaz, Cecilia, “A Public Goods Approach to Regulationof Utilities,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 9.

Unoura, Masako and Kenichi Sakamoto, “Explication ofZero Emission and Formation of a Recycling Society,” inKikan Kankyo Kenkyu (Quarterly Environment Re-search), No. 121 pp. 33–39 [in Japanese].

79

Ushakov, S., “The Interpretation of Geochemical Datafrom Fumaroles and Wells in the Námafjall GeothermalField, Iceland, and from Fumaroles in the MutnovskyGeothermal Field, Kamchatka,” in L.G. Georgsson (ed.),Geothermal Training in Iceland 2000, UNU/GTP, pp.385–412.

Vaidya, Samarth, “Analyzing Corruption Possibilities inthe Gaze of the Media,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper30.

Van der Heijden, Hendrik, “Zambian Policy-making andthe Donor Community in the 1990s,” UNU/WIDERDiscussion Paper 87.

Van Dung Tran and He Jifeng, “A Theory of Combina-tional Programs,” at APSEC2001.

Wedel, Janine R., “Clans, Cliques, and Captured States:Rethinking ‘Transition’ in Central and Eastern Europeand the Former Soviet Union,” UNU/WIDER DiscussionPaper 58.

Were, Maureen, “The Impact of External Debt onEconomic Growth in Kenya: An Empirical Assessment,”UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 116.

Wignaraja, Ganeshan, “Firm Size, Technological Capa-bilities and Market-Oriented Policies in Mauritius,”UNU/INTECH Discussion Paper 2001-1.

Wojnarowski, P., “A Preliminary 3-D Numerical Model-ling of the Warsaw Synclinorium, Early CretaceousReservoir,” in L.G. Georgsson (ed.), Geothermal Train-ing in Iceland 2000, UNU/GTP

Wolff, Edward N., “The Impact of IT Investment onIncome and Wealth Inequality in the Postwar USEconomy,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper 3.

Wong, Poh-Kam, “ICT Production and Diffusion in Asia:Digital Dividends or Digital Divide?,” UNU/WIDERDiscussion Paper 8.

World Development Movement, “Policies to Roll-backthe State and Privatize? Poverty Reduction StrategyPapers Investigated,” UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper120.

Wuyts, Marc, “The Agrarian Question in Mozambique’sTransition and Reconstruction,” UNU/WIDER Discus-sion Paper 14.

Yinliang Liu, “A Study of the Legal Implications ofHuman Genome Project” in Peking University LawJournal, Vol. 13, No. 4, 2001.

Zere, E., D. McIntyre and T. Addison, “TechnicalEfficiency and Productivity of Public Sector Hospitals inThree South African Provinces,” in South AfricanJournal of Economics, Vol. 69, No. 2:336–358.

Zhao Jianhua and Li Kedong, “Web-based CollaborativeLearning: Student Modeling and System Design,” inProceedings of the 5th Global Chinese Conference onComputers in Education, GCCCE/ICCAI 2001.

Zhu Huibiao, J. Bowen and He Jifeng, “From Opera-tional to Denotational Semantics for Verilog,” LNCS2144.

Zuckerman, Elaine, “Why Engendering PRSPs ReducePoverty, and the Case of Rwanda,” UNU/WIDER Discus-sion Paper 112.

80

Appointed Members

Dr. Jairam Reddy (South Africa) (Chairperson of theCouncil), Independent Consultant in Higher Educa-tion; and former Vice-Chancellor, University ofDurban, South Africa

Dr. Yoginder K. Alagh (India), Member of Parliament(Upper House), India; Vice-Chairman, Sardar PatelInstitute of Economic and Social Research; andformer Minister of State (Independent Charge) forScience and Technology and Power, Government ofIndia

Professor Faizah M. Al-Kharafi (Kuwait), President,Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait

Professor Rafaa Ben Achour (Tunisia), Secrétaire d’étatauprès du ministre de l’éducation chargé del'innovation pédagogique, Ministère de l’éducation,Tunis, Tunisia

Dr. Josep Bricall (Spain), President, Conference ofEuropean Rectors (CRE) – Association of EuropeanUniversities), Geneva, Switzerland; and formerRector, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain

Professor Ana Maria Cetto (Mexico), Research Profes-sor, Institute of Physics, National University ofMexico (UNAM), Mexico

Professor Elisabeth J. Croll (United Kingdom), Head,Department of Development Studies, SOAS, Univer-sity of London, United Kingdom

Dr. Donald Gerth (United States), President, CaliforniaState University, Sacramento, California, USA

H. E. Dr. Ahmad Jalali (Iran), Ambassador and Perma-nent Delegate of the Islamic Republic of Iran toUNESCO, Paris, France

Professor Peter H. Katjavivi (Namibia), Founding Vice-Chancellor, University of Namibia, Windhoek,Namibia

Professor Aleksandra Kornhauser (Slovenia), Director,International Centre for Chemical Studies, University

of Ljubljana, Slovenia

Professor Lin Quan (China), Secretary-General, Ministryof Science and Technology, Beijing, People’s Repub-lic of China

Professor José Raymundo Martins Romeo (Brazil),Rector, Colégio do Brasil; former Rector and cur-rently Professor of Physics, Universidade FederalFluminense, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Professor Ahmadou Lamine Ndiaye (Senegal), formerMinistre Conseiller special du Président de laRépublique, Dakar; and former Rector, UniversitéGaston-Berger de Saint-Louis, Senegal

Dr. Dorothy L. Njeuma (Cameroon), Vice-Chancellor,University of Buea, Cameroon

Professor Jocelyne Perard (France), Centre deRecherches de Climatologie, Université deBourgogne – UMR CNRS, Dijon, France

Prof. Dr. Dagmar Schipanski (Germany), Minister ofScience, Research and Art, Thüringer Ministerium fürWissenschaft Forschung und Kunst, Erfurt, Germany

Professor Wichit Srisa-an (Thailand), Rector, SuranareeUniversity of Technology, Thailand

Professor Vappu Taipale (Finland), Director-General,National Research and Development Centre forWelfare and Health (STAKES), Helsinki, Finland

Professor Françoise Thys-Clement (Belgium), Pro-Rector, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium

Dr. Carlos Tünnermann Bernheim (Nicaragua), SpecialAdviser to the Director-General of UNESCO forLatin America and the Caribbean, Managua,Nicaragua

Dr. Juan Vela Valdes (Cuba), Rector, Universidad de laHabana, Cuba

Prof. Dr. Lyudmila A. Verbitskaya (Russian Federation),Rector and Professor of Linguistics, Saint-PetersburgState University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation

ANNEX 7Members of the Council of the United Nations University for 2001

81

Ambassador Chusei Yamada (Japan), Professor ofInternational Law, Faculty of Law, Waseda Univer-sity, Tokyo, Japan

UNU Rector

Professor J. A. van Ginkel (The Netherlands)

Ex Officio Members

Mr. Kofi Annan (Ghana), Secretary-General, UnitedNations, New York, USA

Mr. Koichiro Matsuura (Japan), Director-General,United Nations Educational, Scientific and CulturalOrganization, Paris, France

Dr. Marcel Boisard (Switzerland), Executive Director,United Nations Institute for Training and Research,Geneva, Switzerland

Cover photo

© UNICEF/DOI94-1223/TIROZZI

Designed by Japan International Cooperation Publishing Co., Ltd.

UNU International Institute for SoftwareTechnology (UNU/IIST)Technology (UNU/IIST)T , Macau (1992)

UNU/IIST helps developing countries strengthen capabilitiesand become self-reliant in three areas: the development ofsoftware, university-level software curriculum development,and participation in international software research. UNU/IIST also helps bridge gaps between theory and practice,university and industry, consumer and producer, and industri-alized countries and developing ones. In its programmeactivities, UNU/IIST concentrates on advanced joint researchand development, and on dissemination of public domainsoftware and publications — all invonvon lving fellowships atUNU/IIST in Macau and with partners in developing coun-tries.

UNU Institute for Natural Resources in Africa(UNU/INRA), Accra, Ghana, with a MineralResources Unit in Lusaka, Zambia (1990)

UNU/INRA is helping to rehabilitate Africa’s natural re-sources. Its main objectives are to strengthen African researchinstitutions, mobilize scientists and technologists throughoutthe continent, and empower them with knowledge so that theycan formulate self-reliant policy options. UNU/INRA’A’A sactivities focus on soil and water conservation and manage-ment, indigenous food crops and other useful plants, andmineral resource development.

UNU Institute of Advanced Studies (UNU/IAS),Tokyo, Japan (1996)

UNU/IAS is the University’s newest research and trainingcentre. It develops original, forward-looking solutions toproblems at the interface of societal and natural systems. Itface of societal and natural systems. Itf sresearch programme invenven stigates three interlinked themes ofenvironmentally sustainable denvironmentally sustainable den velopment: eco-restructuringfor sustainable development, mega-cities and urban develop-ment, and multilateralism and governance. It also has apostgraduate education programme offering Ph.D. felloffering Ph.D. fellof wshipsand short training courses in the above three themes.

The University has two specialized programmes. One is theProgramme for Biotechnology in Latinfor Biotechnology in Latin f America and theCaribbean (UNU/BIOLAC), located in Caracas, VenezuelaVenezuelaV(1988), which develops and promotes biotechnology in theregion. The other is the UNU International Network onWaterWaterW , Enr, Enr virnvirn onment and Health (UNU/INWEH), locatedin Hamilton, Canada (1996), which integrates internationalexpertise into a programme of education, training, researchand technology transfer on major issues that relate to water,environment and human health.nvironment and human health. n The UNU also has theLeadership Academy (UNU/LA), located in Amman, Jordan(1995), to serve as a focal point for the exchange of informa-tion and experience among young future leaders of the world.

Between 1976 and 2001, approximately 2,000 UNU fellowsreceived postgraduate training in UNU networks. The UNU’spostgraduate training programme strengthens institutionalcapacities in developing countries by promoting self-reliantdevelopment and providing opportunities for scholars andscientists to be invnvn olved in UNU research networks. Fellowsare selected on the basis of three criteria: their work must bein an area of concern to the University, they must be recom-mended by their home institution, and they must be commit-ted to returning to work at their home institution when theirtraining is completed.

Dissemination activities

The University has its own press that produces academicpublications and cooperates in the production of five journals.Work in PrWork in PrW ogrrogrr essressr , Nexionsexionse and various brochures issued bythe UNU’s Public Afffff airs Section are the main informationfairs Section are the main informationfvehicles used in reporting research and ongoing developmentswithin the University’s academic networks.

Financing

The UNU receives no funds from the regular UN budget. Itsactivities are supported entirely by voluntary contributionsfrom governments, agencies, international organizations,rganizations,private companies and foundations. The University’s basicannual income comes from invenven stment income derived fromits Endowment Fund and from operating and specificprogramme contributions made available for the University’swork. The annual budget in 2001 was approximately US$42million.

(Continued from the inside frrom the inside frr ont cover)ront cover)r

The UNU Food and Nutrition Programme for Humanfor Humanfand Social Development focuses on capacity det velopment inthis area and is coordinated from Cornell University. TheInitiative on Conflict Resolution and Ethnicity (INCORE),a joint undertaking of the UNU and the University of Ulster,carries out research, training and other activities on ethnic,political and religious conflicts. Iceland serves as the base fortwo important UNU capacity-development initiatives forspecialists from developing countries: a Geothermal Train-Train-Ting Programme (since 1979) and a Fisheries TrainingTrainingTProgramme (since 1998). UNU initiated a number of new research and trainingprogrammes in 2001. These included: the UNU Programmeon Comparative Regional Integration Studies (UNU/CRIS) in Bruges, Belgium; the UNU Programme onScience and Technology fTechnology fT or Sustainabilitfor Sustainabilitf y in Kwangju,Republic of Korea; and, the UNU Programme on FragileEcosystems in WetlandWetland W Areas in Mato Grosso, Brazil.

Postgraduate training activities

UNU is an ISO14001 certified institution(http://www.unu.edu/iso14001).Printed in Japan on recycled paper.E64-06-02

Public Affairs SectionUNITED NATIONS UNIVERSITY53-70, Jingumae 5-chomeShibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8925, JapanTelephone: (03)3499-2811Fax: (03)3499-2828E-mail: mbox@hq.unu.eduInternet: http://www.unu.edu

, a free monthlynews summary, is available at:http://update.unu.edu/

UNU Update