Annual Report. Rama Krishna, Director (from 31-5-2003) H.P. Singh, Director (upto 31-5-2003) KPR...

Annual Report2002-03

All India Coordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture

Central Research Institute for Dryland AgricultureHyderabad

DROUGHT 2002

Citation: AICRPDA. (2003). Annual Report 2002-03. Compiled by GR Maruthi Sankar, G. RavindraChary, A. Girija and KPR Vittal. All India Coordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture,Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad 500 059, 274 pages.

Cover: Greening the grey areas

Designed by – I Ramamohan, KVGK Murthy

Annual Report2002-03

2003


Central Research Institute for Dryland AgricultureHyderabad 500 059

GR Maruthi SankarG Ravindra Chary

A GirijaKPR Vittal

Printed at : Venu Enterprises, Hyd. ✆ : 27661538

Co-ordinating Cell & AICRPDA Centers

Y.S. Rama Krishna, Director(from 31-5-2003)

H.P. Singh, Director(upto 31-5-2003)

KPR Vittal, Project Coordinator

GR Maruthi Sankar, Principal Scientist

G Ravindra Chary, Senior Scientist (SS)(from July 2002)

Technical

A Girija

G Prem Kumar (upto June 2, 2003)

RVVSGK Raju (from June 2, 2003)

L Sreeramulu

Administration

G Varalakshmi

M Yadaiah

P Nagabhushana Sharma(from August 12, 2003)

Supporting

N Manikya Rao

Supported byCH Satish Babu, RD Dinesh Kumar, D Sai Kiran, T Srijaya, M Udaya Bhanu

Other assistanceV Amarender, N Bhanu Prakash, S Sreeramulu

The opinions in this publication are those of the centers under AICRPDA network. The designationsemployed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of anyopinion whatsoever on the part of the CRIDA or ICAR. Where trade names are used this does notconstitute endorsement of or discrimination against any product.

Chief Scientists

Bhagwan Singh, Faizabad

A Rafey, Ranchi

B Behera, Phulbani

SR Singh, Varanasi

SPS Chauhan, Agra

MM Patel, SK. Nagar

DS Jatasra, Hisar

MA Shankar, Bangalore

SM Patil, Akola

S Subbaiah, Kovilpatti

DR Padmani, Rajkot

T Yellamanda Reddy, Anantapur

PM Jain, Arjia

Satvinder Singh Bawa, Ballowal-Saunkhri

JS Jamwal, Rakh Dhiansar

MB Guled, Bijapur

AL Pharande, Solapur

RA Sharma, Indore

KL Tiwari, Rewa

ContentsExecutive Summary ........... i

Agricultural drought 2002 – An on-farm survey ........... 1

Decades of On-farm Operational ........... 29Dryland Research

Rice based Production System ........... 68(Faizabad, Varanasi, Phulbani and Ranchi)

Groundnut based Production System ........... 104(Anantapur and Rajkot)

Soybean based Production System ........... 121(Rewa and Indore)

Cotton based Production System ........... 140(Akola and Kovilpatti)

Rabi sorghum based Production System ........... 156(Bijapur and Solapur)

Pearlmillet based Production System ........... 191(Dantiwada, Hisar, and Agra)

Fingermillet based Production System ........... 209(Bangalore)

Maize based Production System ........... 223(Arjia, Ballowal-Saunkhri and Rakh Dhiansar)

AP Cess Fund Adhoc and NATP Projects ........... 249

Fourth QRT Recommendations ........... 257

Group Meetings ........... 259

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

During 2002-03, the weather played a havoc with the dryland agriculture. The crops experiencedunprecedented agricultural drought in the country. In general, the kharif season rainfall was erratic with earlywithdrawal except at very few centers. Both kharif and rabi production suffered due to this aberrant weather. Inview of the peculiar weather situation, an analysis on yield deficiencies of cropping systems was made in theAll India Coordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture (AICRPDA) network comprising centers fromseventeen State Agricultural Universities, two Technical Universities and three Indian Council of AgriculturalInstitutes. Past achievements of on-farm participatory research is included as a corollary to see the long-termimpact of technology on increasing the production despite weather aberrations. Results of research work asper mandate of the project in rainfed agriculture in this year are presented in brief in eight crop basedproduction systems matrix. The description consists of on-station, on-farm work with some focus onsustainable practices. A note on AP Cess fund adhoc Projects and other projects including NationalAgricultural Technology Project (NATP) are included. Details on group meetings held are given. Details follow-

Drought 2002 – The rainfall amount was reduced 40 to 50%. Its distribution was erratic with late onset ofmonsoon and early withdrawal. This situation created mid and terminal season drought. This year solecropping dominated other cropping systems. Various centers of this network released contingency plans fromtime to time to cope up with the aberrante weather to farmers through media, publicity, governmentorganization, etc.

Decades of on-farm research: The feedback obtained from operational Research Projects (ORPs) up to1985 are presented. In the operational Research Projects most of the trials were on cropping systems andvarieties. Fertilizer application helped always in increasing yields. Intercropping was profitable. Improvedpackage of practices paid in all seasons and increased yields by more than 30%. Simple soil and waterconservation practices like ridges-furrows, conservation/dead furrow, compartment bunding etc., wereadopted. Agri-horticulture paid dividends. Pooled recommendations from on farm trials (1990-2002) follow:

Cropping systemsRanchi Timely transplanting 1st week of July and high plant population (25x15 cm)

Integrated nutrient management40 kg N + 30 kg P + 20 kg K/ha for niger under rice – niger sequence20 kg N + 30 kg p + 30 kg K/ha at transplanting and 20 kg N/ha at 30 days after transplantingfor fingermillet

Sowing methodLine seeding of toria under rice – toria sequenceLine seeding with fertiliser and 40 kg N + 30 kg P + 20 kg K/ha for linseed under rice – linseedsequence

VarietiesRice Kanak and IR-36

Weed managementHand weeding at 30 days after sowing for rice

Soil & water conservationAnantapur Contour cultivation + compartmental bunding for groundnut

Cropping systemGroundnut + pigeonpea mixed with other pulses for maximum net returns

VarietiesGroundnut (ICGU-86669 and Tirupathi-1)

Integrated nutrient managementRecommended dose of fertiliser (20 kg N + 40 kg P + 40 kg K/ha) with eenati seed drill forgroundnut

TillageDeep ploughing for groundnut


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Package of practicesComplete package of practices for groundnut

VarietiesIndore Soybean JS-1498 and PK-472

Integrated nutrient managementRecommended fertiliser dose (125 kg DAP/ha)+plant protection for soybean–chickpea sequence

Weed managementImagethaphar @ 750 ml/ha for soybean for controlling post emerged weedsBaseline @ 2.5 l/ha for soybean

Alternate land use systemMadhuka latifolia (forest species) and jack fruit (horticultural species) for maximum survival underwatershedSilveroak + fingermillet for maximum biomass

Bangalore

Acacia auriculifomis + fingermillet for maximum fuel woodPackage of practices

Recommended management + recommended fertiliser level for fingermillet (GPU-28)Fingermillet (Indaf-5), groundnut (JL-24) and pigeonpea (TTB-7) under watershed area

Soil & water conservationGraded boader strips for fingermillet in watershed

Vegetative barriersVetiver live bund in between earthern bund at 1 m vertical interval for fingermillet

Water harvesting & recyclingProtective irrigation for chillies

Cropping system30 cm furrow spacing + 10 cm seed depth for wheatBallowal -

Saunkhri 30 cm of furrow spacing for lentilIntegrated nutrient management

CAN source of N for maize and wheat50% N at sowing + 50% N at rain for wheat

Seed treatmentChloroplyiphos @ 4 ml/kg seed for wheat

Sowing methodsAcross the slope for wheat

VarietiesMaize (Ageti-76 and Prakash); Wheat PBW-175; Chickpea PBG-1

Weed managementAlachlor @ 1.5 l/ha for maize

Cropping systemArjia Sorghum for maximum maize equivalent yield

Integrated nutrient managementDAP 65 kg/ha (basal) + rest N (48.3 kg/ha) through urea in 2 splits120 kg/ha of sulphur (gypsum) for groundnut

MulchesSoil stirring for barley

Mulches & fertilizersSoil stirring and 45 kg N + 22.5 kg P/ha for wheat

Soil & water conservationCompartmental bunding for maize

Sowing method and seed rateCross sowing and 150 kg/ha of seed rate for wheat

Spacing & fertiliser60 kg N + 30 kg P/ha and 45 cm row spacing for maize (D-765)

VarietiesMaize Navjot; Sorghum CSH-9 and CSH-6; Fodder sorghum Raj chari –2; Sesame RT-46;Soybean Gaurav

Annual Report 2002-03

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Varieties & fertilizers15 kg N + 30 kg P/ha for Dohad yellow variety of chickpea

Varieties & transplantingPMA spray (1.0 ppm) for lok –1 and D-134 variety for wheat

Weed managementAtrazine @ 0.5 kg ai/ha + hoeing once for maizePendimethalin @ 0.5 kg ai/ha + hoeing once for groundnut + sesameGlyphosate 0.3 + ploughing for wheat

Alternate land use systemSolapur Ber for soils up to 30 cm depth

Cropping systemPearlmillet + pigeonpea for soils with 30 – 60 cm depth

DemonstrationImproved practices for chickpea, sunflower and safflower

Integrated nutrient managementApplication of fertiliser for rabi sorghum

Soil & water conservationRidges and furrows for rabi sorghum

VarietiesRabi sorghum SSOR-9405 and SPV-839; Pearlmillet RHRBH-8609; Sunflower SS-56

Water harvestingProtective irrigation for rabi sorghum

Integrated nutrient managementHisar 40 kg N/ha + Azotobactor for pearlmillet

40 kg N/ha + Azotobactor for mustardPackage of practices

Improved package of practice for greengram, sesame and chickpeaSoil & water conservation

Disc harrow for mustard and chickpeaVarieties

Pearlmillet (HHB-67)Mustard (RH-781)

Weed managementWeeding at 30 days after sowing for pearlmilletInterculture at 20 and 30 days after sowing for mustard

On-station experiments in 2002-03: 247 on-station field experiments have been conducted at 21 centerslocated under rice, rabi sorghum, maize, pearlmillet, cotton, groundnut, soybean, fingermillet and kharifsorghum production systems on different research themes. A maximum of 69 (27.9%) experiments wereconducted on integrated nutrient management, followed by 68 (27.5%) on crop improvement, 52 (21.1%) onsoil and water conservation and 41 (16.6%) on cropping systems. 5 (2%) experiments each were on energymanagement and pest/weed management, while 7 (2.8%) were on alternate land use systems. At Bijapur,maximum number of 21 (8.5%) on station experiments were conducted.

Number of on-station research experiments on seven themes conducted at different centersResearch themesProduction

system/ Center INM SWC EM CS CI P/WM ALUTotal

Rice Varanasi 2 3 2 9 1 17 (6.9)Faizabad 2 1 2 4 9 (3.6)Ranchi 2 1 1 2 5 11 (4.5)Phulbani 6 2 3 11 (4.5)Rabi SorghumSolapur 4 4 5 4 1 18 (7.3)


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Bijapur 5 4 2 10 21 (8.5)Bellary 1 1 2 4 (1.6)MaizeArjia 3 1 4 3 1 12 (4.9)B.Saunkhri 4 1 5 2 1 13 (5.3)Rakh Dihansar 7 1 2 1 11 (4.5)PearlmilletS.K.Nagar 2 8 1 2 13 (5.3)Hisar 2 4 6 (2.4)Agra 2 1 1 4 (1.6)CottonKovilpatti 6 2 2 9 19 (7.7)Akola 3 3 1 7 (2.8)GroundnutAnantapur 3 5 2 2 1 1 1 15 (6.1)Rajkot 6 3 1 5 15 (6.1)SoybeanIndore 3 2 1 3 3 12 (4.9)Rewa 1 2 4 3 1 1 12 (4.9)FingermilletBangalore 5 4 1 1 5 16 (6.5)Kharif SorghumJhansi 1 1 (0.4)Total 69 (27.9) 52 (21.1) 5 (2.0) 41 (16.6) 68 (27.5) 5 (2.0) 7 (2.8) 247Value in parentheses indicate % of experimentsINM- Integrated nutrient management; SWC- Soil and water conservation; EM- Energy management;CS- Cropping system; CI- Crop improvement; P/WM- Pest/ Weed management; ALU- Alternate land use

Salient results from on-station research follow in various production systems:

Rainfed rice based production system

The results from the centres at Faizabad, Phulbani, Ranchi and Varanasi are described below:Cropping system

Rice + okra (1: 2)RanchiPigeonpea (60 x 30 cm) + 2 rows of okra

Faizabad Line sowing (30 cm apart) and ZnSO4 @ 40 kg/ha for chickpeaVaranasi Flat planting with a density of 0.67 lakhs/ha and 20 kg N + 40 kg P + 20 kg K + 3 kg Zinc + 20

kg/ha of sulphur for pigeonpeaIntegrated nutrient management

100% recommended N (inorganic) for maize + pigeonpea intercroppingFaizabadZnSO4 @ 30 kg/ha for pigeonpea

Ranchi Inorganic for rice30 kg N (farm yard manure) + 20 kg P + 20 kg K/ha for rice15 kg N (farm yard manure) + 20 kg N (inorganic) for rice equivalent yield20 kg N (glyricidia) for a maizeFarm yard manure @ 6 t/ha + rest N (inorganic) for pigeonpea and rice equivalent yield underpigeonpea + rice intercropping45 kg N/ha for rice under pigeonpea + rice

Phulbani

80 kg N + 60 kg P + 80 kg K/ha (100% recommended dose) for yam and yam equivalent yieldunder yam + maize intercropping50% N recommended dose + 50% N (farm yard manure) for maize under yam + maizeintercropping


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(50% recommended dose) 30 kg N + 15 kg P + 45 kg K/ha + calcium hydroxide (0.25 limerequirement + farm yard manure @ 20 t/ha for turmeric15 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N/ha (inorganic) for rice under rice – blackgram rotation15 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (green leaf) for blackgram under rice – blackgram rotation

Ranchi

Farm yard manure @ 10 t/ha for rice under rice – linseed system100% recommended dose of fertiliser for rice (NDR-97)Varanasi100% recommended dose of fertiliser for rice and greengram under rice + greengram –lentilsystem

MulchesPhulbani Mimosa green leaf manure @ 5 t/ha for maize equivalent yield under maize + pigeonpea

intercroppingMaize stover mulch @ 5 t/ha for pigeonpeaGlyricidia green leaf mulch @ 5 t/ha for maize

Varanasi Straw mulch for rice2% urea spray to mitigate drought for rice

Tillage and nutrient managementPhulbani Low tillage + interculture + herbicide for riceFaizabad Conventional tillage + interculture twice for rice – lentil sequence

Low tillage + weedicide + hand weeding once for rice50% through organic + 50% through inorganic for rice

Ranchi

Ploughing once by mold board plough + ploughing once by Birsa ridger plough + planking +seeding by country plough for riceConventional tillage for rice – barley sequence100% recommended dose (80 kg N + 40 kg N+ 20 kg K/ha) for rice – barley sequence

Varanasi

Conventional tillage (disc harrowing + cultivator once) for rice100% recommended dose through organic source for rice

VarietiesRice (Vandana and Brown gora)Niger GA-10 and Otakamund with 60 kg N/ha

Faizabad

Chickpea K –850, Lentil NDL-1, Mustard NDR-1 for maximum chickpea equivalent yieldPhulbani Rice RR-166-645 and RR-348-6; Blackgram B-3-8-8 and OBG-23; Pigeonpea V-41Ranchi Rice Anjali and RR-347-1; Rice RR-347-166; Rice BAU-255-76 and Birsa gora –102; Sesame

CST-93 and RT-328; Groundnut BAU-20 and BAU-18Varanasi Rice CR-876-6; Rice HUR-1029; Pigeonpea (Bahar) + rice (NDR-97)

Weed managementFaizabad Sprouted seed of NDB-2 of barley

Groundnut based production system

The results from the centres at Anantapur and Rajkot are described below:Alternate land use systems

Anantapur Soapnut (6x6 m) for maximum plant height and girth with drip or without drip irrigationsituations

Cropping systemRajkot Pearlmillet – pearlmillet with integrated nutrient management for maximum yield

Early sowing (8th June) for maximum net returns of sole pigeonpea and castor + pigeonpeasystems.Normal sowing (1st August) for maximum net returns of sole groundnut, groundnut +pigeonpea and groundnut + castor systemsShrivelled small seed of groundnut for maximum net returns

Anantapur

Intercropping of groundnut with pulses (cowpea, horsegram and pigeonpea) in 1: 1 ratio formaximum pod yield

Drought managementSpray of zinc sulphate @ 0.5 at 35 and 65 days after sowing for groundnut


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ImplementsAERC seed drill for groundnut

Integrated nutrient management25% N (compost) + 75% N (inorganic) for groundnut under groundnut monocropping50% N (glyricidia) + 50% N (inorganic) for castor under castor monocropping50 5 N (compost) + 50% N (inorganic) for castor under groundnut – castor rotation20 kg N + 40 kg P + 40 kg K/ha + groundnut shells @ 4 t/ha for groundnut under treated plotsand no fertiliser under depleted plots15 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (inorganic) for pearlmillet under permanent strip15 kg N (green leaf) + 20 kg N (inorganic) for pearlmillet under rotational strip100% recommended N (inorganic) for groundnut under permanent or rotational strips.Recommended dose of fertiliser (12.5 kg N + 25 kg P) for maximum pod yield and compostenriched with SSP @ 5 t/ha for maximum fodder yield of groundnutFarm yard manure @ 10 t/ha for groundnut pod yield

Rajkot

Farm yard manure @ 6 t/ha for sorghum (fodder) and soybean50% recommended dose of fertiliser + vermicompost @ 0.5 t/ha for maize, cowpea andblackgram

Mulches & fertilizersSoil mulch and 100% recommended farm yard manure (70 kg/tree) for maximum plant heightand stem girth of amla

Tillage & nutrient managementAnantapur Low tillage + herbicide and 100% recommended dose of fertiliser through organic source (20

kg N + 40 kg P + 40 kg K/ha) for groundnutRajkot Deep tillage upto 30 cm and 100% recommended fertiliser (organic) for groundnut

Deep ploughing every year for groundnutVarieties

Anantapur Groundnut JAL-46, TMV-2 and CD-60Rajkot Groundnut JSP-37, M-13 and GG-11; Groundnut JSSP-19, GG-20 and JSSP-20 of verginia

bunch; Sesame AT-79, AT-92, AT-81 and G.Til-1; Sorghum CSH-14, SPH-1376, CSH-9 andCSH-16; Greengram GM-9926, GM-9705, GM-9710 and GM-9925

Water harvestingAnantapur 15 mm supplemental irrigation for groundnut + pigeonpea

Weed managementHand weeding at 20 and 40 days after sowing + pendimethalin @ 0.5 kg ai/ha with sand at 50days after sowing for managing Celosia weed in groundnut

Soybean based production system

The results from the centres at Indore and Rewa are described below:Cropping system

Drumstick + pigeonpea for maximum soybean equivalent yield and gross monetary returnsSunflower + pigeonpea (4: 2) for maximum soybean equivalent yield (sown on 24th June)Soybean + pigeonpea (4: 2) for maximum soybean equivalent yield (sown on either 4th July or14th July)Groundnut for maximum yield and net profit

Indore

Soybean (JS-335) + pigeonpea (JA-4) under shallow, medium and deep soils for maximumsoybean equivalent yield and monetary returnsPigeonpea (NPWR-15) + soybean (JS-335) for maximum pigeonpea equivalent yieldSoybean – coriander sequence for maximum net returns

Rewa

Rice – chickpea for maximum net returns and B : C ratioImplements

Indore Sowing with Tifan for soybean


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Integrated nutrient management25 kg N (compost) + 15 kg N/ha (urea as top dress) for soybean50% recommended N for maize15 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (urea as top dress) for maximum soybean equivalent yield fromsoybean + maize (4 : 4) systemFarm yard manure @ 6 t/ha + 20 kg N + 13 kg P/ha for soybean (farm yard manure in rainyseason only)60 kg P rock phosphate + farm yard manure @ 5 t/ha + 10 g phosphorus solubulizingmicrobes /kg seed treatment + 3 kg phosphorus solubulizing microbes blended with 50 kg farmyard manure /ha soybean

Rewa 100% N through compost for maximum chickpea equivalent yield from rice – wheat, blackgram– chickpea sequences

Soil & water conservationIndore Sowing across the slope + mechanical bund for maximum soybean yield, minimum runoff and

soil lossSoil filters

Rewa Vetiver filters + trench for maximum blackgram yield and soil depositionTillage

Indore Conventional tillage + recommended dose of fertiliser + off season tillage + hand weeding forsoybean

Tillage & nutrient managementRewa Low tillage + weedicide + interculture and 50% organic + 50% inorganic fertiliser for soybean

VarietiesIndore Pigeonpea JIA-62 and JIA-33; Maize Navjot, JM-12 and Chandan-3; Earthing at 30 days for

maize; Soybean JS-335, samrat, JS-71-05 and NRC-12Rewa Blackgram JU-26, JU-23 and JU-2; Chickpea RWG-12 and JG-315; Lentil RWL-12 and RWL-4

Weed managementHand weeding at 30 and 40 days after sowing for soybean

Alternate land use systemPongamia pinnata + barley (AK-560)

Fingermillet based production system

The results from the centre at Bangalore is described below:Implements

Bangalore Tractor drawn CRIDA seed drill for groundnut and maize (fodder)Integrated nutrient management

Recommended N (green leaf manure) for fingermillet50% N (green leaf manure + farm yard manure) + 50% NPK for groundnutLime to 40% calcium saturation + 150% of K for groundnutFarm yard manure @ 10 t/ha (farm yard manure series) and maize residue @ 5 t/ha + 100%recommended NPK for groundnut (maize residue series) under groundnut – fingermillet rotationFarm yard manure @ 10 t/ha + 100% NPK (farm yard manure series) and maize residue @ 5t/ha + 100% recommended NPK for fingermillet under fingermillet – fingermillet monocroppingsystem

Soil & water conservationNatural vegetation (control) for minimum runoff and soil loss

Tillage & nutrient managementConventional tillage and 100% recommended N (inorganic) for fingermillet

VarietiesCowpea P-4, P-3, P-1, P-9 and C-15Sesame (KP local, Magadi local and Bhadhuri) for sesame – greengram (PS-16) doublecroppingGreengram (KGG-1, PS-16, PDM-5 and NM-92) for greengram – cowpea double croppingSunhemp for green leaf manure and maximum fingermillet yield


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Long duration fingermillet L-15-1 and L-5; Medium duration fingermillet HR-911 and GPU-28;Short duration fingermillet GPU-26

Vegetative barriersNase live barrier for maximum horsegram yield and minimum runoff

Cropping systemCowpea (TVX-945-02E) for maximum green biomass yield and green manuring

Maize based production system

The results from the centres at Arjia, Ballowal-Saunkhri and Rakh Dhiansar are described below:Alternate land use system

Arjia Prosopis cinararia + C.setigerus for class IV and V soilsAmla + green fodder for maximum fodder yieldRakh DhiansarLuaceana leucocephala + gobi sarson for maximum green leaf, fuel wood and greengrass

Cropping systemArjia Maize – cowpea (fodder) for maximum biomass

Maize (60 x 22.5 cm) for maximum maize equivalent yieldBallowal-SaunkhriMaize + greengram with 80 kg N + 40 kg P/ha for maximum maize equivalent yield

Rakh Dhiansar Wheat (RSP-423) sown on 14th November for maximum grain yieldDrought management

Arjia Sorghum + cowpea fodder under delayed onset of monsoon for maximum biomassIntegrated nutrient management

15 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (inorganic) for maize and blackgram stover yield150% recommended fertiliser dose for maximum biological yield of maize15 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (inorganic) for maize and 15 kg N (green leaf manure) + 20kg N (inorganic) for greengram15 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (inorganic) for wheat and 15 kg N (green leaf manure) + 20kg N (inorganic) for lentil

Ballowal-Saunkhri

125 kg N + 30 kg P/ha for innovated seed of lentil100% recommended N (inorganic) for maize equivalent yield under cereal + legume100% recommended dose of fertiliser (60 kg N + 40 kg P + 20 kg K/ha) + ZnSO4 @ 20kg/ha for maizeFarm yard manure @ 10 t/ha + 40 kg N/ha + recommended P and K for maize undermaize – wheat rotation40 kg P/ha + lime @ 1500 kg/ha for blackgram90 kg N/ha for maximum oat seed yield and dry bhusa yield60 kg P/ha and zinc sulphate @ 5 kg/ha for maximum chickpea yield

Rakh Dhiansar

Farm yard manure @ 10 t/ha to maize in kharif for maximum residual effect of chickpeaand mustard in rabi and maximum sarson equivalent yield

Seed rate & row spacingBallowal-Saunkhri 30 kg/ha of seed rate and 22.5 cm of row spacing for lentil

Soil & water conservationArjia Cenchrus ciliaris for maximum grass yield, sorghum fodder for maximum maize

equivalent yield and compartmental bunding (5 m interval) for cenchrus and sorghumfodder

Tillage & nutrient managementConventional tillage + hand weeding twice and 50% inorganic + 50% organic fertiliser formaize

Ballowal-Saunkhri Low tillage + interculture + weedicide + 100% recommended fertiliser (inorganic) formaizeConventional tillage + interculture + 100% recommended fertiliser (organic) for wheatunder maize – wheat sequence

Rakh Dhiansar Conventional tillage + interculture and 100% N (inorganic) for maize


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VarietiesArjia Horsegram AK-42, AK-1 and AK-44; Maize Aravali makka-1, PEHM-2 and EC-3108;

Sesame (SPRT-23); Maize Mahi kanchan; Sorghum CSV-15; Groundnut JL-24; SesameRT-125; Blackgram T-9; Greengram K-851; Cluster bean RGC-986; Horsegram AK-21

Ballowal-Saunkhri Bread wheat PBW-175, C-306, PBW-396 and UP-2596 and Durum wheat D-1840, D-1913,C-306 and PBW-175

Varieties & fertilizersGreengram SML-668 with 125 kg N + 40 kg P/ha

Weed managementTrifluralin @ 0.5 l/ha for greengram

Cotton based production system

The results from the centres at Akola and Kovilpatti are described below:Alternate land use systems

Kovilpatti Tamarind PFM + blackgram (CO-5) for cotton equivalent yieldHybrids

Sunflower (RAH-0212 and RAH-0214) (Advanced hybrid trial)Sunflower (RIH-02466 and RIH-02464) (Initial hybrid trial)

Integrated nutrient managementOrganic manure @ 4 t/ha and 100 kg N + 50 kg P + 50 kg K/ha for maize (popcorn)25 kg N + 25 kg P + 25 kg N (farm yard manure) for maximum cotton and greengram yieldunder cotton + greengram (1 : 1)

Akola

100% recommended N for maximum grain and fodder yield under sole sorghum + 15 kg Nthrough green leaf + 20 kg N through inorganic fertiliser for maximum grain yield and 100%recommended N for maximum fodder yield under strip sorghum50% N (farm yard manure) + 50% N (urea) + 10 kg P/ha for pearlmillet20 kg N/ha as energetic farm yard manure for seed cotton yield20 kg N (green leaf manure) + 20 kg N/ha (urea) for sorghum20 kg N (urea) + 20 kg N (farm yard manure) + 20 kg P/ha (SSP) for cotton + blackgramEnergetic farm yard manure + 75% N + Azospirillium + phosphobacteria for seed cotton yieldunder cotton – sorghum sequence

Kovilpatti

15 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (inorganic) for maximum net returns from sorghum + cowpeaSoil & water conservation

Vetiver key lines at 1 m vertical interval for soybeanAkolaSoil mulch with application of 20 kg K/ha and crop residue mulch for cottonSoil mulch with application of 20 kg K/ha and furrow opening for soybean and sorghum

Kovilpatti Compartmental bunding for sorghumTillage & nutrient management

Akola Conventional tillage (ploughing + off season tillage + interculture + hand weeding) and 100%inorganic fertiliser for cotton

Kovilpatti Conventional tillage + interculture and 50% (organic) + 50% (inorganic) for sunflowerVarieties

Blackgram COBG-632 and VBN-3 (multi location trial)Blackgram X-5, VBG-29, KBG-96007 and AKV-10 (Advanced varietal trial)Blackgram VBG-23 and KBg-98008 (Preliminary evaluation trial)Greengram COGG-913 and VRMGG-1 (Multi location trial)Greengram Pusa-9072 and VGG-7 (Advanced varietal trial)Greengram VGG-8 and PDM-54 (Initial evaluation trial)Greengram LGG-470 and Pusa-9671 (preliminary yield trial)

Water harvestingAmla for maximum grain yield with farmer pond water utilisation

Cropping systemAkola Soybean (JS-335) – chickpea (PKV-Kab-2) for maximum gross monetary returns


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Kharif sorghum based production system

The results from the centre at Jhansi is described below:Alternate land use system

Jhansi Leucaena + genia grass + maize (grain) + cowpea (fodder) for maximum biomass

Rabi sorghum based production system

The results from the centres at Bellary, Bijapur and Solapur are described below:Cropping system

Castor (DCH-32) with spacings of 60 x 45 cm and 50 kg N + 25 kg P/haSunflower + pigeonpea (2 : 1) for maximum gross returns45 x 20 cm spacing and 75 kg N + 37.5 kg P/ha for maximum rabi sorghum grain and fodderyield

Solapur

Rabi sorghum (Phule mouli) with 45 x 20 cm spacing for maximum grain yieldChilli + onion (2 :4) under poultry manure + residue incorporation for maximum chilli fruit yieldBijapurCastor 60 x 15 cm + sunflower 60 x 20 cm in 2: 4 ratio for maximum net returns

HybridsBellary Sorghum CSH-19R, SPH-1077 and CSH-15RSolapur Castor (AHT-8, AHT-9, AHT-5 and AHT-3) with ridges and furrows for moisture conservation

Integrated nutrient managementBellary 15 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (green leaf manure) for sorghum, chickpea and sorghum +

chickpea different blocks50% N through farm yard manure + 50% recommended dose of fertiliser for maximum grainand fodder yield of rabi sorghum15 kg N through compost + 20 kg N through inorganic source for maximum grain and fodderyield of rabi sorghum15 kg N through compost + 20 kg N through inorganic source for maximum grain yield ofchickpea15 kg N through compost + 20 kg N through inorganic source for sorghum (M-35-1) +chickpea (A-1)100% recommended N for maximum seed and stalk yield under sunhemp – sunflower –sunhemp-rabi sorghum and sunflower – rabi sorghum sequencesFarm yard manure @ 5 t/ha for maximum yield of rabi sorghum (M-35-1) and lowest runoff andsoil loss

Bijapur

Farm yard manure @ 5 t/ha for sorghum under sunflower – rabi sorghum sequence and lowestrunoff and soil loss25 kg N through crop residue + 25 kg/ha through luaceana loppings for maximum grain yield ofrabi sorghum50 kg N/ha for maximum grain and stover yield of rabi sorghum under sole plot. 15 kg Nthrough compost and residue + 20 kg N/ha through urea for maximum grain yield of rabisorghum under strip cultivation50% recommended N for chickpea in sole plot.

Solapur

15 kg N through leuceana + 20 kg N/ha through urea for chickpea under strip cultivationSoil & water conservation

Ridges and furrows (45x30 cm) for sunflower sown on 9th July (28th standard metrological week)and 60 kg N + 30 kg P/haMechanical bunds for pearlmillet + mothbean (2:1) for minimum runoff and soil lossStone bund for maximum grain and fodder yield of rabi sorghum and lowest runoff and soil loss

Bijapur Sand mulch at 15 cm depth for maximum greengram and sorghum yield under greengram –sorghum sequences and lowest runoff and soil loss

Tillage & nutrient managementBellary Conventional tillage (ploughing once + harrowing twice + hoeing twice + hand weeding once)

and 100% N through organic (50% farm yard manure + 50% green leaf manure) for sorghumSolapur Conventional tillage and 100% inorganic fertiliser for pearlmillet


xi

VarietiesBellary Sorghum RSLG-262, SPV-1591 and SPV-1546Bijapur Sunflower MLSH-8, RSFH-318, MLSH-6 and MLSH-10; Mulberry S-1635, S-13, TR-10 and DD;

Proso millet PMLT-9, PMLT-7, PMLT-2 and PMLT-4; Spreading groundnut GPM-31, GPM-84,GPM-29 and GPM-6; Horsegram GPM-40, GPM-6 and IC 100938; Spanish bunch variety ofGroundnut DH-106 and DH-107; Littlemillet LMLT-5 and LMLT-4; Foxtailmillet FMLT-6 andFMLT-7

Solapur Castor (AVT-2, AVT-10 and AVT-6) and ridges and furrows for moisture conservationWeed management

Pendimethalin @ 1 kg ai/ha (Pre emergence) + 1 hoeing at 45 days after sowing for pigeonpea

Pearlmillet based production system

The results from the centres at Agra, Hisar and SK Nagar are described below:

On-station trialsAlternate land use system

Amla + stylosanthesis hamata for dry fodder grass yieldSK NagarCenchrus cilliaris for pearlmillet equivalent yield

Cropping systemSowing between 11th – 20th October and 100% of the recommended plant population (1.48lakh/ha) for mustard

Agra

Palmorosa for maximum plant height and Sada Bahar for maximum survival25% N as basal and remaining 75% N at 20-25 days after sowing for pearlmillet equivalent yieldSK NagarKaringdo in 3rd row of pearlmillet for pearlmillet equivalent yield

Drought managementKaolinite/bentonite spray (5% solution) for pearlmillet equivalent yield for early and late seasondrought with normal seeding at onset of monsoon

Integrated nutrient managementAgra Dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata) (green leaf manure) and 60 kg N/ha for mustardSK Nagar 50% N (inorganic) + 50% N (farm yard manure) for castor

40 kg N + 30 kg P/ha for maximum fodder yield of pearlmillet + cowpeaHisar45 kg N + 22.5 P/ha for maximum barley (BH-8) yield with dhaincha green manure or withoutgreen manure

Soil & water conservationRaised bunds (20 cm high) with rectangular belts (6 x 2.7 m) across the slope for pearlmilletAgraRow catchment method (with 6% slope) for higher survival% of amla plantsRidges and furrows and farm yard manure @ 10 t/ha for castor (GCH-5)Compartmental bunding (3.6 x 6 m) for castorDust mulch (soil mulch) and kaolin @ 5% for castor

SK Nagar

Kaolin 6% for castorTillage & nutrient management

Agra Low tillage + weedicide + interculture and 100% recommended dose through organic sourcefor pearlmilletLow tillage + farm yard manure @ 4 t/ha + hand weeding for sorghum fodderSK NagarLow tillage + weedicide + interculture and 100% through inorganic (urea) for pearlmillet

VarietiesAgra Cluster bean RGC-1025 and HGS-345 with 60 kg/ha of sulphur and 60 kg/ha of P

Water harvestingAgra 4 cm irrigation at pre sowing and 4 cm irrigation at poding and 90 kg N/ha for mustard

On-farm experiments in 2002-03: 58 on-farm trials on 7 different themes viz., integrated nutrientmanagement, soil and water conservation, cropping system, crop improvement, alternate land use system,pest/weed management and package of practices, were conducted at seven Operational Research Project(ORP) centers. Number of trials could not be conducted at ORP of Hisar due to low and erratic rainfall. Out of


xii

58 trials a maximum of 19 (32.8%) were on cropping system, followed by 12 (20.7%) on crop improvement, 11(19%) on package of practices, 7 (12.1%) on integrated nutrient management, 4 (6.9%) each soil and waterconservation and pest/weed management, while there was 1 (1.7%) on alternate land use. Ballowal – Saunkhrihad maximum number of on-farm trials of 19 (32.8%), while Anantapur had the lower of 1 (1.7%) trial.

Number of on-farm trials on seven themes conducted at different ORP centersResearch themesProduction

system/Center

INM SWC CS CI P/WM ALU PPTotal

RiceRanchi 1 3 1 5 (8.6)Rabi Sorghum Solapur 1 2 6 1 10 (17.2)Maize Arjia 6 6 (10.3)B.Saunkhri 1 5 3 1 9 19 (32.8)Pearlmillet Hisar Groundnut Anantapur 1 1 (1.7)Soybean Indore 2 1 1 4 (6.9)Fingermillet Bangalore 3 1 4 2 1 1 1 13 (22.4)Total 7 (12.1) 4 (6.9) 19 (32.8) 12 (20.7) 4 (6.9) 1 (1.7) 11 (19.0) 58Values in parentheses indicate % of experimentsINM- Integrated nutrient management; SWC- Soil and water conservation; PP – Package of practicesCS- Cropping system; CI- Crop improvement; P/WM- Pest/ Weed management; ALU- Alternate land use

Salient results from different centers follow:Cropping system

Ranchi Pigeonpea + groundnut (1: 2)Weed management

Hand weeding at 30 days after sowing for riceIntegrated nutrient management

20 kg N + 20 kg P/ha as basal for ricePackage of practices

Anantapur Complete package of practices for groundnutIntegrated nutrient management

Indore Recommended dose of fertiliser + sulphur @ 20 kg/ha for soybeanRecommended dose of fertiliser (30 kg N + 60 kg P/ha) for soybean

Weed managementWeedicide + interculture for soybean

Soil and water conservationDeep ploughing + land smoothing + contour cultivation for fingermillet and groundnutPaired rows and intercultural operations twice + conservation furrow for fingermillet

Bangalore

Coirpith mulch for mango grafts of 5 years ageIntegrated nutrient management

Tank silt @ 15 t/ha + recommended NPK for fingermillet + pigeonpea intercropping50% NPK (inorganic) + 50% N (farm yard manure) for fingermillet (MR-1)

Alternate land use systemVertical ditch for 5 years age maximum survival of silver oak


xiii

VarietiesGroundnut JL-24; Soybean Macs-450; Cowpea KBC-2; Horsegram PHG-9; Fingermillet MR-1and GPU-28

Package of practiceRecommended management + recommended dose of fertiliser for fingermillet

Pest managementSpraying twice + dusting once + bird resting + use of pheromone trap for pigeonpea (Hy-3C)

Cropping systemsSowing in May for pigeonpea (Hy-3c) for maximum vegetative pod yield and net returnsGroundnut + pigeonpea (8 : 2) for maximum yield and net returnsFingermillet (GPU-28), groundnut (JL-24) and pigeonpea under watershed area

VarietiesArjia Sesame (RT-46); Maize Navjot; Groundnut JL-24; Blackgram RBU-38; Greengram RMG-62;

Horsegram AK-42Ballowal -Saunkhri

Maize JH – 3459; Greengram SML – 668; Wheat PBW – 175

Cropping systemsMaize + greengram (SML-668)

CropsBlackgram

Package of practicesImproved practices for maize, greengram, blackgram, wheat, mustard, chickpea, lentil, taramira

Seed treatmentTreated seed of wheat

Weed managementApplication of 2, 4 – D for wheat

Soil and water conservation3 supplemental irrigations for wheat (PBW-175)Post sowing one irrigation for wheat

Cropping systemPigeonpea + cluster bean and pigeonpea + sunflowerSolapurGreengram – sorghum for double cropping

Crops and varietiesMaize MPQ-13; Pigeonpea ICP-8863; Pearlmillet Shradha; Sunflower MSFH-17; Maize Africantall; Barseem (Wardhan) under irrigated condition for maximum fodder

DemonstrationsSorghum, chickpea and safflower

Integrated nutrient managementRecommended dose of fertiliser application for rabi sorghum

VarietiesRabi sorghum (Yashoda)

Water managementProtective irrigation for chickpea

Soil and water conservationDeep ploughing + residue incorporation + conservation furrow for pigeonpea + groundnut (2 :4 ratio) for maximum net returnsOff season tillage + repeated harrowing + compartmental bunding + incorporation ofgreengram residue for sunflower with paired row planting of 45 cm – 135 cm row spacing withfrequent inter cultivation for maximum seed yield

Bijapur

Off season tillage + repeated harrowing + compartmental bunding + greengram residueincorporation for rabi sorghum at 90 cm row spacing with frequent inter cultivation undergreengram – rabi sorghum sequence

Front line demonstrations (FLD) showed invariable the improved practices in pulses/oilseeds was soundthan farmers’ practice.


xiv

Some technologies for commercialization• Use of shriveled seed in groundnut for sowing

• Complex organic + inorganic fertilizers for reducing cost of production

• Complex of crop residue + rock phosphate + microbial inoculants + urea as future fertilizer

• Diversification of cropping systems for development of agro-industries based on value addition regions

• Till-plant machine for rabi crops

• Improved ‘Metla Guntaka’ in groundnut system

Training imparted

With the funding from NATP, technical officers from various production systems totaling 67 were trainedin 2 batches for one week each on the recent happenings in dryland agriculture research scenario at CentralResearch Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad during the November 2002. The program includeddiscussions with CRIDA and other ICAR institutes, ICRISAT, ANGRAU etc., The programme encompassed on-farm participatory research.

Meetings

There were three workshops conducted for project scientists including a Biennial workshop in February2003. The recommendations are enclosed. One separate workshop for paying arrears was held withrepresentatives of comptrollers from State Agricultural University worth grant Rs.4.5 crores over a month inDecember 2002

Others

The report includes salient features of AP cess fund adhoc projects (13) and NATP mission mode (2) anddetails on production system research projects

Budget Utilization (ICAR Share)

Expenditure (Rs.) at Research centres and Operational Research Projects during 2002-03 follows :System Pay & allowances

(including arrears)Traveling

allowancesRecurring

contingenciesTotal sanctioned

and releasedResearch centresRice based production system 20825240 102750 590000 21517990Groundnut based production system 5753033 49500 300000 6102533Soybean based production system 10354591 49500 300000 10704091Cotton based production system 8087711 49500 300000 8437211Rabi sorghum based production system 8820619 49500 300000 9170119Pearlmillet based production system 8679704 76500 420000 9176204Maize based production system 10012205 69750 390000 10471955Fingermillet based production system 3916813 24750 150000 4091563Total (A) 76449916 471750 2750000 79671666Operational Research ProjectsRice based production system 2326924 17000 120000 2463924Groundnut based production system 1797015 17000 120000 1934015Soybean based production system 2061360 17000 120000 2198360Rabi sorghum based production system 1180342 17000 120000 1317342Pearlmillet based production system 3115495 17000 120000 3252495Maize based production system 2648070 34000 240000 2922070Fingermillet based production system 1103128 17000 120000 1240128Total (B) 14232334 136000 960000 15328334Grand total (A + B) 90682250 607750 3710000 95000000

1

Agricultural Drought 2002 – An On-farm Survey

During 2002, the entire country reeled under agricultural drought. A survey has been carried out on theeffect of this unprecedented drought of this century in planting of crops, cropping systems and their yield in thefarmers’ fields in the recommendation domain area of the centers of All India Coordinated Research Project forDryland Agriculture. The details of surveyed farmers in different production systems are 47 in rice, 4 ingroundnut, 29 in cotton, 14 in maize, 14 in pearlmillet, 46 in rabi sorghum and 8 in fingermillet, thus, totaling162 farmers from 14 districts/ centers. The rainfall record from on-station also supported this. A summary of thedrought scenario on rainfall, crop sowing and harvesting, system wise crop yield reduction and cropproductivity in different climatic regions at various research centers follows:

Rainfall and its deviation in 2002Out of 20 centers, rainfall was below normal at 19 centers, while at Ranchi it was above normal. The

deviation of actual rainfall from normal was found to be -74.9% at Dantiwada (SK Nagar) to 14.2% at Ranchi.The center wise normal and actual rainfall and percent deviation of rainfall during 2002 are given below.

Deviation (%) of actual from normal rainfallCentre Normal, mm Actual, mm Deviation,%

Rice based production systemFaizabad 1057 766 - 27.5Ranchi 1300 1485 14.2Phulbani 1378 888 - 35.6Varanasi 1078 830 - 23.0

Groundnut based production systemAnantapur 615 390 - 36.6Rajkot 590 309 - 47.6

Soybean based production systemIndore 944 642 - 32.0Rewa 1087 889 - 18.2

Cotton based production systemKovilpatti 728 570 - 21.7Akola 825 653 - 20.8

Rabi sorghum based production systemBijapur 594 588 - 1.0Solapur 722 645 - 10.7Bellary 513 433 - 15.6

Maize based production systemArjia 658 307 - 53.3Ballowal – Saunkhri 1012 750 - 25.9Rakh dhiansar 860 563 - 34.5

Pearlmillet based production systemAgra 669 585 - 12.6Hisar 411 185 - 55.0Dantiwada 806 202 - 74.9

Fingermillet based production systemBangalore 926 628 - 32.2

The actual rainfall was below normal by 50 to 75% at Hisar under arid conditions; Arjia under dry semiarid conditions. The deviation of rainfall was found to be below normal to an extent of 25 to 50% at Anantapurand Rajkot under dry semi arid; Indore, Rakh Dhiansar and Bangalore under wet semi arid. Faizabad andBallowal – Saunkhri under dry sub-humid and Phulbani under sub-humid conditions. At Kovilpatti, Bijapur,Bellary, Solapur and Agra under dry semi arid climate, the rainfall received exceeded the normal by 25%. The


2


3

low rainfall and its deviation from normal to an extent of about 75% had a significant on the poor performanceof crops under different production systems during the reported period.

Crop calendarSowing and harvesting of crops in different cropping systems as practiced normally by farmers and

deviations if any in 2002 and normal yields are presented:

Normal crop calendar and its deviation in 2002Fortnight & month of sowing Fortnight and month of harvestingCrop

Normal 2002 drought year Normal 2002 drought yearAverage yield

(kg/ha) innormal year

PhulbaniSole cropping

Upland rice 2nd fortnight of June 2nd fortnight of June 2nd fortnight ofSeptember

2nd fortnight ofSeptember

927

Medium land rice(Direct sown)

2nd fortnight of June 2nd fortnight of June 2nd fortnight ofOctober to 1st

fortnight ofNovember

2nd fortnight ofOctober to 1st


1977

Medium land rice(Transplanted)

Nursery sowing in2nd fortnight of Juneand transplanting in2nd fortnight of July

Nursery sowing in 2nd

fortnight of June andtransplanting in 2nd

fortnight of August



1st fortnight ofNovember

2437

Greengram 2nd fortnight of July 2nd fortnight of July 2nd fortnight ofSeptember to 1st

fortnight of October

2nd fortnight ofSeptember to 1st


281

Blackgram 2nd fortnight of July 2nd fortnight of July 1st fortnight ofOctober

1st fortnight ofOctober

312

Horsegram 1st fortnight ofSeptember

1st fortnight ofSeptember

2nd fortnight ofDecember


207

Sesame 2nd fortnight ofAugust

2nd fortnight of August 2nd fortnight ofNovember

2nd fortnight ofNovember

320

Groundnut 2nd fortnight of June 2nd fortnight of June 1st fortnight ofOctober


1000

Fingermillet 2nd fortnight of June 2nd fortnight of June 1st fortnight ofOctober


516

Niger 2nd fortnight ofAugust

2nd fortnight of August 1st fortnight ofDecember

1st fortnight ofDecember

195

Mustard 2nd fortnight ofSeptember




262

Maize 2nd fortnight of June 2nd fortnight of June 2nd fortnight ofSeptember


1406

Pigeonpea 2nd fortnight of June 2nd fortnight of June 2nd fortnight ofJanuary

2nd fortnight ofJanuary

828

Turmeric 1st fortnight of May 1st fortnight of May 1st fortnight ofJanuary

1st fortnight ofFebruary

2400 (Dry)

Intercropping (Maize + pigeonpea)Maize+Pigeonpea

2nd fortnight of June




2nd fortnight ofSeptember2nd fortnight ofJanuary

2nd fortnight ofSeptember2nd fortnight ofJanuary

1050

725


4

Mixed cropping (Maize + cowpea + blackgram)Maize+Cowpea+Blackgram







2nd fortnight ofSeptember2nd fortnight ofOctober2nd fortnight ofOctober

2nd fortnight ofSeptember2nd fortnight ofOctober2nd fortnight ofOctober

775

80

80

Turmeric + colocassiaTurmeric+Colocassia

1st fortnight of May




1st fortnight ofJanuary2nd fortnight ofNovember

1st fortnight ofFebruary2nd fortnight ofNovember

2200 (Dry)

200

Sequence cropping (Maize – Mustard)Maize-Mustard





2nd fortnight ofSeptember1st fortnight ofDecember

2nd fortnight ofSeptember1st fortnight ofDecember

1406

262

RanchiSole cropping

Upland rice 2nd fortnight of June 2nd fortnight of June2nd fortnight to July

September 1st

fortnight to secondfortnight

2nd fortnight ofSeptember secondfortnight of October

1200–1400

Maize 2nd fortnight of Juneto 1st fortnight of July

Started from secondweek of fortnight, butit continued up to 2nd

fortnight of July

2nd fortnight ofSeptember to 2nd


Most of the cropharvested in the 2nd


3500-4000

Fingermillet 2nd fortnight of Juneto first week of Julylast week of June

2nd fortnight of June 1st

fortnight of July.Transplanting wasbeing continued up tolast week of August

Harvested in 1st

fortnight of Octoberto last fortnight ofOctober

2nd fortnight ofOctober to 2nd


2000 to 2500

Rice Transplanting hadbeen started from 1st

fortnight of July andcontinued up to 1st

fortnight of August

Transplanting is wasdone from 1st fortnightof August andcontinued up to 1st

fortnight of September

1st fortnight ofNovember to 2nd

fortnight ofDecember



Mediumduration 3000-

4000Long duration3500-4500

Groundnut Second fortnight ofJune

Second fortnight ofJune to 1st fortnight ofJuly

1st fortnight ofOctober to 2nd


Second fortnight ofOctober 1st fortnightof November

1200-1700

Pigeonpea 2nd fortnight of Juneto 2nd fortnight ofJuly

2nd fortnight of June to2nd fortnight of July

2nd fortnight ofDecember to 1st

fortnight of January



700-1000

Blackgram 2nd fortnight of Juneto 2nd fortnight ofJuly

1st fortnight of July to2nd fortnight of July

1st fortnight ofSeptember to 2nd

fortnight ofSeptember

1st fortnight ofSeptember to 2nd


800 - 1200

Niger 2nd fortnight of Julyto 2nd fortnight ofAugust

1st fortnight of Augustto 1st fortnight ofSeptember



1st fortnight ofNovember to 1st


300 - 400


5

IntercroppingPigeonpea +rice

2nd fortnight of Junecontinued 1st week ofJuly

2nd fortnight of June to1st fortnight of July

Rice:2nd fortnight ofSeptember to 1st

fortnight of OctoberPigeonpea:2nd fortnight ofDecember to 1st


Rice:2nd fortnight ofSeptember to 2nd

fortnight of OctoberPigeonpea:2nd fortnight ofDecember to 1st


Rice 800-1000

Pigeonpea600-800

VaranasiSole cropping

Upland rice 2nd fortnight of Juneto 1st fortnight of July

1st fortnight of July 1st and 2nd fortnightof October


fortnight ofNovember 2002

2861

Blackgram 1st fortnight of July 1st fortnight of July 2nd fortnight ofSeptember

2nd fortnight ofOctober

850

Greengram 1st fortnight of July 1st fortnight of July 2nd fortnight ofSeptember


800

Sesame 1st fortnight of July 1st fortnight of July 1st fortnight ofOctober


750

Maize 1st fortnight of July 1st fortnight of July 2nd fortnight ofOctober


1850

Pearlmillet 1st fortnight ofAugust

1st fortnight of August 1st and 2nd fortnightof October


1260

IntercroppingPigeonpea +sesame

1st fortnight of July 1st fortnight of July 1st fortnight ofOctober and 2nd

fortnight of March to1st fortnight of April

2nd fortnight ofSeptember and 2nd

fortnight of March

850 + 640

Pigeonpea +blackgram

1st fortnight of July 2nd fortnight of August 2nd fortnight ofSeptember and 2nd



fortnight of March

1255 + 645

Pigeonpea +greengram

1st fortnight of July 2nd fortnight of August 2nd fortnight ofSeptember and 2nd



fortnight of March

1250 + 600

Pigeonpea +pearlmillet

1st fortnight ofAugust

2nd fortnight of August 2nd fortnight ofOctober and 1st to 2nd

fortnight of April

2nd fortnight ofOctober and 2nd

fortnight of March

1250 + 600

Pigeonpea +rice

1st fortnight of July 1st fortnight of August 1st fortnight ofOctober and 2nd


1st fortnight ofOctober and 2nd

fortnight of March

2000 + 2200

Mixed croppingPigeonpea +greengram +pearlmillet

1st fortnight of July 2nd fortnight of August 2nd fortnight ofSeptember to 1st

fortnight of Octoberand 2nd fortnight ofMarch to 1st fortnightof April

2nd fortnight ofAugust

800+500+500


6

Sequence croppingUpland rice –barley

2nd fortnight of June– 2nd fortnight ofOctober

1st fortnight of July and2nd fortnight of October

1st fortnight ofOctober – 1st and 2nd

fortnight of March


fortnight of March

2810 - 3010

Upland rice –chickpea




fortnight of March


fortnight of March

3020 – 2540

Upland rice –lentil




fortnight of March


fortnight of March

2368 – 1241

Upland rice –mustard




fortnight of March


fortnight of March

3020 – 390

Blackgram –mustard

1st fortnight of July –2nd fortnight ofOctober

1st fortnight of Augustand 2nd fortnight ofOctober

2nd fortnight ofSeptember – 2nd

fortnight of March

1st fortnight ofOctober and 1st

fortnight of March

506 – 935

Blackgram –barley

1st fortnight of July –2nd fortnight ofOctober

1st fortnight of Augustand 2nd fortnight ofOctober


fortnight of March

1st fortnight ofOctober and 1st


504 – 1384

Fodder – lentil(Pearlmillet/Cowpea) - lentil

1st to 2nd fortnight ofJuly – 2nd fortnight ofOctober



fortnight of March


fortnight of March

40800 – 1319

FoddersPearlmillet/Sorghum +cowpea

1st fortnight of July 1st fortnight of July and2nd fortnight of October



fortnight of March

50900

KovilpattiSole cropping

Cotton 1st fortnight ofSeptember

1st fortnight of October 1st fortnight ofDecember 2nd fortnightof December 2nd

fortnight of January,2nd fortnight ofFebruary

2nd fortnight ofDecember 1st

fortnight of January2nd fortnight ofJanuary 2nd fortnightof February

900

Sorghum 2nd fortnight ofSeptember

1st fortnight of October 2nd fortnight ofDecember

1st fortnight of January2nd fortnight of January

950

Maize 2nd fortnight ofSeptember

1st fortnight of October 2nd fortnight ofDecember 1st


1st fortnight ofJanuary 2nd fortnightof January

1400

Pearlmillet 2nd fortnight ofOctober


1st fortnight ofJanuary

2nd fortnight ofFebruary

900

Blackgram 1st fortnight ofOctober



350

Greengram 1st fortnight ofOctober



400

Chillies 1st fortnight ofOctober

1st fortnight of October 1st , 2nd fortnight ofJanuary 1st , 2nd

fortnight of February2nd fortnight of March2nd fortnight of April

1st , 2nd fortnight ofJanuary 1st , 2nd

fortnight of February

475

Sasame 1st fortnight ofNovember




300

Sunflower 1st fortnight ofNovember




450

Coriander 2nd fortnight ofNovember




400


7

Senna 2nd fortnight ofNovember


1st fortnight ofJanuary 1st fortnightof February1st fortnight of March2nd fortnight of April

1st fortnight ofJanuary 1st fortnightof February1st fortnight of March2nd fortnight of April

1000 (leaves)

IntercroppingCotton

Blackgram2:1

1st fortnight ofSeptember1st fortnight ofOctober

1st fortnight of October1st fortnight of October

1st , 2nd fortnight ofDecember 2nd

fortnight of January2nd fortnight ofFebruary 2nd fortnightof December

2nd fortnight ofDecember 1st , 2nd

fortnight of January2nd fortnight ofFebruary 1st fortnightof January

600

150

Cotton

Greengram2:1



1st , 2nd fortnight ofDecember 2nd

fortnight of January2nd fortnight ofFebruary 2nd fortnightof December

2nd fortnight ofDecember 1st, 2nd


600

200

Sorghum

Greengram1:2

2nd fortnight ofSeptember1st fortnight ofOctober


2nd fortnight ofDecember2nd fortnight ofDecember

1st, 2nd fortnight ofJanuary1st fortnight ofJanuary

350

300

Sorghum

Cowpea1:1



2nd fortnight ofDecember2nd fortnight ofDecember

1st, 2nd fortnight ofJanuary1st fortnight ofJanuary

350

200

Coriander

Onion

Chickpea

2nd fortnight ofOctober2nd fortnight ofOctober2nd fortnight ofOctober

1st fortnight ofNovember1st fortnight ofNovember1st fortnight ofNovember

2nd fortnight ofJanuary2nd fortnight ofJanuary2nd fortnight ofJanuary

2nd fortnight ofFebruary2nd fortnight ofJanuary2nd fortnight ofFebruary

1500

2000

200

Sesame

Minor millets



1st fortnight of October




2nd fortnight ofDecember1st, 2nd


175

300

Sequence croppingCotton

Sorghum

Pulses







1st, 2nd fortnight ofDecember 2nd

fortnight of January2nd fortnight ofFebruary 2nd fortnightof December2nd fortnight ofDecember

2nd fortnight ofDecember 1st , 2nd

fortnight of January2nd fortnight ofFebruary 1st, 2nd

fortnight of January1st fortnight ofJanuary

900

950

400

Chillies

Pearlmillet





1st, 2nd fortnight ofJanuary 1st, 2nd

fortnight of February2nd fortnight of March2nd fortnight of April,1st fortnight ofJanuary

1st , 2nd fortnight ofJanuary 1st , 2nd

fortnight of February2nd fortnight ofFebruary

475

900

Mixed cropping (Fodders)Fodder sorghum 1st fortnight of

October1st fortnight of October 1st fortnight of

January1st fortnight ofJanuary

9000


8

AkolaSole cropping

CottonSorghum

From onset ofmonsoon to 10th July

July 1st week Cotton: November –FebruarySorghum: October -November

Cotton: December toFebruarySorghum: November

Straight-Arboreums:

700-800Hirsutums:

1200Hybrids: 1200-

1500Intercropping

Cotton +pigeonpeaCotton+greengram/blackgram

From onset ofmonsoon to 10th July

July 1st week Cotton: November –FebruaryPigeonpea: February– MarchGreengram &blackgram: 2nd

fortnight ofSeptember/ 1st weekof October

Greengram: OctoberBlackgram: October

Pigeonpeaintercrop: 400-

600Greengram

intercrop: 600-800

Blackgramintercrop: 500-

700Sequence cropping

Sorghum –chickpeaGreengram –SafflowerSorghum –wheatSoybean-wheat/chickpea

25th November to31st December25th September to 7th

October25th November to31st December25th November to31st December

Safflower: October 1st

weekChickpea: Novemberlast weekWheat: July 1st week

Chickpea: 1st

fortnight of MarchSafflower: FebruaryWheat: March- April1st fortnight

Safflower: JanuaryendChickpea: 1st

fortnight of MarchWheat: October

Hybrids: 4200 –4800

Greengram:1200 – 1500

Safflower: 800– 1000

Wheat: 2500-3500

Soybean: 2000– 2500

Chickpea: 800– 1000

FoddersLucernBerreamSorghumMaize

All the years runnedprovided irrigation isavailable

- Lucerme/Berseme:three/four cutting in ayearSorghum: 70 to 80days after sowingMaize: 70 – 80 daysafter sowing

- -

AnantapurSole cropping

Groundnut 2nd fortnight of July1st fortnight ofAugust

2nd fortnight of Julyand1st fortnight of August



850

Intercropping (Groundnut + pigeonpea)Groundnut+Pigeonpea

2nd fortnight of July

1st fortnight ofAugust

2nd fortnight of Julyand1st fortnight of August

1st fortnight ofNovember1st fortnight ofJanuary

1st fortnight ofNovember1st fortnight ofJanuary

800

150

Sequence cropping (Blackgram – chickpea)Blackgram 2nd fortnight of June Not sown 1st fortnight of

OctoberNil 400


9

Chickpea 2nd fortnight ofOctober

2nd fortnight of October 1st fortnight ofFebruary

- 1500

FoddersSorghum 1st fortnight of

August to 1st


1st fortnight of Augustto 1st fortnight ofSeptember



2000

Rakh DhiansarSole cropping

Maize,greengram,blackgram,cowpea,pearlmillet

2nd fortnight of Juneto 1st fortnight of July

1st fortnight of July 2nd fortnight ofSeptember to 1st


September ending 2000-2500600-800600-800600-800

1500-2000Intercropping

Maize+ cowpea,Maize +blackgram


1st fortnight of July 2nd fortnight ofSeptember to 1st


September ending 1700-2150550-750

Sequence croppingWheat, chickpea,mustard, barley

2nd fortnight ofOctober to midDecember

2nd fortnight ofNovember, 1stfortnight of December

Last week of Marchto ending April

2nd fortnight of April,2nd fortnight of April

2000-25001500-20001000-12001200-1500

FoddersMaize+cowpea/clusterbean,sorghum +cowpea/clusterbean,pearlmillet +clusterbean/cowpea

July to 1st fortnight ofAugust

2nd fortnight of August September to 1st

fortnight of OctoberOctober 20000-25000

Ballowal – SaunkhriSole cropping

Maize Last week of June to1st fortnight of July

Last week of June to1st week of July (inmedium to heavy soil)

Second fortnight ofSeptember

4th week ofSeptember

1250-1700

IntercroppingSesame/Blackgram

1st fortnight of July 1st fortnight of July Last week ofSeptember to 1st

week of October

- 50-100/ 250-300

Wheat + Raya(9:1)



2nd fortnight of April 2nd fortnight of April 1200-1500

Sequence cropping (Maize – Wheat)Maize Last week of June to

1st fortnight of JulyLast week of June to1st week of July (inmedium to heavy soil)


4th week ofSeptember

1250-1700

Wheat 1st fortnight ofNovember


2nd fortnight of April 2nd fortnight of April 1200-1500

FoddersPearlmillet,Clusterbean,Sorghum

Last week of June to2nd week of July,

Last week of June to2nd week of July/August

Last week of July to2nd fortnight ofSeptember, Lastweek of Septemberto 1st fortnight ofOctober

Last week of July to2nd fortnight ofSeptember, Lastweek of Septemberto 1st fortnight ofOctober

700/300/500

Taramira 1st fortnight ofOctober

1st fortnight of October 4th week of March 4th week of March 150


10

AgraSole cropping

ClusterbeanPearlmilletPearlmillet

1st fortnight of July1st fortnight of July1st fortnight of July

3rd week of August 1st fortnight ofNovember1st fortnight ofOctober1st fortnight ofOctober

2nd week ofDecember3rd week of October

125018501850

IntercroppingPearlmilletGreengram

1st fortnight of July1st fortnight of July

--

1st fortnight ofOctober1st fortnight ofSeptember

--

1680325

Sequence croppingGreengramMustard

1st fortnight of July1st fortnight ofOctober

--

1st fortnight ofSeptember2nd fortnight ofFebruary

--

6201420

FoddersPearlmillet +cowpea (greenfodder)Mustard

1st fortnight of July2nd fortnight ofOctober

--

2nd fortnight ofAugust2nd fortnight ofFebruary

--

245001400

SK NagarSole cropping

Pearlmillet 2nd fortnight of Juneto 1st week of July

1st week of July Last week ofSeptember

Last week ofSeptember

1000 grain2300 fodder

Castor 1st week of July 1st week of July February - March February - March 800Greengram 2nd fortnight of June

to 1st week of July1st week of July Last week of

SeptemberLast week ofSeptember

600

Cowpea 2nd fortnight of Juneto 1st week of July

1st week of July Last week ofSeptember


700

Sorghum fodder 2nd fortnight of June 1st week of July Last week ofSeptember


4000 (Dryfodder)

Clusterbean 2nd fortnight of July 1st week of July Last week of October 2nd fortnight ofOctober

800

IntercroppingPearlmillet +clusterbean(2:1)



1st fortnight of July






800

300

Castor +greengram(1:2)



February – March2nd fortnight ofSeptember


800

300Castor +cowpea (1:2)





800

400Sorghum(fodder) +karingada (6:1)

2nd fortnight of Juneto 2nd fortnight ofJuly2nd fortnight of Juneto 1st fortnight of July







3500 dry fodder

150 seed yield


11

Relay croppingGreengram +castor (Relay)(2:1)


Not taken due toinsufficient moisture


February - March


Not taken due toinsufficient moisture

600

500

HisarSequence cropping

Pearlmillet/greengram/mothbean/clusterbean –Chickpea/mustard/taramira

1st fortnight of July Crops not sown

BijapurSole cropping

Sorghum 2nd fortnight ofSeptember – 1st


2nd fortnight of October 1st and 2nd fortnightof February

1st fortnight of March 1000 – 1100

Pearlmillet 1st fortnight of June –1st fortnight of July

2nd fortnight of July 1st fortnight ofSeptember


1200- 1300

Sunflower 1st fortnight ofSeptember – 1st





800 – 900

Pigeonpea 1st fortnight of June –1st fortnight of July

1st fortnight of July 1st fortnight ofDecember


900 – 1000

Chickpea 2nd fortnight ofSeptember

2nd fortnight of October 1st fortnight ofJanuary


700 – 800

Groundnut 2nd fortnight of May –2nd fortnight of June

2nd fortnight of July 1st and 2nd fortnightof September


750

Castor June - July 2nd fortnight ofSeptember



700

Wheat 1st fortnight ofOctober



300 – 600

Safflower 2nd fortnight ofSeptember

- 2nd fortnight ofDecember

- 700 – 800

Greengram 1st fortnight of June –2nd fortnight of July

- 1st and 2nd fortnightof August

- 400 – 500

Huruli 1st fortnight ofAugust

- 1st and 2nd fortnightof December

- 800 – 900

Cotton 1st fortnight of June –1st fortnight of July

- 1st fortnight ofJanuary

- 500 – 600

IntercroppingPearlmillet +castor (2:1)

1st fortnight of June –1st fortnight of July

- 1st fortnight ofSeptember-Pearlmillet2nd fortnight ofSeptember - Castor

- 600

400

Pearlmillet +pigeonpea(2:1)

1st fortnight of June


2nd fortnight of July 1st fortnight ofSeptember – Pearlmillet1st fortnight ofDecember - Pigeonpea

2nd fortnight ofNovember –Pearlmillet1st fortnight ofJanuary - pigeonpea

1000

700


12

Groundnut +pigeonpea(4:2)

2nd fortnight of May –2nd fortnight of June

2nd fortnight of July 1st and 2nd fortnightof September –Groundnut2nd fortnight ofNovember -Pigeonpea

2nd fortnight ofNovember –Groundnut

1st fortnight ofJanuary - Pigeonpea

600

800

Pigeonpea +greengram(2:4)

1st fortnight of June –1st fortnight of July

- 1st fortnight ofDecember –pigeonpea1st and 2nd fortnightof August -Greengram

- 900

300

Rabi sorghum +chickpea (2:2)

2nd fortnight ofSeptember – 1st


2nd fortnight of October 1st and 2nd fortnightof February–sorghum1st fortnight ofJanuary – Chickpea

1st fortnight of March– sorghum

2nd fortnight ofJanuary - chickpea

1900

300Safflower +chickpea (2:4)


- 2nd fortnight ofDecember –safflower1st fortnight ofJanuary - chickpea

- 800

700

Sequence croppingGreengram –rabi sorghum

1st fortnight ofJanuary – 2nd

fortnight of July1st fortnight ofSeptember – 1st


- 2nd fortnight ofAugust

1st and 2nd fortnightof February

- 400 – 500

1000 – 1100

Greengram –sunflower

1st fortnight of June –2nd fortnight of July1st fortnight ofSeptember – 1st


- 2nd fortnight ofAugust


- 400 – 500

800 – 900

Cucumber – rabi

sorghum1st fortnight of June –1st fortnight of July

- 1st and 2nd fortnightof February

- 1000 – 1100

Cucumber -sunflower

1st fortnight of June –1st fortnight of July1st fortnight ofSeptember – 1st


- 2nd fortnight ofDecember

- 800 – 900

Bellary

Sole cropping (Red soils –kharif season or rainy season)Groundnut 2nd fortnight of June

to 1st fortnight of July1st and 2nd fortnight ofJuly



1st and 2nd fortnightof November

800 – 1000

Pearlmillet 2nd fortnight of Juneto 1st fortnight of July

July month 2nd fortnight ofSeptember


1000 – 1200

Sunflower June July month September October 1000 – 1200


13

IntercroppingGroundnut +pigeonpea (9:1)

June 2nd fortnight of July upto 1st week of August

October to January Groundnut 2nd

fortnight of Octoberto 1st fortnight ofNovemberPigeonpeaJanuary to February

Groundnut800 – 1000Pigeonpea300 to 500

Groundnut +cowpea orgreengram

1st or 2nd fortnight ofJune

1st and 2nd fortnight ofJuly


1st and 2nd fortnightof November

Groundnut700-800

Pigeonpea300-400

Relay croppingGroundnut +sorghum


2nd fortnight of Octoberor 1st fortnight ofNovember



Sorghum600 – 800

Sole cropping (Black soils-kharif season or rainy season)Pearlmillet 2nd fortnight of June

to 1st fortnight of JulyJuly month 2nd fortnight of

September1st fortnight ofOctober

1000 – 1200

Sunflower 2nd fortnight of June July month September 1st fortnight ofOctober

1000 – 1200

Sequence croppingChickpea aftersunflower


2nd fortnight of Octoberto 1st fortnight ofNovember



1000 – 1200

Sole cropping (Black soils – rabi season or post rainy season)Sorghum 2nd fortnight of

September2nd fortnight of Octoberto 1st fortnight ofNovember



1200 – 1500

Sunflower 2nd fortnight ofSeptember



900 – 1000

Chickpea 1st fortnight ofOctober




800 – 1000

Safflower 1st fortnight ofOctober




700 – 800

Coriander 1st fortnight ofOctober




400 – 500

Mixed croppingRabi sorghum +chickpea





February Rabi sorghum400 –500

Chickpea gram500 – 700

Safflower +coriander



1st fortnight ofJanuary1st week of February

1st fortnight ofFebruary to 2nd


Safflower400 – 500Coriander300 – 400

Sole cropping (Black soils –rainy season or kharif season)Greengram/cowpea

1st or 2nd fortnight ofJune

1st and 2nd fortnight ofJuly

2nd fortnight ofAugust or 1st


1st or 2nd fortnight ofSeptember

500 – 700


14

Sole cropping (Black soils-post rainy season or rabi season)Cotton 1st and 2nd fortnight

of August1st or 2nd fortnight ofSeptember

February to March 2nd fortnight ofFebruary and 1st

fortnight of March

5000-6000

SolapurSole cropping – kharif

Pearlmillet 1st & 2nd fortnight ofJune & July

Second fortnight ofJuly

1st & 2nd fortnight ofAugust & September

Second fortnight ofOctober

2000-2200

Pigeonpea 2nd fortnight of Juneto 2nd fortnight ofJuly


1st to 2nd fortnight ofNovember toDecember

Second fortnight ofDecember

1500-1600

Sunflower Kharif

1st fortnight of Juneto 1st fortnight of July


1st fortnight ofSeptember to 1st

fortnight of October.

Second fortnight ofOctober

800-1000

Sunflower Rabi

1st fortnight ofOctober to 1st


First fortnight ofOctober

1st fortnight ofJanuary to 1st


Second fortnight ofJanuary

700-800

Castor 1st fortnight of Juneto 1st fortnight of July


2nd fortnight ofSeptember to 2nd

fortnight of October(first picking)

Second fortnight ofJanuary

1100-1500

Mothbean 1st fortnight of Juneto 2nd fortnight ofJune



Second fortnight ofNovember

700-800

Greengram 2nd fortnight of June Nil 2nd fortnight ofAugust

Nil 800-1000

Blackgram 2nd fortnight of June First fortnight ofAugust

2nd fortnight ofAugust


700-800

Sole cropping - rabi

Rabi sorghum 2nd fortnight ofSeptember to 1st


1st fortnight of October 2nd fortnight ofJanuary to 1st



2000-2500

Safflower 2nd fortnight ofSeptember

1st fortnight of October 1st fortnight ofSeptember

1st fortnight of March 1400-1600

Chickpea 2nd fortnight ofOctober to 1st


1st fortnight of October 2nd fortnight ofOctober


1100-1500

Linseed 1st fortnight ofOctober

1st fortnight of October 1st fortnight ofJanuary


400-500

IntercroppingPearlmillet +pigeonpea (2:1)

1st fortnight of Juneto 2nd fortnight ofJuly

2nd fortnight of July 2nd fortnight ofNovember to 1st


2nd fortnight ofOctober 2nd fortnightof December

Pearlmillet –1500

Pigeonpea –1000

Sunflower +pigeonpea (2:1)

2nd fortnight of Juneto 2nd fortnight ofAugust

2nd fortnight of July 2nd fortnight ofNovember to 2nd


2nd fortnight ofOctober 2nd fortnightof December

Sunflower –600

Pigeonpea -1000

Pigeonpea +clusterbean (1:2)

2nd fortnight of Juneto 2nd fortnight ofJuly

2nd fortnight of July 2nd fortnight ofSeptember to 2nd


1st fortnight ofDecember 1st


Pigeonpea –1000

Clusterbean -2000


15

Castor +clusterbean (1:2)


2nd fortnight of July 2nd fortnight ofSeptember to 2nd


2nd fortnight ofNovember 2nd


Castor-800Clusterbean-

2000Castor +ridgegourd(Castor at 90x45cm and linesowing ofridgegourd incastor row at100 cm spacing)


2nd fortnight of July 2nd fortnight ofAugust to 2nd


2nd fortnight ofNovember 2nd

fortnight of August

Castor -800Ridgegourd-

1000

Sequence croppingBlackgram/greengram/cowpea forfodder followedbyRabi sorghum orsafflower orsunflower

1st fortnight of Juneto 1st fortnight of Julyfor kharif crops.


fortnight of Octoberfor rabi crops


1st fortnight of Octoberfor rabi sorghum

1st fortnight ofAugust to 1st

fortnight toSeptember

2nd fortnight ofJanuary. to 1st




1500-2000green fodder of

kharif crops

2000-25001400-1600700-800

Pearlmillet orSunflowerfollowed by

Chickpea

1st fortnight of Juneto 1st fortnight of Julyfor kharif crops.



Nil 1st fortnight ofSeptember to 1st


2nd fortnight ofFebruary to 1st

fortnight of March

Nil 2000-2200,800-1000

1100-1500

Sorghum forfodder followedbyChickpea orsafflower



Nil 1st fortnight ofSeptember


Nil 4000-4500

1100-15001400-1600

Fodder grassesMarvel -8 1st fortnight of June

to 1st fortnight ofAugust

Nil Two cuttings 1st

fortnight ofSeptember to 1st


Nil 20000-30000

Stylo 1st fortnight of Juneto 1st fortnight ofAugust

Nil Two cutting 1st



Nil 20000-30000

Madras Anjan 1st fortnight of Juneto 1st fortnight ofAugust

Nil Two cutting 1st



Nil 20000-30000

Kharif sorghum 1st fortnight of Juneto 1st fortnight of July

Nil 1st fortnight ofSeptember to 1st


Nil 4500-4500

Cowpea forfodder in doublecropping


Nil 1st fortnight ofSeptember

Nil 1500-2000


16

BangaloreSole cropping

Fingermillet (RS) 2nd fortnight of July2nd fortnight ofAugust

2nd fortnight of July2nd fortnight of August

2nd fortnight ofNovember1st fortnight ofJanuary

2nd fortnight ofNovember1st fortnight ofJanuary

3500

3000

Fingermillet (FF) 2nd fortnight of July 2nd fortnight of July 2nd fortnight ofOctober


2000

Pigeonpea (FF) 2nd fortnight of July 2nd fortnight of July 2nd fortnight ofOctober


800

Maize (RS) (D) 1st fortnight of May to2nd fortnight of June

1st fortnight of August 1st fortnight ofAugust to 2nd



3700

Groundnut (RS)(D)

1st fortnight of July 1st fortnight of August 1st fortnight ofNovember


1000

Groundnut (FF)(D)

1st fortnight of July 2nd fortnight of July 1st fortnight ofNovember


800

Cowpea (RS) 3rd fortnight of July - 3rd fortnight ofOctober

- 1000

Cowpea (FF) (D) 2nd fortnight of May 2nd fortnight of May 1st fortnight ofSeptember


700

Horsegram (RS) 1st fortnight ofAugust




1000

Greengram (RS) 2nd fortnight of April 1st fortnight of June 2nd fortnight of June 1st fortnight ofAugust

600

Sesame (RS) 1st fortnight of April 2nd fortnight of May 1st fortnight of July 2nd fortnight ofAugust

500

Soybean 2nd fortnight of July - 2nd fortnight ofNovember

- 1200

Sunflower 2nd fortnight of July - 1st fortnight ofNovember

- 1000

Castor 2nd fortnight of June - 1st fortnight ofJanuary

- 1500

Chilli(transplanting)

2nd fortnight of July - 2nd fortnight ofNovember

- 1000

Fodder maize 1st fortnight of May - 2nd fortnight of July - 45000Fodder sorghum 1st fortnight of May - 2nd fortnight of July - 35000Fodderpearlmillet

1st fortnight of May - 2nd fortnight of July - 4500

IntercroppingFingermillet +pigeonpea(8:2) (FF)PigeonpeaFingermillet

2nd fortnight of May2nd fortnight of July

2nd fortnight of May2nd fortnight of July

1st fortnight ofOctober1st fortnight ofOctober

1st fortnight ofOctober1st fortnight ofOctober

300

2000

Pigeonpea +cowpea(1:1) (FF)CowpeaPigeonpea

2nd fortnight of May2nd fortnight of may

2nd fortnight of May2nd fortnight of May

1st fortnight ofSeptember2nd fortnight ofOctober

1st fortnight ofSeptember2nd fortnight ofOctober

250

800

FF-Farmers’ practice RS-Research station D- ORP site


17

Groundnut +pigeonpea(8:2) (FF)

GroundnutPigeonpeaGroundnutPigeonpeaGroundnutPigeonpea

2nd fortnight of June2nd fortnight of May

-

-

-

-

-

-

2nd fortnight of July2nd fortnight of May2nd fortnight of July2nd fortnight of July

1st fortnight ofOctober2nd fortnight ofOctober

-

-

-

-

-

-

2nd fortnight ofOctober2nd fortnight ofOctober2nd fortnight ofOctober2nd fortnight ofNovember

300

900

-

-

-

-

Fingermillet –soybean (1:1)FingermilletSoybean

2nd fortnight of July2nd fortnight of July

-

-

2nd fortnight ofNovember2nd fortnight ofNovember

-

-

1200

200

Groundnut –castor (8:1)GroundnutCastor

1st fortnight of June1st fortnight of June

-

-

1st fortnight ofOctober1st fortnight ofJanuary

-

-

1000

150

Fingermillet withfive other cropsFingermilletPigeonpeaField beanFodder SorghumCastorMustard

1st fortnight of July 1st fortnight of July Varies depending onthe crop

Varies depending onthe crop

120020030010001000500

Sequence croppingSesame –fingermilletSesameFingermillet

2nd fortnight of April2nd fortnight of July

-

-

2nd fortnight of July2nd fortnight ofNovember

-

-

300

2500

Cowpea –fingermilletCowpeaFingermillet

1st fortnight of May1st fortnight ofAugust

-

-

1st fortnight ofAugust2nd fortnight ofAugust

-

-

700

2000

FodderFodder maize 1st fortnight of May

-- 2nd fortnight of July

-- 45000

-Fodder sorghum 1st fortnight of May

-- 2nd fortnight of July

-- 35000

-Fodderpearlmillet

1st fortnight of May-

- 2nd fortnight of July-

- 4500-

IndoreSole cropping

Soybean Onset of monsoon to2nd week of July

- Last week ofSeptember to 1st

week of October

- 1500 – 2000

Pigeonpea Onset of monsoon to2nd week of July

- December – January - 1200 – 1500


18

Maize Onset of monsoon to2nd week of July


week of October

- 3000 – 6000

Sorghum Onset of monsoon tolast week of June

- Last week ofSeptember to midOctober

- 3000 – 5000

Cotton Onset of monsoon - Picking November –February

- 1000 – 2000

Groundnut Onset of monsoon toLast week of June


week of October

- 1200 – 2000

Mung/Urd Onset of monsoon tolast week of June

- 2nd week ofSeptember

- 600 – 0800

Sunflower Onset of monsoon tolast week of August

- October – November - 1000 – 1500

Wheat 2nd week ofNovember to lastweek of October

- Mid March - 800 – 1500

Chickpea 2nd week of Octoberto 2nd week ofNovember

- Last week ofFebruary to midMarch

- 1000 – 1500

Safflower 2nd week ofSeptember to 2nd

week of October

- December – January - 1200 – 1500

Linseed 2nd week of October to1st week of November

- Last week of Februaryto mid March

- 600 – 1000

Mustard 1st week of October - January - 600 - 1000Hisar

Kharif croppingPearlmilletGreengramMothbeanClusterbean

1st fortnight of July Not sown - - -

Rabi croppingChickpeaMustardTaramira

October - November Not sown - - -

IndoreSole crops

Soybean 1st week of July - - - -Intercropping

Soybean +Maize Soybean+Sorghum Soybean+Pigeonpea (4:2or 6:3 row ratio)

1st week of July - - - -

Sequence croppingSoybean-Chickpea/Wheat/ Linseed

October- November - - - -


19

Crop yield reduction under different systems

A Total of 162 crops/intercropping/sequence cropping combinations were surveyed at 14 AICRPDAcenters during 2002. The rainfall was below normal in 19 centers and above normal in one center. Thelocations have a deviation ranging from 75% below normal at Dantiwada to 14% above normal at Ranchi. Thebelow normal rainfall and subsequent drought had a severe effect on the performance of crops at differentlocations. The yields were reduced significantly and the yield deviations of crops were varying from below 25%to a maximum of 75% below normal yields of different crops grown as either sole or intercrop or sequencecrops. A maximum of 47 crops were surveyed under rice and 46 under rabi sorghum production systems,followed by 29 under cotton, 14 each under maize and pearlmillet, 8 under fingermillet and 4 under groundnutproduction systems.

Rice based production system: Among different sole crops grown under rice based production systemat Phulbani, Ranchi and Varanasi, a maximum of 16 crops were having a yield deviation of < 25%, 10 cropswith a yield deviation of 25 – 50% and 2 crops with a deviation of 75 to 100% during 2002. Out of different cropsgrown under 11 intercropping systems at this centers, the crops were found to have a reduced yield up to 50%deviation. Among 8 sequences cropping combinations at Phulbani and Varanasi with 16 crops, 7 crops had ayield deviation of ≤ 25%, 7 had reduced yields from 25 to 50%, while chickpea and mustard had a deviation of50 to 75% in the yield.

Crop(s) yield reduction (%) in rice based production systemCentre Crop ≤≤≤≤ 25% 25 – 50% 50 – 75% 75 – 100%

Sole croppingPhulbani Greengram Greengram

Blackgram BlackgramHorsegram HorsegramSesame SesameGroundnut GroundnutFingermillet FingermilletNiger NigerMaize MaizePigeonpea PigeonpeaTurmeric TurmericMedium rice 2 # Med. Rice 2 #Upland rice Upland riceMustard Mustard

Ranchi Maize MaizeFingermillet FingermilletPigeonpea PigeonpeaBlackgram BlackgramNiger NigerUpland rice Upland riceRice RiceGroundnut Groundnut

Varanasi Upland rice Upland riceBlackgram BlackgramGreengram GreengramPearlmillet PearlmilletSesame SesameMaize Maize

Sub - total 28 (59.6) 16 10 2


20

IntercroppingPhulbani Maize + pigeonpea Maize,

pigeonpeaMaize + cowpea +chickpea

Maize, cowpea,chickpea

Turmeric +colocassia

Turmeric,colocassia

Ranchi Pigeonpea + rice Rice PigeonpeaVaranasi Pigeonpea + sesame Pigeonpea,

sesamePigeonpea +blackgram

Pigeonpea,blackgram

Pigeonpea +greengram

Greengram Pigeonpea

Pigeonpea +pearlmillet

Pigeonpea,pearlmillet

Pigeonpea + rice Pigeonpea RicePigeonpea +greengram +pearlmillet

Pigeonpea Greengram,pearlmillet

Fodder (PM/sorghum) + cowpea

Fodder (PM/sorghum)

Sub - total 11 (23.4) 11 11 1Sequence cropping

Phulbani Maize - mustard Maize MustardVaranasi Upland rice - barley Upland rice,

barleyUpland rice -chickpea

Upland rice Chickpea

Upland rice - lentil Upland rice,lentil

Upland rice - mustard Mustard Upland riceBlackgram - mustard Blackgram MustardBlackgram - barley Blackgram,

barleyFodder (pearlmillet,cowpea) - lentil

Fodder(pearlmillet,cowpea)

Lentil

Sub - total 8 (17.0) 7 7 2Total 47 34 (50.7) 28 (41.8) 3 (4.5) 2 (3.0)

67 ** Total number of crops involved in 47 farmers’ fields # indicates 2 farmers’ fieldsValues in parentheses indicate percentage number of crops falling in the groupPM Pearlmillet CP Chickpea

Cotton based production system: Among 13 sole crops (44.8%) under cotton based production systemat Kovilpatti and Akola, 10 crops had a reduced yield up to 25%, 2 crops has 25 - 50% and only cotton had adeviation from 50 - 75%. Out of 9 intercropping systems tested, 8 crops with a yield reduction up to 25%, 4crops from 25 to 50% and 2 crops each between 50 to 75% and 75 to 100% reduction in yield. Out of 7 cropsequences experimented 11 crops attained reduced yields up to 25% deviation, while cotton yields werereduced from 50 - 75% at Kovilpatti during 2002. Thus, under cotton production system a maximum of 29(70.7%) out of 41 different combinations of crops under sole, intercropping and sequence cropping systemshad attained lower yields of up to 25%, while 6 (14.7%), 4 (9.8%) and 2 (4.9%) crops had a reduction in yieldranging from 25 – 50, 50 – 75 and 75 – 100% respectively.


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Crop(s) yield reduction (%) in cotton based production systemCentre Crop ≤≤≤≤ 25% 25 – 50% 50 – 75% 75 – 100%

Sole croppingKovilpatti Sorghum Sorghum

Pearlmillet PearlmilletBlackgram BlackgramGreengram GreengramChillies ChilliesSesame SesameSunflower SunflowerCoriander CorianderSenna SennaMaize MaizeCotton Cotton

Akola Cotton CottonSorghum Sorghum

Sub - total 13 (44.8) 10 2 1Intercropping

Kovilpatti Cotton + blackgram Blackgram CottonCotton + greengram Greengram CottonSorghum + greengram Sorghum,

greengramSorghum + cowpea Sorghum, cowpeaCoriander + onion +chickpea

Chickpea Coriander,onion

Sesame + minor millets Sesame Minor milletsAkola Cotton + pigeonpea Pigeonpea

Cotton + greengram GreengramCotton + blackgram Blackgram

Sub - total 9 (31.0) 8 4 2 2Sequence cropping

Kovilpatti Cotton/pulses-sorghum Sorghum, pulses CottonChillies/ pearlmillet Chillies, pearlmillet

Akola Sorghum - chickpea Sorghum,chickpea

Greengram - safflower SafflowerSorghum – wheat Sorghum, wheatSoybean - wheat WheatSoybean - chickpea Chickpea

Sub - total 7 (24.1) 11 1Total 29 29 (70.7) 6 (14.6) 4 (9.8) 2 (4.9)

41 ** Total number of crops involved in 29 farmers’ fields

Groundnut based production system: In the 4 surveys at Anantapur using sorghum and groundnut assole crops, groundnut + pigeonpea as intercrops and blackgram – chickpea as sequence crops, sorghum,pigeonpea and chickpea had a yield reduction ranging 50 – 75%, while groundnut yields were reduced from 75- 100% due to drought in 2002.


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Crop(s) yield reduction (%) in groundnut based production systemCentre Crop ≤≤≤≤ 25% 25 – 50% 50 – 75% 75 – 100%

Sole croppingAnantapur Sorghum Sorghum

Groundnut GroundnutSub - total 2 (50.0) 1 1

IntercroppingAnantapur Groundnut +

pigeonpeaPigeonpea

Sub - total 1 (25.0) 1Sequence cropping

Anantapur Blackgram –chickpea

Chickpea

Sub - total 1 (25.0) 1Total 4 3 (75.0) 1 (25.0)

Maize based production system: Out of 6 sole crops (42.9%) at Rakh Dhiansar and Ballowal-Saunkhriunder maize production system, 5 crops has attained a lower yields to an extent of 25 - 50% deviation fromnormal yields, while maize had a deviation in yield up to 25% below normal. Among 5 (35.7%) intercroppingsystems with 8 crops. All the crops were found to have a deviation in yield ranging from 25 - 50% belowcompared to normal yields due to severe drought. Similarly, among 3 sequence cropping systems (21.4%), 5crops had attained lower yields from 25 - 50% deviation, while wheat at Rakh Dhiansar and maize at Ballowal-Saunkhri had lower yields up to 25% deviation. Thus out of 21 different crop combinations surveyed undermaize production system has sole, intercrop and sequence crop, 18 (85.7%) crops had attained a lower yieldsranging from 25 - 50% and 3 (14.3%) crops have lower yields up to 25% compared to normal yields due toerratic rainfall distribution.

Crop(s) yield reduction (%) in maize based production systemCentre System ≤≤≤≤ 25% 25 – 50% 50 – 75% 75 – 100%

Sole croppingRakh Dhiansar Maize Maize

Greengram GreengramBlackgram BlackgramCowpea CowpeaPearlmillet Pearlmillet

Ballowal-Saunkhri Maize MaizeSub - total 6 (42.8) 1 5

IntercroppingRakh Dhiansar Maize + cowpea Maize, cowpea

Maize + blackgram Maize, blackgramFodder maize +cowpea/clusterbean

Fodder maize

Fodder sorghum +cowpea/ clusterbean

Fodder sorghum

Ballowal-Saunkhri Wheat + mustard Wheat, mustardSub - total 5 (35.7) 8

Sequence croppingRakh Dhiansar Wheat – chickpea -

mustardWheat Chickpea,

mustardBallowal-Saunkhri Maize - wheat Maize Wheat

Fodder pearlmillet –clusterbean

Fodderpearlmillet,clusterbean

Sub total 3 (21.4) 2 5Total 14

21*3 (14.3) 18 (85.7)

* Total number of crops involved in 14 farmers’ fields


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Pearlmillet based production system: Out of 9 (64.3%) sole crops, 5 crops has lower yields rangingfrom 25 - 50%, while 2 crops each had attained lower yields in the groups with less than or equal to 25% and50 – 75% yield deviation respectively. Among 5 (35.7%) intercropping systems with 9 crops, 6 crops had ayield deviation of 25 - 50% while 3 crops had lower yields up to 25% below normal under pearlmillet basedproduction system. Thus out of 18 different crops surveyed under sole and intercropping systems a maximumof 11 (61.1%) crops were found to fall in the group having 25 - 50% below normal yields, 5 (27.8%) hadreduced yields up to 25%, while 2 (11.1%) crops had lower yields ranging from 50 - 75% normal yield due tolower rainfall and occurrence of drought.

Crop(s) yield reduction (%) in pearlmillet based production systemCentre System ≤≤≤≤ 25% 25 – 50% 50 – 75% 75 – 100%

Sole croppingAgra Clusterbean Clusterbean

Pearlmillet - 2 Pearlmillet-2Dantiwada Pearlmillet Pearlmillet

Greengram GreengramCastor CastorCowpea CowpeaFodder sorghum Fodder

sorghumClusterbean Clusterbean

Sub total 9 (64.3) 2 5 2Intercropping

Dantiwada Pearlmillet +clusterbean

Pearlmillet Clusterbean

Castor + greengram Castor,greengram

Castor + cowpea Cowpea CastorFodder sorghum +karingdo

Karingdo Foddersorghum

Greengram + castor GreengramSub total 5 (35.7) 3 6

Total 14 5 (27.8) 11 (61.1) 2 (11.1)18 *

Total number of crops involved in 14 farmers’ fields

Rabi sorghum based production system: Among 46 sole, intercrop and sequence cropping systems, acombination of 63 crops have been surveyed at Bijapur, Bellary and Solapur under rabi sorghum basedproduction system. Out of 31 (67.4%) crops surveyed as sole crops surveyed at these locations, 14 crops hada lower yield of 50 – 75% deviation from normal due to low rainfall and subsequent drought. This was also thesituation in case of 7 crops with a reduction in yield up to 25%, 9 crops from 25 - 50% and one crop from 75 to100% deviation.

Among 13 (28.3%) intercropping combinations, a maximum of 13 crops had reduced yields from 50 -75% against normal, followed by 5 each in the groups below 25% and 25 - 50%, while only pigeonpea atSolapur had a lower yield of 75 - 100% below normal under pearlmillet + pigeonpea and sunflower +pigeonpea system.

Out of 2 sequence cropping systems at Bellary and Solapur, comprising of 7 crops, 5 crops had areduced yields up to 25%, while one each had lower yields in the groups 25 - 50% and 50 - 75% deviation fromnormal due to lack of soil available moisture. Thus drought had reduced the yields in the case of 28 (44.4%)crops to an extent of 50 - 75%, 17 (27%) crops up to 25%, 15 (23.8%) with 25 – 50% and 3 (4.8%) crops with adeviation of 75 - 100% among 63 crop combinations surveyed either sole or intercrops or sequence cropsunder rabi sorghum production system.


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Crop(s) yield reduction (%) in rabi sorghum based production systemCentre Crops ≤≤≤≤ 25% 25 – 50% 50 – 75% 75 – 100%

Sole croppingBijapur Rabi sorghum Rabi

sorghumPearlmillet PearlmilletSunflower SunflowerGroundnut GroundnutPigeonpea PigeonpeaCastor CastorWheat WheatChickpea Chickpea

Bellary Kharif alfisolsGroundnut GroundnutPearlmillet PearlmilletSunflower SunflowerKharif vertisolsGreengram GreengramPearlmillet PearlmilletCowpea CowpeaSunflower SunflowerRabi vertisolsRabi sorghum Rabi

sorghumSunflower SunflowerChickpea ChickpeaCoriander CorianderCotton CottonSafflower Safflower

Solapur Pearlmillet PearlmilletSunflower SunflowerCastor CastorSunflower SunflowerMoth bean Moth beanRabi sorghum Rabi

sorghumSafflower SafflowerChickpea ChickpeaLinseed LinseedPigeonpea Pigeonpea

Sub total 31 (67.4) 7 9 14 1Intercropping

Bijapur Pearlmillet + pigeonpea Pearlmillet PigeonpeaGroundnut + pigeonpea Groundnut,

pigeonpeaRabi sorghum + chickpea Chickpea Rabi

sorghumBellary Kharif red soils

Groundnut + pigeonpea Groundnut,pigeonpea

Groundnut + cowpea Cowpea GroundnutGroundnut + sorghum SorghumRabi black soilsRabi sorghum + chickpea Rabi

sorghum,


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chickpeaSafflower + coriander Safflower,

corianderSolapur Pearlmillet + pigeonpea Pearlmillet Pigeonpea

Sunflower + pigeonpea Sunflower PigeonpeaPigeonpea + clusterbean Clusterbean PigeonpeaCastor + clusterbean Castor,

clusterbeanCastor + ridge gourd Ridge

gourdCastor

Sub - total 13 (28.3) 5 5 13 2Sequence cropping

Bellary Kharif black soilsSunflower- chickpea Chickpea

Solapur Blackgram/greengram/foddercowpea – rabi sorghum/safflower/sunflower

Blackgram,greengram,foddercowpea,safflower,sunflower

Rabisorghum

Sub - total 2 (4.3) 5 1 1Total 46 17 (27.0) 15 (23.8) 28 (44.4) 3 (4.8)

63 *• Total number of crops involved in 46 farmers’ fields

Fingermillet based production system: At Bangalore, 5 (62.5%) sole crops and 3 (37.5%) intercroppingsystems have been effect due to presence of drought and the yields of crops were found to get reduced. Thereductions in yield compared to normal were in the range up to 25% for 2 crops, 25 - 50% for 2 crops and 50 -75% for one crop grown as sole crop. Among intercropping combinations, 4 crops had a lower yield up to 50to 75%, 2 each in the groups up t0 25% and 75 - 100% lower yield, while only one crop viz., fingermillet had areduced yield of 25 - 50% under fingermillet production system.

Crop(s) yield reduction (%) in fingermillet based production systemCentre Crops ≤≤≤≤ 25% 25 – 50% 50 – 75% 75 – 100%Sole croppingBangalore Fingermillet Fingermillet

Pigeonpea PigeonpeaFingermillet FingermilletCowpea CowpeaFingermillet Fingermillet

Sub total 5 (62.5) 2 2 1Intercropping

Bangalore Fingermillet +pigeonpea

Fingermillet Pigeonpea

Pigeonpea +cowpea

Pigeonpea Cowpea

Fingermillet +pigeonpea + fieldbean + foddersorghum + castor

Castor Fingermillet PigeonpeaField beanFoddersorghum

Sub total 3 (37.5) 2 1 4 2Total 8 4 (28.6) 3 (21.4) 5 (35.7) 2 (14.3)

14 ** Total number of crops involved in 8 farmers’ fieldsValues in parenthesis indicate percentage of total number of crops


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Crop productivity performance in different climatic regions

The centers with varying rainfall deviations grouped under different climatic regions are given below.

Centers with varying rainfall deviations under different climatic regionsClimate - 75 to – 50% -50 to –25% -25 to 0% 0 to 25%Arid Anantapur, Rajkot BellaryDry semi arid(500 – 750 mm)

Arjia Kovilpatti, Bijapur,Agra, Solapur

Wet semi arid(750 – 1000 mm)

SK nagar Indore, RakhDhiansar, Bangalore

Akola

Dry sub-humid(1000–1250 mm)

Faizabad, Ballowal-Saunkhri

Varanasi, Rewa

Sub humid(1250–1500 mm)

Phulbani Ranchi

Distribution of cropping systems in different climatic regionsClimate Sole crops Intercropping Sequence cropping TotalArid (< 500 mm) 9.3 (15) 3.7 (6) 1.2 (2) 14.2 (23)Dry semi arid(500 – 750 mm)

19.8 (32) 12.3 (14) 1.9 (3) 30.2 (49)


11.1 (18) 9.3 (15) 3.7 (6) 24.1 (39)

Dry sub-humid(1000–1250 mm)

4.3 (7) 4.9 (8) 5.5 (9) 14.8 (24)

Sub humid(1250–1500 mm)

13.6 (22) 2.5 (4) 0.6 (1) 16.7 (27)

Total 58.0 (94) 29.0 (47) 13.0 (21) 162Values in parentheses are the number of farmers

The distribution of sole, intercropping and sequence cropping from the 162 farmers surveyed in differentclimatic regions viz., Arid, Dry semi arid, Wet semi arid, Dry sub-humid and Sub humid indicated that 58% ofthe farmers have grown sole crops, 29% have taken up intercropping, while 13% have grown sequence cropsduring 2002 under drought conditions. The distribution indicated that 30.2% of the surveyed farmers are underdry semi arid climate followed by 24.1% under wet semi arid, 16.7% under sub-humid, 14.8% under dry sub-humid and 14.2% under arid climatic region in the study. A maximum 19.8% of the surveyed farmers under drysemi arid situation, followed by 13.6% farmers in sub-humid and 11.1% farmers in wet semi arid have grownsole crops. A maximum of 12.3% of surveyed farmers under dry semi arid climate and 9.3% under wet semiarid climate have taken up intercropping under drought conditions.

Out of 94 sole crops at different crop locations, a maximum of 38 (40.4%) have attained a yield of 25%below normal yield, followed by 33 crops (35.1%) with a yield deviation ranging from 25 - 50%. 19 crops(20.2%) were found to have a yield deviation of 50 – 75%, while only 4 (4.2%) had 75 - 100% deviation fromnormal yield due to drought. Thus the crop yields were reduced to about 50% due to drought in most of thesole crops surveyed under different climatic regions.

Among different climates prevailing at location, a maximum of 32 sole crops (34.0%) under dry semi arid,followed by 13 (13.8%) crops under arid climate with about 25% below normal rainfall were found to have ayield deviation up to 50%. When rainfall deviation was 25 to 50% below normal, 14 (14.9%) crops under sub-humid climate had a yield deviation up to 25% and 10 (10.6%) crops under wet semi arid climate had a yielddeviation up to 50%.


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Effect of rainfall deviation on yield deviation of sole crops under different climatic regionsNumber of crops with a yield deviation (%) ofClimate (Rainfall) Rainfall

deviation (%) < 25 25 - 50 50 - 75 75 – 100Total

- 50 to - 25 1 1 2 (2.1)Arid (< 500 mm)-25 to 0 12 1 13 (13.8)

Dry semi arid(500 – 750 mm)

-25 to 0 16 11 5 1 32 (34.0)

-75 to – 50 2 4 6 (6.4)- 50 to - 25 2 7 1 10 (10.6)


- 25 to 0 1 1 2 (2.1)- 50 to - 25 1 1 (1.1)Dry sub-humid

(1000 – 1250 mm) - 25 to 0 1 3 2 6 (6.4)- 50 to - 25 10 4 14 (14.9)Sub – humid

(1250 – 1500 mm) 0 to 25 5 3 8 (8.5)Total 38 (40.4) 33 (35.1) 19 (20.2) 4 (4.2) 94

Out of 47 crops under intercropping system, a maximum of 20 (42.5%) were found to fall with a yielddeviation of 25 – 50% from normal yield due to drought. This followed by 13 (27.75) each in, 25 and 50 – 75%yield deviation in different climatic regions. in only one case, the percent yield deviation was 75 - 100% underdry semi arid situation. Thus 46 (97.9%) of the crop grown under intercropping system has attained loweryields with a deviation up to 75% due to severe drought.

Out of 47 combinations of crop surveyed under different climates with a deviation from normal rainfall, amaximum of 9 crop combinations (19.1%) had attained lower yields under a lower rainfall of 25% below normalunder dry semi arid, 7 (14.9%) each in wet semi arid (25 to 50% below normal rainfall) and dry sub-humid (0 to25% below normal rainfall). Thus the crop yields under intercropping system have got reduced up to 75% dueto rainfall duration up to 50% below normal in most of the climatic regions.

Effect of rainfall deviation on yield deviation of crops under intercropping in different climatic regionsNumber of crops with a yield deviation (%) ofClimate (Rainfall) Rainfall

deviation (%) < 25 25 – 50 50 – 75 75 – 100Total

-50 to -25 1 1 (2.1)Arid (< 500 mm)-25 to 0 4 1 5 (10.6)

-50 to -25 5 5 (10.6)Dry semi arid(500 – 750 mm) -25 to 0 5 4 9 (19.1)

-75 to –50 1 4 5 (10.6)-50 to -25 1 5 1 7 (14.9)


-25 to 0 2 1 3 (6.4)-50 to -25 1 1 (2.1)Dry sub-humid

(1000 – 1250 mm) -25 to 0 3 3 1 7 (14.9)-50 to -25 3 3 (6.4)Sub – humid

(1250 – 1500 mm) 0 to 25 1 1 (2.1)Total 13 (27.7) 20 (42.5) 13 (27.7) 1 (2.1) 47

Out of 44 crops surveyed under sequence cropping system in different climatic regions having adeviation of 0 to 50% from normal rainfall, a maximum of 25 (56.8%) crops yielded less with 25% yielddeviation, followed by 14 (31.8%) crops with a yield deviations of 25 to 50% and 5 (11.4%) crops have a yielddeviation of 50 - 75% under different regions.

14 (31.8%) of crops were found to have a yield deviation up to 75% under dry sub-humid climate,followed by 10 (22.7%) crops under dry semi arid and 7 (15.9%) under wet semi arid regions with a lowerrainfall of about 25% deviation from normal under sequence cropping.


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Effect of rainfall deviation on yield deviation of sequence crops under different climatic regionsNumber of crops with a yield deviation (%) ofClimate (Rainfall) Rainfall

deviation (%)< 25 25 – 50 50 - 75 75 - 100

Total

-50 to -25 1 1 (2.3)Arid (< 500 mm)-25 to 0 1 1 (2.3)

-50 to -25 1 1 (2.3)Dry semi arid(500 – 750 mm) -25 to 0 9 1 1 11 (25.0)

-50 to -25 1 2 3 (6.8)Wet semi arid(750 – 1000 mm) -25 to 0 7 7 (15.9)

-50 to -25 1 3 4 (9.1)Dry sub-humid(1000 – 1250 mm) -25 to 0 6 6 2 14 (31.8)Sub – humid(1250 – 1500 mm)

-50 to -25 1 1 2 (4.5)

Total 25 (56.8) 14 (31.8) 5 (11.4) 44

Various centers in various agro-climatic regions provided from time to time contingency plans during thisdrought year. These were circulated through print and electronic media to farmers.


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Decades of On-Farm ParticipatoryOperational Dryland Research

The concept of operational research was originally initiated and implemented for trusted feed back onadoptability of technology by farmers by the All India Coordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture inthe country in 1974-75. Dr.Ch. Krishna Murthy, ADG-cum-Project Director (DF) vide D.O.No.11-34/75-76 dated8th June 1976, wrote that the operational research project (ORP) is recommended as an integral part of theexisting dryland research center and it will be administered by the center. The main intention in doing this is toensure continued research support to the operational research project and its execution as well as to ensure acontinued feedback of the experience of the operational research project to the dryland research center.Because of this implicit relationship, the staff provided for the operational research project is minimal and noattempt has been made to provide staff with speciality in any particular discipline. The reason for this is that ifwe expect the farmer to carry out our recommendations we should not be relying upon ’expert’ staff to carryout an operational research project.

A Review of ORP: Highlights of a Travelling Seminar (January-February 1984) reiterated that emphasishas been placed on the need for treating the technology transfer objective of the dryland project as an integralpart of the research program. It was pointed out by one of the seminar participants that the total dryland projectis based on the assumption that research will be transferable to dryland farmers. Transfer programs such asORP, with its feedback strategy, can have a strong influence on maintaining a relevant research program. Theresearch and transfer program then must be integrally linked. The transfer programs must be rigorous in theirobservations, analysis and reporting because, if they are not, the rigor, and hence the scientific validity of thetotal program, will suffer. Thus, in this report, the section on “Research in Operational Research” stresses theneed for rigorous scientific analysis, monitoring and experimentation in ORP. Some seminar participantsappeared to feel that this was overstressed, that scientific rigor was not appropriate in a technology transferprogram, particularly when farmers are involved. Here, it is helpful to refer to the science policy debate of the1970’s which, in large part, was a debate surrounding the place of science in society. One striking outcome ofthat debate was that science has moved apart from society; Science has become an elitist institution. Let usthen admit that analytical rigor and the scientific approach is not the preserve of scientists, but a means, which,in varying degrees can be shared and applied, by extension personnel and farmers.

Formal involvement of ORP staff in research planning process and active involvement of Chief Scientistsand other scientists with ORP staff in on-farm participatory/co-operative research, consultation and training wasconsidered highly important. The importance of scientist involvement in technology transfer, through ORP andother programs, is thus important to both the transfer and the research objectives of the dryland project.

The first center was started at Indore in 1974 with the assistance of United kingdom (Indo-UK ORP). Othercenters were started at Ranchi, Bangalore, Ballowal-Saunkhri and Hyderabad in 1976 and, Solapur, Arjia, Hisarand Anantapur in 1984. Hyderabad center was merged with Central research Institute for Dryland Agriculture in1985 on its formation. Thus, there are eight operational research project centres with All India coordinatedresearch project for Dryland Agriculture. The ORP village site will be changed for every 3–5 years with in agroclimatic zone. The trials are taken up to cover many farmers and to avoid duplication and trials are notcontinued at the same site for more than one year. The description of agro-eco region of the centers follows:

Agro-eco-sub-region State of soil degradation Climatic and soil parametersRanchi

Eastern Plateau (Chotanagpur)and Eastern Ghats, hot sub-humid eco-region: ChotanagpurPlateau and Garjat Hills, hot dry-sub-humid eco-subregion withmoderately deep to loamy toclayey red and lateritic soils,medium available water capacity

Water erosion with moderateloss of top soil, affecting 51-100% area; high severity.

P o t e n t i a l evapo-transpiration (normal)RainfallSoil reactionElectrical conductivityOrganic carbonPhosphatePotash

455 mm

1485 mmAcidicNormalLowMediumMedium


30

and length of growing period of150-180 days (Agro-eco-sub-region 12.3).

BangaloreEastern Ghats and Tamil NaduU p l a n d s a n d D e c c a n(Karnataka) Plateau, hot semiarid eco-region): CentralKarnataka Plateau, hot moistsemi arid eco-sub region withmedium to deep red loamy soils,low available water capacity andlength of growing period 120-150 days (AESR 8.2)

Water erosion with moderateterrain deformation, affecting 26-50% area; and moderate loss oftop soil, affecting 26-50% area;high severity.

Potential evapo-transpirationRainfallSoil reactionElectrical conductivityOrganic carbonPhosphatePotashDeficient nutrients

503 mm

628 mmAcidicNormalMediumLowLowSulphur,Calcium,Zinc, Boron,Molybdenum

AnantapurKarnataka Plateau including(Rayalseema), hot arid eco-subregion with deep loamy andclayey mixed red and blacksoils, low to medium AvailableWater Capacity and Length ofGrowing Period 90-120 days(AESR 3)



641 mm

390 mmNormalSuitableLowMediumVery lowZinc

IndoreCentral Highlands (Malwa)Gu ja ra t p l a i n Kathiawarpeninsula semi arid eco-region:Central Kathiawar peninsula, hotdry semi arid eco-subregion withshallow and medium loamy toclayey black soils (deep blacksoils), medium Available Watercapacity and Length of growingperiod 90-120 days (AESR 5.1)

Water erosion with moderateloss of top soil, affecting 51-100% area; high severitytostable terrain showing watererosion with slight loss of topsoil, affecting 26-50% area; lowseverity.

Potential evapo-transpirationRainfallSoil reactionElectrical conductivityOrganic carbonPhosphatePotash

616 mm

642 mmSuitableNormalLowHighHigh

ArjiaNorthern Plain (and CentralHighlands) including Aravallis, hotsemi arid eco-region: NorthGujarat Plain (inclusion of Aravallirange and east RajasthanUplands), hot dry semi arid eco-sub region with deep loamy greybrown and alluvium-derived soils,medium available water capacityand length of growing period 90-120 days (Agro-eco-sub-region4.2)


Potential evapo-transpirationRainfallSoil reactionElectrical conductivityOrganic carbonPhosphate

Potash

1681 mm

307 mmSuitableNormalLowL o w t omediumHigh

Ballowal-SaunkhriWestern Plain, Kachchh, andpart of Kathiawar peninsula, hotarid eco-region: Punjab andRohilkhand plains, hot dry/moistsub-humid transitional eco-subregion with deep, loamy to

Water erosion with slight loss oftop soil, affecting 11-25% area;low severity, slight chemicaldeterioration due to salinizationaffecting 6-10% area; lowseverity; and slight physical

Potential evapo-transpirationRainfallSoil reactionElectrical conductivityOrganic carbon

739 mm

750 mmSuitableNormalLow


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c l a y e y a l l u v i u m - d e r i v e d(including saline and sodicphases) soils, medium availablewater capacity and length ofgrowing period 120-150 days(Agro-eco-sub-region 9.1)

deterioration due to water -logging, affecting 6-10% area;low severity.

PhosphatePotash

MediumMedium

HisarWestern Plain, Kachchh and partof Kathiawar peninsula, hot arideco-region: Rajasthan Bagar,north Gujarat Plain and south-western Punjab plain, hot typic-arid eco-subregion with deep,loamy desert soils (inclusion ofsaline phase), low availablewater capacity and length ofgrowing period 60-90 days(AESR 2.3)

Wind erosion with moderateloss of top soil, affecting 26-50%area; high severity; andm o d e r a t e c h e m i c a ldeterioration, affecting 26-50%area; high severity.


769 mm

185 mmNormalSuitableLowMediumMedium

SolapurDeccan Plateau, hot semi arideco-region: South WesternMaharasht ra and Nor thKarnataka Plateau, hot dry semiarid eco-subregion with shallowand medium loamy black soils(deep clayey black soils),medium to high available watercapacity and length of growingperiod 90-120 days (AESR 6.1)



Potash

589 mm

645 mmAlkalineNormalLowLow tomediumMedium tohigh

AESR- Agro-eco sub-region

Feed-back and reorientation of research programmes: The feed back received up to 1985-86 on cropmanagement practices, soil and water conservation measures and on implements is listed below together withthe orientation / reorientation of research programmes.

Component of thetechnology tested

Feed back received Feed back reflected in the orientationof research programmes

Crop Management PracticesIntroduction of Sorghumhybrid (CSH-5 and CSH-6) at Hyderabad

When the hybrid sorghum CSH-5 andCSH-6 were introduced in ORP during1979-80 the performance was excellentand the farmers could harvest around 2.5to 3.0 tonnes of sorghum grain perhectare. In the subsequent years thehybrid sorghums became susceptible to‘striga’ (a partial root parasite onsorghum). The farmers’ confidence incultivation of these hybrids graduallydeclined. The alternate crop for strigaendemic areas was identified byconducting verification trials in thefarmers fields. But the alternate crop,hybrid pearlmillet, could convince only50% of the farmers. Therefore, the needto evolve ‘striga’ tolerant sorghum hybrids

The susceptibility of hybrid sorghum to‘striga’ prompted the initiation of acollaborative programme by the plantbreeders of CRIDA – ICRISAT – AICSIPfor breeding ‘striga’ tolerant sorghumvarieties in 1980-81. some strigatolerant lines of sorghum are in thepipeline (sorghum 3-43, 3-45).


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/ varieties having high yield potential wasfelt essential.

Introduction of hybridcastor (GAUCH-1) atHyderabad

The popular castor variety Aruna, hasbeen suffering from moisture stressoccurring during the later part of theseason. Therefore, there was a need tointroduce plant material, which could tideover this situation. At this point of time thecastor Hybrid GAUGH-1was introduced.The performance of the hybrid over thepopular variety of Aruna was veryencouraging in the first two years 1980and 1981. Later on, it was found that thehybrid castor became susceptible to root-wilt (Die-back) disease. This discouragedthe farmers.

To tackle the problem of dieback (root-wilt) disease in castor, a researchprogram was formulated in 1984 to findout suitable methods of control of dieback disease on castor.

Different fungicides are being evaluatedfor effective control of die-back disease.The time of application and form ofapplication of fungicides is beingtested.

Intercropping system ofcastor + clusterbean atHyderabad

In the ORP in Manimuthyalamma Kunta(Hyderabad) it was observed that takingclusterbean in castor bean was quitecommon. However, no technology formaximizing production of the system wasavailable.

This feedback from the ORP on thisintercropping system enthused thescientists to take up a researchprogramme in 1984 on optimum cropgeometry, staggered planting, fertilizerdose, etc. The work is in progress.

Intercropping system ofsorghum + pigeonpeawith local varieties atHyderabad

When the intercropping system ofsorghum + pigeonpea (2:1) with hybridsorghum could not convince the farmersdue to susceptibility of hybrid sorghumsto striga, the intercropping system ofsorghum + pigeonpea (2:1) with localsorghum was evaluated. Finalrecommendations are yet to emerge.However, the details on optimum fertilizerdose, row ratios with regard to localsorghum and traditional pigeonpea wasnot available.

The optimum requirement of fertilizerfor intercropping system having localsorghum + pigeon was taken up (2:1)as a research project in 1982.

Introduction of dwarfvarieties of upland riceat Ranchi

The dwarf and high yielding varieties ofupland rice, Bala and Kiran, wereintroduced in the farmers fields as theyhave been consistently giving higheryields at the research farm. While testingtheir performance, it was noticed thatthese dwarf varieties could not competewith weeds due to lack of early seedlingvigour. Therefore, the dwarf varietiescould not hold the ground in the farmersfields.

The feedback on this aspect hasresulted in a research programme in1979 identifying upland rice varietieshaving initial seedling vigour andcomparable with local Gora variety induration. As a result of the researchprogramme, the rice variety BrownGora 23-19 was identified.

Intercropping systems ofgroundnut + pigeonpea;Rice + pigeonpea atRanchi

As per the research recommendations theintercropping systems of pigeonpea +rice (1:3 ratio) and pigeon pea +groundnut (1:3 ratio) were tested in thefarmers fields. But the farmers wereinterested in adopting the system withwider row ratios. Therefore, wider rowratios of 2:6 (pigeonpea + rice) wastested in the farmers fields.

The feed back on row ratios forpigeonpea + rice intercropping system,found a place into the researchprogramme of the Dryland main centerin 1985. The yield potential ofintercropping system with wider rowratio is being worked out.


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Both groundnut + pigeonpea, rice +pigeonpea intercropping systems wereintroduced in 1980. It was recognized thatdue to the long duration of Laxmanvariety of pigeonpea, the pigeonpea cropwas trampled by stray cattle after theharvest of groundnut / rice crop.Therefore, the need to identify a shortduration pigeonpea variety was felt.

The identification of short durationpigeonpea variety has reflected into theresearch programme of the center in1980. Subsequently, the centre hasrecommended pigeonpea variety BR 65for intercropping.

Lime application atRanchi

Since the soils of the area are acidic innature, the application of lime wasrecommended as amendment in 1980 forbetter crop yields. As amendment, thequality of lime required was 2-4 tons / haand hence the farmers were not adoptingthe practice.

The application of lime as plant nutrient@ 2-3 q/ha in place of amendmentwhich requires large quantity, wasworked out by the research group andthe recommendation has beenaccepted. The recommendation wasmade available in the year 1982.

Weed management atRanchi

Weed management in the uplands ofRanchi region is rather difficult, due toheavy rainfall in the season. Therefore theproblem of control of weeds by alternatemethods other than had weeding has tobe identified.

On account of this feed back, researchexperiments are being conducted withdifferent herbicides for control of weedsin predominant crops of the region,including rice since 1985.

Fertilizer management atRanchi

The fertilizer doses recommended forintercropping system of groundnut +pigeonpea have been verified in thefarmers field. But it was felt that optimumdose of fertilizer need to be worked outfor economic returns.

The optimum fertilizer dose of nutrientsfor the intercropping system is beingworked out at the main research stationsince 1985.

Double cropping systemat Bangalore

The double cropping system of cowpea –fingermillet has been pursued with thefarmer’s of Bangalore region. But thispractice demanded t imely f ieldoperations, and fairly good moisture inthe soil profile. In view of this it wasdifficult to popularize the double croppingsystem of cowpea – fingermillet.Therefore, the need to have a rebook atthe system.

On account of the limitation of thesystem the Dryland Research Centreidentified double cropping system withmaize + cowpea for fodder purposesfollowed by fingermillet.

The practice of mixingDAP with fingermilletseed at Bangalore

The practices of mixing DAP withfingermillet seed while sowing is in vogue.The mixing of DAP with fingermillet seedwas carried on adhoc basis by thefarmers. Therefore, a safe yet effectivedose of fertilizer for the crop needed to beworked out.

The Dryland Research Centre scientistsfor its refinement conducted a basicstudy. The proper proportions of mixingDAP and a seed, which has the leastharmful effect on seed germination,was arrived at. Therefore after theresearch center has recommended theproportion of 6:1 for mixing seed andfertilizer.

Traditional system ofi n t e r c r o p p i n g o ffingermillet + localsorghum and dolichos(Field beans) in 11:1 atBangalore

The ORP scientists have critically studiedthe traditional practice of cultivatingfingermillet intercropping system withsorghum and dolichos, during 1977-1979.Efforts were made to increase itsproductivity by fertilizer application andother management practices but this ledto the problem of non-compatibility in the

Based on the observation made, theintercropping system of fingermilletpigeonpea (8:2) ratio was developed bythe Dryland Research Center in 1982,to replace the traditional intercroppingsystem. In the initial years, the newsystem suffered due to failure ofpigeonpea component. Therefore, it


34

crop components. Therefore, therefinement of intercropping system with asuitable intercrop was felt necessary. Thisfeedback came in 1980.

was further refined by the center andhas now recommended staggeredplanting where 2 rows of pigeonpea aresown earlier in the season in thefurrows made at 3m interval andfingermillet is sown subsequently withthe onset of monsoon in between twopairs of pigeonpea rows.

Performance of Soybeanvarieties at Indore

The soybean varieties under cultivationwere of long duration and it was notpossible to take up rabi cropping in thearea. This observation was madeavailable to the research scientists with aview to consider evolving short durationsoybean varieties.

The identification of short durationvariety of soybean was reflected in theresearch program of the DrylandResearch Centre in 1983 and theprocess of identification is in progress.However, the short duration soybeanvariety is in the final testing stage.

P e r f o r m a n c e o fintercropping systems(2:2 ratio) at Indore

The important intercropping systemssuggested for verification were, maize-soybean, sorghum + soybean, sorghum+ pigeonpea, pigeonpea + soybean. Theintercropping system in 2:2 ratios weredemonstrated to the farmers. Among theintercropping systems, maize + soybeanwas preferred by the farmers but the rowratio of 2:2 was not preferred by them dueto their interest in getting more yield ofsoybean.

When this limitation was pointed out,the research programme connectedwith the intercropping system of maize+ soybean was modified and includedthe testing of wider row ratios.

Alternate crops atBallowal-Saunkhri

The chickpea crop is being grownby the farmers after the harvest ofKharif crops or followed by fallowing.Many a times the gram crop suffersfrom wilt and blight diseases. Therefore,the alternate crops like lentil andtaramira need to be evaluated on theresearch station.

Does not find a place in the researchprogram of the center yet.

Performance of cropvarieties at Arjia

The popular hybrid and high yieldingvarieties of maize, sorghum andbalckgram were introduced in thefarmers’ fields. In case of maize Ganga 2and Ganga 5, were found superior totraditional varieties. But they are longer induration than local varieties. Therefore, aneed to evaluate earlier maturing varietiesof maize was felt.

In case of sorghum hybrid – sorghumCSH-6 was found suitable but theproblem of lodging in this hybrid is a drawback. The sorghum variety SPV 245, didnot do well at this location. Therefore, aneed to evaluate high yielding shortduration varieties of sorghum was felt.

T9 blackgram variety has been acceptedbut the grain size and luster were wantingin this variety. Varieties having boldergrain size and luster are to be evolved.

This feed-back was considered and theevaluation of crop varieties is nowbeing carried out as a part of theresearch program starting from Kharif1986.


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Intercropping systems atArjia

The intercropping systems of maize +blackgram, sorghum + greengram, maize+ pigeonpea, pigeonpea + groundnutwere tested in the farmers field. But thefarmers continued to adopt anintercropping system of groundnut +sesamum which is very popular withthe farmers and occupied larger areabut at the research station this systemhas not been tested for optimizing theresources.

The intercropping system of groundnut+ sesamum is being considered forrefinement through research programduring Kharif 1986 at Arjia ResearchStation.

Intercropping system atAnantapur

The intercropping system of groundnut +pigeonpea in 7:1 row ratio was testedagainst the intercropping system ofgroundnut + pigeonpea in 19:1 row ratio,(as adopted by the farmers). During thetesting of the system the farmersexpressed that the intercropping systemof 7:1 row ratio would not provide higherpod yields in the years of normal rainfall,when compared to 19:1 row ratio system.The fodder (groundnut haulm) would beless in 7:1 ratio and the groundnut rowsnext to the pigeonpea row would sufferfrom shade. Therefore, the refinement ofintercropping system groundnut +pigeonpea in 7:1 ratio was referred asfeed back.

The feed back on the intercroppingsystem of groundnut + pigeonpea in7:1 is being studied from Kharif 1986 indepth to answer the objections raisedby the farmers.

Row spacing in r a b isorghum at Solapur

Rabi Sorghum (M35-1) productiontechnology was tested, duly adopting 45 cmrow spacing. But the farmers expressed thatfodder quantity and quality were effected in45 cm rows. Therefore, the package ofpractices with 30 cm row spacing had to beworked out.

The rabi sorghum trials with differentrow spacing including 30 cm are beingworked out at Dryland Research CenterSolapur since rabi 85.

Soil And Water Conservation MeasuresSealant for farm pondsat Hyderabad

The concept of individual farm pond forsupplemental irrigation was demonstratedto a selected number of farmers in 1980.In the present form it could not createdesired impact on the farmers. On thewhole, the investment appeared highparticularly for preventing the seepageloss. Hence there is need to identifyalternate low cost sealants.

On account of the feedback on low costsealants. Work has been initiated in1981 and the identification of the lowcost sealant is in progress. The presentrecommendation is that lining of pondswith cement-soil in 1:8 proportion whichis the lowest among the other methods.

Graded bunding systemfor small holding atHyderabad

In one of the micro watersheds at M.M.Kunta, the graded bund were laid as permeasured slopes in 1981 on an area of30.00 ha with 13 participant farmers. Butthis system has created a problem ofwidening of the waterways in the holdingof one of the farmers while the otherfarmers were benefited. This has led to aprejudice on the graded bundingsystems. Therefore the waterways were

Identification of compromise system ofgraded bunding when the watershedcomprises smallholdings. The soil andwater conservation engineer is workingout the details.


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shifted to property boundaries in 1982-83as a compromise.

Graded border strips atBangalore

The graded border strips were tested inthe farmers’ fields. The farmersappreciated the effect of graded borderstrips. The bund size and the inter terracedistances and the cost benefit ratio ofsuch a system are required for makingthe system more popular.

The presently recommended gradedborder strips method is being evaluatedfor cost / benefit ratio.

Estimation of soil loss atIndore

The functional aspects of certainstructures like “Gabions” and diversiondrain, need be studied to estimate thereduction in soil loss and moistureconservation subsequent to the layout ofthese structures.

The estimation of soil and moisture lossunder different improvements has beentaken up as a research project throughfarming systems experiments in 1982.

Implements‘FESPO’ Plough atHyderabad

The “FESPO” plough developed at themain research station has been testedagainst the farmers’ practice of seeding(Kera). It was observed that the uniformspacing could not be obtained due tolack of metering device in the FESPOplough.

Efforts to provide a metering device areon the way at the research farm.

Seed drill at Indore The seed drill obtained from Bhopal wastested in the farmers’ field. But it was feltthat the existing Duphan and MahakalTiphan may suitably be refined forseeding purposes.

The designing of attachments ofDuphan and Tiphan have been madeand they are available for seeding.

Two bowl ferti-seed drillat Solapur

The use of two-bowl three coultered fertiseed drill is recommended for ORP. Onits use the farmers have complained thatit requires more draft power and it isdifficult for the small sized bullocks. Theplacement of seed and fertilizer is also notproper. Therefore it is felt that a twocoultered two-bowl wooden ferti seed drillneeds to be evolved.

The refinements of the seed drill isbeing taken up and also tested at theresearch station from Rabi 1985

Ridger seeder at Hisar The farmers have shown interest in usingthe ridger seeder for seeding the crops.But the ridger seeder is drawn by tractoralone. Therefore it was felt that a bullockdrawn ridger seeder may be developedso that it could be made use of by largenumber of farmers.

The development of a bullock drawnridger seeder is in progress since 1985.

The objectives of ORP are expanded by QRTs to -

• To understand the strength and weakness in the traditional system of dryland agriculture

• To evaluate the performance of each component of dryland technology under the farmers managementconditions

• To provide feed back to the research stations for refinement of unsuitable recommendations

• To achieve a first hand working experience in the development of micro-watersheds so that they mayserve as a model for extension agencies

• To identify operational and institutional constraints in the transfer of dryland technology

• To provide consultancy services to the extension agencies for transfer of dryland technology


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About two-third of the practices were found to be economically viable under the farmers’ level ofmanagement. Nearly half of these practices showed high profitability by more than doubling the productivity.Profitable practices showed high productivity by more than doubling the productivity. Profitable practices wereadopted and diffused to longer areas without external support. The third QRT recommended that each centershould have an ORP for testing and refining technology.

The data of 85 on-farm experiments (about 417 trials in different years) conducted during 1990-2001 on 7different research themes viz., integrated nutrient management, soil and water conservation, cropping system,crop improvement, weed management, alternate land use and package of practices at 8 ORP centres wereanalyzed and are given in the report. Out of 417 on-farm trials, maximum of 90 (21.6%) trials were on croppingsystem, followed by 86 (20.6%) on crop improvement, 79 (18.9%) on soil and water conservation, 62 (14.9%)on integrated nutrient management, 45 (10.8%) on package of practices, 40 (9.6%) on pest/weed managementand 15 (3.6%) on alternate land use. A maximum of 79 (18.9%) trials reported were conducted at Ballowal –Saunkhri, while 20 (4.8%) were conducted at Indore.

Number of on-farm trials on 7 themes conducted at different ORP centres from 1990 - 2001

Research themesProductionsystem/ Center NM SWC CS CI WM ALU PP

Total Percentagenumber oftotal trials

Rice

Ranchi 2 (5) 7 (39) 1 (3) 1 (6) 11 (53) 12.7

Rabi Sorghum

Solapur 1 (6) 2 (12) 4 (21) 3 (14) 10 (53) 12.7

Maize

Arjia 3 (10) 2 (6) 2 (5) 6 (28) 3 (9) 2 (6) 18 (64) 15.3

B.Saunkhri 3 (16) 3 (16) 1 (7) 3 (22) 1 (10) 1 (8) 12 (79) 18.9

Pearlmillet

Hisar 2 (11) 2 (12) 2 (11) 2 (11) 3 (14) 11 (59) 14.1

Groundnut

Anantapur 1 (6) 3 (16) 2 (10) 1 (7) 1 (3) 8 (42) 10.1

Soybean

Indore 1 (8) 1 (1) 1 (1) 2 (4) 2 (6) 7 (20) 4.8

Fingermillet

Bangalore 3 (17) 1 (7) 3 (15) 1 (8) 8 (47) 11.3

Total 13 (62) 15 (79) 18 (90) 17 (86) 9 (40) 3 (15) 10 (45) 85 (417)

Percentagenumber of totaltrials

14.9 18.9 21.6 20.6 9.6 3.6 10.8

Values in parentheses indicate percentage of experimentsNM-Nutrient management; SWC-Soil &water conservation; CS-Cropping systemsCI- Crop improvement WM-Weed management PP-Package of practicesALU-Alternate land use

This project has operational research project centres at Bangalore (Fingermillet), Indore (Soybean),Anantapur (Groundnut), Solapur (Rabi sorghum), Arjia (Maize), Ballowal-Saunkhri (Maize), Ranchi (Rice) andHisar (Pearlmillet) based production systems. In the wake of the unprecedented drought during 2002 it wasdesired that performance of the recommended package and other components in the technologies on on-farmsituation is to be evaluated. The details follow -


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ORP – BangaloreThe work carried out at Bangalore on soil and water conservation, cropping system, alternate land use

and package of practices is reported hereunder:

Nutrient management: 150% recommended dose of fertiliser in class III, IV and VI gave maximumfingermillet yields of 2664, 2248 and 1900 kg/ha under semi arid alfisols.

Yield of fingermillet as influenced by fertilizer levels under different land capability classes - BangaloreYield (kg/ha) in 2000 Yield (kg/ha) in 2001 Mean (7 years)TreatmentIII IV VI III IV VI III IV VI

Control 1320 1180 980 1310 1140 860 1383 1155 95050% recommended dose 1840 1630 1320 1810 1520 1240 1979 1650 1424100% recommended dose 2420 2040 1780 2360 1940 1650 2545 2119 1789150% recommended dose 2570 2230 1890 2510 2120 1780 2664 2248 1900Mean 2037 1770 1492 1598 1344 1106 2092 1751 1481

100% NPK was superior for fingermillet with a yield of 1810 kg/ha, followed by 50% NPK + 50% farm yardmanure with a yield of 1767 kg/ha

Integrated nutrient management on fingermillet yield - BangaloreTreatment Yield (kg/ha) in

2000Yield (kg/ha) in

2001Mean

(3 years)50% NPK + 50% farm yard manure 1830 1920 176750% NPK + 50% (compost) - - -50% NPK + 50% green leaf manure 1780 1870 171750% farm yard manure + 50% green leaf manure 1520 1590 148750% (compost) + 50% green leaf manure - - -100% NPK 1960 1870 1810Control 1460 1310 1410Mean 1710 1712 1567

Soil and water conservation: In a 7 year study during 1991 to 1997 on performance of differentvegetative barriers and earthen bunds for fingermillet at Bangalore, vetiver live bund in between earthen bundat 1 m vertical interval was found to be the best with a maximum mean grain yield of 1941 kg/ha and strawyield 2409 kg/ha under semi arid alfisols.

Performance of different vegetative barriers / earthen bunds on the yield offingermillet during 1991 to 1997 - Bangalore

Grain yield (kg/ha)Treatment1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Mean

Vetiver lines at 1 m verticalinterval

880(1262)

1600(1790)

1852(2070)

1824(2080)

2180(2620)

1920(2140)

2180(2720)

1777(2097)

Nasehullu (Pennisetumhohenackeri)

892(1320)

1630(1860)

1920(2130)

1850(2080)

2200(2670)

2000(2350)

2220(3080)

1816(2213)

Bund alone 1 m verticalinterval (0.3 m section)

814(1120)

1580(1710)

1830(2020)

1790(2024)

1900(2340)

1680(2020)

1810(2340)

1629(1939)

Vetiver live bund inbetween earthen bund at 1m vertical interval

912(1420)

1870(2080)

2080(2370)

1965(2150)

2300(2920)

2120(2640)

2340(3280)

1941(2409)

Figures in parenthesis indicate straw yield of fingermillet

Green chillies responded well to protective irrigation in farmers’ fields in a study for 7 years during 1991 –97. The mean green chilli yield was found to be 1027 kg/ha with protective irrigation compared to 627 kg/haunder no irrigation in semi arid alfisols.


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Yield of green chillies as influenced by protective irrigation – BangaloreTreatment 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 2000 2001 Mean

With irrigation 1120 995 1042 1070 980 970 1010 800 786 998Without irrigation 7050 580 595 670 580 600 660 660 586 637Irrigation + mulching - - - - - - - - 866 -Mean - - - - - - - 730 746 818

Graded boarder strips was better measure of soil and water conservation with a fingermillet yield of 1773kg/ha compared to graded bunds with 1633 kg/ha as against farmers’ practice with 1470 kg/ha in 3 seasons inChokkanahalli watershed area of Bangalore.

Performance of different land layouts at Chokkanahalli watershed underimproved management practices – Bangalore

Grain yield (kg/ha)Structures1991 1992 1993 Mean

Graded border strips 1180(1580)

1820(2240)

2320(2540)

1773(2120)

Graded bunds 1030(1340)

1690(2070)

2180(2320)

1633(1910)

Farmers’ practice 870(1040)

1470(1840)

2070(2140)

1470(1670)

In a moisture conservation study, paired rows + interculture twice (conservation furrows) gave fingermilletyield of 2555 kg/ha compared to same treatment with one interculture operation (2425 kg/ha) at Bangalore.

Effect of moisture conservation and cost effective treatment on yield of fingermillet L-5 - BangaloreGrain yield (kg/ha) Straw yield (kg/ha) MeanTreatment2000 2001 2000 2001 Grain Straw

Drill sowing + 2 interculturaloperations (farmers’ practice)

1820 1730 2180 2130 2155 1775

Paired rows + 1 interculturaloperation (conservation furrow)

2010 2140 2320 2530 2425 2075

Paired rows + 2 interculturaloperation (conservation furrow)

2180 2180 2480 2630 2555 2180

Improved practices with deep ploughing + land smoothing + contour cultivation gave higher yield offingermillet (2380kg/ha), groundnut (1055 kg/ha) compared to farmers’ practice under semi arid alfisols of Bangalore

Effect of land treatment and improved practices on yield of fingermillet andgroundnut in watershed area - Bangalore

Improved practices Farmers’ practiceTreatment2000 2001 Mean 2000 2001 Mean

FingermilletDeep ploughing 1900 1900 1900 1360 1330 1345Deep ploughing + land smoothening +contour cultivation

2390 2370 2380 1620 1590 1605

GroundnutDeep ploughing 840 870 855 640 790 715Deep ploughing + land smoothening +contour cultivation

1050 1060 1055 760 900 830

Cropping system: Fingermillet (Indaf-5), groundnut 9Jl-24) and Pigeonpea (TTB-7) were found toperform better in watershed area with mean yields of 1979, 1117 and 774 kg/ha compared to non-watershedarea with 1333, 761 and 470 kg/ha in 7 years during 1991-97 under semi arid alfisols. The study wasconducted in 25 farmers fields.


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Comparison of average yield of fingermillet, groundnut and pigeonpea in watershed (W) and non-watershed (NW) area during 1991-97 (sample of 25 farmers) – Bangalore

Average grain/pod yield (kg/ha) in watershedsCrop

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 2000 2001 Mean(10 yrs)

%increase

Fingermillet(Indaf-5)

920(610)

1680(1060)

1820(1300)

1930(1120)

2720(2080)

2240(1530)

2540(1630)

2120(1640)

2240(1590)

1974(1463)

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Groundnut(JL-24)

1140(670)

1210(720)

1280(700)

1120(700)

1240(970)

920(890)

910(680)

980(670)

970(620)

1067(724)

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Pigeonpea(TTB-7)

620(280)

780(360)

800(380)

850(400)

920(850)

720(540)

730(480)

820(470)

890(500)

806(487)

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Figures in parentheses indicate non-watershed yields

Transplanting in pagadi system was superior for maximum fingermillet yield of 2725 kg/ha compared todibbling in pagadi or drill sowing

Effect of different sowing practices on yield of fingermillet (GPU-28) - BangaloreGrain yield (kg/ha) Straw yield (kg/ha) Mean (2 yrs)Treatment2000 2001 2000 2001 Grain Straw

Drill sowing 1850 1830 2120 2100 1840 2110Dibbling in pagadi system 2450 2320 2760 2810 2385 2785Transplanting in pagadi system 2740 2710 2910 3030 2725 2970

In intercropping study of fingermillet with different pulses, fingermillet + soybean with a fingermillet yieldof 1890 kg/ha was superior compared to other systems at Bangalore

Yield of fingermillet intercropping with different pulses - BangaloreYield (kg/ha) Mean (5 years)Cropping system

Finger-millet2000

Finger-millet2001

Ground-nut

Pigeonpea Finger-millet2001

Ground-nut

Pigeonpea

Sole fingermillet - - - - 2507 - -Fingermillet +Akkadi

1820 (50) 1810 - - 1780(55)

- -

Fingermillet +pigeonpea

1890 1710 - 280 2102 - 250

Sole groundnut - - - - - 1053 -Groundnut +pigeonpea

- - 980 - - 944 267

Sole pigeonpea - - - - - - 813Fingermillet + avare 1980 (300) 1840 - - 1980 - -Fingermillet +soybean

1850 (250) 1890 - - 1850 - -

Among different methods of sowing for fingermillet under semi arid alfisols at Bangalore, seed cumfertiliser drill was superior with a yield of 1890 kg/ha followed by mixing di-ammonium phosphate with seed(1630 kg/ha) plough furrow (1600 kg/ha) as against a control yield of 1480 kg/ha.


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Comparative performance of different methods of sowing on yield of fingermillet (GPU-28) - BangaloreTreatment Yield (kg/ha) in 2000 Mean (9 years)Plough furrow 1600 1705Seed-cum-fertiliser drill 1890 2165Mixing di-ammonium phosphate with seed 1630 1885Control 1480 1497Mean 1650 1813

Among different row ratios tested for fingermillet in watershed area at Bangalore, 1:6 which is arecommended practice has given maximum grain yield of 2130 kg/ha and straw yiled of 2640 kg/ha withmaximum mean number of tillers/hill compared to 1:1, 1:2 and 1:4 row ratios. Di-ammonium phosphate wasmixed in fingermillet seeds of GPU-28 variety in this study.

Different doses of di-ammonium phosphate mixed with fingermillet seeds onyield (GPU-28) in watershed area - Bangalore

Treatment Grain yield(kg/ha)

Straw yield(kg/ha)

Mean plantpopulation/sqr.m

Mean No.oftillers/hill

1:1 (farmers’ practice) 1540 1940 50 31:2 1740 2120 41 51:4 1910 2320 37 71:6 (recommended practice) 2130 2640 34 9(Method drill sowing: 30x10 cms)

Crop improvement: Among different fingermillet varieties GPU-28, MR-1 and L-5 were superior withyields of 2108,1937, 1934 kg/ha at Bangalore.

Performance of different fingermillet varieties - BangaloreTreatment 2000 2001 Mean (4 yrs)

HR-374 1800 1630 1758PR-202 1820 1760 1597HR-911 1970 1710 1842GPU-28 2140 1830 2108MR-1 2210 1840 1937L-5 2420 1790 1934Indaf –8 2080 1690 1805GPU-26 - - 1620Indaf -5 - - 1303Indaf –9 - - 926L-15-1 - - 926Local - - 584Mean 2063 1758

In a varietal study for groundnut, soybean, cowpea and castor at Bangalore, JL-24 (1080 kg/ha),MACS –450 (2010 kg/ha), KBC-2 (660 kg/ha) and GCH-4 (1130 kg/ha) were superior genotypes of therespective crops in 2002.

Varietal performance of different crops - BangaloreGroundnut Soybean Cowpea Castor

Variety Yield(kg/ha)




VR-2 810 MACS-450 2010 TVX-944 430 Aruna 920K-134 920 MACS-124 1820 KBC-2 660 GCH-4 1130TMV-2 860 KHSB-2 1930 KBC-1 500JL-24 1080 Hardee 1720


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Alternate land use system: Madhuka latifolia was found to have maximum mortality of 88% in2 seasons different horticultural plants, jackfruits had a maximum mortality of 41% at Chokkanahalliwatershed in Bangalore.

Survival percentage of different silvi-horti species planted inChokkanahalli watershed during 1996 – Bangalore

Name of the species No. planted (1996) Survival (1997) Mortality %Forest speciesAcacia auriculiformis 200 187 6.5Dalbergia sissoo 100 54 46.0Pongamia pinnata 300 162 46.0Silver oak 100 83 17.0Tamarind grafts 15 12 20.0Madhuka latifolia 50 16 88.0Bamboo 100 58 42.0Gliricidia 150 140 6.6Horticultural plantsCustard apple / grafts 50 41 18.0Mango 118 93 21.0Jambulina grafts 50 37 26.0Jack fruit 118 69 41.0

In a 5 year study to assess the effect of different agro – forestry species on biomass of fingermillet atBangalore, maximum biomass of 530 kg/10 m length was attained in control, followed by silver oak with 502kg/10 m length in the down stream side rows. The respective biomass under the upstream side rows was 600and 536 kg/10 m length in the study.

Effect of different agro-forestry species on the biomass production offingermillet (kg per 10 m length) - Bangalore

Species 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 Mean1 – 5 390 (360) 400 (350) 400 (350) 400 (350) 400 (350) 398 (352)6 – 10 390 (340) 400 (310) 400 (310) 400 (310) 400 (310) 398 (316)

Acacia auriculiformis

11-15 410 (310) 410 (330) 410 (330) 410 (330) 410 (330) 410 (326)1 – 5 480 (440) 460 (470) 460 (470) 460 (470) 460 (470) 464 (464)6 – 10 420 (410) 430 (420) 430 (420) 430 (420) 430 (420) 428 (418)

Casuarina

11-15 400 (380) 400 (410) 400 (410) 400 (410) 400 (410) 400 (404)1 – 5 510 (480) 500 (550) 500 (550) 480 (440) 480 (440) 502 (536)6 – 10 450 (420) 480 (440) 480 (440) 430 (450) 430 (450) 474 (436)

Silver oak

11-15 420 (400) 430 (450) 430 (450) 530 (600) 530 (600) 428 (440)1 – 5 - 530 (600) 530 (600) 530 (600) 530 (600) 530 (600)6 – 10 - 580 (580) 580 (580) 580 (580) 580 (580) 580 (580)

Control without agro-forestry without landside 11-15 - 600 (570) 600 (570) 600 (570) 600 (570) 600 (570)Figures in parentheses indicate the yield on upstream side rows

Casuarina was found to be superior agro-forestry species that could be grown with fingermillet, maximumfingermillet yields were attained during 8 years from 1990-97 with this species (mean yield of 1965 kg/ha)acacia aurifuliformis and silver oak. However, the fuel wood was found to be higher under acacia aurifulformis(9400 kg/ha) compared to the other species grown in semi arid alfisols of Bangalore.

Yield of fingermillet and fuel wood in agro-forestry systems with different forest species – BangaloreAcacia aurifuliformis Casuarina Silver oakYearGrain Fuel wood Grain Fuel wood Grain Fuel wood

Sole crop offingermillet

1990 (2nd year) 1680 2800 1850 500 1780 650 19201991 (3rd year) 980 4100 1040 700 1020 810 11201992 (4th year) 1680 5600 1810 1100 1790 1210 19001993 (5th year) 1760 7800 2040 1600 1890 1640 2130


43

1994 (6th year) 1820 10500 2020 2800 1980 3500 21601995 (7th year) 2040 12300 2240 3100 2180 4500 23201996 (8th year) 2120 13700 2340 3700 2230 5100 25801997 (9th year) 1930 18400 2380 4300 2420 5300 2720Mean 1751 9400 1965 2225 1911 2839 2106

V-ditch gave a higher survival percent of silver oak (81%), teak (67%), pongamia (72%) and phylanthus(72%) compared to contour trench in 2002.

Survival percent of silvi species due to land treatments - BangalorePercent survival of silvi speciesTreatment

Silver oak Teak Pongamia Phylanthus MeanContour trench 80 59 70 61 68V-ditch 91 67 72 72 79Mean 86 63 76 67

Pest management: In an integrated pest management study with pigeonpea at Bangalore, sprayingtwice + dusting once + bird testing + trap gave a maximum yield of 970 kg/ha with net income of Rs.1740/hafollowed by spraying twice of dust with a yield of 870 kg/ha and net income of 6200/ha.

Effect of integrated pest management on yield of pigeonpea (Hy-3C) - BangaloreGrain yield (kg/ha) in 2001Treatment

Fourpickings(kg/ha)

Cost ofcultivation

(Rs/ha)

Grossincome(Rs/ha)

Net income(Rs/ha)

Farmers’ practice one spray + dusting of ash 520 3000 6240 3240Two spray of Monocrotophos 710 3800 8520 4720Two spray of dust 870 4200 10400 6200Two spray + 1 dust + bird resting + trap(integrated method)

970 4500 11640 7140

Improved practices: Recommended management + recommended fertilizers was found to be superiorwith a mean fingermillet (Indaf-5) yield of 2306 kg/ha and straw yield of 2654 kg/ha in 7 years compared toother combinations of farmers management, farmers fertiliser level at Bangalore. However, the maximumpercent adoption by farmers was found to be farmers management + recommended fertiliser level in thewatershed area.

Survey on impact of improved practices on yield of fingermillet (Indaf-5) – BangaloreGrain yield (kg/ha)Components of

production 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 2000 2001 Mean(9 yrs)

Farmersmanagement +Farmers fertilizerlevel

870(1040)[70]

1320(1500)[49]

1820(2200)[24]

1600(1750)[19]

1850(2300)[24]

1650(2000)[31]

1780(2126)[23]

1680(1730)

1560 1570(1830)

Farmersmanagement +recommendedfertilizer level

1090(1350)[12]

1480(1650)[21]

1940(2470)[40]

1820(1930)[43]

2140(2510)[23]

1930(2120)[23]

2050(2600)[31]

2150(2420)

2070 1852(2131)

Recommendedmanagement +Farmers fertilizerlevel

1120(1440)[12]

1630(1860)[18]

2280(2620)[09]

1950(2150)[13]

2610(2920)[34]

2130(2380)[27]

2310(2780)[27]

2240(2640)

2160 2047(2348)


44

Recommendedmanagement +recommendedfertilizer level

1280(1640)[06]

1850(2170)[12]

2750(3120)[27]

2210(2380)[25]

2850(3180)[19]

2350(2670)[19]

2850(3420)[19]

2540(2832)

2580 2362(2676)

Figures in parentheses( ) indicate straw yield of fingermilletFigures in parentheses [ ] indicate percentage adoption by farmers by survey in the watershed

ORP – Anantapur

The work carried at Anantapur on soil and water conservation, Cropping system, crop improvement,nutrient management and package of practices is reported hereunder:

Soil and water conservation: In a 7 years study with different soil and water conservation measure atAnantapur, maximum cut off vegetative filter strips were observed under arable land, agro forestry plants forgully control measure and live fencing under non – arable land in the study.

Soil and water conservation structures – AnantapurTreatment 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 Total MeanArable LandContourvegetative hedgesin (ha)

-- 80 -- 50 -- -- -- 130 65

Cut off vegetativefilter strips (RMT)

-- 4000 2000 -- 1300 2200 -- 9500 2375

Gully controlmeasures (No)

157

a) Vege. Checkdams

-- 180 -- 180 124 144 -- 628 80

b) Loose boulderchecks

-- -- -- -- -- 80 -- 80 1733

Drylandhorticultural plants

1200 -- -- -- 2000 2000 -- 5200 17572

Agro-forestryplants

-- 37000 23000 20000 39000 3960 -- 87860 15

Small dug outsunken ponds

-- -- -- -- 26 3 -- 29 14

Dug out ponds -- -- -- -- 14 -- -- 14 151Non-arable land 245Contour furrowswith vege. Hedges(ha)

-- -- -- 225 186 42 -- 453 1280

Contour trencheswith vege. Hedges(RMT)

-- 250 300 -- -- 186 -- 736 1744

Cut off vege. Filterstrips (RMT)

-- 2000 1000 -- 700 1420 -- 5120 80

Live fencing(RMT)

-- 1320 600 5800 500 500 -- 8720

Gully controlworks

-- -- -- -- 27 132 -- 159


45

Out of 5 in – situ moisture conservation measures for groundnut at Anantapur, maximum mean pod yieldof 1370 kg/ha was attained with contour cultivation + compartmental bunding in 6 years during 1993-99. Thisis followed by contour cultivation + dead furrow at 3.6 m interval with a yield of 1292 kg/ha under arid alfisols.

Groundnut pod yield (kg/ha) as affected by different in-situ conservation practices – AnantapurAverage pod yield (kg/ha)Treatment

1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 MeanContour cultivation 2200 375 1600 895 313 1657 1229Contour cultivation + deadfurrow at 3.6 m interval

2280 415 1627 882 345 1793 1292

Contour cultivation +compartmental bunding

2240 420 1610 885 439 2143 1370

Vegetative barriers (khus) 2200 355 1447 - 283 - 1071Farmers’ practice 2140 345 1415 863 188 1940 1206

Deep ploughing was superior for attaining higher groundnut pod yields in 4 seasons from 1994 – 98 witha maximum mean yield of 1259 kg/ha, followed by tractor tillering with a yield of 922 kg/ha under arid alfisols ofAnantapur.

Yield data of groundnut influenced by different treatments – AnantapurAverage yield of groundnut (kg/ha)Treatment

1994-95 1995-96 1997-98 1998-99Mean

Deep ploughing 490 2359 1003 1185 1259Farmers’ practice 410 1709 402 1012 883Chekkala guntaka - - 336 1038 687Tractor tillering - - 774 1069 922

Cropping system: In a 6 year study with groundnut + pigeonpea intercropping, mean gross returns of2177 kg/ha and net returns of Rs.9114/ha were attained during 1993-2000 under arid alfisols of Anantapur.

Average yield and economics of intercropping trial – AnantapurYears Groundnut

pod yield (kg/ha)Pigeonpea grain yield

(kg/ha)Gross income

(Rs)1993-94 1777 163 190741994-95 570

(420)95

(50)7980

(5640)1995-96 1435

(1019)70

(50)10179(5870)

1997-98 238(562)

56(15)

3977(7867)

1998-99 1419(1195)

122(63)

21993(17991)

1999-2000 570(508)

128(78)

9861(8204)

2000 - 2001 1637(2079)

- 20086

Mean 902(964)

106 13307(9114)

Groundnut + pigeonpea in 7 :1 ratio system was found to be superior with a maximum mean grossreturns, followed by groundnut + pigeonpea 19 :1 ratio and groundnut + pigeonpea + other pulses in aridalfisols of Anantapur during 4 seasons from 1994 – 98.


46

Yield and economics of groundnut intercropped with pulses – Anantapur1994-95 1995-96 1997-98 1998-99Treatment

GN InterCrop

Grossreturns(Rs/ha)

GN InterCrop

Grossreturns(Rs/ha)

GN Intercrop

Grossreturns(Rs/ha)

GN Intercrop

Grossreturns(Rs/ha)

Farmers’ practice Groundnut+ pigeonpea (19:1)

485 45 6360 1525 45 10774 402 14 5667 1660 40 16088

Groundnut + pigeonpea (7:1) 467 100 6804 1675 85 13054 195 50 3311 1609 83 16091Groundnut + pigeonpea (7:1)mixed with other pulses(greengram + horsegram +field bean + cowpea)

447 6423440809

61321842204872

1672 50 12962 369 24 5987 1603 85 16292

Greengram 184 20 11 15Horsegram 44 220 42 07 12Field bean 08 48 07 11 07Cowpea 09 72 06 08 06GN: Groundnut

Crop improvement: Among different groundnut varieties tested in farmers field under arid alfisols ofAnantapur, ICGU-86699 was found to be superior with a pod yield of 1670 kg/ha, followed by Tirupati –1 with yieldof 1482 kg/ha as against the lowest yield of 812 kg/ha attained by ICGU-87354 in a study of 7 kharif seasons.

Pod yield of groundnut varieties – AnantapurVariety 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 Mean

Tirupati-2 2500 540 1564 - 395 - - 1250K-134 2500 630 1938 1664 441 1295 924 1342TMV-2 2380 530 1786 1459 231 1108 788 1183Tirupati-1 2330 580 1500 1517 - - - 1482ICGV-86699 1670 - - - - - - 1670ICGV-87354 - - - - 231 1213 - 812

Nutrient management: In a 6 year study with different fertiliser applications for groundnut at Anantapur,recommended fertiliser dose (20:40:40 kg NPK/ha) with Eenati seed drill was superior with pod yield of 945kg/ha, followed by farmers’ practice i.e. 40 kg DAP/ha by broadcasting under arid alfisols during 1994 – 2000

Groundnut yield (kg/ha) as influenced by fertilizer application – AnantapurTreatment Yield (kg/ha)

1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 MeanRecommended dose withEenati seed drill (20-40-40NPK)

499 1407 876 392 1700 795 945

Recommended dose bybroadcasting

394 1168 838 320 - 783 701

Farmers’ practice 40 kgDAP/ha by broadcasting

330 1082 825 268 1214 730 742

Soil test based fertiliser dose had given a higher pod yield of 591 kg/ha and net returns of Rs.2192/hacompared to recommended dose of fertiliser and farmers method at Anantapur.

Economics of production system as influenced by soil test based fertiliser application in 2001 - AnantapurTreatment Pod yield

(kg/ha)Haulm yield

(kg/ha)Net returns

(Rs/ha)Benefit –cost ratio

Farmers method 471 1973 760 1.11Recommended dose of fertiliser 484 1997 1147 1.17Soil test based fertiliser application 591 2004 2192 1.30


47

Weed management: Farmers’ practice has given groundnut pod yield of 555 kg/ha compared toImazethapyr with 510 kg/ha, metachlor + hand weeding with 504 kg/ha or only metachlor with a yield of 498kg/ha at Anantapur.

Influence of different weed management practices on economics of groundnut production in 2001- AnantapurTreatment Pod yield (kg/ha) Haulm yield (kg/ha) Net returns (Rs/ha)

Metachlor (0.75 kg ai/ha) 498 1801 1026Metachlor + hand weeding 504 1854 1254Imazethapyr 510 2045 1220Farmers’ practice 555 2064 1702

In a study on late leaf spot management for groundnut, spraying hexaconozole 2 ml/lt water gave higherpod yield of 659 kg/ha and net returns of Rs.3584/ha.

Pod and haulm yields of groundnut as influenced by late leaf spot management - Anantapur2001 Mean (2 years)Treatment

Pod yield(kg/ha)

Haulm yield(kg/ha)

Net returns(Rs/ha)

Pod yield(kg/ha)

Haulm yield(kg/ha)

Net returns(Rs/ha)

Spraying hexaconozole(2 ml/litre water)

659 2047 3584 1159 2147 7842

Control 555 1735 2573 1032 1845 7156

In a crop + livestock farming system study, groundnut + sheep rearing as stall feeding has given a podyield of 766 kg/ha and net returns of Rs.9020/ha compared to groundnut crop with a yield of 766 kg/ha and netreturns of Rs.3386/ha.

Yield and economic analysis of groundnut + livestock farming system in 2001– AnantapurTreatment Pod yield (kg/ha) Haulm yield (kg/ha) Net returns (Rs/ha)

Groundnut crop alone 766 2013 3386Groundnut + sheeprearing as stall feeding

766 2013 9020

Growth rate of agricultural production in 2001 - AnantapurCrop Yield in bench mark year Yield Mean (8 years)

Groundnut 500 966 1018Percentage increase over the base year - 93 104

Package of practices: Complete package of practices was highly effective in attaining a maximumgroundnut pod yield of 832 kg/ha compared to only recommended fertiliser dose (yield of 695 kg/ha0, onlyrecommended seed rate (yield of 633 kg/ha) and only recommended management (yield of 640 kg/ha) in 3seasons study at Anantapur.

Groundnut yield (kg/ha) as influenced by production factors – AnantapurYield (kg/ha)Treatment

1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02Mean

(4 years)Complete package 425 1299 773 1667 766 1041Recommended seed rate 392 1078 428 - - 633Recommended fertilizer dose 380 1110 594 - - 695Recommended management 275 1143 501 - - 640Farmers’ practice 223 - - 1379 637 801

ORP – Ballowal-Saunkhri

The work carried at Ballowal – Saunkhri on soil and water conservation, Cropping system, cropimprovement, nutrient management, weed management and package of practices is reported hereunder:


48

Nutrient management: CAN fertiliser was superior for maize with a maximum mean yield of 2323 kg/ha,followed by urea with 2232 kg/ha and ammonium chloride with 2126 kg/ha at Ballowal-Saunkhri in a study for 8seasons.

Response of N sources to maize - Ballowal-SaunkhriTreatment 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 2000-01 2001-02 Mean

(9 yrs)Urea 1830 1510 2160 2750 2670 2470 2150 2480 2260CAN 2030 1583 2320 2800 2740 2460 2171 2330 2324AmmoniumChloride

1550 1537 2030 2580 2590 2470 2037 2030 2115

Maximum mean yield of wheat of 2690 kg/ha was attained with application of CAN source of fertiliser 8seasons during 1993-94 to 2000 – 01 at Ballowal-Saunkhri under dry sub-humid inceptisols. This is followed byurea source with a mean yield of 2662 kg/ha and ammonium chloride source with a mean yield of 2355 kg/haunder farmer’s fields.

Response of N sources to wheat - Ballowal-SaunkhriTreatment 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 2000-01 Mean

(8 yrs)Urea 3103 3222 2210 2255 2500 2680 1003 2345CAN 3087 3326 2260 2283 2520 2660 1115 2384AmmoniumChloride

2707 2773 1910 1992 2240 2510 1087 2121

In a study to identify suitable split of N application for wheat at Ballowal-Saunkhri, maximum mean yield of2868 kg/ha was attained when 50% N was applied at sowing and the remaining 50% N at 1st rain after sowing.This is followed by 2515 kg/ha of yield attained when 100% N was applied at sowing, 2429 kg/ha with 50% N atsowing and 2297 kg/ha with 50% N application at 1st rain after sowing under dry sub-humid inceptisols.

Wheat response to split N application – Ballowal-SaunkhriTreatment 1997-98 1998-99 2001-02 Mean (3 yrs)

100% N at sowing 2490 2540 1920 231650% N at rain 2233 2360 - 229750% N at sowing 2377 2480 - 242950% N at sowing + 50% N at rain 2775 2960 2210 2648

Soil and water conservation: Sowing across the slope was found to be a better sowing method forwheat with a mean yield of 2787 kg/ha compared to 2400 kg/ha attained when sown around about under drysub-humid inceptisols of Ballowal-Saunkhri in a study of 6 years from 1995-96 to 2000 – 01

Effect of sowing methods on wheat yield – Ballowal-SaunkhriTreatment 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 2000-01 2001-02 Mean

(7 yrs)Round about 2120 2240 2480 2760 623 2425 2224Across the slope 2740 2530 2880 3000 725 2073 1909

Wider furrow spacing of 30 cm together with deeper seed placement at 10 cm were found to be superior forwheat with a mean yield of 3098 kg/ha compared to a furrow spacing of 22.5 cm and seed placement at 5 cm witha mean yield of 2546 kg/ha at Ballowal-Saunkhri in a study of 7 rabi seasons during 1994-95 to 2000-01.

Effect of furrow spacing and seed depth on wheat yield – Ballowal-SaunkhriTreatment 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 2000-01 Mean

(7 yrs)Spacing (22.5 cm) +Depth (5 cm)

2250 2820 2450 2650 2560 537 2038

Spacing (30 cm) +Depth (10 cm)

2480 3380 3193 3307 3130 683 2506


49

Furrow spacing of 30 cm was found to be superior for lentil with a mean yield of 443 kg/ha compared to aspacing of 22.5 cm with a yield of 366 kg/ha under dry sub-humid inceptisols of Ballowal-Saunkhri in a study of5 seasons during 1994-95 to 1998-99.

Effect of furrow spacing on lentil yield – Ballowal-SaunkhriRow spacing 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 Mean

22.5 cm 300 356 421 380 370 36630 cm 474 385 473 440 440 443

Cropping system: Seed when treated with chlorpyriplros @ 4 ml/kg seed gave a higher mean yield of2905 kg/ha of wheat compared to 2374 kg/ha when seed were untreated in a study during 8 rabi seasonsunder dry sub-humid inceptisols of Ballowal-Saunkhri.

Effect of seed treatment (termite control) on yield of wheat – Ballowal-SaunkhriTreatment 1993-

941994-

951995-

961996-

971997-

981998-

992000-

012001-

02Mean

Untreated 2230 2270 2360 2464 2428 2490 720 1916 2323Treated(Chloropyriphos@ 4 ml/ kg seed)

2710 2710 2880 3078 3020 3030 920 2203 2827

Crop improvement: Among 8 different maize varieties tested under farmers field conditions for 11 yearsfrom 1990 – 2000 under dry sub-humid inceptisols of Ballowal-Saunkhri. Ageti-76 gave a mean yield of 2471kg/ha, followed by Parkash with 2446 kg/ha, JH-3189 with 2385 kg/ha.

Yield of maize varieties – Ballowal-SaunkhriVariety 1990-

911991-

921992-

931993-

941994-

951995-

961996-

971997-

981998-

992000-

012001-

02Mean

Megha 3020 2230 2384 1750 1550 1600 2080 1820 2022 3043 2756 2227Ageti-76 3360 2010 2043 - - - - - - 2471Local 3340 1930 2874 1660 - - 1910 1470 1780 2150 2032 2090Kesari - - - 1900 1680 1760 1670 1883 2999 2750 1876Local (Dada) - - - 1150 1620 - - - 1385Local (Majari) - - - - 1520 1820 - - - 1670JH-3189 - - - - - 2123 2647 - - 2385Parkash - - - - - - 2320 2572 3483 3365 2830

PBW-175 of wheat was found to be superior variety with a yield of 3230 kg/ha compared to PBW-291 witha yield of 2813 kg/ha at Ballowal-Saunkhri.

Performance of different wheat varieties – Ballowal-SaunkhriVariety 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 2000-01 2001-02 Mean

PBW-175 3590 2750 3460 2990 3140 3300 3380 672 2700 2785PBW-299 3240 2160 2800 2550 2828 3030 3078 525 - 2415PBW-373 763 2430 1596PBW-396 653 2300 1476

PBG-1 variety of chickpea was found to be superior with a mean yield of 1402 kg/ha compared to localwith a yield of 1001 kg/ha based on a 4 year study during 1995 – 96 to 1998-99 at Ballowal-Saunkhri.

Performance of different chickpea varieties – Ballowal-SaunkhriVariety 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 Mean

Local 1176 1095 880 850 1001PBG-1 1512 1570 1296 1230 1402

Weed management: Among different weed control methods examined for maize at Ballowal-Saunkhri,application of Alachlor @ 1.5 t/ha was highly effective and has given a mean grain yield of 2600 kg/ha, followedby weedicide application with 2465 kg/ha and hoeing twice at 15 and 30 days after sowing with 2060 kg/haunder dry sub-humid inceptisols in 10 years.


50

Effect of weed control methods on maize – Ballowal-SaunkhriTreatment 1990-

911991-

921992-

93*1993-

941994-

951995-

961996-

971997-

981998-

991999-2000

2000-01

Mean(11 yrs)

No weedicide 1685 1810 640 1080(1750)

1208 1054 2817 2830 1105 1581(1750)

Weedicide 2060 2690 1416 1900(2760)

2780 2445 3426 3320 2148 2465(2760)

One hoeing (15 Daysafter sowing)

- 2440 915 1320(2480)

2035 1791 - - - 2478 1700(2480)

Two hoeing (15 +30 days aftersowing)

- - 1399 - 2514 2268 - - - 2060

Half dose ofweedicide + onehoeing (15 days aftersowing)

- - 1663 - - - - - - 1663

Alachlor @ 1.5 l/ha - - - - - - - 3030 2170 2600Hand weeding - - - - - - - 1780 1780 * Yield in medium soils Figures in parenthesis indicate the yield in heavy soils

In a weed control study for maize, attrazine 1.25 kg/ha at pre emergence of weeds + halod has given ahigher yield of 2160 kg/ha compared to one hoeing + harrowed with1745 kg/ha.

Effect of weed control methods on maize yield - Ballowal-SaunkhriTreatment Grain yield (kg/ha) in 2001

One hoeing + halod 1740Weedicide (Attrazine 1.25) kg/ha pre-emergence) + halod 2160Mean 1950

Package of practices: In a study to assess the impact of improved technology on performance differentcrops at Ballowal-Saunkhri, improved practices has given a higher yield of maize, wheat, blackgram,greengram, sesame, chickpea, lentil, groundnut, sugarcane, clusterbean, mustard and taramira compared tofarmers’ practice under dry sub humid inceptisols during 1991-92 to 1998-99.

Impact of improved technology on performance of different crops – Ballowal-SaunkhriCrop 1991-

921992-

931993-

941994-

951995-

961996-

971997-

981998-

992000 -

012001 -

02Mean

Maize FP 1650 2490 1350 820 1050 1730 1660 1175 1994 1899 1566IP 2360 3000 2010 1410 1590 2260 2130 1540 2859 2568 2144

Wheat FP 2880 910 1670 1540 1760 1839 1878 1740 585 1450 1588IP 3570 3380 2820 2520 2920 2724 2768 2390 967 2150 2525

Blackgram FP - - - 246 442 480 440 399 485 331 408IP - - - 551 560 560 590 575 733 432 574

Greengram FP - - - 196 252 - - 710 509 - 445IP - - - 420 490 - - 870 632 - 542

Sesame FP - - - 127 190 180 395 301 348 323 269IP - - - 228 270 280 495 422 481 463 377

Chickpea FP - 612 660 600 420 923 970 670 - 731 697IP - 1695 1050 916 1280 1446 1308 1080 - 1185 1108

Lentil FP - - 490 355 330 397 420 500 - 225 361IP - - 790 550 440 457 485 620 - 316 492

Groundnut FP - - 1220 924 1214 1140 1160 - - - 1132IP - - 1370 1410 1674 1300 1380 - - - 1427

Sugarcane FP - - - - 39800 40750 40330 - - - 40293IP - - - - 56700 55250 55330 - - - 55760


51

Clusterbean FP - - - - 180 - - - - - 180IP - - - - 240 - - - - - 240

Mustard FP 250 491 - 600 - - - - - 377 440IP - 866 - 980 - - - - - 573 830

Taramira FP - - - 180 - - - - - 487 239IP - - - 307 - - - - - 712 363

FP = Farmers’ practice; IP = Improved practice

ORP - Hisar

The work carried at Hisar on soil and water conservation, crop improvement, nutrient management, weedmanagement and package of practices is reported hereunder:

Nutrient management: Among different combinations of fertiliser doses tested for pearlmillet at Hisar, 40kg N/ha was found to be optimum with a maximum yield of 1402 kg/ha compared to 1336 kg/ha attained withfarm yard manure @ 4 t/ha + azotobacter and a control yield of 751 kg/ha.

Performance of pearlmillet under different fertilizer doses in combination with azotobacter - HisarTreatment 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 2001 MeanControl 463 692 730 1252 620 1190 81420 kg N/ha 660 1170 1140 1694 740 1500 114120 kg N/ha + Azotobacter 777 1340 1250 1884 860 1550 126940 kg N/ha 927 1608 1470 2075 930 - 14024 t/ha farm yard manure +Azotobacter

850 1412 1290 1790 1490 1358

Application of 40 kg N/ha gave maximum seed yield of mustard of 1533 kg/ha in a study for 6 years underaridisols. This is followed by 20 kg N/ha + azotobacter with a yield of 1413 kg/ha as against a control yield of1014 kg/ha.

Effect of nitrogen alone and in combination with Azotobacter on the seed yield of mustard – HisarTreatment 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 Mean

Control 1220 1230 765 1480 570 820 101420 kg N/ha 1600 1540 945 1810 710 1070 127920 kg N/ha +Azotobacter

1790 1670 1000 2010 820 1190 1413

4 t/ha farm yardmanure + Azotobacter

1770 1620 965 1920 790 1140 1368

40 kg N/ha 1920 1780 1115 2120 930 1350 1533

Soil and water conservation: Disc harrow was found to be superior for moisture conservation andattaining higher mustard yields at Hisar in a study for 6 rabi seasons from 1993-98. A mean yield of 1640 kg/hawas attained by tillage with disc harrow compared to 1476 kg/ha attained with blade harrow and 1393 kg/hawith country plough under farmers fields.

Effect of moisture conservation on the productivity of mustard – HisarTreatment 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 Mean

Blade harrow 1680 2050 1133 1833 860 1300 1476Disc harrow 1760 2190 1340 2050 1020 1480 1640Country plough 1543 1970 1240 1633 750 1220 1393

In a similar trial with chickpea under farmers field conditions, disc harrowing provided 1121 kg/ha yield,followed by blade harrowing with 914 kg/ha and tillage with country plough with a yield of 826 kg/ha during1993-98 under aridisols of Hisar.


52

Effect of moisture conservation on the productivity of chickpea– HisarTreatment 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 Mean

Blade harrow 1240 1240 880 625 910 590 914Disc harrow 1400 1470 1020 787 1260 790 1121Country plough 1140 1130 690 573 860 560 826

New cultivars: Among different pearlmillet varieties tested for 5 seasons under ORP at Hisar, HHB-67was found to be superior with a yield of 1456 kg/ha, followed by HHB-68 with 1395 kg/ha under aridisols.

Performance of pearlmillet varieties - HisarVariety 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 2000 2001 Mean

HHB-50 585 1470 1410 1550 1000 - - 1203HHB-60 630 1530 1430 1600 880 1420 1650 1299HHB-67 838 1760 1590 1820 1270 - 1750 1368HHB-68 846 1670 1510 1780 1170 1640 - 1312HHB-94 1630 1670 1635HC-10 1080 1100 1083

Among different mustard varieties tested during rabi 1993-94 to 1998-99 under farmers field conditions,RH-781 was found to be superior with a marginally higher yield of 1604 kg/ha at Hisar.

Performance of different mustard varieties yield – HisarVariety 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 Mean

RH-30 1810 2160 1149 1750 860 1450 1530RH-781 1880 2230 1385 1850 920 1360 1604RH-819 1820 2270 1345 1820 840 1260 1559Laxmi - - - 1890 890 1570 1450

Weed management: Weeding at 30 days after sowing was effective with a maximum pearlmillet yield of1284 kg/ha compared to weeding at 20 days after sowing with 1107 kg/ha and control with 742 kg/ha at Hisarin a 5 years study.

Effect of mechanical weed control on the yield of pearlmillet - HisarTreatment 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 2001 Mean

Control 600 760 760 970 620 1220 821Weeding at 20 daysafter sowing

896 1370 1210 1270 790 1740 1212

Weeding at 30 daysafter sowing

1130 1500 1480 1420 890 1660 1346

In a weed management trial for mustard for 6 years from 1993 – 98 at Hisar, interculture at 20 and 30days after sowing was found to provide a significantly higher yield of 1890 kg/ha, followed by weed free (1516kg/ha), interculture with kasola (1364 kg/ha) interculture with wheel hand hoe (1309 kg/ha) as against controlof 1042 kg/ha.

Yield of mustard as affected by weeding - HisarTreatment 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 MeanNo weeding 1174 1298 860 1460 570 890 1042Weed free 1642 1984 1152 2020 880 1420 1516Interculture (Kasola) 1438 1868 990 1820 820 1280 1364Interculture(wheel hand hoe)

1404 1792 940 1700 790 1230 1309

Interculture (21 and30 days after sowing)

1890 1890


53

Package of practices: Improved package of practices for greengram was superior to farmers’ practicewith yields of 855 kg/ha as against 508 kg/ha under aridisols of Hisar in 4 seasons.

Performance of greengram with package of practice and farmers’ practice - HisarTreatment 1995 1996 1997 1998 2000 2001 Mean

(7 yrs)Package of practice 780 1130 760 750 1030 900 861Farmers’ practice 460 690 420 460 660 620 524

A maximum mean sesame yield of 368 kg/ha was attained with improved package of practices in 4seasons during 1995 – 98 compared to 210 kg/ha attained with farmers’ practice at Hisar.

Performance of sesame with package of practice and farmers’ practice - HisarTreatment 1995 1996 1997 1998 2001 Mean

Package of practice 440 490 320 220 280 350Farmers’ practice 260 280 180 120 170 202

In a study to evaluate chickpea performance with improved package of practices for 6 years at Hisar,improved practices provided a yield of 1245 kg/ha compared to farmers’ practice with 653 kg/ha.

Effect of individual package of practices on the productivity of chickpea - HisarTreatment 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 Mean

Control 720 750 640 575 760 470 653All package of practicesminus Monocrotophos

1060 1040 780 775 990 650 883

All package of practiceminus rhizobium culture

1100 1140 950 862 1040 720 969

All package of practiceminus fertilizer

950 910 700 688 880 600 788

All package of practiceminus interculture

920 890 720 660 900 600 782

All package of practice 1460 1460 1200 1200 1420 740 1245

ORP – SolapurThe work carried at Solapur on soil and water conservation, crop improvement, nutrient management,

supplementary irrigation and cropping system is reported hereunder:

Nutrient management: Application of fertiliser to rabi sorghum was highly effective with a mean yield of696 kg/ha compared to no fertiliser with 451 kg/ha under farmers field condition in a study for 6 years atSolapur under semi arid vertisols.

Response of rabi sorghum to fertilizer application – SolapurTreatment 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 2000 2001 Mean (9 yrs)Fertilizer 479 1692 770 375 630 232 1346 1346 827No fertilizer 264 1133 530 300 325 156 1286 639 579

Soil and water conservation: Among different in-situ moisture conservation measures examined for rabisorghum at Solapur, ridges and furrows method was highly effective with a mean yield of 878 kg/ha comparedto 796 kg/ha attained with compartmental bunding and 609 kg/ha with harrowing in a study for 6 seasons.

Effect of in-situ moisture conservation to rabi sorghum – SolapurTreatment 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 MeanRidges and furrows 1161 979 338 265 1785 740 878Compartmental bunding 1124 802 270 280 1625 674 796Harrowing 1043 733 210 143 960 562 609


54

Protective irrigation has given a higher rabi sorghum yield (M-35-1) yield of 1247 kg/ha compared towithout irrigation (565 kg/ha).

Profitability by applying one protective irrigation to rabi sorghum - SolapurTreatment M-35-1 yield (kg/ha)With irrigation 1247Without irrigation 565

Supplementary irrigation: Protective irrigation gave a significantly higher rabi sorghum yield of 1067kg/ha compared to a control yield of 623 kg/ha under semi arid vertisols of Solapur for 6 seasons.

Effect of life saving irrigation to rabi sorghum - SolapurTreatment 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 2000 2001 Mean

(9 yrs)Protective irrigation 1622 1838 1061 648 630 601 1437 1257 1088Control 770 865 532 - 325 - 801 778 640

Cropping system: In a large scale demonstrations with chickpea, sunflower and safflower under farmersfields conditions, a mean yield of 703 kg/ha of chickpea, 569 kg/ha of sunflower, 352 kg/ha of safflower wereattained in 5 seasons from 1994 – 98 at Solapur.

Large scale demonstration on sorghum, chickpea, sunflower and safflower– SolapurCrop 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 2001 MeanSorghum 100 974 532Chickpea 1741 441 223 - 405 621 792Sunflower 413 369 805 690 - -Safflower 278 340 675 113 832 482

In a crop planning study for different land use capabilities for 5 years from 1993-98 at Solapur, Ber wasfound to be suitable with a yield of 6380 kg/ha in soils with 30 cm depth compared to different crops viz.,pearlmillet, horsegram and mothbean.

Crop planning as per land use capability (0-30 cm) - SolapurCrops 1993 1994 1995 1996 1998 Mean0 – 30 cm depthBer 4125 - - - 8634 6380Pearlmillet - 318 - 275 100 231Horsegram 143 230 290 300 87 210Mothbean 50 - - - - 50

Sunflower followed by chickpea in a sequence was superior crop sequence with yields of 542 kg/ha ofsunflower and 528 kg/ha of chickpea compared to greengram-rabi sorghum and pearlmillet-chickpea sequences.

Sequence cropping of different cropsSequence Kharif Rabi Rabi fodderGreemgram – rabi sorghum 153 985 1546Kharif fallow – rabi sorghum - 1150 1360Pearlmillet – chickpea 302 480 -Sunflower- chickpea 542 528 -

In an intercropping study with pearlmillet + pigeonpea for 6 seasons from 1993-98, the system gave ayield of 334 kg/ha of pearlmillet and 353 kg/ha of pigeonpea compared to sole pearlmillet (423 kg/ha) and solepigeonpea (428 kg/ha) under semi arid vertisols of Solapur.

Intercropping of pearlmillet + pigeonpea (30-60 cm depth) – SolapurCrops 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 MeanSole pearlmillet 718 478 110 300 290 640 423Sole pigeonpea - - - 484 371 - 428Pearlmillet + pigeonpea - - - 222

+ 368235

+ 337544 334

+ 353


55

Sunflower + pigeonpea intercropping system gave a mean yield of 251 kg/ha of sunflower and 508 kg/haof pigeonpea compared to sole sunflower (354 kg/ha) and sole pigeonpea (604 kg/ha) in a study for 5 seasonsfrom 1993-98 at Solapur under semi arid vertisols.

Intercropping system of sunflower + pigeonpea – SolapurCrops 1993 1994 1996 1997 1998 MeanSole sunflower 360 255 212 535 410 354Sole pigeonpea - 350 484 320 1260 604Intercrop of sunflower 285 240 162 190 380 251Intercrop of pigeonpea - 275 312 360 1085 508

New cultivars: Among 9 different genotypes of rabi sorghum tested in farmers fields during 1993-98 (6seasons), SSOR-9405 with a yield of 2240 kg/ha, followed by SPV-839 with 1770 kg/ha and SSOR-9401 with1681 kg/ha were found to be highly promising under semi arid vertisols of Solapur.

Performance of promising genotypes of rabi sorghum – SolapurVariety 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 2000 2001 MeanSSOR-9401 2240 1122 1681CSV-13R 1137 - 1137CSV-14R 480 480CSH-15R 776 1026 989 930M-35-1 (Local) 612 1330 1785 - 1400 798 797 316 1005SPV-839 - 1770 - 1770Swati 1148 1148Selection-3 120 120SSOR-9405 2240 2240SPV-1359 1069 419 744SPV-1375 1142 1142Mouli 397 397

In a varietal trial of rabi sorghum, SPV-1359 variety performed well with a yield of 1412 kg/ha as againstCSH-15R with 989 kg/ha.

Performance of rabi sorghum under dryland conditions - SolapurTreatment Yield (kg/ha)SPV – 1359 1412CSH – 15R 989Mauli 943M-35-1 807

Bhima variety of safflower, Vishal variety of chickpea and M-35-1 of rabi sorghum were found to besuperior with yields of 832, 651 and 1086 kg/ha in a large scale demonstrations

Large scale demonstrations on rabi sorghum - SolapurCrops Variety Yield (kg/ha)Safflower Bhima 832Chickpea Vishal 651

Vijay 590Rabi sorghum Yashoda 862

M-35-1 1086

RHRBH-8609 variety of pearlmillet gave a marginally higher mean yield of 505 kg/ha compared to ICTP-8203 with a yield of 432 kg/ha in 5 trials conducted at Solapur during 1993-98.

Performance of improved varieties of pearlmillet – SolapurVariety 1993 1994 1995 1996 1998 MeanRHRBH-8609 615 277 568 626 439 505ICTP-8203 405 212 515 597 435 433


56

Among sunflower varieties, SS-56 was found to be superior with a maximum mean yield of 643 kg/hacompared to morden (406 kg/ha) and MSFH-8 (192 kg/ha) in 3 seasons at Solapur. Nimkar hybrid of sunflowergave a maximum yield of 1500 kg/ha in one season under farmers field conditions.

Performance of sunflower varieties and hybrids – SolapurVariety 1996 1997 1998 MeanMorden 663 - 148 406SS-56 488 1250 192 643MFSH-8 - - 192 192Nimbkar hybrid - 1500 - 1500

ORP - Ranchi

The work carried at Ranchi on crop improvement, soil and water conservation, nutrient management andcropping system is reported hereunder:

Nutrient management: Application of 40 kg N + 30 kg P + 20 kg K/ha and 20 kg N/ha were found to beat par for niger with a yield of 258 and 253 kg/ha respectively in a study of 3 seasons at Ranchi.

Studies on rice – niger sequence cropping – RanchiGrain yield of nigerTreatment

1991-92 1993-94 1995-96 MeanControl - - 90 9020 kg N /ha - - 253 25340 kg N+ 30 kg P +20 kg K/ha - - 258 258Yield under sequence cropping 185 225 - 205

In a nutrient management study for transplanted fingermillet under moist sub-humid oxisols at Ranchi, amaximum mean yield of 2035 kg/ha was attained by application of 20 kg N + 30 kg P + 20 kg K/hatransplanting + 20 kg N/ha at 30 DA transplanting. This is followed by a yield of 1890 kg/ha attained withapplication of 10 kg N/ha as basal dose+10 kg N/ha at 30 days after transplanting as a top dress in 2 seasons.

Studies on nutrient management in transplanted fingermillet– RanchiGrain yield (kg/ha)Treatment

1997-98 1998-99 2000 Mean20 kg N/ha at transplanting (basal) 790 2240 2240 158820 kg N/ha 30 days after transplanting (top dressing) 588 1880 1880 143720 kg N/ha at transplanting + 20 kg N 30 days after transplanting 1240 - - 124020 kg N +30 kg P +20 kg K/ha at transplanting and 20 kg N/ha 30days after transplanting

2035 - - 2035

10 kg N/ha as basal +10 kg N/ha at 30 days after transplanting(top dressing)

- 1890 1890 1802

In a nutrient management study for upland rice at Ranchi, 20 kg N/ha + 20 kg P as basal dose gavehighest yield of 959 kg/ha, followed by 20 kg N/ha at transplanting (basal) with a yield of 796 kg/ha.

Studies on nutrient management in upland rice - RanchiTreatment Yield (kg/ha) in 200120 kg N/ha at transplanting (basal) 79620 kg N/ha 30 days after sowing (top dressing) 56420 kg N/ha + 20 kg P2O5 kg/ha as basal 959Mean 773

Soil and water conservation: Interculturing at 25 days after sowing gave a marginally higher linseed yieldof 234 kg/ha as against no interculturing with a yield of 220 kg/ha in a moisture conservation trial at Ranchi.


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Seed yield of linseed under moisture conservation trial - RanchiTreatment Yield (kg/ha) in 2001No interculturing 220Interculturing 25 days after sowing 234Mean 227

Cropping system: In an intercropping study for 9 years with pigeonpea + rice (1:3 ratio) under uplandconditions at Ranchi, maximum yield of rice was attained under sole cropping compared to intercropping.Pigeonpea yielded better under intercropping compared to sole cropping system.

Studies on pigeonpea + rice (1:3) intercropping under upland conditions – RanchiRice + pigeonpea (3:1) Broadcast seeding of rice

followed by ploughing andline seeding of pigeonpea

followed by planking

Year PigeonpeaSole

Rice Sole

Pigeonpea Rice Pigeonpea Rice1990-91 - - 250 1570 - -1991-92 - - 370 1410 - -1993-94 - - 271 1378 - -1994-95 - 1635 648 1437 530 12901995-96 - 1726 907 1496 755 11441996-97 - 1580 265 1290 - -1997-98 363 1744 290 1546 - -1998-99 800 1585 720 1195 - -2000-01 412 1819 228 16122001-02 517 1684 463 1561

Mean 565 1658 457 1454

In a study with pigeonpea + maize (1:1) intercropping, higher mean yields of maize and pigeonpea wereattained under sole cropping compared to intercropping system.

Pigeonpea + maize (1:1) intercropping under upland conditions - RanchiMaize + pigeonpea (1:1)Year Maize Sole Pigeonpea Sole

Maize Pigeonpea1990-91 1600 6001991-92 2410 5101993-94 1808 10441994-95 2190 2012 5301995-96 2807 2597 7861996-97 2198 1930 5021998-99 2782 811 2516 7162000-01 2339 449 1883 2162001-02 1783 556 1644 510

Mean 2287(6) 644 (3) 2076 (9) 523 (9)Figure in parentheses are number of years

In a similar study with pigeonpea + groundnut in 1:2 ration, higher mean yields were attained under solecropping compared to intercropping in 9 seasons from 1990 – 91 to 1998-99 under moist sub- humid oxisols.

Pigeonpea + groundnut intercropping under upland conditions – RanchiPigeonpea + Groundnut (1:2)Year Groundnut

solePigeonpea

sole Groundnut Pigeonpea1990-91 1200 2401991-92 1220 5501993-94 1268 8391994-95 1697 1528 585


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1995-96 1773 1478 10351996-97 1242 1118 5001997-98 825 445 693 4211998-99 1635 700 1350 7402000-01 1621 485 1467 2392001-02 1454 554 1356 546

Mean 1430 (7) 594 (4) 1267 (10) 529 (10)Figures in parentheses are number of years

A mean yield of 1842 kg/ha of fingermillet and 589 kg/ha of pigeonpea were attained under pigeonpea +fingermillet intercropping compared to 1490 kg/ha of fingermillet under sole cropping in a study of 3 seasonsfrom 1993-95 at Ranchi.

Pigeonpea + fingermillet intercropping under upland conditions – RanchiIntercropYear Sole fingermillet

Pigeonpea Fingermillet1993-94 484 23111994-95 510 18401995-96 1490 773 1375

Mean 1490 589 1842

In a study on different times of transplanting and plant population of fingermillet at Ranchi for 3 seasons amaximum mean yield of 1917 kg/ha was attained when transplanted timely (1st week of July) and maintaininghigh plant population a spacing of 25 x 15 cms. This is followed by timely transplanting (1st week of July) andmaintaining normal plant population (25x 5 cm) with a yield of 1836 kg/ha.

Effect of time of transplanting and plant population on fingermillet crop yield – RanchiYear T-1 T-2 T-3 T-4

1993-94 1867 1172 2010 12471994-95 1975 972 2003 8631995-96 1666 808 1738 844

Mean 1836 984 1917 985T-1 Timely transplanting (1st week of July) and normal plant population (25 cm x 15 cm)T-2 Late transplanting (15 days delayed) and normal plant population (25 cm x 15 cm)T-3 Timely transplanting (1st week of July) and high plant population (25 cm x 15 cm)T-4 2 Late transplanting (15 days delayed) and high plant population (25 cm x 15 cm)

Line seeding was found to be better for toria with a mean yield of 290 kg/ha, followed by broadcastingwith a yield of 260 kg/ha at Ranchi.

Rice – toria sequence cropping – RanchiGrain yield of toriaTreatment

1991-92 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 MeanControl - - 70 7020 kg N /ha - - 135 13540 kg N+ 30 P2O5 +20 kg K/ha - - 137 137Broadcasting seeding - 260 - 260Line seeding - 290 - 290Yield under sequence cropping 111 274 - - 193

In a similar study with rice – linseed sequence at Ranchi for 3 seasons, application of 40 kg N + 30 kg P+ 20 kg K/ha was found to be highly effective and has given a maximum linseed yield of 683 kg/ha comparedto 20 kg N/ha with a yield of 466 kg/ha. Line seeding with fertiliser has given a mean yield of 428 kg/hacompared to line seeding without fertiliser (230 kg/ha) under moist sub-humid oxisols.


59

Rice – linseed sequence cropping – RanchiGrain yield of LinseedTreatment1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 Mean

Control - 304 223* 26420 kg N /ha - 527 405* 46640 kg N+ 30 kg P +20 kg K/ha - 683 683Line seeding - - 230 230Line seeding with fertilizer - - 428 428Yield under sequence cropping 380 - - 380*Broadcasting

Wheat attained a seed yield of 1005 kg/ha as against chickpea seed yield of 396 kg/ha in rabi at Ranchi.

Seed yield of wheat and chickpea – RanchiTreatment Yield (kg/ha) in 2001Wheat 1005Chickpea 396

New cultivars: Among 9 different varieties of rice tested under transplanted conditions at Ranchi, Kanak,IR-36, Tulsi were found to be high yielding with yields of 5618, 4345 and 3112 kg/ha in a study for 3 seasons.

Studies on evaluation and testing of new rice varieties undertransplanted condition in medium land situation – Ranchi

Variety 1994-95 1995-96 1997-98 MeanSneha 1815 - - 1815Vandana 2540 2374 - 2457RR-203-16 2030 - - 2030Brown gora 1865 1874 - 1825Birsa Dhan-101 1705 1592 2724 2007Local Gora - 1478 - 1478IR-36 - 4345 4345Tulsi - - 3112 3112Kanak - - 5618 5618

Weed management: Among different weed control methods for rice at Ranchi, hand weeding at 30 daysafter sowing was superior and has given a mean yield of 1716 kg/ha compared to Butachlor @ 1.5 kg ai/hawith a yield of 1699 kg/ha, dutch hoe at 30 days after sowing with 1643 kg/ha as against a control yield of 444kg/ha under moist sub-humid oxisols.

Weed control measures on upland rice – RanchiGrain yield (kg/ha)Treatment

1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 2000-01 2001-02 MeanControl 602 481 473 400 405 300 400 - 449Butachlor (1.5kg ai/ha)

1666 1790 1847 1460 1687 1742 1671 1656 1657

Hand weeding(30 days aftersowing)

1596 1697 1685 1775 1705 1840 2033 1847 1756

Dutch hoe (30days aftersowing)

1647 1745 1675 1325 1735 1732 1755 - 1647

Weeding bygrubber at 30days aftersowing

1697 1697


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ORP - Arjia

The work carried at Arjia on crop improvement, weed management, package of practices, nutrientmanagement and cropping system is reported hereunder:

Nutrient management: Among different levels of fertiliser tested for maize in 4 seasons from 1992-96 atArjia, maximum mean yield of 1834 kg/ha was attained with an application of DAP @ 65 kg/ha as basal +remaining N (48.3 kg/ha) through urea in 2 splits. This is followed by application of 60 kg N + 30 kg P/ha (50%N as basal and rest 50% N through urea in one split) with a yield of 1785 kg/ha as against the lowest yield of1147 kg/ha attained with urea @ 40 kg/ha as top dressing under semi arid vertisols.

Response of maize to fertilizer application – ArjiaGrain yield (kg/ha)Treatment

1992 1994 1995 1996 MeanUrea 40 kg/ha (top dressing) 867 1611 885 1223 1147DAP 40 kg/ha (basal) + urea 40 Kg/ha (top dressing) 1053 1787 987 1440 1317DAP 65 kg/ha (basal) and rest N (48.3 kg/ha) through ureain two splits

- 2560 1175 1768 1834

60 kg N + 30 kg P/ha (50% N basal & rest 50% N throughUrea in one split)

- 2397 1191 1767 1785

50 kg N+30 kg P /ha as recommended 1359 - - - 1359

Groundnut responded the sulphur application @ 120 kg S/ha through gypsum with a seed yield of 1365kg/ha in 4 seasons compared to a control yield of 1182 kg/ha at Arjia. Application of 120 kg S/ha through ironpyrite gave a mean yield of 1306 kg/ha in the study.

Response of groundnut to sulphur fertilization – ArjiaSeed yield (kg/ha)Treatment

1993 1994 1995 1996 MeanControl 193 1040 1190 1315 1182120 kg S/ha (Gypsum) 217 1139 1368 1587 1365120 kg S/ha (Iron pyrite) 200 1128 1322 1467 1306

45 kg N + 22.5 kg P/ha was found to give maximum wheat yield of 866 kg/ha in 2 seasons at Arjia.

Effect of fertility levels on grain yield of wheat – ArjiaTreatment Grain yield (kg/ha)Fertility levels (kg/ha) 1990-91 1992-93 MeanN0 P0 645 540 592N15 P7.5 753 685 719N30 P15 869 753 811N45 P22.5 982 750 866

The soil mulch viz., soil stirring could improve the yield marginally over control and the respective yieldsattained are 781 and 713 kg/ha in semi arid vertisols.

Effect of mulching on grain yield of wheat – ArjiaGrain yield (kg/ha)Mulching

1990-91 1992-93 MeanNo mulching (control) 752 674 713Mulching (soil stirring) 872 690 781

Among fertiliser levels, 60 kg N + 30 kg P/ha was superior for attaining maximum maize yield of 1683kg/ha compared to 45 kg N + 22.5 kg P/ha with a yield of 1406 kg/ha and 30 kg N + 15 kg P/ha with a yield of1220 kg/ha under semi arid vertisols.


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Evaluation of fertiliser levels for maize (D-765) – ArjiaGrain yield (kg/ha)Fertiliser levels

(N and P kg/ha) 1992 1993* 1994 Mean60:30 1405 440 1881 168345:22.5 1119 450 1692 140630:15 1008 470 1431 1220* Due to low yield level, the data for 1993 were not considered for mean

Recommended fertiliser of 15 kg N + 30 kg P/ha gave higher yield of 890 kg/ha compared to controlyield of 680 kg/ha in the study.

Evaluation of production factors for chickpea varieties – ArjiaTreatment Seed yield (kg/ha)

1994-95 1995-96 1998-99 MeanNo fertilizer 851 766 423 680Recommended fertiliser (15 kg N+ 30 kg P/ha). 1012 1025 633 890

Groundnut pod yield was highest (1287 kg/ha) with rhizobium + phosphobactrin, followed byphosphobactrium (1235 kg/ha) under semi arid vertisols.

Pod yield of groundnut under different treatments - ArjiaTreatment Yield (kg/ha) in 2001 Mean (4 years)Rhizobium 1181 1103Phosphobactrin 1235 1117Rhizobium + phosphobactrin 1287 1208Control 1096 1020Mean 1200 1112

Soil and water conservation: Compartment bunding was found to be an effective method for in situmoisture conservation and attaining a maximum mean maize yield of 1802 kg/ha over 4 seasons at Arjia. Thisis followed by 1581 kg/ha attained when sown across the slope and 1357 when sown along the slope undersemi arid vertisols.

Effect of in-situ moisture conservation practices on grain yield of maize - ArjiaTreatment 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 MeanCompartment bunding 1345 1677 2080 2207 1802Sowing across the slope 1075 1588 1676 1986 1581Sowing along the slope (Control) 915 1144 1636 1733 1357

Soil stirring was found to increase the yield of different rabi crops viz., chickpea, mustard, wheat andbarley compared to no mulch.

Effect of mulching (Average of chickpea, mustard, wheat, barley) on grain yield - ArjiaGrain yield (kg/ha)

Treatment 1990-91 1992-93 MeanNo Mulching (control) 755 702 728Mulching (soil stirring) 855 735 785

Deep tillage + RAS + 100% recommended farm yard manure and inorganic fertilizer gave maximummaize yield of 1570 kg/ha, while shallow tillage + farmers’ practice gave maximum yield of 1106 kg/ha undersemi arid vertisols.

Grain yield of maize under soil moisture conservation and integrated nutrient management - ArjiaTreatment Yield (kg/ha) in 2001Deep tillage + RAS + 100% recommended farm yard manure and inorganic fertiliser 1570Deep tillage + RAS + 50% recommended dose farm yard manure of inorganic fertiliser 1385Deep tillage + RAS + farmers’ practice 1269Shallow tillage + farmers’ practice 1106


62

Package of practice: Maize with a yield of 1207 kg/ha and groundnut with a seed yield of 987 kg/ha and793 kg/ha under groundnut + sesame intercropping under demonstration plot compared to the plot withfarmers’ practice.

Grain yield of maize and blackgram and maize equivalent yield of crops – ArjiaGrain yield (kg/ha) Maize equivalent yield (kg/ha)Crops

Demonstration Farmers’ practice Demonstration Farmers’ practiceMaize 1207 1057 2533 2113Blackgram 339 270

Groundnut and sesame seed yield and groundnut equivalent yield under intercropping system– ArjiaGrain yield (kg/ha) Groundnut equivalent yield (kg/ha)Crops

Demonstration Farmers’ practice Demonstration Farmers’ practiceGroundnut 987 651 1145 938Sesame 110 60

Cropping system: Maximum maize equivalent yield was attained in 3 seasons from sorghum with a yieldof 1088 kg/ha compared to maize with a yield of 855 kg/ha under semi arid vertisols of Arjia.

Comparative performance of maize and sorghum - ArjiaGrain yield (kg/ha) Maize equivalent yield (kg/ha)Crop

1986 1987 1988 Mean 1986 1987 1988 MeanMaize 700 0 1866 855 700 0 1866 855Sorghum 900 110 3193 1400 630 82 2554 1088

Cross sowing and line sowing of wheat were found to be on par with a mean yields of 1027 and 1005kg/ha at Arjia. 150 kg/ha of seed rate has given a marginally higher yield of 1072 kg/ha compared to 100, 125,175 and 200 kg/ha seed rates of wheat in semi arid vertisols.

Effect of method of sowing and seed rate on yield of wheat – ArjiaTreatment Grain yield (kg/ha)Method of sowing 1990-91 1991-92 MeanLine sowing 1033 977 1005Cross sowing 1037 1017 1027Seed rate (kg/ha)100 971 978 974125 1065 1031 1048150 1107 1038 1072175 1067 922 1044200 965 1015 990

45 cm row spacing was superior for maize (D-765 variety) with a grain yield of 1461 kg/ha compared to60 cm with a yield of 1400 kg/ha in a study of 3 years during 1992-94.

Evaluation of row spacing for maize (D-765) – ArjiaGrain yield (kg/ha)Treatment

1992 1993 1994 MeanRow spacing (cm)45 1231 470 1691 146160 1156 433 1645 1400

The yields attained are 961 kg/ha of chickpea, 420 kg/ha of mustard, 822 kg/ha of wheat and 1163 kg/haof barley in 2 seasons.


63

Performance of rabi crops - Arjia

New cultivars: Dohad yellow variety of chickpea was found to be superior with a seed yield of 907 kg/haat Arjia compared to RSG-44 and local in a study of 3 seasons.

Evaluation of production factors for chickpea varieties – ArjiaVariety Seed yield (kg/ha)

1994-95 1995-96 1998-99 MeanDohad Yellow 880 1075 765 907RSG-44 1034 838 430 767Local 880 772 390 681

Among different maize varieties tested under farmers field conditions, Navjot was found to be efficientwith a mean yield of 1920 kg/ha over 9 seasons as against G-2 with 1770 kg/ha, Mahi kanchan with 1640 kg/haand D-765 with 1591 kg/ha under semi arid vertisols of Arjia.

Comparative performance of maize varieties - ArjiaGrain yield (kg/ha)Variety

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998 2000 2001 MeanNavjot - - 2419 2194 1318 - 2126 1960 1500 195 1463 1646

D-765 - - * 1979 1045 - 1904 1435 - - - 1591Local (Sathi) 1316 767 1822 1345 1030 - 1538 1074 822 99 1078 990Mahi Kanchan - - - - - - - - 1640 148 894G-2 2060 917 - - - - - - - 1770A-76 1632 1233 - - - - - - - 1562

CSH-9 and CSH-6 varieties of sorghum attained a mean yield of 3149 and 3148 kg/ha in 4 seasonsduring 1988 – 91 at Arjia in a study with 5 varieties. SPV-96 attained the lowest yield of 1908 kg/ha in the study.

Comparative performance of sorghum varieties - ArjiaGrain yield (Kg/ha)Variety

1988 1989 1990 1991 MeanCSH-5 3060 1300 - - 2180CSH-6 3387 1650 4087 3467 3148CSH-9 - - 3542 2755 3149SPV10 - - 2126 1911 2018SPV-96 Failed Failed 1908 - 1908

Among different sorghum fodder varieties tested at ORP of Arjia, Raj chari –2 attained maximum meanfodder yield of 23950 kg/ha compared to local with a yield of 12650 kg/ha and NP chari with 5728 kg/ha undersemi arid vertisols.

Comparative performance of sorghum fodder varieties - ArjiaFodder yield (kg/ha)Variety

1988* 1989 1994 1995 1998 MeanM.P.Chary - - 9496 4417 3270 5728Raj Chari-2 33600 14300 - - - 23950Local 18000 7300 - - - 12650*Green fodder yield

Crops Grain yield (kg/ha)1990-91 1992-93 Mean

Chickpea 1069 854 961Mustard 340 501 420Wheat 904 741 822Barley 1548 778 1163


64

RT-46 and C-50 (Pratap) varieties of sesame were found to be promising with yields of 399 and 360 kg/hacompared to other varieties in a study of 5 years at Arjia.

Comparative performance of sesame varieties - ArjiaGrain yield (kg/ha)Variety

1992 1993 1994 1996 1998 2000 2001 MeanTC-25 128 100 610 303 - - - 285RT-46 354 127 628 460 428 377 522 413C-50 (Pratap) - - - - 360 - - 360Local 388 127 463 392 - 136 301 301RT-125 307 412 359*Data not considered for calculating net returns

Gaurav variety of soybean attained a mean yield of 370 kg/ha compared to Punjab-1 with 345 kg/ha andT-49 with 285 kg/ha in a study of 2 seasons under farmers field conditions at Arjia.

Comparative performance of soybean varieties - ArjiaGrain yield (kg/ha)Variety

1988 1989 MeanPunjab-1 410 280 345Gaurav 370 - 370T-49 340 230 285

Among different wheat varieties tested at Arjia, lok-1 and D-134 were superior with a mean yield of 1234and 1207 kg/ha in 3 seasons during 1989 – 91. The varieties have responded to water spray in the study. PMAspray (1 ppm) gave a mean yield of 1103 kg/ha compared to control of 1073 kg/ha in the study.

Effect of PMA spray on different wheat varieties – ArjiaVariety Grain yield (kg/ha)

1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 MeanK-sona 886 900 960 943Lok-1 1471 1147 1084 1234WH-147 - 1011 1051 1031D-134 1459 955 - 1207C-306 - - 928 928Sonalika 1254 971 938 1054Anti-transpirantWater supply (control) 1263 998 974 1073PMA spray (1.0 ppm) 1271 1020 1010 1103

In demonstrations, Navjot of maize (1463 kg/ha), T-9 of blackgram (420 kg/ha), K-851 of greengram (413kg/ha), JL-24 of groundnut (933 kg/ha), RT-46 of sesame (522 kg/ha), AK-42 of horsegram (805 kg/ha) and MPchari of fodder sorghum (4870 kg/ha) were found to be superior.

Seed yield of blackgram under different demonstrations - ArjiaVariety Yield (kg/ha) in 2001T-9 420Local 348

Seed yield of greengram under different demonstrations - ArjiaVariety Yield (kg/ha) in 2001K-851 413Local 333

Pod yield of groundnut under different demonstrations - ArjiaVariety Yield (kg/ha) in 2001JL-24 933Local 747


65

Seed yield of horsegram under different cultivars - ArjiaVariety Yield (kg/ha) in 2001AK-1 752AK-42 805Local 442

Seed yield of horsegram under cultivars - ArjiaVariety Yield (kg/ha) in 2001AK-42 805AK-1 752KS-2 (check) 442

Seed yield of fodder sorghum under different cultivars - ArjiaVariety Yield (kg/ha) in 2001MP chari 4870Local 3560

Weed management: Atrazine @ 0.5 kg/ha + hoeing once was found to be superior for maize with amean yield of 2471 kg/ha compared to farmers’ practice viz., hoeing /hand weeding twice with a yield of 1908kg/ha under semi arid vertisols.

Weed management in maize – ArjiaGrain yield (kg/ha)Treatment

1992 1994 1995 1996 2000 2001 MeanAtrazine 0.5 kg/ha + hoeing once 1652 3458 1553 2401 290 1323 1779Atrazine 0.5 kg/ha + Dryland weeder once - 3270 1464 2505 - 1363 2150Farmers’ practice (hoeing/ hand weeding twice) 994 2354 1261 2108 290 1429 1406

For weed management in groundnut + sesame intercropping at Arjia, application of pedimethelin @ 0.5 kgai/ha + hoeing once was found to be highly effective with maximum yields of 1285 kg/ha of groundnut and 150kg/ha of sesame compared to farmers’ practice (hoeing twice) with 1139 and 145 kg/ha of the respective crops.

Weed management in groundnut – sesame intercropping system - ArjiaGrain yield (kg/ha)Treatment

1994 1995 1996 2000 2001 MeanFluchloralin 0.5 kg/ha +hoeing once 1075

(188)1271(145)

1417(127)

351(68)

793(116)

961(128)

Pendimethalin 0.5 kg/ha +hoeing once 1087(188)

1337(160)

1430(101)

- - 1285(150)

Farmers’ practice (hoeing twice) 1037(176)

1124(125)

1257(135)

335 537(72)

858(127)

Data in parenthesis indicates the seed yield of sesame

Application of glyphosate (0.3%) + ploughing once controlled weeds better and provided a maximummean wheat yield of 2654 kg/ha, followed by application of glyphosate (0.3%) with a yield of 2613 kg/ha atArjia, while weedy check gave attained a yield of 2033 kg/ha in the study.

Effect of different weed control methods on grain yield of wheat – ArjiaGrain yield (kg/ha)Treatment

1994-95 1995-96 MeanGlyphosate 0.1% 1448 2963 2205Glyphosate 0.2% 1633 3439 2536Glyphosate 0.3% 1661 3566 2613G – 0.1 + ploughing 1458 3317 2387G – 0.2 + ploughing 1648 3407 2527G – 0.3 + ploughing 1712 3597 2654Ploughing (two) 1384 2857 2120Weedy check 1352 2714 2033


66

In a weed management trial, atrazine 0.5 kg ai/ha + hoeing once was found to be superior with a maizegrain yield of 1512 kg/ha compared to hoeing and land weeding twice (farmers’ practice) with a yield of 1443kg/ha under semi arid vertisols.

Rain yield of maize under weed control through atrazine – ArjiaTreatment Yield (kg/ha) in 2001Demonstration (Atrazine 0.5 kg/ha + hoeing once 1512Farmers’ practice (Hoeing and hand weeding twice) 1443

ORP - Indore

The work carried at Indore on crop improvement, weed management, package of practices, nutrientmanagement and cropping system is reported hereunder:

Nutrient management: In a soybean – chickpea sequence study, recommended fertiliser dose (DAP @125 kg/ha) plant protection was found to be superior for soybean with a mean yield of 771 kg/ha compared toonly recommended fertiliser dose with a yield of 636 kg/ha and farmers’ practice (DAP @ 75 kg/ha) with a yieldof 513 kg/ha at Indore under semi – arid vertisols. The above treatments have given a mean chickpea yield of788, 721 and 543 kg/ha respectively.

Effect of contributory production factors on soybean-chickpea/linseed sequence – IndoreTreatment Soybean Chickpea yield (kg/ha)

2000(4) 2001

Mean(9 yrs)

2000(4) 2001

Mean(5 yrs)

Farmers’ practice (75 kg DAP/ha) 513 782 541 543 359 506Recommended dose (125 kg DAP/ha) 636 917 667 721 512 679Recommended dose + plant protection 771 1086 806 788 588 748Mean 640 922 671 684 486 644

Cropping system: Among different green fodders tested at Indore, sudan fodder yielded maximum of47000 kg/ha, followed by maize fodder of 34600 kg/ha and sorghum fodder of 31600 kg/ha under semi aridvertisols of Indore.

Trial on green fodder – Indore

CropsYield (kg/ha)

in 2000Yield (kg/ha) in

2001Mean (2 years)

Sorghum fodder 31600 27200 29400Maize fodder 34600 27400 31000Sudan fodder 47000 40300 43650Mean 37733 31600 34683

Crop improvement: Among 13 different soybean varieties tested at Indore, JS-1498, PK-564 and PK-472were found to be superior with a mean yield of 2114, 2020 and 2015 kg/ha under semi arid vertisols in 5seasons. JS-90-41 yielded the lowest with a mean yield of 761 kg/ha in the study.

Varietal trial on soybean - IndoreVariety 2000 (5) 2001 Mean (kg/ha)JS-335 709 845 777JS-71-05 784 990 887Samrat 869 999 934Mean 787 945 866

Weed management: Imazethapar @ 750 ml/ha was found to be an effective weedicide with asignificantly higher soybean seed yield of 911 kg/ha compared to farmers’ practice with a yield of 609 kg/haunder semi arid vertisols of Indore.


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Trial on post emergence weedicide on soybean – IndoreTreatment Seed yield (kg/ha) in 2000Farmers’ practice 609Weedicide Imazethapar @ 750 ml/ha 911Mean 760

Among different weedicides tested for soybean at Indore, basaline @ 2.5 lit/ha was highly effective andhas provided a yield of 1829 kg/ha, followed by lasso liquid @ 4 l/ha with a yield of 1737 kg/ha as againstlowest yield of 850 kg/ha attained with farmers practice (one dora + one hand weeding).

Weedicide trial on soybean – IndoreTreatment 2000 2001 MeanCultivators’ practice (one dora +one hand weeding) 609 731 670Two interculture followed by one hand weeding (weed free) - 1079 1079Imagethapar @ 750 ml/ha 911 1094 1002Mean 760 968 864

Package of practices: In large-scale demonstrations on Marigold under semi arid vertisols of Indore, amean yield of 6626 kg/ha with a net income of Rs.32678/ha were attained during 3 years. The study indicated abenefit cost ratio of 2.63 under farmers’ field conditions.

Large scale demonstration on marigold – Indore

YearYield

(kg/ha)Gross income

(Rs/ha)Net income

(Rs/ha)BC

Ratio2000 6626 52678 32678 2.632001 9134 54804 29804 2.60Mean (3 yrs) 7253 53210 31960

In another demonstration on soybean for 3 seasons under farmers’ field conditions at Indore, a meanyield of 1270 kg/ha with a net income of Rs.7698/ha with a benefit cost ratio of 1.31 under semi arid vertisols.

Large scale demonstration on soybean/chickpea - Indore

Year CropYield

(kg/ha)Gross income

(Rs/ha)Net income

(Rs/ha)BC Ratio

2000 Chickpea 585 5907 2400 1.60Soybean 1270 12534 76980 1.31

2001 Soybean 834 7549 3549 1.88Mean (4 yrs) Soybean 1161 11288 6661

This project also operates on-farm front line demonstrations with the participation of farmers the detailson the last 10 years are given in our annual report 2001-02. The results of these demonstrations this year aredescribed individually under crop based production system.


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RICE BASED PRODUCTION SYSTEM

1. IntroductionIn the rainfed rice production system four centers viz., Varanasi and Faizabad in Uttar Pradesh, Ranchi in

Jharkhand and Phulbani in Orissa are in the network of this project. The climate is per-humid in this region withhigh rainfall. Sequence cropping is mostly practiced. Major soil orders are inceptisols and entisols in UttarPradesh, alfisols in Jharkhand and Orissa. The recommendation domain includes Faizabad, Sultanpur, Gonda,Basti, Barabanki, Jaunpur, Ambedkarnagar districts of Uttar Pradesh for Faizabad centre, Varanasi, Chandauli,Sant Rabidas Nagar, Jaunpur, Ghazipur, Mirzapur and Sonbhadra districts of Uttar Pradesh in Varanasi andVindhyachal commissionaires for Varanasi center, Phulbani, Boudh, Rayagada, Gajapati and Asoka districts forPhulbani center and Gumla, Hazaribagh and Entire plateau of Jharkhand state, parts of Rohtas, Gay, Jamui inMonghyr district, Banka sub-division of Bhagalpur district in Bhir and Purulia and Bankura districts of WestBengal for Ranchi centre. In the rainfed zone of this domain, pulses and rainfed rice dominate at Varanasiwhereas rainfed rice is the predominant crop in other regions. Drought occurs once in six years at Varanasi,once in twenty years in Phulbani and Ranchi and once in ten years at Faizabad. The description of the agro-eco sub-region, present state of soil degradation, climate and soil parameters follow:

Agro-eco-sub-region State of soil degradation Climatic and soil parameters

VaranasiNorthern Plain, hot sub-humid (dry) eco-region: Rohilkhand Avadh and south BiharPlains, hot dry sub-humid eco-subregionwith deep loamy alluvium-derived soils,medium to high available water capacityand length of growing period 150-180days (Agro-eco-sub-region 9.2).

Water erosion with slight loss of topsoil, affecting 26-50% area; mediumseverity; and moderate physicaldeterioration due to water logging,affecting 11-25% area; mediumseverity.

Potential evapo-transpiration(normal)RainfallSoil reactionElectrical conductivityOrganic carbon PhosphatePotash

577 mm

830 mmNormal SuitableLowMediumVery low

FaizabadNorthern Plain, hot sub-humid (dry) eco-region: Rohilkhand, Avadh and south Biharplains, hot dry sub-humid eco-subregionwith deep loamy alluvium- derived soils,medium to high available water capacityand length of growing period 150-180days (Agro-eco-sub-region 9.2).

Moderate chemical deterioration dueto salinization, affecting 26-50%area; high severity; water erosionwith slight loss of top soil affecting11-25% area; low severity; andslight physical deterioration due towater-logging, affecting 11-25%area; low severity.

Po ten t i a l evapo-transpiration (normal)RainfallSoil reactionElectrical conductivityOrganic carbon PhosphatePotash

549 mm

766 mmSodicNormalLowLowMedium

PhulbaniEastern Plateau (Chotanagpur) and EasternGhats, hot sub-humid eco-region: GarjatHills, Dandakaraanya and Eastern Ghats,hot moist sub-humid eco-subregion withdeep loamy red and lateritic soils, low tomedium available water capacity andlength of growing period 180-210 days(Agro-eco-sub-region 12.1).

Stable terrain showing water erosionwith slight loss of top soil, affecting26-50% area; low severity.


478 mm


RanchiEastern Plateau (Chotanagpur) and EasternGhats, hot sub-humid eco-region: Chota-nagpur Plateau and Garjat Hills, hot dry-sub-humid eco-subregion with moderatelydeep to loamy to clayey red and lateriticsoils, medium available water capacity andlength of growing period of 150-180 days(Agro-eco-sub-region 12.3).

Water erosion with moderate loss oftop soil, affecting 51-100% area;high severity.


455 mm



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2. RainfallFaizabad received a lower rainfall of 766 mm compared to normal rainfall of 1057 mm in 2002. There was

low rainfall of 66 mm in June, 72 mm in July against a normal rainfall of 134 and 279 mm respectively. A belownormal rainfall of 232 mm against 324 mm occurred in August, while a very high rainfall of 390 mm against anormal of 195 mm in September. The crops were sown with the rainfall received in July, but have faceddrought in July and August due to below normal rainfall. However, there was a recovery of crop growth due tosubsequent normal rains in September. The rice and other crops have yielded lower than the normal yield inthis season due to erratic distribution of rainfall.

Ranchi received a rainfall of 1485 mm which was more than normal rainfall of 1299 mm during January toDecember 2002. The rainfall was high and above normal in June, July, August and September and was closeto normal in October. All crops were sown with onset of monsoon and had good vegetative growth. There wasno drought effect in the subsequent stages of crop growth and the yields were normal.

Varanasi received a rainfall of 830 mm as against normal rainfall of 1079 mm during 2002. The rainfall wasbelow normal in June and July, while it was above normal in August, September and October. The crops weresown with the onset of monsoon by the end of June. Although there was good germination, the crops suffereddue to low rainfall in July and there was a severe drought. There was a reduction in crop growth. The cropshave recovered with good rains received in August and September. The crops were harvested and the yieldswere slightly lower compared to normal rainfall years.

Phulbani received a rainfall of 888 mm during 2002 as against normal of 1378 mm indicating a short fall of36% from normal. Receipt of above normal rainfall in April and May facilitated off-season tillage (summerploughing). Onset of monsoon was advanced by 4 days and majority of crops were sown with onset ofmonsoon. The monsoon months i.e. June, July, August and September received 22, 64,13 and 38% lessrainfall than normal. Early season drought in July delayed inters cultural operations and top-dressing in riceand affected plant stand, growth and yield of rice. Yields of maize, turmeric and yam were reduced, whilepulses as pigeonpea and blackgram performed well. Rabi crops like horsegram and mustard have either failedor gave very meagre yield due to receipt of low precipitation.

Rainfall (mm) in various seasons during 2002Faizabad Ranchi Phulbani Varanasi

Month Normal 2002 Normal 2002 Normal 2002 Normal 2002Rainy season

June 134 66 187 307 182 149 87 57July 279 72 315 455 340 129 338 136August 324 232 283 346 381 329 312 326September 195 390 271 313 221 135 210 226Total 932 760 1056 1421 1124 742 947 745

Post – rainy seasonOctober 46 4 77 62 88 11 49 85November 9 0 8 1 28 0 7 0Total 55 4 85 63 116 11 56 85

WinterDecember 10 2 9 1 5 0 5 0January 15 0 19 0 9 13 26 0February 12 0 30 0 14 0 18 0Total 37 2 58 1 28 13 49 0

SummerMarch 7 0 29 0 21 20 10 0April 7 0 32 0 31 32 4 0May 21 0 40 0 58 70 12 0Total 35 0 101 0 110 122 26 0Grand Total 1057 766 1300 1485 1378 888 1078 830


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3. On-Station ResearchThe results from different trials conducted at Ranchi, Phulbani, Faizabad and Varanasi are reported here

under.

3.1 Integrated nutrient managementIn a permanent manurial trial with rice (NDR-97 variety) under dry sub-humid inceptisols, a maximum

yield of 4027 kg/ha was attained with 100% recommended dose of fertiliser, followed by 50% N throughinorganic + 50% N through farm yard manure with a yield of 3958 kg/ha. Farmers’ practice gave a yield of3080 kg/ha, while a yield of 2653 kg/ha was attained under control. In rabi, a maximum lentil yield of 822 kg/hawas attained with 75% N as basal + 25% N as folier spray compared to control yield of 378 kg/ha in the study.

Permanent manurial trial on rice (NDR-97) - VaranasiYield (kg/ha) in 2002

Treatment Rice LentilRice mean

(2 yrs)Control 2653 378 2521Recommended dose of fertiliser 4027 463 370250% recommended dose of fertiliser 3762 389 3348100% organic manure (farm yard manure) 3948 370 36911/2 N as farm yard manure 3559 789 30663/4 N as basal + 1/4 as foliar 3948** 822 30171/2 N recommended dose of fertiliser + 1/2 N as farm yard manure 3958 770 3701Farmer's practice 3080 385 3085

Mean 3617 357 3324CD 177

CV(%) 11.5 37.4** In 2002, Treatment 6 is 50% RDF + 50% foliar instead of 3/4 as basal + 1/4 as foliar

In an integrated nutrient management study with rice + greengram – lentil at Varanasi, 100%recommended fertiliser dose has given highest rice yield of 4000 kg/ha under sole cropping of rice. The samedose has given maximum rice yield of 3942 kg/ha under rice + greengram intercropping system. However, 15kg N/ha through green leaf + 20 kg N/ha through inorganic source has given maximum greengram yield of925 kg/ha under rice + greengram intercropping, while 15 kg N/ha through green leaf + 20 kg N/ha throughinorganic source has given maximum greengram yield of 651 kg/ha under sole cropping system in dry sub-humid inceptisols. The integrated nutrient management treatments were found to be significantly different forrice, while at par for greengram under both sole and intercropping systems.

Integrated nutrient system in rice + greengram - lentil system - VaranasiYield (kg/ha) in 2002

Rice + GreengramTreatment Solerice Rice Greengram

Solegreengram

Control 3278 2692 642 456100% recommended dose of fertiliser 4000 3942 875 63950% recommended dose of fertiliser 3611 2975 775 52825 kg N/ha (farm yard manure) 3611 2942 742 48415 kg N/ha (farm yard manure) + 10 kg N/ha (inorganic) 3833 3917 850 52315 kg N /ha (green leaf manure) + 20 kg N/ha (inorganic) 3906 3942 925 61215 kg N /ha (green leaf manure) + 10 kg N/ha (inorganic) 3739 3300 708 63915 kg N /ha (green leaf manure) + 20 kg N/ha (inorganic) 3811 3558 858 65115 kg N /ha (farm yard manure) + 10 kg N/ha(green leaf manure)

3389 2822 858 600

Mean 3686 3343 804 570CD (0.05) 471 332 NS NS


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Application of 20 kg N through farm yard manure + 20 kg P + 20 kg K/ha provided a maximum rice yieldof 1865 kg/ha during 9 years at Phulbani under moist sub-humid alfisols. The treatment was found to besuperior compared to application of fertiliser either through inorganic or glyricidia or cassia sources orinorganic fertiliser + zinc application. The maximum mean organic carbon of 5 g/kg was found in the plotwhere 30 kg N (Farm yard manure) + 20 kg P + 20 kg K/ha was applied, while soil P of 12.5 kg/ha in the plotwhere 60 kg N + 40 kg P + 40 kg K/ha was applied and soil K of 160 kg/ha in the plot where 30 kg N(glyricidia) + 20 kg P + 20 kg K/ha was applied during the last 9 years in the study.

Effect of chemical fertilizers and organic manures on restoration of soil productivity andsustainability of rice horsegram cropping system - Phulbani

Treatment - NPK Levels (kg/ha)Soil K

(kg/ha)Soil P

(kg/ha)

Organiccarbon(g/kg)

Rice(Kharif)in 2002

Mean(9 yrs)

N0P0K0 (Control) 73 7.4 3.2 584 788N60:P40:K40 142 12.5 3.8 1614 1960N30:P20:K20 122 11.8 3.4 995 1404Glyricidia leaves @ 30N+20P+20K 160 9.5 4.3 709 1290Cassia leaves @ 30N+20P+20K 132 8.5 3.9 741 1359Farm yard manure @ 30N+20P+20K 112 10.7 4.9 1855 1996N30:P20:K20+Glyricidia @ 30N+20P+20K 120 10.5 4.6 1068 1601N30:P20:K20 +Cassia leaves@ 30N+20P+20K 116 8.3 4.0 1008 1659N30:P20:K20 +farm yard manure @ 30N+20P+20K 110 10.7 5.0 1865 1948N30:P20:K20 +ZnSO4 spray -

Mean 1160

In a rice + blackgram study with different organic and inorganic fertilizers at Phulbani, maximum riceequivalent yield of 1770 kg/ha was attained when blackgram was sown as a sole crop compared to rice +blackgram with a yield of 1434 kg/ha. However, the intercropping system has a higher sustainability of 0.78compared to sole blackgram with 0.38 and sole rice with 0.27 sustainability. Among different fertilizertreatments, farm yard manure @ 15 kg/ha + 20 kg N/ha through inorganic source gave a higher yield of 1804kg/ha, followed by 15 kg N/ha through green leaf + 20 kg N/ha through inorganic source with a yield of 1723kg/ha under moist sub-humid alfisols. The study indicated that maximum organic carbon of 5.2 g/kg and soil Kof 152 kg/ha were found in the plot where 25 kg N/ha through farm yard manure was applied, while maximumsoil P of 10.5 kg/ha was found in the plot where 60 kg N/ha was applied during the last 5 years.

Effect of different organic and inorganic fertilizers on rice and blackgramwhen grown as pure and strip crops - Phulbani

Soil test valuesTreatment Organic carbon

(g/kg)P

(kg/ha)K

(kg/ha)

WUE (kggrain/ ha

mm)

AE (kggrain/kg N)

Riceyield

(kg/ha)

Mean(5yrs)

Sustain-abilityindex

A: Main treatment - (Crops)Rice 1148 1595 0.27Blackgram 1770 3093 0.38Rice + blackgram 1434 1505 0.78

CD (0.05) 486B: Sub treatment - (Fertilizer)Control 3.23 4.6 67 1.605 - 813 1293 0.21Chemical fertilizer (60 kg N/ha) 4.13 10.5 138 3.351 14.91 1708 2068 0.41Chemical fertilizer (30 kg N/ha) 3.75 9.5 88 2.656 18.10 1356 1916 0.37Farm yard manure 25 kg/ha 5.20 8.2 152 2.724 23.08 1390 1974 0.39Farm yard manure 15 kg/ha +10 kg N (inorganic)

4.65 6.5 110 3.094 30.60 1578 2504 0.53

Farm yard manure 15 kg/ha +20 kg N (inorganic)

4.65 8.0 78 3.533 28.31 1804 2565 0.54


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Green leaf 15 kg N /ha + 10 kgN/ha (inorganic)

4.45 7.0 104 2.782 24.28 1420 2158 0.43

Green leaf 15 kg N /ha + 20 kgN/ha (inorganic)

4.85 8.5 106 3.375 26.00 1723 2316 0.48

Farm yard manure 15 kg/ha +10 kg N/ha (green leaf)

5.10 8.2 124 2.592 20.44 1324 1860 0.36

Mean 1457 2073 0.41CD (0.05) 321

In a study on assessing different green manuring, green leaf manuring and residue management formaize – mustard sequence cropping system under moist sub-humid oxisols at Phulbani, application of 30 kgN/ha equivalent through glyricidia leaves has given a significantly higher maize yield of 3448 kg/ha. This isfollowed by the treatment 30 kg N/ha through cassia leaves with a yield of 3222 kg/ha. These two treatmentswere superior compared to application of fertiliser through cowpea, sunhemp or thornless biomass. In thesame study, glyricidia has given higher mustard yield compared to other sources manuring. Further, glyricidiatreatment was found to be highly sustainable for maize yield in the last 3 years. The study has also indicatedthe superiority of 100% recommended dose and maize stover mulch @ 4 t/ha with toria seed yields of 92 and87 kg/ha respectively. The toria yields were low due to low rainfall and soil moisture status in rabi season.

Sustainability in production of maize-mustard sequence cropping system through green manuring,green leaf manuring and residue management - Phulbani

Maize yield (kg/ha) ToriaTreatment2002 Mean

(3 yrs)Sustainability

index2002 Mean

(2 yrs)A: Green/Green leaf manuring (Maize)Control 2418 2700 0.40 52 67Cowpea (after 2 pickings) (Maize + cowpea) 2949 +

13533489 0.58 69 83

Sunhemp 2718 3541 0.59 68 83Thornless biomass 2646 3206 0.51 51 69Glyricidia @ 30 kg N /ha 3448 3760 0.64 74 87Cassia @ 30 kg N /ha 3222 3800 0.64 66 88

Mean 2900 3416 0.56 63 79SEm 140 9

CD (0.05) 422 NSB: Fertility levels (NPK kg/ha) (Toria)No fertilizer 57 66100% recommended dose (30:15:15) 69 92

Mean 63 79SEm 4

CD (0.05) 11C: Mulching (Toria)No mulch 59 71Maize stover mulch @ 4 t/ha 66 87

Mean 63 79SEm 3

CD (0.05) NS

In a pigeonpea + rice intercropping study with different integrated nutrient supply system treatments,recommended N of 45 kg/ha through inorganic source was found to be superior with a significantly higher riceyield of 1068 kg/ha, while farmers’ practice of farm yard manure @ 5 t/ha with a yield of 217 kg/ha. Thetreatment is followed by a mixture of green leaf and chemical fertiliser, farm yard manure and chemical fertilisercombinations. The significantly higher pigeonpea yield was attained with application of farm yard manure @ 6t/ha + remaining N through chemical fertiliser with a yield of 1976 kg/ha. However, the maximum rice


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equivalent yield of 5193 kg/ha from intercropping system was attained with application of farm yard manure @6 t/ha and remaining N through chemical fertiliser compared to other treatments at Phulbani.

Integrated nutrient supply system for pigeonpea + rice intercropping system - PhulbaniYield (kg/ha)Treatment

2002 Mean(2 yrs)

2002 Mean(2 yrs)

2002 Mean(2 yrs)

Rice Pigeonpea Rice equivalentFarmers’ practice (farm yard manure 5 t/ha) 217 501 940 629 2491 2033Green leaf (2.5 t/ha) + Rest N (inorganic) 856 1324 1173 787 3779 3285Green leaf (5 t/ha) + Rest N (inorganic) 945 1379 1362 898 4335 3610Green leaf (7.5 t/ha) + Rest N (inorganic) 467 1007 1396 923 3948 3456Farm yard manure (2 t/ha) + Rest N(inorganic)

867 1187 1351 909 4231 3450

Farm yard manure (4 t/ha) + Rest N(inorganic)

678 1168 1596 1082 4659 3942

Farm yard manure (6 t/ha) + Rest N(inorganic)

267 719 1976 1311 5193 3990

Recommended N (45 kg/ha) (inorganic) 1068 1525 1479 1018 4750 4057Recommended N (45 kg/ha) (green leaf) 506 1019 1497 1032 4235 3588

Mean 652 1092 1419 954 4180 3490SEm 143 140 384

CD (0.05) 428 450 1145

In an integrated nutrient supply system study with yam + maize intercropping system at Phulbanisignificantly higher green cob yields of maize were attained with 50% N through inorganic + 50% N throughfarm yard manure, 50% N through inorganic + 50% through green leaf, 50% through inorganic + 25% throughfarm yard manure + 25% through green leaf, and recommended dose of NPK through inorganic fertilizers withyields of 2758, 2346, 2223 and 2295 kg/ha respectively. The maximum yam tuber yield 6822 kg/ha and alsomaximum yam equivalent yield of 8352 kg/ha was attained with recommended dose of NPK (80-60-80 kg/ha) inyam + maize system compared to other treatments. The recommended dose of fertiliser has given a solemaize yield (green cobs) of 4960 kg/ha and sole yam yield of 5248 kg/ha in the study of yam.

Integrated nutrient supply for yam + maize intercropping system - PhulbaniYield (kg/ha) in 2002

TreatmentGreen cobof maize

Tuberof Yam

Yamequivalent

Control (Farmers’ practice, farm yard manure to meet N need only) 1081 2830 3551100% recommended dose of fertiliser 2295 6822 835250% chemical fertiliser + 50% N (farm yard manure) 2758 4939 677850% chemical fertiliser + 50% N (green leaf) 2346 5670 723450% chemical fertiliser + 25% N (farm yard manure) + 25% N (green leaf) 2223 5114 659625% chemical fertiliser + 50% N (farm yard manure) + 25% N (green leaf) 1698 4805 593725% chemical fertiliser + 50% N (green leaf) + 25% N (farm yard manure) 2017 5546 6891

Mean 2060 5104 6477SEm 309 485

CD (0.05) 947 1495Other treatmentsSole maize (Recommended dose of 80-40-40 kg NPK /ha) 4960Sole Yam (Recommended dose of fertiliser) 5248Sole Yam (Full N as farm yard manure and Full P and Kas inorganic fertiliser) 5710 5710


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In a study on assessing the effect of different organic and inorganic fertiliser treatments on turmeric atPhulbani, the highest fresh yield of 7129 kg/ha was attained with 50% recommended dose + lime 0.25 LR(Lime Requirement) + farm yard manure @ 20 t/ha, followed by 100% recommended dose + farm yardmanure @ 20 t/ha with a yield of 4137 kg/ha as against a control yield of 2249 kg/ha under moistsub-humid oxisols.

Effect of chemical fertilizer and organic manure on yield of turmeric - PhulbaniTreatment Turmeric fresh yield

(kg/ha) in 2002Control 2249100% recommended dose (60-30-90 kg NPK/ha) 308250% recommended dose 2721Farm yard manure @ 20 t/ha 2665100% recommended dose + farm yard manure @ 20 t/ha 413750% recommended dose + farm yard manure @ 20 t/ha 3804Lime 0.25 LR + farm yard manure @ 20 t/ha 291650% recommended dose + Lime 0.25 LR + farm yard manure @20 t/ha 7129Lime 0.25 LR + farm yard manure @ 20 t/ha + Bio fertilizer 316550% recommended dose + Lime + farm yard manure + Bio fertilizer 3444

Mean 3531

100% recommended N through inorganic source gave maximum maize yield of 2224 kg/ha under solecropping system and 1077 kg/ha under maize + pigeonpea intercropping system compared to othertreatments of compost, green manure and combination of inorganic and organic fertilizers. The treatment hasalso given maximum pigeonpea yield of 956 kg/ha in the study.

Integrated nutrient supply system for rainfed areas of eastern Uttar Pradesh - FaizabadGrain yield (kg/ha) in 2002 Mean (2 yrs)

Pigeonpea Maize Maize + pigeonpea Maize Maize +pigeonpea

Treatment

(Sole) (Sole) Maize Pigeonpea (Sole) MaizeControl 422 1064 564 518 1489 866100% recommended dose of N (inorganic) 956 2224 1077 666 3093 160050% recommended dose of N (inorganic) 679 1474 895 718 2069 130325 kg/ha N (compost) 916 1092 781 709 1587 117415 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (inorganic) 796 1055 718 833 1539 107515 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (inorganic) 870 1323 892 635 1884 132515 kg N (green leaf) + 10 kg N (inorganic) 771 1049 672 642 1621 107315 kg N (green leaf) + 20 kg N (inorganic) 894 1332 897 744 1868 128115 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (green leaf) 662 1082 725 598 1637 1091

Mean 1299 802 1866 1199SEm 28 24 19 26

CD (0.05) 87 70 56 78

In a integrated nutrient management of rice + blackgram at Ranchi with different treatments, applicationof 15 kg N/ha through compost + 20 kg N/ha through inorganic source was found to be superior with amaximum rice yield of 1890 kg/ha and blackgram yield of 1042 kg/ha. The treatment has also provided asustainability of 0.36 for rice with a mean yield of 1638 kg/ha and 0.44 for blackgram with a mean yield of 807kg/ha during the last 5 years under moist sub-humid oxisols.


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Effect of integrated nutrient management on cereal-legume rotation (rice-blackgram) - RanchiCereal - legume Cereal + legume Legume-cerealTreatment

Rice in2002

Mean(5 yrs)

Sustain-ability index

Rice in2002

Blackgramin 2002

Mean(5 yrs)


Black-gram in2002

Control 542 656 -0.01 742 583 567 0.23 630100% recommended doseof N (inorganic) (40 kg/ha)

1950 1915 0.47 1750 728 744 0.39 708

50% recommended dose ofN (inorganic)

1583 1416 0.28 1522 747 657 0.31 730

25 kg N/ha (compost) 1517 1365 0.26 1517 917 734 0.38 79015 kg N/ha (compost) + 10kg N/ha (inorganic)

1717 1505 0.31 1583 944 728 0.37 827

15 kg N/ha (compost) + 20kg N/ha (inorganic)

2017 1638 0.36 1890 1042 807 0.44 826

15 kg N/ha (green leaf) +10 kg N/ha (inorganic)

1617 1383 0.27 1667 944 740 0.38 847

15 kg N/ha (green leaf) +20 kg N/ha (inorganic)

1900 1650 0.37 1861 1041 711 0.36 792

15 kg N/ha (compost) + 10kg N/ha (green leaf)

1800 1533 0.32 1694 1139 711 0.36 833

Mean 1627 1451 0.29 898 711 0.36 776

SEm 52 65 84 35

CD (0.05) 148 184 237 84

Farm yard manure @ 10 t/ha gave a maximum rice yield of 1897 kg/ha followed by farm yard manure @5 t/ha + 50% NPK through inorganic source with a yield of 1850 kg/ha at Ranchi in rice – linseed croppingsystem. However, the latter treatment had a higher sustainability of 0.70 compared to the former with 0.62sustainability under moist sub-humid oxisols.


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Studies on integrated nutrient management on rice-linseed cropping system - RanchiTreatment Rice grain yield

(kg/ha) in 2002Mean(6 yrs)

Sustainabilityindex

Control (No fertilizer) 372 384 0.05100% recommended dose of fertiliser (40:30:20 kg/ha) 1760 1697 0.6850% recommended dose of fertiliser 1077 1158 0.42Farm yard manure to meet 50% recommended dose of N + PKless present in the form of residue

1276 1082 0.38

Farm waste @ 2.5 t/ha to meet part of K less present in the formof residue

1260 1049 0.37

Farm yard manure 5 t/ha + 50% NPK (inorganic) 1850 1746 0.70Farm yard manure 10 t/ha 1897 1569 0.62

Mean 1356 1241 0.46SEm 21

CD (0.05) 60

In a study to assess zinc effect on pigeonpea in salt affected soils of Faizabad, ZnSO4 @ 30 kg/ha wassignificantly superior with a seed yield of 2723 kg/ha, followed by 40 kg/ha with a yield of 2181 kg/hacompared to a control yield of 638 kg/ha under dry sub-humid inceptisols.

Effect of zinc sulphate on the yield of pigeonpea - FaizabadTreatment Seed yield (kg/ha)Control 638ZnSO4 @ 10 kg/ha 1751ZnSO4 @ 20 kg/ha 2072ZnSO4 @ 30 kg/ha 2723ZnSO4 @ 40 kg/ha 2181ZnSO4 @ 50 kg/ha 1927ZnSO4 0.5% foliar spray at 30 days after sowing 959ZnSO4 0.5% foliar spray at 60 days after sowing 988ZnSO4 0.5% foliar spray at 30 and 60 days after sowing 1710

SEm 42CD (0.05) 125

3.2 Soil and water conservationIn a study with different drought management practices for mitigating effect of drought on rice at

Varanasi, 10 kg N/ha as an additional dose gave a higher rice yield of 4446 kg/ha compared to straw mulchwith a yield of 4394 kg/ha or dust mulch with a yield of 4303 kg/ha. 2% urea spray gave a yield of 3729 kg/hacompared to reduction of plant population or life saving irrigation or control. However, the treatments werefound to be at par with each other. There was a coefficient of variation of 10.2% in the rice yield attained withdifferent treatments examined in the study.

Studies on management practices to mitigate the drought effect on rice - VaranasiTreatment Rice yield (kg/ha) in 2002 Mean (2 yrs)

A: Normal sowing of crop (rice) 4091 3574B: Management practices for mitigating droughtControl 4066 3543Dust mulch 4303 3680Straw mulch 4394 375510 kg N/ha (additional) 4446 3843

CD (0.05) NSC: Late stage droughtControl 3429Life saving irrigation 3571


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2% Urea spray 3729Reduction of plant population 3546

CD (0.05) NSCV (%) 10.2

Among different mulches tested in a maize + pigeonpea intercropping system at Phulbani, maximummaize yield of 3418 kg/ha was attained with mimosa green leaf manure @ 5 t/ha application, while maximumpigeonpea of 594 kg/ha was attained with application of maize stover mulch @ 5 t/ha. These two treatmentshave also given higher maize equivalent yield of 4378 and 4318 kg/ha respectively under moist sub-humidalfisols.

Effect of mulches on soil moisture, yield and economics of maize + pigeonpea intercropping systemunder rainfed conditions - Phulbani

Maize grain yield (kg/ha)

Pigeonpeagrain yield

(kg/ha)

Maizeequivalent

yield (kg/ha)

Treatment 2002Mean(3 yrs)

Sustainabilityindex 2002

Mean(2 yrs) 2002

Mean(2 yrs)

No mulch 2333 3178 0.58 344 283 3269 3592Maize stover mulch @ 5 t/ha 2455 3307 0.61 594 497 4071 4318Cassia siamea green leaf mulch @ 5 t/ha 2433 2998 0.54 397 321 3513 3797Glyricidia green leaf mulch @ 5 t/ha 2722 3377 0.63 372 320 3734 3913Mimosa green leaf manure @ 5 t/ha 2700 3418 0.64 522 417 4120 4378Sole maize 2811 3350 2811 3350Sole pigeonpea 666 578 1812 1571

Mean 2529 3256 0.60 446 367 281 2269SEm 242 79 1812

CD (0.05) NS NS

Conventional tillage with a rice yield of 2889 kg/ha was found to be superior to minimum tillage with ayield of 2196 kg/ha at Varanasi. In the same study 100% recommended NPK of 80-40-20 kg/ha gave asignificantly higher yield compared to either weed compost @ 5 t/ha or weed compost @ 5 t/ha + 20 kg N/haunder dry sub-humid inceptisols.

Barley yields were also found to be higher (1630 kg/ha) with conventional tillage compared to minimumtillage, while application of weed compost @ 5 t/ha + 20 kg N/ha was superior with a marginally higher yield of1595 kg/ha compared to other nutrients in the above study with rice – barley system at Varanasi.

Effect of tillage and nutrient sources on performance of rice- barley system - Varanasi

TreatmentYield (kg/ha) in

2002Mean(3 yrs)

Mean(2 yrs)

Barley(rabi)

Rice(kharif) Barley

Rice (kharif)

A: TillageConventional 1630 2889 1448 1900Minimum (Cris-cross cultivator) (Disking twice+ cultivator) 1386 2196 1285 1493

Mean 2543 1366 1696SEm 195

CD (0.05) 186 NSB: Fertiliser100% recommended dose of fertiliser (80:40:20 NPK kg/ha) 1470 2863 1375 1992Weed compost (5 t/ha) 1565 2170 1388 1475Weed compost (5 t/ha) + 20 kg N/ha 1595 2521 1412 167650% recommended dose of fertiliser NPK 1460 2616 1344 1643


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Mean 2543 1380 1696SEm 228

CD (0.05) 497C: Mulching **No mulch 1375 1213Weed mulch 1505 1350Dust mulch 1654 1538

Mean 1367CD (0.05) 190

** Mulching will be applied during rabi season

In a tillage and nutrient management study for resource conservation and improving soil quality under drysub-humid inceptisols of Varanasi, conventional tillage was superior with a rice yield of 4089 kg/ha comparedto either low till or low till + weedicide. Among different organic and inorganic doses, 100% through organicsource gave higher yield of 4014 kg/ha compared to 50% through organic + 50% inorganic or 100% inorganicsource of fertilizers.

The study also indicated that conventional tillage was superior for lentil (1061 kg/ha of yield), while 100%fertiliser application through inorganic source gave marginally higher yield compared to other treatments testedat Varanasi. The crops performed well with bunding compared to without bunding.

Tillage and nutrient management strategies for resource conservation andimproving soil quality - Varanasi

Treatment Grain yield (kg/ha) in 2002Lentil Rice

With bunding 1048 3968Without bunding 973 3575

CD (0.05) NS NSA: TillageConventional (2 disc harrowing + one cultivator) 1061 4089Low till (criss-cross cultivation + Interculture 2) 1014 3791Low till + weedicide 959 3462

Mean 3781SEm 395

CD (0.05) NS NSB: Nutrient Supply100% through organic source 925 401450% though organic + 50% through inorganic 1021 3738100% through inorganic source 1089 3590

Mean 3781CD (0.05) NS NS

In a study with different tillage, interculture, herbicide and fertiliser practices for resource conservationand improving soil quality at Phulbani, maximum rice yield of 256 kh/ha was attained with low tillage + interculture + herbicide. Application of 100% fertiliser through inorganic source gave a higher yield of 305 kg/hacompared to other fertiliser treatments in the study. The pigeonpea crop (relay crop) has failed due to long dryspell and lack of sufficient of available moisture.

Low till farming strategies for resource conservation and improving soil quality - PhulbaniTreatment Rice grain yield (kg/ha) in 2002A: Main plot (Tillage)Conventional tillage + interculture 229Low till + interculture 255Low till + interculture + herbicide 256


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Mean 247SEm 15

CD (0.05) NSB: Sub plot (Nutrient supply)100% through organic source 190100% through inorganic source 30550% (organic) + 50% (inorganic) 245

Mean 247SEm 14

CD (0.05) 43

In a tillage x nutrient management study for resource conservation and soil quality improvement,maximum rice (BG-23-19) yield of 631 kg/ha was attained with low till + weedicide + 1 hand weedingcompared to either off season tillage + conventional tillage + 2 hand weedings or low till + 2 hand weedings.The treatment was also found to be highly sustainable with a value of 0.81 over a period of 3 years. Amongdifferent fertiliser treatments 50% N through organic source + 50% N through inorganic source was efficientwith a sustainability of 0.71 and rice yield of 696 kg/ha at Ranchi under moist sub-humid oxisols.

Tillage and nutrient management for resource conservation and improving soil quality - Ranchi

TreatmentRice yield


Sustainabilityindex

A: TillageOff season tillage + conventional tillage + 2 handweeding 564 586 0.76Low tillage (50%of T1) + 2 hand weeding 410 492 0.62Low tillage + weedicide + 1 hand weeding 631 623 0.81

Mean 535 567 0.73B: Fertilizer (NPK kg/ha)100% recommended dose of NPK (organic) 387 416 0.3950% through organic + 50% through inorganic 696 686 0.71100% recommended dose of fertiliser (inorganic) 522 600 0.61

Mean 535 567 0.57

In a tillage and nutrient management study for rice – lentil sequence at Faizabad, rice crop has notsurvived due to severe drought. However, conventional tillage with interculture twice was found to be superiorwith a lentil yield of 2453 kg/ha compared to low tillage + interculture twice with a yield of 2042 kg/ha. Amongfertilizers, 100% NPK through inorganic source gave a significantly higher yield of 2395 kg/ha compared to1950 kg/ha with 100% fertiliser through organic source and 2125 kg/ha attained with 50% organic + 50%inorganic source of fertiliser.

Low till farming strategies for resource conservation and improving soilquality with rice – lentil system - Faizabad

Treatment Rice Lentil yield(kg/ha) in 2002

Harvestindex (%)

A: TillageConventional tillage + interculture twice 2453 46.9Low tillage (50% conventional tillage) + interculture once 2042 46.5Low tillage + herbicide + interculture once 1975 46.4

CD (0.05) 136 -B: Fertilizers100% (organic) 1950 46.350% (organic) + 50% (inorganic) 2125 46.5100% (inorganic) 2395 47.0

CD (0.05)

Faileddue tosevere

drought

136 -


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3.3 Energy managementOne ploughing by Mold board plough + one ploughing by Birsa Ridger Plough + planking + seeding by

Country Plough gave the highest rice yield of 725 kg/ha with moderate sustainability of 0.37 compared to allother energy saving treatments. The treatment has also provided the highest mean yield of 1120 kg/ha duringlast 3 years at Ranchi under moist sub-humid oxisols. The different energy saving treatments gave a rice yieldwith a variation of 7.4% in the study.

Energy savings with Birsa Ridger Plough in comparison with country plough - Ranchi

TreatmentRice yield (kg/ha)

in 2002Mean(3 yrs)

Sustainabilityindex

1 ploughing by Birsa Ridger Plough + Planking + seeding byCountry Plough 558 648 0.112 ploughing by Birsa Ridger Plough + Planking + seeding T1 683 928 0.271 ploughing by Country Plough + Planking + seeding T1 375 438 -0.011 ploughing by Country Plough + Planking + seeding by T1 500 688 0.131 ploughing by MBP +1 ploughing by Birsa Ridger Plough +Planking + seeding as T1 725 1120 0.371 ploughing by MBP +1 ploughing by Country Plough +Planking + seeding as T1 622 921 0.261 ploughing by Birsa Ridger Plough +1 ploughing by CountryPlough + Planking + seeding as T1 583 831 0.21

Mean 578 796 0.19SEm 25

CD (0.05) 76CV (%) 7.4

MBP : Mold board plough; T1 : by country plough

3.4 Cropping systemIn a intercropping study with a pigeonpea + okra system, pigeonpea (60 x 30 cm) + 2 rows of okra has

given highest okra yield of 3148 kg/ha compared to other inter cropping treatments of the same crops withdifferent row spacing for pigeonpea and number of okra rows. The sole okra yield was found to be 4500 kg/hain their study conducted under the moist sub-humid oxisols of Ranchi.

Yield of green okra in pigeonpea + okra intercropping system - RanchiTreatment Okra yield (kg/ha) in 2002 Mean (6 yrs) Sustainability indexPigeonpea (60 x 30cm) + 1row of okra 2240 2801 0.56Pigeonpea (75 x 25cm) + 1row of okra 2370 2724 0.54Pigeonpea (120 x 20cm) + 1row of okra 1944 2289 0.44Pigeonpea (60 x 30cm) + 2rows of okra 3148 2996 0.60Pigeonpea (75 x 25cm) + 2rowsof okra 2740 2573 0.50Pigeonpea (120 x 20cm) + 2rows of okra 2481 2896 0.58Sole okra 4500 4171 0.86

Mean 2775 2921 0.58SEm 86

CD (0.05) 242

In an intercropping study of rice + okra with 1:1, 2;1, 3:1, 1:2, 2:2, 3:2 and 4:2 geometry at Ranchi, thehighest green okra yield of 3680 kg/ha was attained with 1:2 geometry, while the lowest yield of 1831 kg/hawas attained with 4:2 geometry. However, the maximum rice yield of 1277 kg/ha was attained under 3:1geometry, while the lowest yield of 742 kg/ha was attained under 1:1 geometry. The intercropping of rice +okra with 2:2 geometry was found to have maximum sustainability of 0.41 for okra and 0.47 for rice amongdifferent pairs of rows tested under moist sub-humid oxisols during last 4 years. Rice + okra (1:2) was found tobe superior with a maximum land equivalent yield of 1.40, followed by rice + okra (2:1) with 1.22, compared tothe lowest land equivalent ratio of 0.89 with rice + okra (4:2) system in the study.


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Studies on different intercropping systems in okra + upland rice system – RanchiGreen okra yield (kg/ha) Upland rice yield (kg/ha)



Mean(4 yrs)

Sustainabilityindex

Landequivalent

ratioRice + okra (1:1) 3036 1844 0.29 742 1203 0.41 1.12Rice + okra (2:1) 2602 1638 0.25 1100 1316 0.45 1.22Rice + okra (3:1) 1867 1370 0.18 1277 1260 0.43 1.15Rice + okra (1:2) 3680 2314 0.41 800 1018 0.33 1.40Rice + okra (2:2) 2947 2320 0.41 689 1365 0.47 1.14Rice + okra (3:2) 2413 1885 0.30 829 1350 0.47 0.95Rice + okra (4:2) 1831 1281 0.16 911 1314 0.45 0.89Sole rice - - 1800 1868 0.68 -Sole okra 4233 3876 0.77 - - - -

Mean 2826 2066 0.35 1019 1337 0.46SEm 40

CD (0.05) 120

In a study to asess different varieties of pigeonpea and rice for their suitability for intercropping under drysub-humid inceptisols of Varanasi, Bahar variety of pigeonpea + NDR-97 variety of rice gave maximumpigeonpea equivalent yield of 3640 kg/ha with maximum land equivalent ratio of 1.12, followed by Bahar ofpigeonpea + Vandana of rice with a yield of 3512 kg/ha with a land equivalent ratio of 1.08.

Performance of pigeonpea and rice genotypes in intercropping system - VaranasiGrain yield (kg/ha)Variety

Pigeonpea RiceTotal pigeonpea

yieldLand equivalent

ratioBahar (sole) 3243 - 3243 1.00Malviya Arhar – 3 (sole) 2113 - 2113 0.65Narendra Arhar –1 (sole) 3188 - 3188 0.98NDR-97 (sole) - 3373 972 0.30NDR-118 (sole) - 2780 801 0.25Vandana (sole) - 2391 689 0.21Bahar + NDR-97 3410 797 3640 1.12Bahar + NDR-118 3013 853 3258 1.01Bahar + Vandana 3337 612 3512 1.08MA-3 + NDR –97 1946 853 2192 0.68MA-3 + NDR – 118 2206 723 2414 0.74MA-3 + Vandana 2280 519 2429 0.75Narendra –1 + NDR-97 2317 723 2525 0.78Narendra –1 + NDR –118 2724 871 2976 0.92Narendra –1 + Vandana 2966 760 3185 0.98

SEm - - 124 -CD (0.05) - - 359 -

Among different planting methods and densities together with fertiliser levels tested for pigeonpea atVaranasi, flat planting, 66666 plants/ha of density and 20 kg N + 40 kg P + 20 kg K + 3 kg Zinc + 20 kgSulphur were found to be superior compared to other treatments. The treatment combination has given meangrain yield of 2928 kg/ha in the study under dry sub-humid inceptisols.

Performance of rainfed pigeonpea as affected by treatment (Rabi 2002-03) - VaranasiTreatment Grain yield (kg/ha)A: Main plot (Planting method + plant density)Flat planting + 66666 2928Flat planting + 83333 2853Flat planting + 100000 2899Ridge planting + 66666 2691


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Ridge planting + 83333 2703Ridge planting + 100000 2865

CD (0.05) NSCV (%) 13.0

B: Sub plot (Fertility level – N, P, K, Zu, S & kg/ha)20 kg N + 40 kg P + 20 kg K 262220 kg N + 40 kg P + 20 kg K + 3 kg Zinc + 20 kg Sulphur 295440 kg N + 80 kg P + 40 kg K + 6 kg Zinc + 40 kg Sulphur 2894

CD (0.05) 209CV (%) 10.9

In a study to assess suitable crops and varieties for rabi season at Faizabad, K-850 variety of chickpeawas superior with a maximum chickpea equivalent yield of 1880 kg/ha. This is followed by NDL-1 of lentil andNDR-1 of mustard with chickpea equivalent yields of 1830 and 1052 kg/ha. The varieties of wheat, barley andlinseed gave lower chickpea equivalent yields and are less suitable compared to chickpea, lentil and mustardcrops.

Grain yield of different crops and varieties - FaizabadCrops and varieties Grain yield (kg/ha) Harvest index (%) Chickpea yield

equivalent (kg/ha)Wheat – Atal 692 43.14 254Wheat – K 8027 660 42.58 243Barley – NDB 1 1042 43.11 387Barely – NDB 2 1071 43.50 347Chickpea – K 850 1880 44.98 1880Chickpea – Avrodhi 1750 44.47 1750Lentil – DPL 15 1898 35.35 1675Lentil – NDL 1 2074 34.15 1830Mustard – NDR 1 1278 31.45 1052Mustard – Vaibhav 1100 30.98 904Linseed – Garima 1354 32.74 875Linseed – T 397 1201 31.06 776

CD (0.05) - - 160

Among different methods of sowing examined for chickpea at Faizabad, line sowing (30 cm apart) wassuperior with a significantly higher grain yield of 1815 kg/ha, followed by broadcasting of seed then cross witha yield of 1685 kg/ha as against a minimum yield of 1440 kg/ha attained by broadcasting of seed and thenploughing method. Out of 5 levels of zinc sulphate applied to chickpea, 40 kg/ha was highly effective with asignificantly superior yield of 1823 kg/ha compared to control yield of 1308 kg/ha in the study.

Grain yield and harvest index of chickpea as affect by methods of sowing andzinc sulphate levels – Faizabad

Treatment Grain yield (kg/ha)in 2002

Harvest index(%)

Method of sowing:Line sowing (30 cm apart) 1815 45.7Broadcasting of seed then ploughing 1440 44.9Ploughing of field to open furrows then broadcasting the seed 1551 46.1Broadcasting of seed then cross 1685 45.1

CD (0.05) 147 -ZnSO4 level (kg/ha)Control 1308 45.910 kg ZnSO4 /ha 1505 46.120 kg ZnSO4 /ha 1684 43.030 kg ZnSO4 /ha 1794 45.240 kg ZnSO4 /ha 1823 45.1

CD (0.05) 164 -


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3.5 Crop improvementIn a multi location upland rice varietal trial with 14 varieties at Varanasi; CR-876-6 gave maximum yield of

4117 kg/ha, followed by NDR-97 (3333 kg/ha), Govind (3222 kg/ha) and RR-361-783 (3195 kg/ha) under drysub-humid inceptisols compared to other varieties.

Multi location upland rice varietal trial - Varanasi

VarietyYield (kg/ha) in

2002 Mean (2 yrs)RR- 347 - 166 2325 2305RR- 347 - 167 2712 2291RR- 347 - 1 2160 2234RR- 267 - 1 1656 2201RR- 361 – 783 NDR-118 3195RR- 361 - 1 2574 2452CR- 679 - 2 2670 2758CR- 876 – 6 Anand 4117Sneha 2022 2022Vandana 2139 2235Browngora 1194 1355NDR - 97 (Local check) 3333 2601Govind 3222Pant Dhan-12 2553

Mean 2562 2328SEm 103

CD (0.05) 299

In a study on water use efficiency of 20 rice cultivars at Varanasi, HUR-1029 was found to be superior witha yield of 4002 kg/ha, followed by Pant Dhan-12 with 3636 kg/ha, DR-3 and HUR-1038 with 3471 kg/ha underdry sub-humid inceptisols.

Testing of rice cultivars for high water use efficiency - VaranasiVariety Yield (kg/ha) in 2002 Mean (3 yrs) Sustainability indexHUR - 202 3382HUR - 1055 3468HUR - 1058 3268HUR - 1091 3202HUR - 1095 3735HUR - 1081 3382HUR - 3042 3036 3068Bakshi 1884 2172 0.31NDR - 97 3450 2652 0.44NDR - 118 3360 2656 0.44HUR - 1042 1974HUR - 1029 4002 2820HUR - 1036 2055HUR - 1038 3471 1438HUR - 1040 1357HUR - 1046 2079Pant Dhan - 12 3636 1709DR-1 2277DR-2 2298DR-3 3471


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Mean 3089 2595 0.43SEm 88

CD (0.05) 261

In an upland varietal evaluation trial under moist sub-humid alfisols of Phulbani, RR-166-645, RR-348-6,ZHU-11-26 and RR-347-1 were found to be promising with rice yields of 3833, 3722, 3611 and 3546 kg/harespectively. The genotype ZHU-11-26 was also found to be highly sustainable with a value of 0.67, while RR-347-1 had a sustainability of 0.59 during the last 7 years.

Upland rice varietal evaluation trial - PhulbaniVariety Yield (kg/ha) in 2002 Mean (7 yrs) Sustainability indexZHU 11-26 3611 2973 0.67BAU 4045-8 3268 2661 0.59Vandana 3282 2467 0.54Heera (C) 3046 2518 0.55RR- 166-645 3833 3833RR-345-2 2676 2676RR- 347-166 3111 2471 0.54RR- 347-1 3546 2673 0.59RR- 348-6 3722 3722RR- 354-1 1639 1639RR- 361-783 2139 2212 0.47RR- 361-1 2944 2827 0.63RR- 267-1 2556 2556RR- 267-7 2130 2130RR- 286-14 2046 2046RR- 434-51 2750 2750IR- 61608-213 981 981CR- 876-6 1556 1562 0.30


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Anjali 3074 3074Sneha 3056 2276 0.49Kalinga-III 1129 1129Jaldi-13 3356 3356browngora 2676 2409 0.52Sankar 2055 2055Saria (Local) 1815 1530 0.29Kunda Dhan (Local) 2694 2694

Mean 2646 2361 0.51SEm 129

CD (0.05) 366

Among the advanced materials of different genotypes of blackgram tested at Phulbani, B-3-8-8 wassuperior with maximum seed yield of 1084 kg/ha followed by OBG-23 with 888 kg/ha, LBG-645 with 880 kg/haand Pant U-30 with 879 kg/ha. The genotypes also gave maximum mean yield of 1045 to 1137 kg/ha with ahigh sustainability ranging from 0.66 to 0.72 during the last 4 years.

Evaluation of advanced varieties of blackgram - Phulbani

Variety Seed yield (kg/ha) in 2002Mean(4 yrs)

Sustainabilityindex

LBG-17 779 978 0.61Sarala 821 959 0.60LBG-623 571 764 0.46Pant U-30 879 1045 0.66Pant U-19 734 911 0.57T-9 842 950 0.59LBG-402 688 768 0.47OBG-19 767 958 0.60KU - 300 617 766 0.47AKU - 7 746 795 0.49TMU -1 767 906 0.56TU- 94-2 559 675 0.40B- 3-8-8 1084 1068 0.67LBG -645 880 1051 0.66OBG -17 788 959 0.60OBG -15 825 1058 0.67OBG -24 655 697 0.42OBG -16 755 792 0.48OBG -23 888 1137 0.72OBG -8 667 758 0.46Bhawanipatna local 321 476 0.27Boudh local 183 371 0.19G.Udayagiri local 279 513 0.29Mala biri 267 451 0.25Cuttuck local 171 272 0.12Laghu biri 150 359 0.18

Mean 642 797 0.49SEm 93

CD (0.05) 271

V-41 variety of pigeonpea gave a higher seed yield of 665 kg/ha compared to Kandula with 427 kg/haand UPAS – 120 with 347 kg/ha in a study on assessing the performance of pigeonpea varieties at Phulbaniunder moist sub-humid oxisols.


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Performance of pigeonpea varieties - PhulbaniVariety Seed yield (kg/ha) in 2002V-41 665Kandula (Local) 427UPAS - 120 347

Mean 480

In a study on assessing performance of different rice varieties under dry sub-humid inceptisols atFaizabad, Vandana with a yield of 2963 kg/ha, Browngora with a yield of 2518 kg/ha and RR-347-167 with ayield of 2103 kg/ha were found to be superior compared to other genotypes.

Studies on the performance of different varieties of rice - Faizabad

VarietyGrain yield (kg/ha)

in 2002Mean(3 yrs)

Sustainabilityindex

NDR - 97 1303 1698 0.52NDR-118 1022NDR-1054-4 1274NDR-1045-2 844RR - 267 - 1 1393 1650 0.50RR - 347 - 1 2409RR - 347 – 166 2323RR - 347 - 167 2103 2507 0.79RR - 361 - 1 1917RR - 361 - 783 1217CR - 679 - 2 452CR - 876 - 6 1783Nagina-22 1689 1689Baranideep 1778 1778Ananda 1185 1185Browngora 2518 2492 0.79Vandana 2963 2594 0.82Sneha 1837 1515Bagri 1393 1814

Mean 1639 1809SEm 94

CD (0.05) 275

Among different niger varieties tested at Faizabad, GA-10, Local and Ootacamund were found to providea significantly higher yield compared to other varieties under dry sub-humid inceptisols.

Varietal trial on niger - Faizabad

VarietyGrain yield (kg/ha)

in 2002Mean(3 yrs)

Sustainabilityindex

Birsa Niger-1 382 341 0.44GA-5 434 417 0.57GA-10 605 537 0.77CHH-1 452 393 0.53IGP-76 373 324 0.41Ootacamund 555 461 0.64Local 580 485 0.68

Mean 483 423 0.58SEm 19

CD (0.05) 58


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In a variety + fertilizer experiment with niger at Faizabad, GA-10 was found to be superior with a yield of615 kg/ha compared to Ootacamund and local variety. Among different nitrogen levels, 60 kg N/ha has giventhe highest niger yield of 663 kg/ha followed by 40 kg N/ha with a yield of 624 kg/ha as against a control yieldof 384 kg/ha under dry sub-humid oxisols.

Performance of varieties of niger in eastern Uttar Pradesh - FaizabadTreatment Grain yield (kg/ha) in 2002A: VarietyOotacamund 480GA-10 615Local 528

Mean 541SEm 14

CD (0.05) 42B: Nitrogen levels (kg/ha)0 38420 50040 62460 656

SEm 17CD (0.05) 49

In a multi location upland rice varietal trial at Ranchi, Anjali, RR-347-1, RR-348-6 and RR-354-1 were foundto be highly promising with a rice yield of 2460, 2366, 2236 and 2043 kg/ha respectively under moist sub-humid oxisols.

Multi location upland rice varietal trial - RanchiVariety Grain yield (kg/ha) in 2002 Mean (3 yrs) Sustainability indexRR- 164-645 1933 1933RR- 354-1 2043 2043RR- 345-2 1393 1393RR- 347-166 1988RR- 347-167 1953RR- 347-1 2366 2141 0.86RR- 348-6 2236 2236RR- 267-7 226 226RR-276-1 1746RR- 286-14 1496 1496RR- 361-783 1377RR- 361-1 1816 1675 0.67IR- 6608-23 1156 1156CR- 876-6 1435Anjali 2460 2460Sneha 1550 1525Vandana 1550Browngora 1933 1828 0.73Kalinga III (c) 1340 1340BAU-105 (Local check) 1191

Mean 1688 1670 0.66SEm 99

CD (0.05) 242


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In another rice varietal trial at Ranchi, 6 varieties viz., BAU-255-76 (2167 kg/ha), Birsa Gora-102 (2111kg/ha), Birsa Dhan-101 and Kalinga-3 with yield of 2055 kg/ha, BAU-224-92 and BAU-174-9 with a yield of 2000kg/ha were found to be promising. However, Birsa Gora-102 has maximum sustainability of 0.51 followed byBirsa Dhan with 0.43 sustainability during the last 5 years under moist sub-humid oxisols.

Varietal evaluation trial of rice - RanchiVariety 2002 Mean (5 yrs) Sustainability indexBirsa Gora - 102 2111 1713 0.51Birsa Dhan - 101 2055 1536 0.43Birsa Dhan - 109 1944 1753Kalinga - 3 2055 1766BAU 255-76 2167 1843BAU 242-92 1722 1383BAU 345-96 1444 1239BAU 224-92 2000 1495BAU 177-90 1778 1378BAU 174-9 2000 1459BAU 346-96 1833 1334Birsa Dhan 110 1889 1344BAU 179-10 1370 0.35BAU 8-7-15 1373 0.36BAU 182-90 1337 0.34BAU 13-8-8 1297 0.32BAU 169-90 1297 0.32BAU 163-90 1217 0.28BAU 119-11-15 1200 0.28BAU 167-90 1107 0.23BAU 247-92 1013 0.19BAU 180-90 653 0.02BAU 254-92 910 0.14BAU 118-1-1 900 0.14

Mean 1917 1333 0.34

Among different sesame varieties tested at Ranchi CST-93 was superior with a yield of 704 kg/ha followedby RT –320 with 593 kg/ha, Kanke White with 518 kg/ha. The different varieties tested were found to have avariation of 18.1% in the study.

Sesame varietal trial - RanchiVariety Grain yield (kg/ha) in 2002 Days to flowering Days to maturityCST 93 704 50 85RT 328 593 39 78Kanke White (c) 518 40 78NT 14-91 407 41 76PKDS - 7 407 38 76PKDS - 5 315 42 82

Mean 491SEm 51

CD (0.05) 162CV (%) 18.1

In a multi location upland rice varietal trial under moist sub-humid oxisols of Ranchi, RR-347-166 with ayield of 1797 kg/ha followed by RR-347-1 with a yield of 1638 kg/ha, RR-347-167 with 1592 kg/ha, Bandanawith 1575 kg/ha were found to be superior compared to other varieties.


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Multi location upland varietal trial - Ranchi

VarietyGrain yield (kg/ha) in

2002Mean(2 yrs)

Days to 50%flowering

Days tomaturity

RR- 347-166 1797 1274 68 97RR- 347-167 1592 1245 69 98RR- 347-1 1638 1638 66 95RR- 26701 985 985 57 86RR- 361-783 1155 794 58 87RR- 361-1 1528 1016 70 99CR- 876-6 1410 915 62 92Bandana 1575 1064 66 96Browngora 1393 1123 64 94BAU -105 1017 66 96

Mean 1453 1018SEm 61

CD (0.05) 128

Among 20 entries of small seeded of lentil tested at Varanasi in a initial varietal trial during rabi, maximumgrain yield of 1482 kg/ha was attained by L2-88, followed by L2-112 with 1352 kg/ha, L2-109 and L2-85 with 1241kg/ha. The entries had a variation of 10.2% for grain yield. The maturity of entries ranged from 116 to 135 daysin the study.

Performance of lentil (small seeded) initial varietal trial, rabi 2002-03 - VaranasiEntry Days to

maturityPods/plant Grain yield

(kg/ha) in 2002L2 - 101 134 71.46 1056L2 – 110 134 62.46 1167L2 – 106 131 53.86 1056L2 – 109 131 47.26 1241L2 – 103 126 60.86 1056L2 – 108 125 54.66 1167L2 – 112 129 58.93 1352L2 – 115 130 53.40 1167L2 – 118 124 73.66 1167L2 – 102 130 77.53 1111L2 – 113 131 58.73 1167L2 – 105 120 63.80 1167L2 – 117 135 53.16 1067L2 – 116 132 71.66 1156L2 – 114 128 44.73 926L2 – 104 116 86.53 926L2 – 111 126 89.26 1056L2 – 107 129 68.86 1111L2 – 85 118 76.06 1241L2 - 88 121 72.66 1482

SEm - - 67CD (0.05) - - 195

CV (%) - - 10.2

Among 23 bold seeded lentil entries tested at Varanasi, L2-155, L2-150 and L2-153 were found topromising with the yields of 1963, 1667 and 1482 kg/ha. The maturity of entries have varied from 117 to 136days in the study. The entries were found to have a coefficient of variation of 10% in the study.


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Performance of lentil (bold seeded) initial varietal trial, rabi 2002-03 - VaranasiEntry Days to

maturityPod/plant Grain yield

(kg/ha) in 2002L2 – 144 121 69.8 1037L2 – 151 124 66.6 1167L2 - 135 127 47.5 1167L2 – 122 120 38.1 926L2 – 126 129 61.7 1352L2 – 129 131 76.6 1240L2 – 132 117 27.3 982L2 – 120 135 79.1 1111L2 – 131 129 67.1 926L2 – 130 126 42.3 982L2 – 127 134 70.1 1352L2 – 124 135 63.3 1241L2 – 128 136 83.1 926L2 – 121 136 71.3 1056L2 –125 122 64.7 982L2 – 153 129 71.8 1482L2 – 152 120 57.3 926L2 – 154 125 59.4 982L2 – 150 131 54.4 1667L2 – 155 131 73.2 1963L2 – 158 120 48.0 1352L2 – 157 122 61.1 1111L2 - 156 123 71.7 1037

SEm - - 68CD (0.05) - - 195

CV (%) - - 10.04

In an advanced varietal trial with 6 small seeded lentil entries, L2-97 gave a significantly higher grain yieldof 1500 kg/ha, followed by L2-100 with 1292 kg/ha and L2-110 with 1222 kg/ha. The entries were found to havea variation of 8.7% in the study. The maturity of entries was found to be 130 to 134 days.

Performance of lentil (small seeded) advance varietal trial – 1 - VaranasiEntry Days to

maturityPods/plant Grain yield

(kg/ha) in 2002L2 - 101 130 99.7 1153L2 –110 132 103.7 1222L2 – 99 133 105.2 1181L2 – 100 134 82.6 1292L2 – 95 133 94.2 1153L2 - 97 132 108.3 1500

SEm - - 54CD (0.05) - - 160

CV (%) - - 8.7

In another advanced varietal trial with three small seeded lentil entries at Varanasi, L2-90 and L2-110 werefound to be superior to L2-101. The yields attained by the three entries are 1486, 1208 and 1181 kg/ha with avariation of 7.6%. L2-90 took 130 days for maturity, while L2-110 took 134 and L2-101 has taken 132 days formaturity in the study.


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Performance of lentil (small seeded) advance varietal trial – 2 – VaranasiEntry Days to maturity Pods/plant Grain yield (kg/ha) in 2002L2 - 110 134 98.4 1208L2 – 101 132 102.6 1181L2 – 90 130 107.2 1486

SEm - - 42CD (0.05) - - 124

CV (%) - - 7.6

In an advanced varietal trial with bold + extra bold seed of 9 entries of lentil at Varanasi, L2-137 gave asignificantly higher grain yield of 1736 kg/ha compared to other entries. The next best 2 entries were L2-141with 1361 and L2-145 with 1319 kg/ha in the study. The nine lentil varieties had a coefficient of variation of11.5% in the study. The number of days to maturity was found to range from 131 for L2 -137 to 138 days for L2-140 in the trial.

Performance of lentil (bold + extra bold seed) advanced varietal trial – 1 – VaranasiEntry Days to maturity Pods/plant Grain yield (kg/ha) in 2002L2 – 144 134 113.8 1111L2 – 151 135 100.4 1250L2 – 133 137 102.1 972L2 – 145 134 106.2 1319L2 – 140 138 116.0 1153L2 – 134 132 99.1 1292L2 – 137 131 117.8 1736L2 – 141 133 118.4 1361L2 – 138 132 94.0 1153

SEm - - 69CD (0.05) - - 212

CV (%) - - 11.5

Among 21 lentil mutants tested under rainfed situations at Varanasi, significantly higher grain yields of2123, 1933, 1837 and 1714 kg/ha were attained by HUL-68, HUL-80, HUL-70 and HUL-74 respectivelycompared to 1399 kg/ha attained by the national check viz., K-75. The mutants had a coefficient of variation of9.8% in the study conducted during rabi season. HUL-69 took the lowest number of days of 126, while HUL-74and K-75 took maximum of 133 days for maturity in the study.

Performance of lentil mutants under rainfed situation - VaranasiMutants Days to maturity Pods/plant Grain yield (kg/ha) in 2002HUL - 61 129 87.3 1238HUL – 62 130 80.9 1495HUL – 63 128 78.8 1361HUL – 64 129 85.0 1552HUL – 65 130 85.7 1238HUL – 66 131 114.0 1238HUL – 67 132 114.0 1399HUL – 68 132 109.4 2123HUL – 69 126 68.8 695HUL – 70 129 98.9 1837HUL – 71 130 98.7 1552HUL – 72 132 97.2 1618HUL – 74 133 97.5 1714HUL – 75 131 91.3 1361HUL – 76 132 115.6 1266HUL – 77 130 78.6 1590HUL – 78 128 62.3 1361HUL – 79 131 61.2 1428HUL – 80 132 90.2 1933


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HUL – 81 132 93.6 1618K – 75 (National check) 133 76.9 1399

SEm - - 84CD (0.05) - - 237

CV (%) - - 9.8

Among 17 entries of linseed tested in an initial varietal trial at Varanasi, a maximum of 2310 kg/ha of grainyield was attained by ‘020108’ entry. The next 4 best entries were found to be ‘0201003’, ‘020106’, ‘020110’and ‘020116’ with an equal yield of 2222 kg/ha in the study. The entries had a variation of 8.2% for the grainyield. The number of days to maturity was found to range from 139 to 156 in the trial.

Performance of linseed – 1 – initial varietal trial - VaranasiEntry Days to maturity Pods/plant Grain yield (kg/ha) in 2002020101 147 85.2 1925020102 148 94.9 1925020103 156 92.5 2222020104 150 95.9 1674020105 151 70.5 1570020106 142 90.9 2222020107 139 69.2 2118020108 141 87.5 2310020109 145 89.3 2073020110 144 99.9 2222020111 148 100.3 1970020112 144 84.9 1822020113 154 83.2 1274020114 145 79.0 1481020115 144 91.8 1822020116 148 88.0 2222020117 140 102.2 1718

SEm - - 90CD (0.05) - - 260

CV (%) - - 8.2

Among different barley varieties tested with pre-emergence seed treatment at Faizabad, sprouted seed ofNDB-2 was found to be superior with a yield of 1352 kg/ha. Among seed treatments, sprouted seed arefollowed by soaked seed and normal seed, while NDB-1 is followed by Azad and RD-2552 varieties in the studyunder dry sub-humid inceptisols.

Grain yield and harvest index of barley as affected by various varieties and seed treatments - FaizabadVariety Grain yield (kg/ha) in 2002 Harvest index (%)NDB – 1 1245 44.0NDB – 2 1352 44.9RD – 2552 1097 42.1Azad 1130 41.4

SEm 59 -SD (0.05) 173 -

Seed treatmentNormal 1055 42.9Soaked 1212 43.2Sprouted 1351 43.3

SEm 51 -SD (0.05) 151 -

In a groundnut varietal trial at Ranchi with 8 varieties, BAU-20 gave maximum pod yield of 1067 kg/ha,followed by BAU-18 with 955 kg/ha as against a check yield of 644 kg/ha attained with BG-3 variety undermoist sub-humid oxisols. The genotypes had a variation of 10.9% in the study.


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Varietal trial of groundnut - RanchiVariety Pod yield (kg/ha) Days to flowering Days to maturityBAU-20 1067 32 118BAU-18 955 39 122BG-3 (C) 644 34 118BAU-12 622 28 115BAU-13 622 27 112BAU-19 600 29 115BAU-16 578 25 110BAU-6 578 32 118

SEm 45CD (0.05) 136

CV (%) 10.9

3.6 Integrated pest managementIn an integrated pest management study with 12 different treatments for reducing the insistence of pest

and disease in chickpea grown after upland rice at Varanasi, the grain yield of chickpea was found to bemaximum of 1556 kg/ha when it is intercropped with garlic. This is followed by treating furrow with 100 kg ofneem cake treatment with a yield of 1272 kg/ha of chickpea. The treatment of foliar spary with Panchgabya (amixture of cow dung, urine, and milk products) has also given a chickpea yield of 1272 kg/ha in the studyunder dry sub-humid inceptisols.

Performance of chickpea as affected by integrated pest management - VaranasiTreatment Grain yield (kg/ha) in 2002 Pods/plantControl 1123 36.3Seed treated with neem oil 1173 36.4Neem cake furrow treatment (100 kg) 1272 41.4Neem oil spray (0.25%) 975 44.4Seed treated with Trichoderma 1160 34.4Seed treated with neem oil and Trichoderma 1111 38.4Foliar spray with Trichoderma 1173 34.5Foliar spray with Trichoderma + neem oil 1210 49.4Seed treated with Panchgabya 1160 39.7Foliar spray with Panchgabya 1272 41.5Intercropping linseed 963 43.6Intercropping of garlic 1556 53.6

CD (0.05) 326 5.9CV (%) 17.0 8.3

4. On – farm research4.1. Operational Research Project4.1.1 Integrated nutrient management

Application of 20 kg N/ha + 20 kg P2O5/ha was superior for rice with a grain yield of 1162 kg/ha followedby basal application of 20 kg N/ha with a yield of 737 kg/ha as against farmers’ practice of application of 20 kgN/ha at 30 days after sowing with a yield of 438 kg/ha at Ranchi under farmers field condition.

Effect of nutrient management practices on grain yield of rice - RanchiTreatment Yield (kg/ha)

in 2002Mean

20 kg N/ha (basal) 737 84720 kg N + 20 kg P/ha (basal) 1162 112720 kg N/ha at 30 days after sowing (Farmers’ practice) 438 565

Mean 779 846


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4.1.2 Cropping systemUnder farmers field conditions in operational research project, pigeonpea + rice in 1:3 ratio has given

pigeonpea equivalent yield of 1216 kg/ha compared to 1380 kg/ha under rice sole system. However, theintercropping system has given a higher mean yield of 906 kg/ha compared to sole rice (685 kg/ha) and solepigeonpea (616 kg/ha) under moist sub-humid oxisols of Ranchi during the last 4 years.

Studies on pigeonpea + rice intercropping under upland conditions – RanchiSystems Pigeonpea equivalent yield (kg/ha) in

2002 (10 locations)Mean (4 yrs)

Pigeonpea (sole) - 616Rice (sole) 1380 685Pigeonpea + rice (1:3) 1216 906

In a pigeonpea + maize (1: 1 ratio) intercropping study under upland conditions at Ranchi, maximumpigeonpea equivalent yield of 1891 kg/ha was attained under sole maize system compared to 1792 kg/haunder intercropping system. However, the intercropping system was found to be more stable with a highermean pigeonpea equivalent yield of 1375 kg/ha followed by sole maize (1055 kg/ha) and sole pigeonpea (649kg/ha) during the last 5 years.

Studies on pigeonpea + maize intercropping under upland conditions - RanchiSystems Yield (kg/ha) in 2002 (11 locations) Mean (5 yrs)Pigeonpea (sole) - 649Maize (sole) 1891 1055Pigeonpea + maize (1:1) 1792 1375

In an intercropping experiment with pigeonpea + groundnut in 1: 2 geometry, sole groundnut has givena higher pigeonpea equivalent yield of 1353 kg/ha compared to 1204 kg/ha attained under the intercroppingsystem. However, the highest mean pigeonpea equivalent yield of 1494 kg/ha was attained underintercropping system compared to sole groundnut (1166 kg/ha) and sole pigeonpea (651 kg/ha) under moistsub-humid oxisols of Ranchi during the last 5 years.


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Studies on pigeonpea + groundnut (1:2) intercropping under upland conditions –RanchiSystems Pigeonpea equivalent yield (kg/ha)

in 2002 (11 locations)Mean (5 yrs)

Pigeonpea (sole) - 651Groundnut (sole) 1353 1166Pigeonpea + groundnut (1:2) 1204 1494

4.1.3 Weed managementAmong different weed control measures tested for upland rice at Ranchi, hand weeding at 30 days after

sowing has found to be highly effective and has given maximum yield of 1733 kg/ha followed by Dutch Hoe on30 days after sowing with a yield of 1689 kg/ha. The hand weeding at 30 days after sowing was also found tobe highly stable during the last 9 years with a mean yield of 1744 kg/ha followed by Butchlor @ 1.5 kg ai/hawith a mean yield of 1655 kg/ha.

Weed control measures on upland rice – RanchiTreatment Yield (kg/ha) in 2002 Mean (9 yrs)Butachlor (1.5 kg ai/ha) 1642 1655Hand weeding (30 days after sowing) 1733 1744Dutch Hoe (30 days after sowing) 1689 1652

Mean 1688 1449

4.2 Front line demonstrations:In 5 trials on rice – chickpea sequence at Varanasi, 730 kg/ha of rice and 2600 kg/ha of chickpea

compared to 300 and 1700 kg/ha attained with farmers’ practice.

At Varanasi, 680 kg/ha of rice and 1720 kg/ha of pigeonpea were attained with improved practicecompared to 210 and 1200 kg/ha of the two crops respectively with farmers’ practice in 5 trials on rice +pigeonpea.

Higher mean yields of pigeonpea (1820 kg/ha) and sesame (60 kg/ha) have been attained under frontline demonstrations at Varanasi compared to farmers’ practice in 3 trials on pigeonpea + sesame.

Mean yield (kg/ha)Centre Crop No. of trialsFLD FP

Increase in FLD(%)

Rice –chickpea

5 7302600

3001700

61.434.6

Rice +pigeonpea

5 6801720

2101200

69.130.2

Varanasi

Pigeonpea +sesame

3 182060

11800

35.2100

5. Results of experiments conducted at Ranchi during 2001- 02The results of field experiments conducted at Ranchi during 2001-02, not reported in the concerned

combined annual reports of the project are presently reported below:

5.1 On-station research at Ranchi during 2001-02

5.11. Integrated nutrient managementApplication of 100% recommended N through inorganic fertilizer (40 kg/ha) was found to give

significantly higher rice yield of 2263 kg/ha under cereal – legume rotation and 1778 kg/ha under legume –cereal rotation at Ranchi. However, 15 kg N through compost + 20 kg N through inorganic fertiliser has givenmaximum blackgram yield of 1085 kg/ha under cereal – legume rotation, while 15 kg N through green leaf +10 kg N through inorganic fertilizer has given maximum yield of 986 kg/ha under legume – cereal rotationunder moist sub-humid oxisols.


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Effect of integrated nutrient management on cereal-legume rotation (rice-blackgram) - RanchiCereal - Legume Legume-Cereal

Treatment

Riceyield2001

Mean(4

yrs)


BlackgramYield 2001

Mean(4

yrs)


Blackgram2001

Rice2001

Control 670 684 -0.004 860 563 0.22 480 760100% recommended dose ofN (inorganic) (40 kg/ha) 2263 1906 0.47 990 748 0.39 708 177850% recommended dose of N(inorganic) 1833 1375 0.26 950 635 0.29 750 126425 kg N/ha (compost) 1778 1327 0.24 1060 689 0.34 917 125015 kg N/ha (compost) + 10 kgN/ha (inorganic) 1736 1452 0.29 975 674 0.32 902 133315 kg N/ha (compost) + 20 kgN/ha (inorganic) 1902 1543 0.33 1085 749 0.39 958 129215 kg N/ha (green leaf) + 10kg N/ha (inorganic) 1764 1324 0.24 975 689 0.34 986 112515 kg N/ha (green leaf) + 20kg N/ha (inorganic) 1861 1587 0.34 950 628 0.28 972 134715 kg N/ha (compost) + 10 kgN/ha (green leaf) 1847 1467 0.30 890 604 0.26 940 1125

Mean 1739 1407 0.28 971 664 0.32 846 1253SEm 56 25 47 57

CD (0.05) 163 75 137 165

In an integrated nutrient management study for rice – linseed sequence at Ranchi, significantly higher riceyield of 1893 kg/ha was attained with application of Farm yard manure @ 10 t/ha, followed by 1887 kg/ha withfarm yard manure @ 5 t/ha + 50% NPK through inorganic source and 1817 kg/ha with 100% NPK throughinorganic source (40:30:20 kg/ha).

Studies on integrated nutrient management for rice-linseed cropping system - Ranchi

TreatmentRice grain yield(kg/ha) in 2001 Mean

Sustainabilityindex

Control 387 386 0.03100% recommended NPK (40:30:20 kg/ha) 1817 1684 0.6550% recommended NPK 1153 1174 0.40Farm yard manure to meet 50% recommended doseof N + PK less present in the form of residue 1390 1043 0.34Farm waste @ 2.5 t/ha to meet part of K less presentin the form of residue 1280 1007 0.335 t/ha farm yard manure + 50% NPK (inorganic) 1887 1725 0.67Farm yard manure @ 10 t/ha 1893 1504 0.56

Mean 1401 1217 0.43SEm 30

CD (0.05) 72

5.1.2 Soil and water conservationThe treatments conventional tillage + off-season tillage + hand weeding twice, low tillage + hand

weeding twice and low tillage + hand weeding once + weedicide have attained at par rice yields of 619 to 671kg/ha under moist sub-humid oxisols at Ranchi. Application of 50% through organic + 50% through inorganicfertiliser gave a significantly higher rice yield of 861 kg/ha compared to 100% through inorganic source (634kg/ha) and 100% through organic source (457 kg/ha) in the study.


97

Tillage and nutrient management for resource conservation and improving soil quality - RanchiTreatment Rice yield (kg/ha) in 2001 MeanA: TillageOff-season tillage + conventional tillage + 2 hand weeding 671 597Low tillage (50% of T1) + 2 hand weeding 664 534Low tillage + weedicide + 1 hand weeding 619 620

Mean 651 583B: Fertilizer (NPK kg/ha)100% recommended dose of NPK (organic) 457 43050% (organic) + 50% (inorganic) 861 681100% (inorganic) 634 640

Mean 651 583

Recycling of harvested water @ 3 cm at seeding + 3 cm every week gave significantly higher yields of2334 kg/ha of saag, 283 kg/ha of coriander and 9609 kg/ha of radish vegetables in rabi season at Ranchi. Thisis followed by providing water @ 3 cm at seeding + 2 cm every week with yields of 1750, 192 and 7734 kg/haas against control yields of 500, 117 and 2031 kg/ha of the three crops

Recycling of harvested water for production of 'Saag' and other leafy andvegetable crops in rabi season - Ranchi

Yield (kg/ha) in 2001 Mean (2 yrs)Treatment Saag Coriander Raddish Saag Coriander Raddish3 cm at seeding only 883 150 4062 533 300 38683 cm at seeding + 1cm every week 1250 167 5313 934 601 47123 cm at seeding + 2 cm every week 1750 192 7734 1309 688 62273 cm at seeding + 3 cm every week 2334 283 9609 1759 834 8306No irrigation after sowing (control) 500 117 2031 292 184 2501

Mean 1343 182 5750 965 521 5123SEm 84 9 278

CD (0.05) 242 27 801

5.1.3. Energy managementIn an energy saving study at Ranchi, a ploughing each by MBP and Birsa ridger plough + planking +

seeding by country plough gave a significantly high rice yield of 1785 kg/ha, followed by ploughing by MBP +ploughing by country plough + planking + seeding by country plough with a yield of 1515 kg/ha as againstthe lowest yield of 665 kg/ha attained when ploughing by country plough + planking + seeding by countryplough was done under moist sub-humid oxisols.

Energy savings with Birsa ridger plough in comparison with country plough - Ranchi

TreatmentRice yield

(kg/ha) in 2001 Mean1 ploughing by Birsa ridger plough + planking + seeding by country plough 1010 6932 ploughing by Birsa ridger plough + planking + seeding by country plough 1400 10501 ploughing by country plough + planking + seeding by country plough 665 4701 ploughing by country plough + planking + seeding by country plough 1065 7831 ploughing by MBP +1 ploughing by Birsa ridger plough + planking + seedingby country plough 1785 13181 ploughing by MBP +1 ploughing by country plough + planking + seedingby country plough 1515 10701 ploughing by Birsa ridger plough +1 ploughing by country plough + planking +seeding by country plough 1335 955

Mean 1254 905SEm 49

CD (0.05) 143


98

5.1.4. Cropping systemsPigeonpea (120 x 20 cm) + one row of okra system gave yields of 935 kg/ha of pigeonpea (0.34

sustainability) and 2220 kg/ha of okra (0.44 sustainability). The sole pigeonpea yield was found to be 1111kg/ha when planted with a spacing of 120 x 20 cm, while sole okra yield was found to be 4425 kg/ha at Ranchiunder moist sub-humid oxisols.

Yield of green okra in pigeonpea + okra intercropping system - RanchiPigeonpea yield (kg/ha) Okra yield (kg/ha)



Mean(5 yrs)

Sustainabilityindex

Sole pigeonpea (60 x 30 cm) 1100 796 0.52 - -Sole pigeonpea (75 x 25 cm) 1028 769 0.50 - -Sole pigeonpea (120 x 20 cm) 1111 817 0.54 - -Pigeonpea (60 x 30 cm) + 1 row of okra 900 535 0.29 2203 2913 0.56Pigeonpea (75 x 25 cm) + 1 row of okra 870 538 0.29 2401 2794 0.54Pigeonpea (120 x 20 cm) + 1row of okra 935 595 0.34 2220 2358 0.44Pigeonpea (60 x 30 cm) + 2 rows of okra 740 425 0.19 2926 2965 0.58Pigeonpea (75 x 25 cm) + 2 rows of okra 620 418 0.18 2960 2540 0.48Pigeonpea (120 x 20 cm) + 2 rows of okra 629 391 0.16 3000 2979 0.58Sole okra - - 4425 4105 0.83

Mean 881 587 0.34 2876 2951 0.57SEm 37 89

CD (0.05%) 107 257

Among different intercropping combinations of rice + okra in 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 1:2, 2:2, 3:2 and 4:2 row ratiosunder moist sub-humid oxisols of Ranchi, maximum green okra yield of 2353 kg/ha was attained under rice +okra (3:2) system, while maximum rice yield of 1455 kg/ha was attained under rice + okra (2:1) system.

Studies on different intercropping systems in okra + upland rice system - RanchiGreen okra yield (kg/ha) Upland rice yield (kg/ha)



Mean(3 yrs)

Sustainabilityindex

Rice + okra (1:1) 1355 1446 0.27 1050 1357 0.53Rice + okra (2:1) 1067 1317 0.24 1455 1388 0.54Rice + okra (3:1) 911 1204 0.21 1446 1254 0.49Rice + okra (1:2) 1633 1858 0.37 838 1090 0.42Rice + okra (2:2) 2222 2111 0.44 1107 1590 0.63Rice + okra (3:2) 2353 1709 0.34 911 1524 0.60Rice + okra (4:2) 1533 1098 0.19 1333 1449 0.57Sole rice - - 1950 -Sole okra 4022 3757 0.85 - -

Mean 1887 1812 0.36 1261 1379 0.54SEm 50

CD (0.05) 151

5.1.5. Crop improvementRR-347-166, RR-347-167 and RR-347-1 varieties of rice were found to be promising at Ranchi with

significantly higher yields of 2167, 2083 and 2053 kg/ha respectively under moist sub-humid oxisols.

Multi location upland rice varietal trial - RanchiVariety Grain yield (kg/ha) in 2001 Mean (2 yrs)RR- 347-166 2167 1988RR- 347-167 2083 1953RR-347-1 2053 2029RR-276-1 1759 1746


99

RR- 361-783 1676 1377RR- 361-1 1546 1604CR- 876-6 1630 1435Sneha - 1500Vandana 1667 1550Browngora 1981 1775BAU-105 (Local check) 981 1191

Mean 1754 1661SEm 43

CD (0.05) 130

In another rice varietial trial at Ranchi, Birsa Dhan –109 with a yield of 1562 kg/ha, followed by BAU-255-76 with 1519 kg/ha and Kalinga – 3 with 1477 kg/ha were found to be significantly superior with a moderatesustainability of 0.49, 0.47 and 0.45 respectively in the last 4 seasons.

Varietal evaluation trial in rice - RanchiVariety Yield (kg/ha) in 2001 Mean (4 yrs) Sustainability indexBirsa Gora - 102 1282 1613 0.51Birsa Dhan - 101 1043 1406 0.42Birsa Dhan - 109 1562 1562 0.49Kalinga - 3 1477 1477 0.45BAU- 255-76 1519 1519 0.47BAU- 242-92 1043 1043 0.25BAU- 345-96 1033 1033 0.25BAU- 224-92 989 989 0.23BAU- 177-90 978 978 0.22BAU- 174-9 918 918 0.20BAU- 346-96 834 834 0.16Birsa Dhan 110 798 798 0.14

Mean 1123 1160 0.31SEm 86

CD (0.05) 152.3

Among groundnut varieties tested under moist sub-humid oxisols of Ranchi, BG-3 attained a maximumpod yield of 1314 kg/ha. This is followed by ASK-9804 with 1122 kg/ha, JL-24 with 1102 kg/ha, ISK-9806 with1072 kg/ha and ISK-9803 with 1029 kg/ha in the study. These 5 genotypes were found to have a sustainabilityof 0.63, 0.61, 0.56, 0.48 and 0.48 respectively during the last 3 years.

Groundnut varietal trial - RanchiVariety Pod yield (kg/ha) in 2001 Mean (3 yrs) Sustainability indexBG - 3 (C) 1314 1218 0.63ISK- 9806 1072 977 0.48JL-24 (N.C.) 1102 1105 0.56ISK- 9802 834 1032 0.51ASK- 9804 1122 1189 0.61ISK- 9804 892 920 0.44ISK - 9803 1029 978 0.48TG - 22 792 940 0.45ISK - 9819 812 907 0.43ISK- 9823 982 1009 0.50

Mean 995 1033 0.51SEm 91

CD (0.05) 271

Out of 6 sesame varieties tested, AVT-99-6 with a yield of 252 kg/ha and Kanke white with a yield of 162kg/ha were found to be superior at Ranchi under moist sub-humid oxisols during the last 2 years. Thegenotypes have a variation of 14.2% in the study.


100

Sesame varietal trial - RanchiVariety Grain yield (kg/ha) in 2001 Mean (2 yrs)Kanke white (c) 162 218AVT- 99-6 252 197IVT- 9908 100 105IVT - 9906 143 127IVT - 99-1 80 80AVT- 99-7 97 89

Mean 139 137SEm 68

CD (0.05) 206CV (%) 14

In a multi location upland rice varietal trial at Ranchi with 15 varieties, RR-347-167, Heera and Browngorawere found to be superior with significantly yields of 897, 877 and 853 kg/ha compared to the other varieties.

Multi location upland rice varietal trial - RanchiVariety Grain yield (kg/ha) in 2001RR- 347-167 750RR- 347-167 897RR -151-3 600RR- 267-7-2 613RR- 361-783 433RR- 361-1 503CR- 876-6 420RR- 354-1 640RR- 51-1 203RR- 345-2 340RR- 166 - 645 327RR- 348-5 743Heera 877Bandana 553Browngora 853

Mean 583SEm 32

CD (0.05) 92

Among 9 horsegram varieties evaluated at Ranchi, Bastar black kulthi attained a maximum yield of 1880kg/ha, followed by AK-21 with 1420 kg/ha and VLG-1 with 1370 kg/ha and were found to be superior undermoist sub-humid oxisols.

Horsegram varietal trial - RanchiVariety Grain yield (kg/ha) in 2001Bastar black kulthi 1880AK-21 1420VLG-1 1370Birsa kulthi-1 1130PHG-9 1020BGM-1 970Bastar white kulthi 930Maru kulthi 910Local 800

Mean 1159SEm 103

CD (0.05) 311


101

6. PublicationsResearch articlesPhulbaniBastia, D.K. and Mohanty, S.K. 2002. Production and economics of rice (Oryza sativa) -based rainfed cropping

systems. Indian Journal of Agronomy 47 (2): 155-157.

Behera, B., Sharma, H.C. and Panda, P.K. 2002. Effect of plant population and sulphur levels on root growth,seed yield and moisture use efficiency or mustard varieties under rainfed conditions. Indian Journal of soilconservation 30(2) : 161-165.

Behera, B., Singh, G.S., Mohanty, S.K. and Senapati, P.C. 2002. Biological and economical feasibility ofintercropping vegetables with rainfed upland rice (Oryza sativa) in Eastern Ghats, Orissa. Indian .Journalor Agronomy 47 (2): 168-172.

Kole,C., Mohanty, S.K. and Pattanayak , S.K. 2002. Selection of protein rich genotypes in urdbean (Vignamungo L. Hepper). The Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 62(4) : 345-346.

Pal, A.K., Santra, G.H and Das, P.R. (2002). Available zinc, copper and manganese in rice growing soils ofOrissa. Indian Journal of Coastal Agriculture 20(2): 103-104

Rajput, A.L., Singh, B. and Singh, A.K. (2002). Effect of nitrogen and row spacing on growth, yield andeconomics of Nizer (Guizotia abyssinica). J. Recent Adv. Appl. Sci., 17(1-2): 23 - 25

Rajput, A.L., Singh, B. and Singh, A.K. (2002). Effect of seed rate and method of sowing on yield, quality andeconomics of rainfed barlay (Haordeum vulgare) in eastern Uttar Pradesh. J. Recent Adv. Appl. Sci., 17(1-2) : 26-29.

Shivkant; Singh, B.; Kumar, V. and Prasad, H.L. (2002). Effect of mulching, nitrogen management and organicmanure and fertilizer doses on the growth and yield of sorghum. Indian J. Environ. Ecoplan. 6(3): 481-484.

Singh, B. and Singh, A.K. ( 2002 ). Varietal behavior of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) varying sources andlevels of sulphur. Indian J. Dryland Agric. Res. Dev. 17(2) : 140 - 143.

Singh, B. and Singh, A.K. ( 2002 ). Production potential and economics of' barley (Hordium vulgare ) aseffected by varying seed rates and methods of sowing. Indian J . Dryland Agric. Res. Dev. 17 (2) : 120-123.

VaranasiLal, J.P. (2003). Sustainable yield from Drylands through better component of intercrops. Proc. National

symposium on sustainable pest management P-146.

Lal, J.P. and Kumar, Sunil (2003). Induced polygenic variability in lentil (lens culinaris meidk) under Drylandconditions. Porc. National Symposium on sustainable pest management, BHU P-148

Singh, R.P., Singh T K and Singh S.R., 2002. Production Potential of Pigeonpea + Rice/ okra intercropping onrainfed rice of Eastern U.P. communicated for Publication in Ind. J. Dryland Research & Development.

Singh R.P., Singh TK and Singh S.R., Response of wheat to nitrogen level under rainfed condition. Ind. J.Dryland Research and Development (communicated).

Singh R.P. and Singh Y., 2002. Row ratio studies in linseed + mustard intercropping under Dryland conditionof eastern Uttar Pradesh. J. of Sci. Research, BHU.

Paper presented

Phulbani

Behera, B. and Mohanty, S.K. 2002. Research gaps in intercropping under rainfed conditions in India (FinalReport). Presented in the final Joint Workshop of ROPS-10 & 13 held at CRIDA, Hyderabad during 7-10October, 2002.


102

Govind Swaroop, Singh, B., Singh, A.K. and Tripathi, H.P. (2002). Performance of various varieties of niger(Guizotia abyssinica Cass) under different nitrogen levels under rainfed condition of eastern UtterPradesh. Paper presented in II International Agronomy Congress, held at I.A.R.I., New Delhi onNovember, 16-30,2002.

Subudhi, C.R., Behera, B., Sethi, P .K. and Sharma, K.N. 2002. Waste weir for safe disposal of excess runofffrom field. Presented in the conference of Indian Journal of Power and River Valley Development held atKolkata during 24-25 October 2002.

Subudhi, C.R., Behera, B., Sethi, P.K. and Sharma, K.N. 2002. Creation of temporary structures acrossdrainage line in degraded watersheds. Presented in the conference of Indian Journal of power and RiverValley Development held at Kolkata during 24-25 October, 2002.

Subudhi, C.R., Behera, B., Sethi, P.K. and Sharma, K.N. 2002. Conservation trenches for plantation crops.Presented in the conference of Indian Journal of power and River Valley Development held at Kolkataduring 24-25 October, 2002.

Subudhi, C.R. 2002. Collection and documentation of indigenous methods of in-situ moisture conservation andrun-off management (Final Report). Presented in the Final Joint Workshop of ROPS-1O & 13 held atCRIDA, Hyderabad during 7-10 October 2002.

Singh, B., Singh, A.K., and Singh, H.C. (2002). Response of tillage and weed control practices on yield ofpaddy. Paper presented in National Conference on Agricultural Heritage of India held at RajasthanAgricultural College, M. P. University of Agriculture, Udaipur on February 10- 13, 2002.

Singh, P., Singh, G. and Singh, B. (2002). Production constraints in sugarcane cultivation under flood proneareas in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Paper presented in International Symposium on Food, nutrition andeconomic security through diversification in sugarcane production and processing systems held at IndianInstitute of Sugarcane Research Lucknow, on February 16-18,2002.

Singh, P ., Mishra, B. and Singh, B. (2002). Advances in information communication through rural agriculturalwork experience (RAWE). Paper presented in National Symposium on Agriculture in Changing GlobalScenario held at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi on February 21-23, 2002.

Singh, A.K., Singh, B. and Singh, H.C. (2002). Effect of phosphorus and zinc fertilization on productivity ofchickpea under rainfed condition. Paper presented in II International Agronomy Congress, held at I.A.R.I.,New Delhi on November, 16-30,2002.

Singh, B.; Singh, H.C. and Singh, A.K. (2003). Save time, save money and get more yield by using the machinefor land preparation and sowing in one pass- A Success Story, presented in 19th Biennial Workshop ofAll India Coordinated Research Project of Dryland Agriculture , held at U.A.S. Banglore on February, 3-5-2003.

Singh, B.; Singh, A.K. and Singh, H.C. (2003). Farmers will reap good yield in severe drought year -A SuccessStory, presented in 19th Biennial Workshop of All India Coordinated Research Project for DrylandAgriculture held at U.A.S. Bangalore on February, 3-5,2003.

Singh A.K. Singh, B. and Singh, H.C. (2003). Effect of water management techniques under limited watercondition on yield of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Presented in 6th Agricultural Science Congress, held atI.I.S.S., Bhopal, on February, 12-14,2003.

Varanasi

Singh S.R. – Recent advances in Dryland Agriculture – lecture delivered in refresher course on sustainableAgriculture, BHU. (2002)

Singh S.R. – Crop diversification – a kea to sustainable Agriculture in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Lecture deliveredin summer school on diversification in dyrlands, CRIDA, Hyderabad (2002)

Books/ Book ChaptersPhulbaniSenapati, P .C.2003. Research Publications (Phulbani, pp. 35-38). (In) Research Publications and

recommendations in Dryland Agriculture; An Annotated Bibliography 1971-2002. (Publ.) KPR Vittal et al.


103

All India Co-ordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture, CRIDA, Hyderabad 500059, AndhraPradesh, India. 85 pages.

Behera, B., Pal, A.K., Subudhi, C.R. and Mohanty, S.K. 2003. Improved Agronomic Practices (Phulbani), pp 19-39. (Publ.) KPR Vittal et al. All India Co-ordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture, CRIDA,Hyderabad 500059, Andhra Pradesh, India. 210 pages.

7. BudgetCenter Pay and allowances

including arrearsTA RC Total ICAR share (sanctioned

& released)Faizabad 1345912 20250 90000 1456162Phulbani 2940786 24750 150000 3115536Ranchi 5872547 24750 150000 6047297Varanasi 10665995 33000 200000 10898995Ranchi (ORP) 2326924 17000 120000 2463924

8. Scientific staff

FAIZABADBhagwan Singh, Chief ScientistShivakant, Soil PhysicistH.C.Singh, Agril. Engg.

RANCHIA.Rafey, Chief ScientistK.D.Brasad, Plant Breeder I/cD.K.Singh, Agril. Engg.

PHULBANIB.Behera, Chief ScientistA.K.Pal, Soil PhysicistC.R.Subudhi, Agri. Engg

VARANASIS.R.Singh, Chief ScientistR.P.Singh, AgronomistJ.P.Lal, Plant Breeder

RANCHI (Operational Research Project)R.S.Singh, AgronomistA.Rahman, Jr.Agronomist

9. Address of centres

Faizabad PhulbaniAICRP for Dryland AgricultureDepartment of AgronomyDryland Agriculture ProjectNarendra Dev university of Agriculture and Technology,Faizabad – 224 229Uttar PradeshTel: (O) 05270 – 262053

AICRP for Dryland AgricultureOld TAR building, Madikunda Chowk,Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology,Phulbani – 762 001OrissaTel: (O) 06842 – 253750FAX: 06842 – 253773 (pp)

Ranchi VaranasiAICRP for Dryland AgricultureBirsa Agricultural university,Kanke,Ranchi – 834 006JharkhandTel: (O) 0651 – 2455839FAX: 0651 – 2455850Email: [email protected]

AICRP for Dryland AgricultureDepartment of Agronomy,Institute of Agricultural Sciences,Banaras Hindu University,Varanasi – 221 005Uttar PradeshTel: (O) 0542 – 2307111FAX: 0542 – 2368174, 2368993


104

GROUNDNUT BASED PRODUCTION SYSTEM

IntroductionThere are two important centers in the groundnut based production system viz., Anantapur and Rajkot.

The recommendation domain includes Amreli, Bhavnagar, Junagadh, Jamnagar, Surendranagar and Rajkot forRajkot centre. Anantapur covers Kurnool, Chittoor and Anantapur districts for Anantapur centre. At Rajkot thedrought occurs once in five years while at Anantapur it is once in ten years. Anantapur has predominantlyshallow alfisols while Rajkot has vertisols. At Rajkot, several other crops like pearlmillet, sesame, cotton,pulses, castor etc. are also grown. Anantapur basically is a groundnut region but to a little extent sorghum isgrown. Groundnut is grown with pigeonpea as an intercrop at Anantapur. One of the traditional wisdoms atRajkot is set-furrow (zonal) cultivation. Both of these regions are under arid climate. The description of theagro-eco-sub-region, present soil degradation status, soil and climate parameters follow:

Agro-eco-sub-region State of soil degradation Climatic and soil parametersRajkot

Western Plain, Kachchh and part ofKathiawar Peninsula, hot arid eco-region:South Kachchh and north Kathiawarpeninsula, hot arid eco-subregion withclay loam to clayey and alkali soils, lowAvailable Water Capacity and Length ofGrowing Period 60-90 days (AESR 2.4)

Water erosion with moderate loss of topsoil, affecting 51-100% area; highseverity.

Potential evapo-transpirationRainfall (June toSeptember)Soil reactionElectrical conductivityOrganic carbonPhosphate

PotashDeficient nutrients

738 mm

309 mm

AlkalineNormalLowLow to mediumHighZinc & sulphur(Calcareous)

AnantapurKa rna t a ka P l a t eau i nc l ud i ng(Rayalseema), hot arid eco-subregionwith deep loamy and clayey mixed redand black soils, low to medium AvailableWater Capacity and Length of GrowingPeriod 90-120 days (AESR 3)



641 mm

390 mmNormalSuitableLowMediumVery lowZinc

2. RainfallThere was a 50% below normal rainfall of 390 mm compared to a normal of 615 mm at Anantapur. Except

October, the rainfall was below normal in all months. The October rainfall of 175 mm against a normal of 115mm was not useful for crops as they could not survive the severe drought that prevailed up to September.

Rajkot received 50% below normal rainfall. It was 309 mm against a normal of 590 mm with above normalrainfall of 208 mm in June as against 97 mm. This almost 70% of the rainfall was received in June itself and thecrops sown could not survive from July onwards due to negligible rainfall in subsequent months. The skeweddistribution of rainfall was totally unfavorable for corps at Rajkot.


105

Rainfall (mm) in various seasons during 2002Month and season Anantapur Rajkot

Normal 2002 Normal 2002Rainy seasonJune 64 18 97 207July 99 7 221 5August 123 49 166 91September 112 54 74 6Total 398 128 558 309Post-rainy seasonOctober 113 175 9 0November 32 9 15 0Total 145 184 24 0WinterDecember 10 0 0 0January 2 0 1 0February 0 0 1 0Total 12 0 2 0SummerMarch 1 0 2 0April 31 6 1 0May 38 72 3 0Total 60 78 6 0Grand Total 615 390 590 309

3. On-station Research

3.1 Integrated nutrient managementApplication of 25% N through compost + 75% N through inorganic source to previous crop of castor

gave a maximum groundnut pod yield of 488 kg/ha under castor + groundnut strip cropping in arid alfisols ofAnantapur.

Maximum seed yield of 691 kg/ha of castor was attained with an application of 50% N through compost +50% N through inorganic source of fertiliser under castor + groundnut strip cropping rotation.

Under castor monocropping, a maximum 616 kg/ha was attained with an application of 50% N throughglyricidia + 50% N through inorganic source at Anantapur. The yields attained under both castormonocropping and castor + groundnut strip cropping were found to be significant over control and otherfertiliser treatments.

Integrated nutrient supply system for rainfed semi arid tropics - AnantapurGroundnut strip cropping Castor mono cropping Groundnut- castor rotation

Pod yield (kg/ha) Seed yield (kg/ha) Seed yield (kg/ha) of castor

Treatment2002

Mean(4 yrs)

Sustaina-bility index 2002

Mean(4 yrs)

Sustaina-bility index 2002

Mean(4 yrs)

Sustaina-bility index

Control 364 745 0.37 288 308 0.14 531 509 0.28100% recommended N (80kg/ha) as inorganic fertilizer(1/2 basal +1/2 top dress)

460 999 0.56 432 823 0.53 574 934 0.57

50% of recommended N (40kg/ha) as inorganic fertilizer(1/2 basal+1/2 top dress)

375 848 0.45 426 581 0.34 568 684 0.40

25% N (compost) + 75% N(inorganic)

488 901 0.49 429 533 0.31 585 796 0.47


106

50% N (compost) + 50% N(inorganic)

399 818 0.43 410 575 0.34 691 677 0.39

25% N (glyricidia) +75% N(inorganic)

466 930 0.51 392 620 0.37 654 728 0.43

50% N (glyricidia) +50% N(inorganic)

430 876 0.47 616 608 0.36 475 643 0.37

50% N (glyricidia) + 50%(compost)

459 814 0.42 543 614 0.37 568 678 0.39

100% N (compost) 455 762 0.39 587 508 0.29 507 551 0.31Mean 433 855 0.45 458 574 0.34 573 718 0.42

SEm 26 39 43

CD (0.05) 78 116 NS

In a long term integrated nutrient management experiment for groundnut, application of 20:40:40 kg/ha ofNPK + groundnut shells @ 4 t/ha gave the highest pod yield of 535 kg/ha under treated plots with asustainability of 0.34 under arid alfisols of Anantapur.

Under depletion plots, the highest pod yield of 451 kg/ha was attained under control situation. Thefertiliser treatments under treated and depletion plots were found to be not significantly different for attaininggroundnut pod yields under alfisols.

Long term integrated nutrient management for groundnut - AnantapurPod yield (kg/ha) - 2002

TreatmentTreatedplots

Mean(7 yrs)

Sustainabilityindex

Depletedplots

Mean(7 yrs)

Sustainabilityindex

Control 451 670 0.22 45120:40:40 NPK kg/ha 363 809 0.32 371 742 0.3210:20:20 NPK kg/ha 391 769 0.29 397 698 0.28Groundnut shells @ 4 t/ha 498 707 0.25 375 686 0.27Farm yard manure @ 4 t/ha 410 769 0.29 420 720 0.3010:20:20 NPK kg/ha + groundnutshells @ 4 t/ha+ groundnut shells @ 4 t/ha 522 800 0.31

351 741 0.32

10:20:20 NPK kg/ha + farm yardmanure @ 4 t/ha 456 872 0.37

357 788 0.36

20:40:40 NPK kg/ha + ZnSO4 @ 50kg/ha (once in 3 years) 415 815 0.33

273 709 0.29

Farm yard manure @ 5 t/ha 460 764 0.29 348 695 0.2820:40:40 NPK kg/ha+ groundnut shells@ 4 t/ha 535 838 0.34

-

Mean 450 781 0.30 371 715 0.30CD (0.05) NS NS

CV (%) 17.3 16.2

Under arid alfisols, the soil test based fertiliser dose was found to provide a castor yield of 935 kg/ha,followed by a recommended dose of fertiliser of 60 kg N + 40 kg P + 30 kg K/ha with 926 kg/ha at Anantapur.

Field verification trial to test the suitability of fertilizer adjustment equation of castor - AnantapurTreatment Seed yield (kg/ha) in 2002Recommended dose of fertiliser (60:40:30) 926Fertiliser dose of targeted yield as per adjustment equation 93530% adjustment of fertiliser dose based on soil test values 908

For pearlmillet under permanent strip at Rajkot, an application of 15 kg N through compost + 10 kg Nthrough inorganic gave maximum gain yield of 974 kg/ha, while 15 kg N through green leaf + 20 kg N throughinorganic source gave maximum yield of 783 kg/ha under rotational strip as against a yield of 1582 kg/haattained under sole crop system with 15 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (green leaf). 100% recommended N


107

(inorganic) and application of 15 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (green leaf) were also found to have a moderatesustainability of 0.51 during the last 4 years of study under arid vertisols.

Integrated nutrient supply system for rainfed agriculture - Rajkot

In a study on groundnut under permanent and rotational plots, 100% recommended N through inorganicfertiliser gave maximum pod yield of 570 kg/ha under permanent plot, 744 kg/ha under rotational plot asagainst 792 kg/ha under sole cropping at Rajkot. The treatment has given a sustainability of 0.40, 0.32 and 0.39under 3 categories respectively.

Integrated nutrient supply system for rainfed agriculture - RajkotGroundnut pod yield (kg/ha)

In 2002Mean (3 yrs) Sustainability index

Strip Sole Strip Sole Strip Sole

Treatment

Permanent Rotational Permanent Rotational Permanent RotationalControl 374 381 685 1067 1011 1002 0.42 0.24 0.30100% recommendeddose of N (inorganic)

570 744 792 1034 1196 1170 0.40 0.32 0.39

50% recommended doseof N (inorganic)

413 415 785 963 1002 1023 0.37 0.24 0.31

25 kg N (compost) 477 411 522 1053 954 1014 0.41 0.22 0.3115 kg N (compost) + 10kg N (inorganic)

333 600 692 872 1232 925 0.32 0.33 0.26

15 kg N (compost) + 20kg N (inorganic)

385 311 394 949 1005 909 0.36 0.24 0.26

15 kg N (green leaf) +10 kg N (inorganic)

350 614 478 891 955 874 0.33 0.22 0.24


485 555 433 961 1026 1010 0.37 0.25 0.31

Pearlmillet grain yield (kg/ha)in 2002

Mean (3 yrs) Sustainability index

Strip Sole Strip Strip Sole

Treatment

Perma-nent

Rota-tional

Perma-nent

Rota-tional

Perma-nent

Rota-tional

Mean(4yrs)

Sustainabilityindex

Control 618 584 900 1119 1408 0.08 0.22 1269 0.31100% recommendeddose of N (inorganic)

677 670 1244 1887 1795 0.38 0.37 1807 0.51

50% recommendeddose of N (inorganic)

655 589 818 1397 1452 0.19 0.23 1500 0.40

25 kg N (compost) 796 613 1325 1458 1490 0.21 0.25 1550 0.4115 kg N (compost) +10 kg N (inorganic)

974 640 1092 1513 1513 0.23 0.26 1411 0.36

15 kg N (compost) +20 kg N (inorganic)

837 670 1522 1437 1564 0.20 0.28 1612 0.44

15 kg N (green leaf)+ 10 kg N (inorganic)

641 730 1331 1247 1467 0.13 0.24 1487 0.39

15 kg N (green leaf)+ 20 kg N (inorganic)

724 783 1555 1279 1625 0.14 0.30 1661 0.45

15 kg N (compost) +10 kg N (green leaf)

652 582 1582 1227 1365 0.12 0.20 1822 0.51

Mean 730 651 1263 1396 1520 0.19 0.26 1569 0.42

SEm 106 102 207

CD (0.05) NS NS NS

CV (%) 25.3 27.0 28.4


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15 kg N (compost) + 10kg N (green leaf)

275 326 422 904 966 1009 0.34 0.22 0.31

Mean 407 484 578 966 1039 993 0.37 0.25 0.30

SEm 80 54 93

CD (0.05) NS 164 281

CV (%) 33.8 19.5 28.0

A significantly higher groundnut pod yield of 590 kg/ha was attained with an application of 12.5 kg N/haand 25 kg P/ha (through DAP), while compost enriched with SSP @ 5 t/ha with a fodder yield of 1762 kg/haunder arid vertisols of Rajkot. However, the two treatments has a low sustainability of 0.32 and 0.35 for podyield and moderate sustainability of 0.43 and 0.44 for fodder yield respectively.

Effect of various organic wastes and natural resources on yield of groundnut - RajkotYield (kg/ha) 2002 MeanTreatment

Pod Fodder Pod(3

yrs)


Fodder(4 yrs)


Control 506 1424 800 0.27 1371 0.36Recommended dose (12.5:25:0) (P through DAP) 590 1594 897 0.32 1610 0.43Compost @ 6 t/ha 428 1419 876 0.31 1568 0.42Compost enriched with single super phosphate @ 5 t/ha 490 1762 950 0.35 1633 0.44Pearlmillet/sorghum husk @ 6 t/ha 341 1445 366 0.05 1641 0.44Subabul loopings @ 5 t/ha 385 1744 864 0.30 1820 0.49Farm yard manure @ 6 t/ha + recommended dose(12.5:25:0)

425 1667 1037 0.39 1725 0.46

Mean 452 1579 827 0.28 1624 0.43SEm 52 152

CD (0.05) 156 NSCV (%) 20.0 16.7

In an incubation study for assessing the effect of microbial inoculants and natural mineral amendmentson nutrients during composting at Rajkot, maximum of total N, P, K, Sulphur, Iron, Zinc, Manganese, Copperand lowest C:N ratio were found in the combination of crop residue + rock phosphate + microbial inoculants@ 500 g/t of crop residues (CR) + N + Pyrite (5% on weight basis).

Incubation study – Effect of microbial inoculants and natural mineral amendments on thetransformation of nutrients during composting – Rajkot

2002Total N (%) Total P (%) Total K (%)

Treatment

30 DAS 60 DAS 90 DAS 30 DAS 60 DAS 90 DAS 30 DAS 60 DAS 90 DASCrop residue 0.69 0.82 1.17 0.38 0.44 0.66 0.52 0.73 0.94Crop residue +Rock phosphateequivalent to 1% P2O5 onweight basis of crop residue

0.78 1.1 1.31 1.19 1.68 1.92 0.57 0.78 1.04

Crop residue + Microbial inoculants(@ 500 g/t of crop residue)

0.83 1.25 1.42 0.38 0.48 0.74 0.63 0.8 1.08

Crop residue + Rock phosphate +Microbial inoculants

1.03 1.27 1.52 1.2 1.86 1.99 0.68 0.89 1.1

Crop residue + Rock phosphate +Microbial inoculants +Urea (N at 0.5%)

1.32 1.81 2.04 1.68 2.31 2.42 0.7 1 1.22

Crop residue + Rock phosphate +Microbial inoculants +N + Pyrite (5% on wt. Basis)

1.44 2.06 2.18 1.87 2.57 2.74 0.73 1.15 1.38

DAS : Days after incubation


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Total S (%) Total Fe (ppm) Total Zn (ppm)Treatment 30 DAS 60 DAS 90 DAS 30 DAS 60 DAS 90 DAS 30 DAS 60 DAS 90 DAS

Crop residue 0.274 0.33 0.355 1185 1200 1203 51.9 52.7 54.2Crop residue + Rock phosphateequivalent to 1% P2O5 onweight basis of crop residue 0.333 0.368 0.387 1188 1204 1204 54.5 57.8 61.9Crop residue + Microbial inoculants(@ 500 g/t of crop residue) 0.298 0.339 0.368 1189 1204 1208 57.8 58.4 63.9Crop residue + Rock phosphate +Microbial inoculants 0.347 0.403 0.471 1193 1205 1211 59.7 60.6 64.7Crop residue + Rock phosphate+Microbial inoculants + Urea (N at 0.5%) 0.352 0.475 0.492 1199 1205 1215 59.7 64 68.3Crop residue + Rock phosphate +Microbial inoculants +N + Pyrite (5% on wt. Basis) 1.181 1.265 1.351 1312 1331 1362 65.1 68.6 72.9

Total Mn (ppm) Total Cu (ppm) C:N ratioTreatment 30 DAS 60 DAS 90 DAS 30 DAS 60 DAS 90 DAS 30 DAS 60 DAS 90 DAS

Crop residue 480 499 519 30.8 32.8 33.8 59.01 43.25 27.37Crop residue +Rock phosphateequivalent to 1% P2O5 on weightbasis of Crop residue 487 502 528 32.8 33.1 35.1 48.93 29.84 21.45Crop residue + Microbial inoculants(@ 500 g/t of Crop residue) 501 531 549 32.1 33.1 36.8 44.99 25.44 19.09Crop residue + Rock phosphate +Microbial inoculants 523 541 551 32.5 33.8 37.9 37.79 23.75 16.33Crop residue + Rock phosphate +Microbial inoculants+ Urea (N at 0.5%) 533 544 551 32.8 34.1 37.9 25.13 15.83 10.02Crop residue + Rock phosphate+Microbial inoculants +N + Pyrite (5% on wt. Basis) 550 552 558 33.9 36 38.9 21.03 13.11 9.39

In an integrated nutrient management study for groundnut, fertiliser application on the basis of soil testwas found to be superior with a yield of 1074 kg/ha, followed by farm yard manure @ 10 t/ha with a yield of1009 kg/ha under arid vertisols of Rajkot. However, the treatments had a low sustainability of 0.24 and 0.26respectively during the last 6 seasons.

Integrated nutrient management for groundnut in rainfed agriculture – RajkotTreatment Fodder yield

(kg/ha)Pod yield (kg/ha)

in 2002Mean(6 yrs)


Control 1704 386 915 0.07Recommended dose of fertilizer (12.5:25:0 NPK kg/ha) 1833 818 1556 0.29Fertilizer application on the basis of soil test 2167 1074 1399 0.24Farm yard manure @ 10 t/ha 2182 1009 1455 0.26Castor cake @ 1200 kg/ha 2000 972 1311 0.2150% of recommended dose of fertilizer + Mulching with straw (6 t/ha) 2000 728 1103 0.1450% of recommended dose of fertilizer + use of Rhizobium and PSM 1462 623 1264 0.1950% of recommended dose of fertilizer + Mulching with sunhempgrown in between rows

1444 559 1191 0.17

50% of recommended dose of fertilizer + Mulching with sunhempgrown in between rows+ use of Rhizobium and PSM

593 701 1239 0.18


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Farm yard manure @5 t/ha + use of Rhizobium and PSM + mulchingwith straw

2552 772 1368 0.23

Mean 764 1280 0.20

SEm 184 73

CD (0.05) 546 218

CV (%) 18.1 16.7

PSM : Phosphorus solubalizing microbes

In a study to assess the responses of different crops to enriched vermi compost at Rajkot, the sorghum(fodder) yield was maximum (9026 kg/ha) with an application of farm yard manure @ 6 t/ha, while maximummaize yield (1504 kg/ha) was attained with 50% recommended dose of fertiliser + 0.5 t/ha vermicompost.Cowpea and blackgram have also attained maximum yields with an application of 50% recommended dose offertiliser + 0.5 t/ha vermicompost. Soybean yield was maximum with farm yard manure @ 6 t/ha, while sesameyield was maximum with an application of 100% recommended dose of fertiliser in arid vertisols of Rajkot.

Response of different crops to enriched and vermicompost under dryland conditions - RajkotGrain yield (kg/ha) in 2002Treatment

Sorghumyield (Fodder)

Maize Cowpea Blackgram Soybean

Farm yard manure 6 t/ha 9026 1000 742 556 46250% recommended dose of fertiliser +0.5 t/ha vermicompost

8100 1504 972 731 347

1 t/ha vermicompost 6110 1365 810 565 231100% recommended dose of fertiliserfor respective crop

6758 949 717 492 254

3.2 Soil and water conservationIn a tillage x nutrient management study with groundnut, low till with herbicide application was superior

with a pod yield of 764 kg/ha as against 653 kg/ha attained with conventional tillage. In the same study, 100%recommended fertiliser through organic source (20:40:40 NPK kg/ha) was found to be superior with a yield of695 kg/ha under arid alfisols. The low till + herbicide treatment had a sustainability of 0.74, while 100%recommended fertiliser dose through organic source has a sustainability of 0.71 for groundnut at Anantapur.The data indicated a coefficient of variation of 7.5% in the study.

Tillage and nutrient management for resource conservation and improving soil quality - Anantapur

Treatment

Shelling (%) Haulm yield(kg/ha)

Pod yield(kg/ha)in 2002

Mean(3 yrs)


A: TillageConventional tillage 68.9 1558 653 1409 0.76Low tillage 70.0 1893 692 1418 0.77Low tillage + herbicide 72.7 1689 764 1368 0.74

Mean 703 1398 0.76CD (0.05) NS 169.5 66

B: Nutrition100% recommended fertiliser as organicsource (20:40:40 NPK kg/ha) 70.0 1636 695 1377 0.7150% recommended fertiliser as organic +50% as inorganic 71.5 1647 651 1368 0.70100% recommended fertiliser as inorganic 70.2 1856 662 1451 0.76

Mean 669 1398 0.72CD (0.05) NS NS NS

CV (%) 3.9 7.6 7.5


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In a study to mitigate drought with different management practices for groundnut at Anantapur, waterspray @ 500 l/ha during stress gave maximum pod yield of 456 kg/ha, followed by spray of zinc sulphate @0.2% after stress with an at par yield of 455 kg/ha and spray of soluble NPK fertilizers @ 1% after stress with454 kg/ha under arid alfisols.

Management practices to mitigate drought - Anantapur

TreatmentHaulm yield

(kg/ha)Pod yield


Control 531 408 786Spray of zinc sulphate @ 0.5% at 35 & 65 days after sowing 815 377 692

Spray of potassium nitrate @ 1% at 35 & 65 days after sowing 1111 425 694Spray of zinc sulphate @ 0.2% after stress 822 455 455Spray of potassium nitrate @ 1% after stress 896 399 399Spray of soluble NPK fertilizers @ 1% after stress 898 454 454Urea spray @ 2% after stress 896 445 445Water spray @ 500 l/ha during stress 1000 456 456

Mean 427 736SEm 32 67

CD (0.05) NS 202

Supplemental irrigation of 10 mm was provided to groundnut whenever dry spell exceeded 10 days.Similarly, supplemental irrigation of 10 mm was provided to pigeonpea through ‘in line dripper’ if dry spellexceeded 20 days during October. The supplemental irrigation was highly effective for groundnut with a yieldof 539 kg/ha compared to a control yield of 414 kg/ha under aridisols.

Improving the productivity of groundnut + pigeonpea intercropping system throughsupplemental irrigation - Anantapur

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) in 2002Groundnut Pigeonpea

Control 414 77Irrigated 539 77

Provision of 15 mm of supplemental irrigation during stress at pod development stage of groundnut wasfound to be superior with a pod yield of 695 kg/ha, followed by 10 mm irrigation with 650 kg/ha of yield asagainst control yield of 493 kg/ha at Anantapur under arid alfisols.

Effect of different amounts of supplemental irrigation during drought stress atpod development stage of groundnut - Anantapur

Treatment Pod yield (kg/ha) in 2002 Mean (2 yrs)Control 493 8205 mm irrigation 530 86410 mm irrigation 650 102315 mm irrigation 695 1048

CD (0.05) 133

Among different soil management options for sustainability of groundnut at Anantapur, intercropping ofgroundnut with pulses viz., cowpea, horsegram and pigeonpea in 1:1 ratio was superior with maximum podyield of 761 kg/ha as against intercultivation with improved metlaguntaka with a yield of 410 kg/ha. Thetraditional farmers’ practices of DAP @ 50 kg/ha with out application of farm yard manure has given a pod yieldof 721 kg/ha under arid alfisols.


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Evaluation of soil management options for sustainable productivity - Anantapur

TreatmentHaulm yield

(kg/ha) Shelling (%)Pod yield(kg/ha)

Control (Farmers’ practice i.e.,no farm yard manure, nointercropping but application of DAP @ 50 kg/ha) 1056 74.0 721Intercropping of groundnut with pulses (cowpea, horsegram andpigeonpea) in 1:1 ratio 1020 71.9 761Application of groundnut shells @ 2.5 t/ha 1493 71.7 537Intercultivation with improved "Metlaguntaka" 1020 70.6 410DAP : Di-ammonium phosphate

Among different mulches used for in situ moisture conservation for amla at Rajkot, soil mulch and blackplastic mulch were found effective for maximum plant height. Application of 100% recommended dose of farmyard manure (70 kg/tree) gave a higher plant height of 5.52 m under arid vertisols. The mulch and fertilisertreatments had a sustainability of 0.86 in the study over a period of 5 years.

Soil mulch and 100% recommended farm yard manure were also highly effective for attaining maximumstem girth of 59.25 and 55.19 cm among different mulch and farm yard manure treatments. The soil moisturewas found to range from 12.14 to 13.02% in the study under arid vertisols.

Effect of various mulches and levels of farm yard manure on yield of Amla (Emblica officinalis)under dryfarming conditions - Rajkot

Treatment Soilmoisture

(%)

Plantheight (m)

in 2002

Mean(5 yrs)


Stemgirth (cm)

in 2002

Mean(5 yrs)


A: MulchesNo Mulch 12.72 5.43 4.98 0.85 52.13 47.79 0.75Soil Mulch 12.39 5.42 4.99 0.85 59.25 54.88 0.87Straw Mulch 13.02 5.24 4.86 0.83 53.88 49.77 0.78Black plastic mulch 12.14 5.42 4.73 0.81 53.88 48.09 0.75

Mean 5.38 4.89 0.83 55.00 50.13 0.79B: Levels of farm yard manure50% recommended dose offarm yard manure (35 kg/tree) 12.56

5.24 4.83 0.82 54.38 49.28 0.83

100% recommended dose offarm yard manure (70 kg/tree) 12.27

5.52 5.04 0.86 55.19 50.82 0.86

Mean 5.38 4.94 0.84 54.79 50.05 0.85

In a tillage nitrogen management study for groundnut at Rajkot, deep tillage up to 30 cm was superiorwith a pod yield of 656 kg/ha compared to either conventional or low tillage. 100% organic source was found toprovide a higher yield of 578 kg/ha compared to either inorganic or 50% organic + 50% inorganiccombinations of nitrogen in the study under arid vertisols.

Tillage and nutrient management for resource conservation andimproving soil quality under rainfed conditions. – Rajkot

Treatment Fodder yield (kg/ha) Groundnut pod/grain yield(kg/ha) 2002

Conventional tillage 1584 572Low tillage + Interculture 1324 501Low tillage + Interculture + herbicide 1488 526Deep tillage upto 30 cm 1433 656

Mean 564SEm 147 37

CD (0.05) NS NSCV (%) 30.3 19.8


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Nutrient management (Nitrogen)100% organic source 1415 578100% inorganic source 1476 56550% organic + 50% inorganic 1481 549

Mean 564SEm 61 31

CD (0.05) NS NSCV (%) 14.4 18.8

Deep ploughing every year was found to give a marginally higher pod yield of groundnut (253 kg/ha)compared to either deep ploughing alternate year or deep ploughing every 3rd year or shallow ploughing inarid vertisols of Rajkot. The soil moisture ranged from 19.76 to 20.7% in 0-15 cm and 13.19 to 20.81% in 15-30cm soil depth in vertisols in the 2 year study.

Crop response of groundnut to different tillage practices - RajkotSoil moisture (%)

Treatment

Pod yield(kg/ha) in

2002Mean(2 yrs)

Fodderyield

(kg/ha)0-15 cm 15-30 cm

Shallow ploughing 203 788 1011 19.76 20.09Deep ploughing every year 253 860 1175 20.70 13.19Deep ploughing alternate year 231 835 1139 19.91 20.17Deep ploughing after every third year 219 807 961 19.83 20.81

Mean 227 822SEm 87 253

CD (0.05) NS NS

3.3 Energy managementAmong different seed drills tested for groundnut at Anantapur, there was no significant difference in the

pod yields attained. However, AERC seed drill has given maximum pod yield of 390 kg/ha, followed by CRIDAseed drill with an yield of 357 kg/ha as against local gorru (farmers’ practice) which yielded of 333 kg/ha.Further farmers’ practice was found to be highly sustainable (0.68) as against CRIDA seed drill (0.50). The seedrate, depth of seed sowing and shelling (%) was also considered while evaluating seed drills in the study of 3seasons.

Rectification and evaluation of groundnut seed drills - Anantapur

Treatment

Pod yield(kg/ha) in

2002Mean(3 yrs)

Sustain-Abilityindex

Seedrate

(kg/ha)

Depth ofseed sowing

(cm)

Shelling(%)

ANGRAU seed cum fertilizerdrill, 3 row - animal drawn 560ICRISAT seed cum fertilizerdrill, 4 row- animal drawn 417CRIDA seed cum fertilizer drill,4 row - animal drawn 357 342 0.50 62 7 66.6Farmers’ practice - local gorru 333 442 0.68 104 7.5 62.5AERC seed drill 390 390 96 6 66.6

Mean 360 431 0.66

In a study to minimize cost of cultivation of groundnut through mechanization, a higher pod yield of 445kg/ha was attained with mechanized operation compared to 407 kg/ha attained with farmers’ practice underarid alfisols of Anantapur. The cost of cultivation was found to be Rs.8000/ha with farmers’ practice comparedto Rs.6250/- with mechanized operation in the study.


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Minimizing cost of cultivation in the groundnut crop through mechanization - Anantapur

Treatment

Seed rate(kg/ha)

Depth ofseed sowing

(cm)

Shelling(%)

Cost ofoperation

per ha

Pod yield(kg/ha)in 2002

Mean(2 yrs)

Mechanizedoperation

90 6 66.6 6250445 614

Farmers’ practice 120 7 50.0 8000 407 670Mean 426 642

3.4 Cropping systemMaximum net returns of Rs.10678/ha were attained with early sowing of pigeonpea (21st June) compared

to normal sowing (24th July) with Rs.5345/ha as against late sowing (23rd August) with Rs.1834/ha. The netreturns were found to be lower under castor + pigeonpea (1:1), groundnut + pigeonpea (7:1) and groundnut+ castor (7:1) systems when sown either early or at normal date of sowing. However, under late sowing, castor+ pigeonpea (1:1) gave higher net returns compared to other systems under arid alfisols of Anantapur.

Sustainable and profitable cropping system for rainfed alfisols - AnantapurTreatment Net returns (Rs/ha) 2002

A. Dates of sowing

Castor Groundnut Pigeonpea Castor +Pigeonpea

(1:1)

Groundnut+Pigeonpea

(7:1)

Groundnut+Castor

(7:1)S1 : Early sowing (8th June) 7274 3205 10678 9619 3131 3219S2 : Normal sowing (1st August) 3991 5485 5345 4380 6240 3942S3 : Late sowing (30th August) - 940 1250 1834 3522 1809 834

Mean 5952 5840 3727 2665

Among different sizes of seed tested for groundnut to minimize the cost of cultivation at Anantapur,shrivelled seed gave maximum net returns of Rs.1657/ha, followed by small seed Rs.1100/ha compared to lowreturns from medium or bold or assorted seed under arid alfisols.


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Minimizing the cost of cultivation in groundnut through seed size selection - AnantapurTreatment Net returns (Rs/ha) in 2002 Mean (2 yrs)Assorted -228 2939Bold -1678 2677Medium -395 3810Small 1100 4100Shrivelled 1657 4117

At Rajkot, a crop sequence study with different crop combinations under integrated nutrient management(INM), recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) and control (CON) situations of fertiliser application. The yieldattained under groundnut – groundnut, sesame – sesame, pearl millet – pearl millet, castor – castor andgroundnut – sesame sequences were maximum in integrated nutrient management situation. The yields weremaximum with recommended dose of fertiliser in groundnut – pearl millet, groundnut – castor, cotton – pearlmillet and cotton – castor sequences in the study under arid vertisols.

Crop sequence studies for sustaining crop yield and increasingtotal productivity under rainfed conditions - Rajkot

Grain yield (kg/ha): (kharif) - 2002Main Product By Product

Treatment INM RDF CON INM RDF CONGroundnut - groundnut 482 401 305 1119 868 675Cotton - cotton 77 116 177 1420 1262 1108Sesame - sesame 478 363 293 1003 733 502Pearlmillet - pearlmillet 1543 1489 903 2662 2894 2353Castor - castor 702 532 405 579 984 1119Groundnut - cotton 359 374 444 791 772 828Groundnut - Sesame 721 401 353 1254 810 752Groundnut - pearlmillet 567 617 351 984 1011 945Groundnut - castor 297 463 324 733 849 650Cotton - Sesame 27 31 35 2022 1138 1073Cotton - Pearlmillet 112 177 104 1767 2145 1956Cotton - castor 135 181 154 1327 1640 1833

3.5 crop improvementIn a groundnut trial with pre-released varieties at Anantapur, JAL-46 gave the maximum pod yield of 951

kg/ha, followed by TMV-2 with 949 kg/ha and CD-60 with 881 kg/ha under arid alfisols. The yield of the varietieswere found to be significantly higher compared to TIR-13 with the lowest yield of 483 kg/ha. The groundnutvarieties tested had a variation of 9.5% for pod yield and 12.1% for haulm yield in the study.

Evaluation of pre-released groundnut varieties - AnantapurVariety Pod yield (kg/ha) in 2002 Haulm yield (kg/ha) in 2002TMV-2 (C) 949 1940Vemana (C) 618 1320CD-60 881 2240TIR- 18 679 4250ICR- 19 656 2431TIR -40 737 2500JAL- 46 951 1110TIR -13 483 1570

Mean 744 2207SEm 84 156

CD (0.05) 254 468CV (%) 9.5 12.1

Among 10 different groundnut varieties testedat Rajkot, JSP-37 with a pod yield of 714 kg/ha was foundto be superior, followed by M-13 with 506 kg/ha and GG-11 with 504 kg/ha. The genotypes had a coefficient ofvariation of 19% in the arid vertisols.


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Large scale varietal trial of groundnut – Rajkot

GenotypesPod yield (kg/ha)

in 2002Mean(7 yrs)

Sustainabilityindex

Days tomaturity

Shelling (%)

M - 13 (c) 506 830 0.04 134 57.6GG - 11(c) 504 834 0.04 130 62.2GG -12 (c) 436 835 0.04 129 63.8GG - 13 (c) 389 955 0.09 135 57.8JSP - 32 495 1368 0.27 131 56.0JSP-36 308 308 -0.18 128 54.5JSP - 33 305 1155 0.18 135 54.2JSP-37 714 714 -0.01 127 55.7JSP-38 455 455 -0.12 129 56.6JSP-39 343 343 -0.16 132 55.2

Mean 446 842 0.05SEm 43

CD (0.05) 125CV (%) 19

In a large scale varietal trial of groundnut at Rajkot, JSSP-19, GG-20 and JSSP-20 were found to bepromising with pod yields of 536, 508 and 459 kg/ha respectively compared to other entries.

Large scale varietal trial of groundnut (Virginia bunch groundnut varieties) – RajkotEntry Fodder yield

(kg/ha)Shelling (%) Pod yield (kg/ha) in

2002Mean(2 yrs)

JSSP-19 3056 55.1 536JSSP-20 2722 65.3 459Kadiri - 3 (C) 2796 65.8 287 1074GG - 20 (C) 2815 64.0 508 1546JVB-327 2778 54.5 449JVB-336 2611 54.5 346

Mean 431 1400SEm 157 47

CD (0.05) NS 142CV (%) 11.2 21.8

In a sesame varietal trial under arid vertisols of Rajkot, AT-79, AT-81, AT-92 and G-Til-1 were found to besuperior with a seed yield of 991, 985, 983 and 954 kg/ha respectively. The 12 genotypes tested were found tohave a variation of 15.7% for seed yield.

Large scale varietal trial of sesame - RajkotGenotypes No. of

pods/plantsDays to maturity Seed yield


Sustainabilityindex

AT-79 2.5 81 991 922 0.89AT-81 3.0 83 985 941 0.91AT-84 2.8 85 765 807 0.77AT-88 2.3 86 741 779 0.74AT-93 2.9 81 797 824 0.79G.Til –1 (C) 2.7 84 954 840 0.80G.Til –2 (C) 2.5 80 889 782 0.75AT - 90 2.3 84 768 750 0.71AT-92 2.9 82 983 983 0.95AT-100 3.0 84 849 849 0.81AT-101 3.0 82 774 774 0.74AT-113 2.9 83 736 736 0.70


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Mean 853 789 0.75SEm 67

CD (0.05) 193CV (%) 15.7

In an advanced trial of hybrid sorghum at Rajkot, CSH-14 gave maximum grain yield of 1728 kg/ha,followed by SPH-1376 with 1531 kg/ha. CSH-9 and CSH-16 were found to be next best with a yield of 1375 and1373 kg/ha respectively under arid vertisols. The genotypes had a variation of 10.9% for grain yield and 15.6%for stover yield in the trial.

Advanced trial of hybrid sorghum - RajkotGenotypes Days to

maturityStover yield

(kg/ha)Grain yield


Sustainabilityindex

CSH - 17 88 3333 1286 2204 0.44CSH - 14 88 4568 1728 2178 0.43CSH - 9 92 4889 1375 2363 0.48CSH - 16 100 3383 1373 2144SPH - 1182 93 4444 1284 1893SPH - 1331 96 3778 936 936SPH - 1335 96 5284 395 395SPH - 1340 101 3704 333 333SPH - 1341 93 2988 1027 1027SPH - 1342 91 3580 1277 1277SPH - 1347 93 4815 1158 1158SPH - 1374 93 3604 686 686SPH - 1376 90 2469 1531 1531CSH - 18 101 4642 469 1656

Mean 1061 2163 0.43SEM 358 67

CD (0.05) 1040 194CV (%) 15.6 10.9

Among 12 different greengram varieties tested at Rajkot, GM-9926 was found to be superior with a seedyield of 804 kg/ha, followed by GM-9705 with 682 kg/ha, GM-9710 with 620 kg/ha and GM-9925 with 618kg/ha. The fodder yields of the 4 genotypes were 742, 802, 924 and 825 kg/ha respectively. The genotypeswere found to have a variation of 18.8% for seed yield and 19.2% for fodder yield in varietal trial.

Large scale varietal trial of greengram - RajkotGenotypes Days to maturity Fodder yield (kg/ha) Seed yield (kg/ha) in 2002GM -4 (c) 65 580 462GM -9604 73 796 464GM - 9608 70 727 525GM - 9703 74 406 348GM - 9704 78 1128 542GM - 9705 78 802 682GM - 9709 77 765 441GM - 9710 75 924 620GM - 9917 71 743 552GM - 9922 80 660 548GM - 9925 80 825 618GM - 9926 79 742 804


118

Mean 551SEm 73 52

CD (0.05) 209 149CV (%) 19.2 18.8

3.6 Weed managementHand pulling of Celosia weed after 70 days after sowing was found to be highly effective for groundnut

with a pod yield of 605 kg/ha as against a control of 535 kg/ha at Anantapur. Butchlor @ 0.5 kg a.i/ha after 50days after sowing gave the lowest pod yield of 466 kg/ha, while fodder yield of 1111 kg/ha was lowest when nocontrol measures celosia were taken after 45 days after sowing under arid alfisols.

Management of Celosia weed (Celosia aargentea Linn) in groundnut - AnantapurTreatment Pod yield (kg/ha) in 2002 Haulm yield (kg/ha)No control measures for celosia after 45 days after sowing 535 1111Hand pulling of celosia after 70 days after sowing 605 1235Butachlor @ 0.5 kg a.i./ha after 50 days after sowing 466 1213Pendimethalin at 0.5 kg a.i./ha after 50 days after sowingpreferably with receipt of rain 491

1251

Mean 524SEm 30 39

CD (0.05) 90 NSCV (%) 13.9

3.7 Alternate land use systemIn a study on selection of suitable tree x crop species for land capability class VI at Anantapur, soapnut (6

m x 6 m) was found to perform better with a plant height of 368 cm and girth of 32 cm with drip irrigation, and aheight of 322 cm and girth of 23.4 cm without drip irrigation under arid alfisols. This is followed by tamarind,custard apple and ber species in the study.

Selection of suitable tree crop species for land capability class VI - AnantapurPlant height (cm) 2002 Girth (cm)Treatment

With dripirrigation

Without dripirrigation

With dripirrigation

Without dripirrigation

SpeciesCustard apple (4.5x4.5 m) 256 172 24.0 18.6Ber (6.0 x 6.0m) 191 178 15.5 15.0Soapnut (6.0 x 6.0m) 368 322 32.0 23.4Tamarind (9.0 x 9.0m) 295 273 27.5 20.1

4. On-farm Research4.1 Operational Research Project

4.1.1. Package of practicesIn a trial on assessing the influence of production factors on groundnut in arid alfisols under farmers field

conditions, complete package of practices gave the highest yield of 910 kg/ha, while farmers’ practiceprovided 780 kg/ha at Anantapur for the last 5 seasons.

Groundnut yield (kg/ha) as influenced by production factors – AnantapurTreatment 2002 Mean (5 yrs)Complete package 910 1015Farmers’ practice 780 797

Mean 845 906


119

5. Experiments not reportedCentre Title of the experiment Crop (s) RemarksAnantapur Nutrient requirement of rainfed custard

a p p l e ( A n o n a squamosa)(ANAN/CUST/ALU/2001/CEN)

Custardapple

No yield. Nutrient content onlygiven

Rajkot To study nutrient status of trees, shrubs andweeds of north Saurashtra agro climaticzones(RAJK/TREE/ALU/2002/CEN)

The collection of samples andanalysis for varying nutrients areunder progress

6. Publications

Research articles - Anantapur

Krishna Murthy, S.K., Padmalatha, Y and Yogeshwara Rao, A. 2002, Impact of drought on drymatter productionand yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) during kharif season, Journal of Agrometeorology 4(2): 195-197.

Padmalatha, Y., Rami Reddy, S., and Yellamanda Reddy, T. 2002. Effect of temperature on phenology ofgroundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) during rabi season. Journal of Agrometeorology 4(2) 159 –164.

Umamaheswari, P and Singh, C.P. 2002, Influence of irrigation levels and micronutrients (Fe and Zn) on yieldand yield attributes of Rajmash (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Legume Research 25(2) – 122 – 123.

John Wesley, B., Chakravarthy, A. and Sunkumaran. C.K.2002. Dehydration of chillies and their qualitydetermination. The Andhra Agriculture Journal 49 (1 & 2) 93 – 96.

Reddy, A.S., Prasad Rao, R.D.V.J., Tirumala Devi, K., Reddy, S.V., Mayo, M.A., Roberts, I., Satyanarayana, T.,Subramanyam, K. and Reddy, D.V.R., 2002. Occurrence of Tobacco Streak Virus on peanut (Arachieshypogaea L.) in India. Plant disease – An international Journal of applied Plant Pathalogy. Vol 86 No. 2.

Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P. and Subramanyam, K. 2002. Biomanagement of post harvest aflatoxin contamination ingroundnut. Proceedings of National Symposium on crop protection and WTO: An Indian Perspective atCentral Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasargod, January 22-25.

Manjula, K., Subramanyam, K. and John Sudheer, M. 2002. “Efficacy of eight different chemicals against Berfruit borer, Meridarchis schyrodes Meyrick”. The Andhra Agriculture Journal 49 (3 & 4): 387 – 388.

Yellamanda Reddy, T and Sulochanamma, B.N. 2002. Effect of different amounts of supplemental irrigationwith sprinklers during drought stress at pod development stage of groundnut. Society of Agronomists,ANGRAU.

Popular articles-Anantapur

Vijaya Sankar Babu, M. 2002. Importance of lime and gypsum in soil management. Annadata Sukhibhava. July– September

Vijaya Sankar Babu, M. 2002. Heliothis management in bengalgram. Annadata sukhibhava, October –December.

Vijaya Sankar Babu, M. 2002. Application of gypsum in groundnut cultivation. Annadata Sukhibhava, October –December.

Umamaheswari, P and Subbi Reddy, G. 2002. Better management practices in pomegranate cultivation.Annadata, July.


120

Umamaheswari, P and Krishna Murthy, S.K. 2002. Improved management practices in fingermillet cultivation.Annadata, July.

Umamaheswari, P. and Krishna Murthy, S.K. 2002. management practices of neem in social forestry, RaiteRaju. Eenadu daily news paper on 14.8.2002.

Umamaheswari, P. and Subbi Reddy, G. 2003. Drumstick cultivation and its uses, Annadata February, page no.39.

Umamaheswari, P. and Subbi Reddy, G. 2003. Aonla varieties and its cultivation, Annadata, February, page no22 – 23.

7. BudgetCente Pay and allowances

including arrearsTA RC Total ICAR share

(sanctioned & released)Anantapur 2268160 24750 150000 2442910Rajkot 3484873 24750 150000 3659623Anantapur (ORP) 1797015 17000 120000 1934015

8. Scientific staff

ANANTAPURT.Yellamanda Reddy, Chief ScientistS.Vasundhara, Plant BreederD.Balaguravaiah, Soil PhysiciestB.John Wesley, Agricultural Engineering.

RAJKOTD.R.Padmani, Chief ScientistM.S.Gajera, AgronomistM.D.Khanpara, Plant BreederK.N.Akbari, Agricultural ChemistG.R.Sharma, Agricultural Engineering

ANANTAPUR (Operational ResearchProject)Y.Padmalatha, AgronomistM.Madhavi, Junior ScientistK.Bhargavi, Junior Scientist

9. Address of centres

Anantapur RajkotAICRP for Dryland AgricultureDCMS building, Kamalanagar,Agricultural Research Station,Acharya N.G.Ranga Agriculture University,Anantapur – 515 001, Andhra PradeshTel: (O) 08554 – 277618FAX: 08554 – 277 633

AICRP for Dryland AgricultureMain Dry Farming Research Station,Gujarat Agriculture university,AH & Post: Targhadia,Rajkot – 360 003,GujaratTel: (O) 0281 – 284260, 284170


121

SOYBEAN BASED PRODUCTION SYSTEM

1. IntroductionIn the soybean based production system, Indore and Rewa centers of Madhya Pradesh are actively

participating in dryland research. The center Indore covers to Dhar, Indore, Ujjain, Dewas, Ratlam, Rajgarh,Mandsaur, Jhabua, Sehore and Shajapur districts. Rewa centre caters to Satna, Sidhi, Shahdol, Umaria andPenna districts, North Eastern parts of Katni, Jabalpur and Dindori districts and Southern parts of Tikamgarhand Chhatarpur district of Madhya Pradesh. The soils are typical deep vertisols. Drought occurs once in tenyears. Kharif crop is mostly soybean followed by varying rabi crops. The Rewa center had basically a ricebased production system under bundhies. Rice was replaced by the commercial crop of soybean. However, arethinking set in on the status of soybean in the system by the farmers due to marketing and other problems.The location of agro-eco-sub-region, agro-climatic characteristics, status of degradation and climatic and soilparameters are described below.

Agro-eco-sub-region State of soil degradation Climatic and soil parametersIndore

Central Highlands (Malwa) Gujarat plainKathiawar peninsula semi arid eco-region:Central Kathiawar peninsula, hot dry semiarid eco-sub region with shallow andmedium loamy to clayey black soils (deepblack soils), medium Available Watercapacity and Length of growing period 90-120 days (AESR 5.1)

Water erosion with moderate loss of topsoil, affecting 51-100% area; highseverity to stable terrain showing watererosion with slight loss of top soil,affecting 26-50% area; low severity.


616 mm


RewaCentral Highlands (Malwa andBundelkhand), hot sub-humid (dry) eco-region: Vindhyan Scarpland andBaghelkhand Plateau, hot dry sub-humideco-subregion with deep loamy to clayeymixed red and black soils, medium to highAWC and LGP 150-180 days (AESR 10.3)

Water erosion with moderate loss of topsoil, affecting 26-50% area; high severity.


688 mm

889 mmSuitableNormalLowMediumHigh

2. RainfallBoth Indore and Rewa experienced below normal rainfall in 2002. Indore experienced normal rainfall only

in June and was highly erratic in other months. The rainfall was received just about 20% of normal in July and25% in September, while it was above normal in August. The total rainfall received was 643 mm against anormal of 944 mm at Indore. The crops suffered moisture stress in July and have poor vegetative growth. Thiswas followed by a recovery in growth due to good rainfall in August. However, the crops suffered due to stressfrom September onwards.

Rewa received 889 mm as against a normal rainfall of 1087 mm. The rainfall below normal in June andJuly and severe stress occurred initially. The rainfall was above normal in August, September and October. Thesowing was delayed due to initial soil moisture stress. However the crops recovered and had good growthsubsequently.


122

Rainfall (mm) in various seasons during 2002Indore RewaMonth and season

Normal 2002 Normal 2002Rainy seasonJune 121 125 120 56July 261 49 309 63August 225 377 337 450September 247 67 199 251Total 854 618 965 820Post – rainy seasonOctober 40 21 32 66November 18 3 10 0Total 58 24 42 66WinterDecember 7 0 8 3January 9 0 22 0February 2 0 19 0Total 18 0 49 3SummerMarch 3 0 15 0April 2 0 6 0May 9 0 10 0Total 14 0 31 0Grand total 944 642 1087 889

3. On – station Research

3.1 Integrated nutrient managementIn a integrated plant nutrient supply study at Indore, the maximum soybean yield of 1801 kg/ha was

attained with an application of 10 kg N/ha through compost + 20 kg N (glyricidia) + 10 kg N through urea (topdress) compared to other treatments. The treatment was at par with 20 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (urea) as atop dress, 50% recommended dose of fertiliser and 100% recommend fertilizer. However, these 3 treatmentshad only a maximum sustainability of 0.39 during last 5 seasons under semi arid vertisols. The study indicatedthat maximum monetary returns could be attained with 100% recommended dose for soybean

In an integrated nutrient management study for maize at Indore, 50% recommended fertiliser was foundto be superior and has given a significantly higher maize yield of 3705 kg/ha, followed by 100% recommendedfertiliser with a yield of 3250 kg/ha under semi arid vertisols. Application of 50% recommended dose of fertiliserhas also given maximum monetary returns from maize in the study.

In the intercropping study with soybean + maize in 4:4 row ratio at Indore, maximum soybean equivalentyield of 1989 kg/ha was attained with an application of 20 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (urea) as top dressing +Aztobacter @ 2 kg/ha (as soil application). The treatment has also given a sustainability of 0.43 over the last 5years. The study indicated that maximum monetary returns could be attained with application of 100%recommended dose of fertiliser to the soybean + maize system.

Integrated plant nutrient supply system practices for soybean and maize – IndoreTreatment Soybean

in 2002Mean(5 yrs)


Monetary returns(Rs/ha)

Control 1368 984 0.19 17670100% recommended dose of fertiliser(inorganic) (80:60:20 kg/ha NPK)

1756 1415 0.39 23350

50% recommended dose of fertiliser(inorganic) (80:60:20 kg/ha NPK)

1774 1427 0.39 22881


123

40 kg N (compost/farm yard manure) 1729 1414 0.39 2237720 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (urea as topdressing)

1784 1274 0.32 21937

20 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (urea as topdressing) + Aztobacter @ 2 kg/ha (soilapplication)

1690 1290 0.33 21676

20 kg N (green leaf) + 20 kg N (urea as topdressing)

1658 1285 0.33 21075

20 kg N (green leaf) + 20 kg N (urea as topdressing) + Aztobacter @ 2 kg/ha (soilapplication)

1718 1316 0.34 21630

20 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (green leaf) 1622 1265 0.32 2102120 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (green leaf) +10 kg N (urea top dressing)

1701 1324 0.35 21476

20 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (glyricidia) +10 kg N (urea as top dressing)

1801 1394 0.38 22511

10 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (glyricidia) +20 kg N (urea as top dressing) + Aztobacter@ 2 kg/ha (soil application)

1652 1368 0.37 21350

Mean 1688 1281 0.33SEm 57

CD (0.05) 168

Treatment Maize in 2002 Mean(5 yrs)

Sustain-Ability index

Monetary returns(Rs/ha)

Control 2509 2071 0.40 17048100% recommended dose of fertiliser(inorganic) (80:60:20 kg/ha NPK)

3250 3575 0.7621839

50% recommended dose of fertiliser(inorganic) (80:60:20 kg/ha NPK)

3705 3540 0.7524945

40 kg N (compost/farm yard manure) 2943 3045 0.63 1987820 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (urea as topdressing)

2899 2813 0.58 19588

20 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (urea as topdressing) + Aztobacter @ 2 kg/ha (soilapplication)

3100 2919 0.6020843

20 kg N (green leaf) + 20 kg N (urea as topdressing)

3098 2877 0.59 20906

20 kg N (green leaf) + 20 kg N (urea as topdressing) + Aztobacter @ 2 kg/ha (soilapplication)

3143 2909 0.6021133

20 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (green leaf) 2081 2654 0.54 2067420 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (green leaf) +10 kg N (urea top dressing)

3028 3218 0.6720330

20 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (glyricidia) +10 kg N (urea as top dressing)

3188 3311 0.6921503

10 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (glyricidia) +20 kg N (urea as top dressing) + Aztobacter@ 2 kg/ha (soil application)

2893 2376 0.4719523

Mean 2986 2942 0.61SEm 96

CD (0.05) 282


124

Treatment Soybean equi-valent yield

(Soybean + Maize4:4) in 2002

Mean(5 yrs)


Monetaryreturns(Rs/ha)

Control 1412 1679 0.28 15620

100% recommended dose of fertiliser (inorganic)(80:60:20 kg/ha NPK)

1859 2675 0.55 22843

50% recommended dose of fertiliser (inorganic)(80:60:20 kg/ha NPK)

1901 2401 0.47 21601

40 kg N (compost/farm yard manure) 1937 2227 0.43 21430

20 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (urea as top dressing) 1940 2225 0.43 20652

20 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (urea as top dressing) +Aztobacter @ 2 kg/ha (soil application)

1989 2240 0.43 20652

20 kg N (green leaf) + 20 kg N (urea as top dressing) 1928 2240 0.43 19995

20 kg N (green leaf) + 20 kg N (urea as top dressing) +Aztobacter @ 2 kg/ha (soil application)

1952 2302 0.45 21667

20 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (green leaf) 1795 2197 0.42 20378

20 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (green leaf) + 10 kg N(urea top dressing)

1939 2134 0.40 20647

20 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (glyricidia) + 10 kg N(urea as top dressing)

1947 2279 0.44 20302

10 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (glyricidia) + 20 kg N (urea astop dressing) + Aztobacter @ 2 kg/ha (soil application)

1806 2304 0.45 19557

Mean 1867 2339 0.46

In a long term manurial trial in semi arid vertisols of Indore, maximum soybean yield of 1526 kg/ha wasattained with an application of farm yard manure @ 6 t/ha + 20 kg N + 13 kg P with a sustainability of 0.59 inthe last 7 seasons. This is followed by 60 kg N + 35 kg P with a yield of 1497 kg/ha (0.53 sustainability) and 40kg N + 26 kg P with a yield of 1444 kg/ha (0.48 sustainability).

The soil moisture, organic carbon%, soil N and K and sulphur were found to be maximum in the plotwhere farmyard manure @ 6 t/ha + 20 kg N + 13 kg P/ha was applied, while soil P was maximum in the plotwhere 30 kg N + 20 kg P/ha was applied in the study.

Long term manurial trial on soybean in vertisols - IndoreTreatment Soil profile moisture

(in 90 cm depth)Yield (kg/ha) in 2002

At sowing Atharvest

Soybean Mean(7 yrs)

Sustainabilityindex

Control 324.6 288.1 1083 1083 0.31N 20 P 13 to each crop 318.7 284.4 1268 1260 0.39N 30 P 20 to each crop 312.2 276.3 1381 1389 0.44N 40 P 26 to each crop 317.0 278.5 1444 1486 0.48N 60 P 35 to each crop 319.8 275.7 1497 1586 0.53Farm yard manure 6 t/ha + N 20 P 13 (farmyard manure in rainy season only + N 20 P 13to each crop)

365.8 319.3 1526 1727 0.59

Residue 5 t/ha+ N 20 P 13 to each crop 355.8 313.7 1323 1346 0.42Farm yard manure @6 t/ha in rainy season only 346.0 307.1 1438 1429 0.46Residue 5 t/ha (crop residue ofSoybean/safflower to each crop)

343.7 306.3 1193 1221 0.37

Mean 1350 1380 0.44


125

Soil available nutrients (kg/ha)TreatmentOC% N P K Sulphur

Control 0.40 180 21.5 520 9.16N 20 P 13 to each crop 0.46 193 24.9 580 10.77N 30 P 20 to each crop 0.38 173 26.7 550 11.38N 40 P 26 to each crop 0.52 205 23.2 500 12.00N 60 P 35 to each crop 0.42 185 22.4 700 12.61Farm yard manure 6 t/ha + N 20 P 13 (farm yard manurein rainy season only + N 20 P 13 to each crop)

0.57 218 19.8 820 14.45

Residue 5 t/ha+ N 20 P 13 to each crop 0.43 187 21.5 680 13.84Farm yard manure @ 6 t/ha in rainy season only 0.45 191 23.2 750 13.22Residue 5 t/ha (crop residue of soybean/safflower to each crop)

0.41 183 24.1 600 11.38

Among different combinations of fertiliser P treatments viz., Jabua Rock Phosphate (JRP), Phosphorussolublising microbes (PSM) and farm yard manure, for soybean at Indore, maximum seed yield of 1340 kg/hawas attained with 60 kg P (JRP) + farm yard manure @ 5 t/ha + 10 g Phosphorus solublising microbes /kgseed treatment + 3 kg Phosphorus solublising microbes blended with 50 kg farm yard manure/ha. Thistreatment was found to be sustainable with 0.68 and a mean yield of 1457 kg/ha over last 3 seasons undersemi arid vertisols. The 16 phosphorus treatment combinations were found to give a mean yield of 1228 kg/hawith a coefficient of variation 4.9% in the study.

Phosphorus management studies in soybean through conjunctive use - IndoreTreatment Soil profile moisture

(mm in 90 cm depth)Seed yield (kg/ha)

Atsowing

Atharvesting

2002 Mean(3yrs)


Control 329.1 297.1 1096 1191 0.54P60 (Single super phosphate) 328.1 292.5 1224 1375 0.64P60 (Jabua rock phosphate) 332.1 297.9 1218 1225 0.56P60 (Jabua rock phosphate) + 10g Phosphorus solublemicrobes /kg seed treatments

346.1 306.1 1221 1232 0.56

P60 (Jabua rock phosphate) + 3 kg Phosphorus solublemicrobes blended with 50 kg farm yard manure/ha andbroadcasted

350.1 308.7 1189 1199 0.54

P60 (Jabua rock phosphate) + 10 g Phosphorus solublemicrobes /kg seed treatment +3 kg Phosphorus solublisingmicrobes blended with 50 kg farm yard manure /ha andbroadcasted

348.1 310.0 1119 1182 0.53

P60 (Jabua rock phosphate) + 5 t/ha farm yard manure 350.1 310.9 1330 1388 0.64P60 (Jabua rock phosphate) + 5 t/ha farm yard manure +10 g Phosphorus soluble microbes /hg seed treatment

341.1 303.1 1314 1403 0.65

P60 (Jabua rock phosphate) + 5 t/ha farm yard manure +10 g Phosphorus soluble microbes /hg seed treatment +3kg Phosphorus soluble microbes blended with 50 kg farmyard manure /ha

338.5 301.6 1340 1457 0.68

Mean 1228 1305 0.60SEm 42

CD (0.05) 86CV (%) 5


126

Available of nutrients (kg/ha)TreatmentO.C (%) N P K S

Control 0.51 204.0 52 525 5.9P 60 (Single super phosphate) 0.74 277.5 55 620 7.1P 60 (Jabua rock phosphate) 0.57 213.8 70 640 7.7P 60 (Jabua rock phosphate) + 10g Phosphorus solublemicrobes /kg seed treatments

0.55 220.0 66 590 9.5

P 60 (Jabua rock phosphate) + 3 kg Phosphorus solublemicrobes blended with 50 kg farm yard manure/ha andbroadcasted

0.44 176.0 50 635 8.9

P 60 (Jabua rock phosphate) + 10 g Phosphorus solublemicrobes /kg seed treatment +3 kg PSM blended with 50kg farm yard manure /ha and broadcasted

0.56 196.0 58 670 10.8

P 60 (Jabua rock phosphate) + 5 t/ha farm yard manure 0.46 184.0 74 700 14.4P 60 (Jabua rock phosphate) + 5 t/ha farm yard manure +10 g Phosphorus soluble microbes /kg seed treatment

0.42 168.0 48 690 12.0

P 60 (Jabua rock phosphate) + 5 t/ha farm yard manure +10 g Phosphorus soluble microbes /hg seed treatment +3kg Phosphorus soluble microbes blended with 50 kg farmyard manure /ha

0.87 304.5 80 740 15.1

O.C. Organic Carbon

At Rewa, in an integrated nutrient management experiment with 3 blocks rice – wheat (B1), blackgram –chickpea block (B2) and intercrop rice/blackgram – wheat /chickpea block (B3) with different fertilisertreatments, maximum chickpea equivalent yield was attained with 100% N through compost in all 3 blocks, B1-wheat (2177 kg/ha), chickpea (1930 kg/ha) and B3 – wheat/ chickpea (2106 kg/ha) as against control yields of1243, 1239 and 1251 kg/ha respectively.

Effect of nitrogen levels through organic and inorganic sources, during kharifon the yield of wheat and chickpea - Rewa

Mean grain yield equivalent to chickpea (kg/ha) in 2002Nitrogen levels/blocksWheat (B1) Chickpea (B2) Wheat/Chickpea (B3)

Control 1243 1239 1251100% N (urea) 1930 1556 1775100% N (compost) 2177 1930 210650% N (urea) + 50% N (compost) 2033 1741 188050% N (urea) + 25% N (compost) 2000 1618 182625% N (urea) + 50% N (compost) 2109 1756 195450% N (urea) + 25% N (compost) +Aztobacter/Rhizobium

2000 1833 1859

25% N (urea) + 50% N (compost) +Aztobacter/Rhizobium

2068 1879 1993

50% N (urea) + 50% N (compost) +Aztobacter/Rhizobium

2082 1869 2033

Mean 1713 1853 1842

3.2 Soil and water conservationLow till + weedicide + interculture was found to be superior for attaining maximum soybean yield of 1421

kg/ha, followed by conventional tillage + interculture with a yield of 1244 kg/ha. The two treatments had asustainability of 0.66 and 0.59 respectively. Over a period of 3 years, in the same study, application of 50%through organic + 50% through inorganic gave a significantly higher yield of 1492 kg/ha compared to 100%fertiliser through either inorganic or organic sources.


127

Low till farming strategies for resource conservation and improving soil quality - RewaTreatment Soybean seed

yield (kg/ha) in2002

Mean (3yrs)

Sustainabilityindex

A: Main plot (Tillage)Conventional tillage (CT) + Interculture 1244 1152 0.59Low tillage (50% of CT) + interculture 788 925 0.45Low tillage + weedicide + interculture 1421 1271 0.66

Mean 1151 1116 0.57SEm 9

CD (0.05) 24B: Sub plot (Nutrient supply)100% organic source (8 t farm yard manure or organicmanure /ha) 1034 966 0.5550% organic + 50% inorganic 1492 1332 0.79100% inorganic 1189 1138 0.66

Mean 1238 1145 0.66SEm 32

CD (0.05) 71

Different soil filters tested for blackgram at Rewa, indicated that vetivera filters + trench was superior witha grain yield of 765 kg/ha and a sustainability of 0.76 over 3 years compared to other soil filters. The study alsoindicated vetivera filters + trench has provided maximum soil deposition of 1010 kg/ha with a sustainable of0.81.

Vetiver filters + trench was also highly effective for pigeonpea with a maximum yield of 1163 kg/ha in theabove study conducted at Rewa.

Studies on the efficacy of different soil filters - RewaTreatment Pigeonpea

yield(kg/ha) in

2002

Blackgramgrain yield(kg/ha) in

2002

Mean(3 yrs)


Soildeposition

(kg/ha)in 2002

Mean(4 yrs)


Vetiver grass filters 986 653 568 0.69 860 981 0.72Stone filters 1108 704 632 0.77 945 1093 0.80Trenches across the slope 1108 720 612 0.75 995 1221 0.90Vetiver filters + Trench 1163 765 626 0.76 1010 1108 0.81Stone filters + Trench 1108 720 573 0.70 980 1128 0.83Control (No soil filters) 942 776 583 0.71

Mean 723 599 0.73 958 1106 0.81

In tillage study with soybean, conventional tillage + recommended fertiliser dose + off-season tillage +hand weeding was found to be superior with a seed yield of 1413 kg/ha and sustainability of 0.46. This isfollowed by low till + green leaf through glyricidia @ 2 t/ha + hand weeding with a yield of 1388 kg/ha and asustainability of 0.38 in semi arid vertisols at Indore. It was observed that the tillage treatment combinations hada coefficient of variation of 15.7% for seed yield in the study. The organic carbon%, soil N, P, K and Sulphurwere found to be maximum in the plot with low tillage and compost @ 4 t/ha and herbicide were applied.However, soil moisture was maximum in the plot with low tillage and application of glyricidia green leaf @ 2t/ha and herbicide in the study.


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Low till farming strategies for resource conservation and improving soil quality - IndoreTreatment Soil profile moisture

(in 90 cm depth)Seed yield (kg/ha)

in 2002At

sowingAt

harvestSoybean Mean


indexConventional tillage + recommended dose offertiliser – off season tillage + hand weeding

322.9 300.4 1019 1458 0.38

Conventional tillage + recommended dose offertiliser + off season tillage + hand weeding

324.8 293.3 1413 1631 0.46

Low tillage + 4 t/ha straw + hand weeding 315.5 279.0 1382 1449 0.38Low tillage + 4 t/ha straw + herbicide 358.9 325.9 711 1224 0.27Low tillage + 4 t/ha compost + hand weeding 316.8 277.3 1353 1510 0.41Low tillage + 4 t/ha compost + herbicide 331.9 290.5 776 1286 0.30Low tillage + 2 t/ha glyricidia green leaf +herbicide

341.7 323.2 466 1239 0.28

Low tillage + 2 t/ha glyricidia green leaf + handweeding

329.6 290.6 1388 1461 0.38

Mean 1064 1407 0.36SEm 118

CD (0.05) 245CV (%) 15.7

Soil available nutrients (kg/ha)TreatmentO.C% N P K Sulphur

Conventional tillage + recommended dose of fertiliser –off season tillage + hand weeding

0.53 212 35 690 7.09

Conventional tillage + recommended dose of fertiliser +off season tillage + hand weeding

0.54 216 40 640 8.32

Low tillage + 4 t/ha straw + hand weeding 0.55 220 45 652 9.55Low tillage + 4 t/ha straw + herbicide 0.56 196 50 660 10.16Low tillage + 4 t/ha compost + hand weeding 0.64 240 55 712 12.00Low tillage + 4 t/ha compost + herbicide 0.75 282 58 733 13.22Low tillage + 2 t/ha glyricidia green leaf + herbicide 0.53 212 40 688 12.61Low tillage + 2 t/ha glyricidia green leaf + hand weeding 0.50 200 30 675 10.77O.C. – Organic Carbon

In a study on biological and mechanical barriers for erosion control at Indore, sowing across the slope +mechanical bund was found to be superior with maximum soybean grain yield of 1550 kg/ha and minimumrunoff 15.3 mm and soil loss of 0.08 t/ha under semi arid vertisols.

Biological and mechanical barriers for erosion control - IndoreTreatment Soybean grain yield

(kg/ha) in 2002Runoff(mm)

Soil loss (t/ha)

Sowing across the slope 1230 19.5 0.15Sowing along the slope 1080 28.45 0.80Sowing across the slope + mechanical bund 1550 15.3 0.08Sowing along the slope + mechanical bund 1200 24.3 0.36

Mean 1265

3.3 ImplementsAmong different seeding implements tested for soybean under semi arid vertisols of Indore, poor yields

were attained due to poor germination and severe moisture stress. However, sowing with Tifan was superiorwith a yield of 122 kg/ha compare to sowing with either Duphan or CRIDA planter.


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Performance of seeding implements for soybean - IndoreTreatment Soybean grain yield (kg/ha) in 2002Sowing with Duphan 44.44Sowing with Tifan 121.48Sowing with CRIDA planter 17.77

3.4 Cropping system

In an agro-horti system study with different combination of crops and fruit trees, maximum soybeanequivalent yield of 2943 kg/ha was attained with drumstick + pigeonpea, followed by ber + pigeonpea with ayield of 2816 kg/ha and Amla + pigeonpea with a 2775 kg/ha. However, gross monetary returns were found tobe highest from drumstick + pigeonpea (Rs.22700/ha), followed by amla + pigeonpea (Rs.21682/ha) and ber+ pigeonpea (Rs.20997/ha).

Performance of crops as influenced by fruit trees under agri-horti system - IndoreTreatment Crop Seed yield (kg/ha) Soybean equivalent yield (kg/ha)

2002 Mean(4 yrs)

2002 Mean(4 yrs)

Gross monetaryreturns (Rs/ha)

Ber + soybean 1068 1189 1316 1431 11461Ber + pigeonpea 1469 1274 2816 2499 20997Ber + soybean +pigeonpea (4:2)

715 +488

721 +529

1803 1893 15365

Ber + cowpea 204 210 290 326 2320Amla + soybean 1190 1377 1475 1660 13307Amla + pigeonpea 1470 1317 2775 2563 21682Amla + soybean +pigeonpea (4:2)

778 +488

788 +608

1914 2179 17493

Amla + cowpea 197 203 281 316 2253Drumstick + soybean 1256 1292 1585 1567 12581Drumstick + pigeonpea 1542 1376 2943 2697 22700Drumstick +soybean +Pigeonpea (4:2)

787 +509

739 +586

1936 2065 16750

Drumstick + Cowpea 220 237 312 377 164

Among different sole and inter crops and dates of sowing tested at Indore, sowing on 1st date of sowing is24th June gave higher soybean equivalent yields, of all crop combinations compared to the sowings done on4th July and 14th July 2002. The maximum soybean equivalent yield was attained with sunflower + pigeonpeain 4:2 row ratio sown on 24th June, while soybean + pigeonpea (4:2) gave maximum yield on second and thirddates of sowing with yields of 2894 and 2112 kg/ha respectively.

Evaluation of cropping system for aberrant monsoon (delayed onset) conditions - IndoreSoybean equivalent yield (kg/ha) in 2002

2002 (D1) 2002 (D2) 2002 (D3) MeanTreatment

(24.06.02) (04.07.02) (14.07.02)Sole soybean 2361 1676 1200 1251Sole sunflower 2245 1968 875 2127Sole pigeonpea 3547 2156 1975 2574Sole cowpea 685 419 238 718Soybean + pigeonpea (4:2) 3688 2894 2112 2419Sunflower + pigeonpea (4:2) 3877 2826 1907 3117Cowpea + pigeonpea (4:2) 2614 1801 1157 1810Soybean + sunflower (4:2) 2236 2074 1145 1842

Mean 2657 1977 1326 2162


130

Among different kharif crops viz., soybean, cotton, groundnut, pigeonpea, maize and sorghum testedunder semi arid vertisols of Indore, pigeonpea was found to be most profitable with maximum net returns ofRs.9100/ha, followed by groundnut with Rs.8300/ha. Maize gave the lowest net profit of Rs.3950/ha amongdifferent crops studied.

Economic evaluation of different kharif crops - IndoreCrops Yield (kg/ha) in 2002 Cost of cultivation (Rs/ha) Net Profit (Rs/ha)Soybean 1150 5800 6220Cotton 850 8500 5500Groundnut 1250 7000 8300Chilli - - -Pigeonpea 950 4800 9100Maize 1900 6500 3950Sorghum 2000 6000 4000

In a study on soybean + pigeonpea system with different varieties under shallow, medium and deepvertisols at Indore, maximum soybean monetary returns were attained from soybean (JS-335) + pigeonpea(JA-40) system in all the three categories of soil. The soybean equivalent yields were found to be 2016, 3821and 4640 kg/ha, while the monetary returns were found to be Rs.36597, Rs.18219 and Rs.41751/ha in the threesoil groups respectively.

Effect of soil depth on seed yield and monetary returns of soybean + pigeonpea system - IndoreTreatment Seed yield (kg/ha) Soybean equivalent

yield (kg/ha)Monetary returns

(Rs/ha)Shallow soils (45 ±±±± 10 cm)Sole soybean (Samrat) 1052 1191 10177Sole soybean (JS-335) 950 1081 9730Soybean (Samrat) + pigeonpea (JA-4) 536 + 566 1765 34713Soybean (JS-335) + pigeonpea (JA-4) 720 + 596 2016 36597Medium soils (70 ±±±± 10 cm)Sole soybean (Samrat) 1102 1241 11172Sole soybean (JS-335) 1138 1276 11488Soybean (Samrat) + pigeonpea (JA-4) 658 + 1736 4095 17004Soybean (JS-335) + pigeonpea (JA-4) 728 + 1660 3821 18219Deep soils (> 1 m)Sole soybean (Samrat) 1340 1519 13670Sole soybean (JS-335) 1302 1464 13182Soybean (Samrat) + pigeonpea (JA-4) 870 + 1670 4229 39089Soybean (JS-335) + pigeonpea (JA-4) 896 + 1870 4640 41751

In an intercropping study with combinations of pigeonpea (Bahar, NPWR-15 and Asha varieties), soybean(JS-335) and cowpea (Lobia, Rashmi and Banarasi) crops, pigeonpea + soybean and pigeonpea + cowpeawere more profitable to sole cropping during the last 3 years. Pigeonpea (NPWR-15) + soybean (JS-335) wasfound to provide maximum pigeonpea equivalent yield among different combinations tested in the study.

Studies on profitability of pigeonpea intercropped with soybean and cowpea 2002- RewaTreatment Yield (kg/ha) in 2002 Mean (3 yrs)Bahar (A1) - 2164NPWR –15 (A2) - 2394Asha (A3) - 2033Soybean (JS 335) S1 2133 1810Cowpea – C1 1635 1684A-1 + S (1:2) 738 2932A-1 + C-1 (1:2) 1058 2726A-2 + S-1 (1:2) 872 3279


131

A-2 + C-1 (1:2) 1016 3104A-3 + S-1 (1:2) 460 2665A-3 + C-1 (1:7) 1021 3113A3 (filler) - 1699

Among different crops tested at Rewa viz., paddy in kharif and wheat, barley, chickpea, lentil, linseed andmustard in rabi for fertiliser N and P response, maximum net returns of Rs.13049/ha and benefit cost ratio of4.04 were attained with chickpea, followed by lentil, mustard, linseed, wheat and barley crops. Among fertiliserlevels, 100% recommended dose of fertiliser was found to be superior for different crops with maximum netreturns and benefit-cost ratio compared to 50%, 150% and control.

Grain yield, net return and B:C ratio of different rabi crops at different fertility levels - RewaCrop N P Grain yield (kg/ha) Net returns (Rs/ha) B:C ratioWheat 0 0 657 1468 1.34

20 20 1339 6513 2.3440 40 1617 8316 2.5160 60 1213 4201 1.68

Barley 0 0 950 1954 1.4620 20 1263 3065 1.6340 40 1162 1883 1.3460 60 922 -150 0.97

Chickpea 0 0 809 9070 3.5210 20 1137 13773 4.4420 40 1339 16403 4.6430 60 1149 12951 3.59

Lentil 0 0 707 8143 3.2610 20 783 9024 3.2520 40 1010 12308 3.7330 60 720 6999 2.40


132

Linseed 0 0 505 5260 2.7515 15 580 6245 2.9230 30 783 9291 3.6545 45 606 6161 2.64

Mustard 0 0 568 6088 3.0215 15 809 9694 3.9830 30 834 9844 3.9845 45 809 9194 3.45

SEm 74CD (0.05) 151

Soybean – coriander was found to be the best sequence at Rewa with maximum net returns ofRs.4100/ha from soybean and Rs.61776/ha from coriander among different sequences tested withsupplemental water. This is followed by soybean – methi in dry sub-humid vertisols.

Judicious use of harvested water to get the most profitable high value cropsequence for sustainable agriculture - Rewa

Crops Yield (kg/ha) in 2002 Net returns (Rs/ha) B:C ratioKharifSoybean 815 4100 1.03RabiWheat 1201 5608 1.86Barley 567 2551 0.92Chickpea 1274 11836 1.20Lentil 953 7342 1.88Mustard 1580 17700 2.51Linseed 793 5102 1.02Methi 1951 36922 3.18Coriander 2824 61776 4.53

3.5 Crop improvement

Among different blackgram genotypes tested in dry sub-humid vertisols of Rewa, JU-26 with a yield of1548 kg/ha, followed by JU-23 with 1354 kg/ha and JU-2 with 1265 kg/ha were found to be superior.

Screening of blackgram genotypes - RewaGenotypes Grain yield (kg/ha) in 2002 Mean (2 yrs) Harvest index (%)

PDU 1 948 783 31.81TPU 4 685 482 19.35Type 9 (C) 738 505 23.90JU 3 867 635 23.84IU 8-6 1000 695 27.62JU 2 1265 889 28.68MMU 30 1126 810 33.09PU 19 895 639 28.67IU 83-2 898 727 25.29JU 26 1548 1179 28.94JU 27 1117 806 26.36JU 23 1354 1004 29.20PDU 4 1182 940 36.00JU 31-13 873 560 24.55

Mean 1035 761


133

Among different pigeonpea lines tested at Indore, JIA-62, JIA-22 were found to be superior with a yield of1567 and 1533 kg/ha respectively. The next best lines were JIA-12 and JIA-64 with a yield of 1267 and 1200kg/ha respectively in semi arid vertisols. The 17 pigeonpea lines tested were found to have a mean yield of1168 kg/ha in the study.

Evaluation of pigeonpea lines - IndoreVariety Grain yield (kg/ha) in 2002 Mean (6 yrs) Sustainability indexJIA - 62 1567 1012JIA - 63 975 677JIA - 64 1200 843JIA - 65 1083 786JIA - 66 1025 716JIA - 67 1167 775JIA - 68 1013 761JIA - 3 1175 1409JIA - 12 1267 1036 0.28JIA - 30 1083 1276 0.38JIA - 60 1047 1315 0.40JIA - 22 1533 1377 0.43ICPL 87 1033 1033Maruthi 1188 1188

Mean 1168 1327 0.41SEm 83

CD (0.05) 238CV (%) 14

Among different maize varieties tested under different land treatments, Navjot with a grain yield of 2535kg/ha and sustainability of 0.41, followed by JM-12 with 2413 kg/ha of yield and 0.38 sustainability compared toother varieties. The study indicated that the varieties have performed when earthing was done at 30 days aftersowing with a mean yield of 2490 kg/ha compared to flat sowing with a yield of 2180 kg/ha with a sustainabilityof 0.40 and 0.33 respectively.

Performance of maize varieties - IndoreTreatment Grain yield (kg/ha) in 2002 Mean (3 yrs) Sustainability indexA: VarietyNavjot 2535 3495 0.41Chandan-3 2410 3277 0.36JM- 8 2147 3123 0.33JM- 12 2413 3357 0.38NLD 2117 3134 0.33

Mean 2324 3277 0.36SEm 75

CD (0.05) 216B: Land treatmentsFlat sowing 2180 3116 0.33Earthing at 30 days 2490 3445 0.40

Mean 2335 3281 0.37SEm 47

CD (0.05) 137

Seed yield (kg/ha)Variety Flat 30 days after sowing earthing upNLD 1907 2433Navjot 2414 2655JM 8 1898 2396


134

JM 12 2275 2551Chandan 3 2405 2414

Mean 2180 2490SEm 75 47

CD (0.05) 21 137

JS-335, Samrat and JS-71-05 were found to be superior soybean genotypes with seed yields of 1637,1596 and 1425 kg/ha in a varietal trial under semi arid vertisols of Indore. The genotypes have a maturityranging from 90 to 103 days and harvest index ranging from 23.97 to 38.22%.

Evaluation of soybean varieties under dryland conditions - Indore

VarietyDays tomaturity

Harvestindex (%)

Seed yield (kg/ha)in 2002

Mean(2 yrs)

JS- 335 95 31.54 1637 1430JS -71-05 90 38.22 1425 1327JS- 90-91 95 30.93 1362 1283Samrat 96 32.16 1596 1516NRC-12 99 31.67 1425 1324NRC-37 103 23.97 1056 919

Mean 1417 1300CD (0.05) NS

CV (%) 22

Among 20 different chickpea varieties tested under dry sub-humid vertisols of Rewa, RWG-12 was foundbe superior with a grain yield of 3333 kg/ha, followed by JG-315 with 3045 kg/ha and Shakti and JG-74 with2963 kg/ha.

Screening of chickpea genotypes - RewaGenotypes Yield (kg/ha) in 2002

RWG – 12 3333RWG-6 2674JG – 315 3044JG – 322 2633Shakti 2963JG – 11 2510RWG – 26 ( c) 1748RWG – 25 2099RWG – 36 2139RWG – 28 2593RWG – 43 1995RWG – 1 2346RWG – 44 1975RWG – 8 2531JG – 7 2365RWG – 34 2057JG – 74 2963RWG – 30 2180RWG – 2 2139K – 850 2531

SEm 75CD (0.05) 217

CV (%) 17.1

In a coordinated varietal trial on lentil at Rewa, RWL-12 was found to be superior with a grain yield of 3018kg/ha, followed by RWL-4 with 2814 kg/ha and RWL-3 and LH-90-103 with 2778 kg/ha.


135

Screening of bold seeded lentil genotypes - RewaGenotypes Yield (kg/ha) in 2002

L - 9 – 108 2592K – 343 2778RWL – 9 2481SL – 26 2740RWL - 12 3018RWL 74 – 3 2444SL – 21 2592JL – 2 2629RWL – 3 2778LH – 90 – 103 2778RWL – 4 2814L – 9 – 57 2667JL – 1 2500RWL – 1 2597RWL – 8 2518RWL – 2 2444Rewa 74 – 2 2703 K –75 2500L – 9 -49 2518L-9-49 2500

SEm 48CD (0.05) 139

CV (%) 6.2

3.6 Weed managementIn an integrated weed management study with soybean, hand weeding at 30 and 40 days after sowing

was most effective with a seed yield of 1223 kg/ha and maximum net returns of Rs.8565/ha, followed byalachlor + hand weeding at 30 days after sowing with 983 kg/ha with a net returns of Rs.7327/ha. Among 18treatments tested at Rewa, these two treatments were found to have a sustainability of 0.53 and 0.49respectively during the last 4 years. However, Fluchlorarlin was found to have a maximum benefit – cost ratio of2.55 in the study.

Integrated weed management in soybean - RewaTreatment Seed yield

(kg/ha)in 2002

Mean(4 yrs)


Netreturns(Rs/ha)

B:Cratio

Alachlor (Pre emergence) 25 kg/ha 781 1221 0.39 6139 2.36Fluchloralin 845 1303 0.42 7010 2.55Butachlor (Pre emergence) 2.0 kg ai/ha 529 1116 0.36 6044 2.34Anilofos (Pre emergence) 0.3 kg ai/ha 415 1042 0.33 1240 1.27Oxadizen (Pre emergence) 0.75 kg ai/ha 327 897 0.28 59 1.01Alachlor + hand weeding at 30 days after sowing 983 1482 0.49 7327 2.22Fluchloralin + hand weeding at 30 days after sowing 587 1261 0.41 2027 1.33Butachlor + hand weeding at 30 days after sowing 845 1296 0.42 5479 1.91Anilofos + hand weeding at 30 days after sowing 908 1333 0.44 6344 2.05Oxadiazen + hand weeding at 30 days after sowing 517 999 0.31 1107 1.18Metalachlor (Pre emergence) 0.30 kg ai/ha 479 1039 0.33 2095 1.46Oxyflurafen (Pre emergence) 0.2 kg ai/ha 290 912 0.28 -435 0.90Hand weeding at 30 days after sowing 673 1168 0.37 2732 1.42Hand weeding at 30 and 40 days after sowing 1223 1602 0.53 8565 2.07Paddy straw mulch (5 t/ha) 196 824 0.25 -1519 0.63Weedy check 186 623 0.18 -1452 0.63

Mean 612 1134 0.36SEm 42

CD (0.05) 87


136

3.7 Alternate land use systemsIn an alternate land use system study tested with 9 tree species and blackgram, wheat and barley (AK-

560 and BK-603 varieties) crops, Terminalia arjuna species has a maximum survival of 93%, followed byDalbergia sissoo with 92%. Maximum blackgram yield of 575 kg/ha was attained under Pongamia pinnata,while maximum wheat yield was attained with the combination of moringa species. Barley yields of 690 and680 kg/ha were found to be maximum under Pongamia pinnata species for AK-560 and BK – 603 varietiesrespectively at Rewa.

Survival percent of tree plant species and yield of crop component - Rewa% Survival Kharif yield (kg/ha) in

2002Rabi yield (kg/ha) in

2002-03Plant species

2002 Blackgram Wheat AK 560 BK 603Eucalyptus spp. 84 247 600 500 450Azadirachta indica 51 470 850 590 550Dalbergia sissoo 92 410 950 650 640Moringa spp - 450 980 670 650Embilica officinallis 80 465 850 600 590Acacia catechu 27 565 950 680 670Pongamia pinnata 25 575 950 690 680Terminalia arjuna 93 425 900 520 500Dandrocalamus stricts 85 325 750 510 480

Mean 436 864 601 578

4. On – farm Research4.1 Operational research project4.1.1. Integrated nutrient management

At Indore, a fertiliser study for soybean in farmers field at 5 locations recommended dose of fertiliser(30:60 kg NP/ha) + sulphur @ 20 kg/ha was superior with a grain yield of 1209 kg/ha as against 729 kg/haattained with farmers’ practice of 50 kg DAP/ha.

Use of sulphur in soybean – IndoreTreatment No.of locations Grain yield (kg/ha)Farmers’ practice (50 kg DAP/ha) 5 729Recommended dose (30:60 kg NP/ha) 1087Recommended dose + 20kg Sulphur/ha 1209

Mean 1008

Recommend dose of fertiliser for soybean (30:60 NP/ha) produced a soybean grain yield of 1000 kg/ha,followed by 50% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) + farm yard manure @ 4 t/ha with a yield of 981 kg/haas against farmers’ practice with a yield of 690 kg/ha at Indore.

Integrated nutrient management in Soybean - IndoreTreatment Grain yield (kg/ha) % increaseFarmers’ practice (50kg DAP/ha) 690 -Recommended dose (30:60 kg NP/ha) 1000 45.050% RDF + 4 t farm yard manure/ha 981 42.050% RDF + Rhizobium + PSM 947 34.3

Mean 904.5

4.1.2 Cropping systemAmong different fodder crops demonstrated under farmers fields at Indore, sudan fodder gave maximum

yield of 34680 kg/ha from 3 cuts, followed by sorghum fodder with 29580 and maize fodder with 27550 kg/haunder semi arid vertisols.


137

Trials–cum–demonstration on fodder crops - IndoreCrops Green fodder yield (kg/ha)

TotalSorghum fodder 29580Maize fodder 27550Sudan fodder 12330(1st cut) 15910 (2nd cut) 6440 (3rd cut) 34680

4.1.3 Pest managementIn a weed management trial in farmers fields of Indore, weedicide + interculture was superior with a

soybean grain yield of 1304 kg/ha as against farmers’ practice with a yield of 902 kg/ha under semi aridvertisols.

Trial on weed management on soybean - IndoreTreatment Grain yield (kg/ha) % increaseFarmers’ practice 902 -Weedicide 1220 35.2Weedicide + interculture 1304 44.6Weed free 1300 44.1

4.2 Front line demonstrationsAt Indore, 964 kg/ha of chickpea yield was attained from 13 trials under front line demonstrations which

has 37.5% higher as against 603 kg/ha attained with farmers’ practice.

Mean yield (kg/ha)Centre Crop No. oftrials Frontline

demonstrationsFarmers’practice

Increase in frontlinedemonstrations (%)

Indore Chickpea 13 964 603 37.5Rewa Linseed +

chickpea4 406

750327525

19.430.0

Linseed 6 725 499 31.1Chickpea 10 1390 1034 25.6

5. Experiments not reportedCentre Title of the experiment Crop (s) RemarksIndore Studies on enhancing germination and yield

of crops through seeding depth andimplements (INDO/CROP/IMP/2002/CEN)

Evaluation of new crops and their varietiessuitable for early sowing in rabi season(INDO/CROP/CIM/2002/CEN)

Evaluation of chickpea varieties for drylandagriculture conditions(INDO/CHIC/CIM/2002/CEN)

LentilSafflowerToriaMustardLinseed

Chickpea

Crop failed due to moisture stress

Failed due to severe droughtconditions

Due to severe drought poor plantstand and the yield was very poor

6. PublicationsResearch papers - IndoreChauhan, S.S., Dighe, J.M. and Sharma, R.A. (2002). Economics of sorghum production under different levels

of fertility in Malwa region. Crop Research 23(3), 428-430.


138

Chauhan, S.S., Dighe, J.M. and Sharma, R.A. (2002). Studies on nitrogen and phosphorus balance in blackclay soil under rainfed sorghum. Research on Crops 3 (2), 359-362.

Deshmukh, S.C.; Girothia, O.P. and Verma, O.P. (2002). Integrated nutrient management for sustainable rainfedmaize production in vertisols. Indian Dryland Agriculture Research and Development 17(2): 144-147

Holkar, S.; Sharma, R.A. and Chauhan, S.S. (2002) Physiological growth and productivity of rainfed cotton (Hy.8) under different land and fertility treatments on vertisols. (sent for publication in Indian Journal DrylandAgriculture S New Delhi).

Rande, D.H.; L.K. Jain; S.K.Vishwakarma and A.S. Tomar. 2002. Economic Feasibility of Growing MedicalCrops under Irrigation through Water-harvesting Tank with Gabions in Vertisols of Malwa Region. IndianJournal Agriculture Sciences, 72(6): 325-328.

Ranade, D.H.; L.K. Jain; S.K. Vishwakarma and A.S. Tomar. 2002. Effectiveness of Gully Pulg Structures(Gabion) for Retaining Silt Load in Gullied Portions. Indian Journal Soil Conservation, 30 (2): 190-195.

Tomar A.S.; D.H. Ranade, L.K. Jain and S.K.Vishwakarma. 2002. Crop Planning in Vertisols Based on MonsoonPeriod Rainfall Analysis. Indian Journal Agriculture Sciences, 72(6): 362-363.

Rajput, Deepak; Solankey B S., Chauhan, S.S. and Thakur, H.S. (2002). Studies of ontogenetic effect ofsoybean on the nutrient balance in Vertisols of western Madhya Pradesh. Crop Research 3 (3) 533-537.

Thakur, H.S.; Girothia. O.P.: and Holkar, S (2002) Performance of land treatements on maize varieties underrainfed conditions in vertisols (Accepted for publication in Research on Crops).

Technical/popular articles published in Hindi and English - IndoreChauhan, S.S., Sharma, R.A., Thakur, H.S. and Rajput, D. (2002). Paudhon me gandhak Key Kami ke Lakshan

Avum Unka Upchar ker Adhik Utpadhan Prapth Kare. Krishak, Vandana, Vol. 6 (9-10), P. 40-41 August –September 2002.

Chouhan, S.S., Sharma, R.A., Thakur, H.S.and Rajput, D. (2002). Paudhon Main Gandhak Kee Kami KeLakshan Avam Unaka Upchar Kar Adhik Utpadan Prapt Karen. Krishak Vandana, Vol. 6 (9-10), P. 40-41,August – September 2002.

Ranade, D.H.; L.K. Jain; S.K. Vishwakarma and A.S.Tomar, 2002. Talab Se Sinchai- Ek Aarthik Vishleshan(Hindi). Krishak Vandana, 6(5): 11-12.

Thakur, H.S., Rajput, D. and Sharma, R.A. (2003). Malwa Avam Nimar Main Saunp Kee Unnat Kheti. TechnicalArticle (Hindi) published in Proc. of Training on “Masala Phasalon Kee Utpadan Techniques – Processingand Possibilities of Export” Organized by JNKVV, Campus, College of Agriculture, Indore, duringFebruary – March 2003 in 10 different Villages of Malwa and Nimar regions, M.P. Proc.P. 43-45.

Vishwakarma, S.K.; D.H. Ranade, L.K. Jain and A.S. Tomar. 2002. Paanch Pratisath Model (Hindi). Sopa Digest(August – September): 50p.

Technical/Research bulletins - IndoreRanade D.H. and Jain L.K. (2002). “Malawa Kshetra Ki Kali Mitti Mein Ardha Sthayi Gabion Sanrachanao Ki Nali

Sudharikaran Va Mridha Avam Jal Saranschan Hetu Upyogita”. JNKVV/DRS/2002/4.

Ranade, D.H., Chourasia, M.C., Gupta, R.K. and Sharma, R.A., (2002). “Approach for Increasing AgriculturalProductivity in Dryland on Sustainable Basis- A Case Study”. Technical Bulletin (Res. Bull. No. JNKVV/DRS/2002/3), JNKVV, AICRPDA, College of Agriculture, Indore, M.P., P. 25

Ranade D.H. and Jain L.K. (2003). “Suitability of Semi Permanent Structures for Gully Stablization in BlackSoils of Malwa Region”. JNKVV Research Bulletin No. JNKVV/DRS/2002/8.

Ranade, D.H., Chaurasia, M.C., Sharma R.A. and Sharma, R.A. and Mayande, V.M. (2003). “Adoption ofImproved Tools for Soybean Based Cropping System in Malwa Region”. Technical Bulletin(Res.Bull.No.JNKVV/ DRS/2002/11), JNKVV, AICRPDA, College of Agriculture, Indore, M.P., P. 13.

Sharma, R.A. and Gupta, R.K.(2002). Rainfed Farming Technology for Malwa Region. Technical Bulletin(Technical Bulletin No. JNKVV/DRS/2001/11), JNKVV, AICRPDA, College of Agriculture, Indore, M.P., P. 61.


139

Book Chapters - IndoreChannappa, T.C., Sharma, R. A., Ranade, D.H., Mishra, V.K. and Ashokkumar, T.N. (2002). Farm ponds and

seepage control technologies for increased land productivity. A Chapter in “Conservation of naturalresources for sustainable productivity (final Report of USIF Project; Eds, J.A.Samra and G.Sastry)” P.35-43. Published by Director CSWCRTI, Dehra Dun, India.

Verma, O.P., Deshmukh, S.C.,Gupta, G.L. and Sharma. R.A. (2002). “Indigenours Technical Knowledge on Soiland Water Conservation in Malwa Region of Madhya Pradesh – Indore”. P. 88-97. A Chapter contributedfor Indgenous Technical Knowledge on Soil and Water Conservation in Semi-Arid Inida (Eds: PrasantaKumar Mishra, G.Sastry, Mohammed Usman, N. Babjee Rao and G.R.Maruthi Sankar), Published byCRIDA, Santosh nagar, Saidabad, Hyderabad – 500 059 (A.P.), P. 151.

Mishra, V.K. and Sharma, R.A. (2003). Anti-transpirants in Agriculture and Horticulture. A Chapter in “AbioticStresses and Crop Productivity (Ed.S.R.Maloo) “Published by Agrotech Publishing Academy, Udaipur P.193-210.

Review articles - IndoreSharma, R.A.; Thakur, H.S.; Girothia, O.P.; Holkar, S. Jain, L.K. and Chaurasia, M.C. (2003) Recommended

package of practices in Malwa region. (sent for publication at CRIDA Hyderabad)



(sanctioned & released)Indore 4176627 24750 150000 4351377Rewa 6177964 24750 150000 6352714Indore (ORP) 2061360 17000 120000 2198360

8. Scientific staffREWAK.L.Tiwari, Chief SciebntistD.P.Dubey, AgronomistG.P.Tembe, Soil PhysicistS.K.Gupta, Agril. Engg.A.K.Pandey, Agronomist

INDORER.A.Sharma, Chief ScientistH.S.Thakur, AgronomistInduswaroop, Plant BreederS.K.Sharma, Soil PhysicistS.K.Agarwal, Agricultural Engineering

INDORE (Operational research project)R.A.Sharma, Chief ScientistM.C.Chourasia, AgronomistD.H.Ranade, Agri.Engg.

9. Address of centresIndore RewaAICRP for Dryland AgricultureCollege of Agriculture,Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Viswa Vidyalay,Indore – 452 001Madhya PradeshTel: (O) 0731 – 2701254, 2702911, (R) 0731 – 2415728FAX: 0731 – 2496989Email: [email protected]

AICRP for Dryland AgricultureCollege of Agriculture,Rewa – 486 001Madhya PradeshTel: (O) 07662 – 220732FAX: 07662 – 220732Dean: (O) 07662 – 220732Associate Director of Research: (O) 07662 - 58508


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COTTON BASED PRODUCTION SYSTEM

1. IntroductionThe research work on cotton based production system in semi arid region is being carried out at Akola

(Maharashtra) and Kovilpatti (Tami Nadu). These two centers vary in cotton growing season. Akola is located inkharif region starting with south-west monsoon. Kovilpatti is located in the far south region of peninsular Indiareceiving rainfall mostly during north-east monsoon period. Thus Kovilpatti region is more exposed to recedingmoisture condition most frequently. The length of growing period at Kovilpatti is limited compared to Akolaeven though the soils are heavy black in nature. The Akola, center caters to the districts of Akola, part ofAmravati, Wardha, Parbani, Buldana, Yeotmal, east and west Khandesh districts of Maharashtra for Akolacentre. The occurrence of drought is once in ten years at Akola while in the remaining districts it is once in sixyears. The other crops of importance in this Vidharbha region of Maharashtra are sorghum, soybean,pigeonpea, greengram, blackgram etc. Kovilpatti center has the recommendation domain coveringToothukudi, Tirunelveli, Madurai, Virudhanagar and other southern districts of Tamil Nadu for Kovilpatti centre.The frequency of drought is once in ten years. At Tirunelveli pulses also are dominant whereas cottondominates in the other districts. Description of this agro-eco-sub-region, present status of degradation, soil andclimatic parameters are presented below:

Agro-eco-sub-region State of soil degradation Climatic and soil parametersAkola

Deccan Plateau, hot semi arid eco-region:Eastern Maharashtra Plateau, hot moistsemi arid eco-sub region with mediumand deep clayey black soils (includingshallow loamy, to clayey black soils),medium to high available water capacityand length of growing period 120-150days (AESR 6.3)

Water erosion with moderate loss oftop soil, affecting 51-100% area;high severity.


604 mm


KovilpattiEastern ghats and Tamil Nadu Uplandsand Deccan (Karnataka) plateau, hot semiarid eco-region:Tamil Nadu Uplands and Leeward flanksof South Sahayadris, hot dry semi arideco-sub region with moderately deep todeep, loamy to clayey, mixed red andblack soils, medium available watercapacity and length of growing period 90-120 days (AESR 8.1)

Water erosion with slight loss of topsoil, affecting 26-50% area; mediumseverity.


812 mm

577 mmSuitableNormalMediumMediumHighSulphur, calcium Zinc

2. RainfallAkola received 651.4 mm of rainfall during 2002 against the normal rainfall of 825 mm. There were heavy

rains in July and August. The subsequent moderate rainfall in September and October improved cropcondition. The rainfall was well distributed and the crops had good growth. The rains in September haveimproved the crop yield as well as quality of late maturing pulses. Rainfall received in October helped sowingof rabi crops. The season has satisfactory for kharif crops.

Kovilpatti received below normal rainfall of 577 mm as against a normal of 743 mm. The rainfall wasabove normal in February, April, May and October. The rainy season in Kovilpatti started from September in thesouth – west monsoon, followed by heavy rainfall in October. However, there was drought in November,December and January, which made the crops to suffer severely. The summer showers at both Akola andKovilpatti helped for carrying out operations like off season tillage.


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Rainfall (mm) in various seasons during 2002Month and season Akola Kovilpatti

Normal 2002 Normal 2002Rainy seasonJune 155 241 17 0July 224 53 23 0August 221 195 32 21September 103 111 75 37Total 703 600 147 58Post – rainy seasonOctober 47 35 181 216November 15 2 150 67Total 62 37 331 283WinterDecember 9 0 60 7January 10 0 21 1February 9 2 18 39Total 28 2 99 47SummerMarch 11 5 23 1April 3 9 68 99May 18 0 60 82Total 32 14 151 182Grand Total 825 653 728 570

3. On – station Research

3.1 Integrated nutrient management

In an integrated nutrient management study with popcorn maize under semi arid vertisols at Akola,application of organic manure @ 4 t/ha has provided the highest yield of 1511 kg/ha with a sustainability of0.44 among the organic manure treatments, while 100:50:50 NPK kg/ha gave maximum yield of 1669 kg/hawith 0.47 sustainability among inorganic fertiliser treatments. The net monetary returns were higher withinorganic (Rs.11044/ha) compared to organic fertiliser treatment (Rs.7992/ha) in the 3 year study. In a similarexperiment at Buldana, the grain yield and net monetary returns were found to be higher under inorganiccompared to organic fertilizers applied to popcorn maize. In the integrated nutrient management trial in semiarid vertisols at Buldana, the treatments organic manure @ 4 t/ha and 100:50:50 NPK kg/ha has providedmaize yields of 3444 and 3601 kg/ha with a sustainability of 0.91 and 0.87 respectively.

Integrated nutrient management for maize (popcorn) at Akola and Buldana - AkolaNet monetary

returns (Rs/ha)Akola BuldanaTreatment

Akola Buldana Grain yield(kg/ha)in 2002

Mean(3 yrs)


Grain yield(kg/ha)in 2002

Mean(3 yrs)


A: Organic manureNo manure 12255 32968 1411 1619 0.39 3104 2853 0.78Organic manure@ 4t/ha 7992 34026

1511 1769 0.44 3444 3305 0.91

Mean 1461 1694 0.42 3274 3079 0.84SEm 1542 1368 33 71

CD (0.05) 2685 NS 98 213


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B: Inorganic fertilizerlevels NPK (kg/ha)60:30:30 10054 30220 1285 1474 0.34 3036 2798 0.7280:40:40 9273 33670 1517 1754 0.43 3335 3084 0.80100:50:50 11044 36601 1669 1884 0.47 3601 3357 0.87

Mean 1490 1704 0.42 3324 3079 0.80SEm 1543 1368 40 58

CD (0.05) NS 2915 120 174

In an integrated nutrient management study in semi arid vertisols at Akola, intercropping cotton +greengram (1:1) at Akola with different inorganic N, P and organic treatments, maximum cotton yield of 554kg/ha was attained with 25 kg N + 25 kg P + 25 kg N through farm yard manure with a sustainability of 0.37 inthe last 7 years. The maximum greengram yield of 568 kg/ha was also attained with this treatment with a highsustainability of 0.75.

Integrated nutrient management studies in cotton + greengram intercropping (1:1) – AkolaTreatment Cotton yield


Sustainabilityindex

Greengram yield(kg/ha) in 2002

Mean(7 yrs)

Sustainabilityindex

Fertilizer (kg/ha)0 0 0 344 344 0.15 362 362 0.4450 25 0 441 441 0.25 493 493 0.6425 12.5 0 393 393 0.20 474 474 0.610 0 25 LL 378 378 0.18 496 496 0.640 0 25 FYM 456 456 0.27 407 407 0.5125 25 25 LL 423 423 0.23 541 541 0.7125 25 25 FYM 554 554 0.37 568 568 0.750 25 50 LL 477 477 0.29 538 538 0.71

Mean 433 433 0.24 485 485 0.63SEm 31 47

CD (0.05) 87 133CV (%) 4.3 4.9

50% N (farm yard manure) + 50% N (urea) + 10 kg P/ha was superior for pearlmillet at Kovilpatti with agrain yield of 864 kg/ha. This is followed by 100% recommended N (urea) + 20 kg P + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg/ha witha yield of 661 kg/ha in the trial.

Permanent manurial experiment on millets under dryfarming – KovilpattiSoil nutrients (kg/ha)Treatment Organic carbon

(%) N P KPearlmilletgrain yield

(kg/ha)in 2002

Control 0.28 110 6.5 350 525100% recommended NPK (40:20:0 kg/ha) 0.38 134 9.0 420 61650% recommended NPK 0.32 122 7.5 435 53650% recommended N (crop residue) 0.36 126 7.0 448 56950% recommended N (farm yard manure) 0.37 123 7.5 450 57250% recommended N (crop residue) + 50% N(urea)+ 10 kg P/ha

0.42 137 9.5 475 641

50% N (farm yard manure) + 50% N (urea) +10 kg P/ha

0.43 142 10.0 465 864


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100% recommended N (urea) + 20 kg P/ha +ZnSO4 @ 25 kg/ha

0.38 140 8.5 440 661

Farmers’ method (farm yard manure @ 5 t/ha) 0.37 129 7.0 480 623Mean 623SEm 0.02 6 0.5 23 32

CD (0.05) 0.04 13 1.1 49 68

A maximum seed cotton yield of 435 kg/ha was attained with application of 20 kg N/ha (energetic farmyard manure), followed by 405 kg/ha with application of 20 kg N/ha (sunhemp) green leaf manure as against acontrol yield of 372 kg/ha.

Effect of organic residues on soil fertility and yield of cottonsorghum under dryfarming - KovilpattiSoil nutrients

(kg/ha)Treatment Seed cotton

yield in 2002Dry malter

yield (kg/ha)in 2002

Organiccarbon (%)

N P K20 kg N/ha as green leaf manure (sunhemp) 405 502 0.44 142 7.5 43020 kg N/ha as energetic farm yard manure 435 510 0.46 138 8.0 42010 kg N as green leaf manure + 10 kg N/haas energetic farm yard manure

392 498 0.43 134 7.0 418

20 kg N/ha as organic fertiliser 322 470 0.32 118 6.2 38610 kg N as organic fertiliser + 10 kg N/ha asenergetic farm yard manure

330 484 0.33 122 6.5 390

Control 372 490 0.40 132 7.0 405SEm 16 26 0.10 5 0.3 16

CD (0.05) 34 55 0.04 11 0.6 NS

In an micro-watershed study at Kovilpatti, green manuring @ 20 kg N/ha + 20 kg N/ha (inorganic) gave asignificantly higher sorghum yield of 1864 kg/ha, followed by farm yard manure @ 20 kg N/ha + 20 kg N/ha(urea) with a yield of 1591 kg/ha. These 2 treatments have a sustainability of 0.65 and 0.53 respectively duringthe last 3 years.

Fertilizer management of micro-watershed for sustainable productivity of sorghum in vertisol - KovilpattiSoil nutrients (kg/ha)Treatment Organic

carbon(%)

N P KYield

(kg/ha)in 2002

Mean(3 yrs)


Farm yard manure at 40 kg N/ha 0.44 130 6.0 420 1091 1013 0.35Green leaf manure at 40 kg N/ha 0.43 132 6.5 415 1167 1364 0.51Farm yard manure at 20 kg N/ha +urea at 20 kg N/ha

0.41 144 8.0 430 1591 1422 0.53

Green manuring at 20 kg N/ha +urea at 20 kg N/ha

0.41 146 7.0 445 1864 1702 0.65

Urea at 40 kg N/ha 0.30 138 6.5 400 1500 1083 0.38Absolute control 0.26 120 4.0 380 970 629 0.19

Mean 1364 1202 0.44SEm 3 1.2 5 18

CD (0.05) 6 NS 10 37

In a long term manurial trial at Kovilpatti, maximum cotton yield of 419 kg/ha and blackgram yield of 585kg/ha were attained with application of 20 kg N/ha (urea) + 20 kg N/ha (farm yard manure) + 20 kg P/ha (SSP)under cotton + blackgram intercropping system under semi arid vertic inceptisols. However, this treatment hada moderate sustainability of only 0.37 which was also the maximum among different integrated nutrientmanagement treatments tested in the study.


144

Long term manurial trial on cotton + blackgram based intercropping system - Kovilpatti2002 Mean (3 yrs) Sustainability indexTreatment

Cotton(Maincrop)

Blackgram(Intercrop)

Cotton(Maincrop)

Blackgram(Intercrop)

Cotton(Maincrop)

Blackgram(intercrop)

Control 305 232 348 89 0.28 0.13Urea at 20 kg N/ha 354 333 389 126 0.34 0.20Urea at 40 kg N/ha 323 276 410 110 0.38 0.17Urea at 20 kg N/ha + SSP at 10 kg P/ha 342 410 431 159 0.41 0.25Urea at 40 kg N/ha + SSP at 20 kg P/ha 395 414 469 167 0.46 0.27Farm yard manure at 20 kg N/ha 265 495 352 181 0.29 0.29Farm yard manure at 40 kg N/ha 312 520 407 190 0.37 0.31Farm yard manure at 20 kg N/ha + SSPat 10 kg P/ha

354 512 433 196 0.41 0.31

Farm yard manure at 40 kg N/ha + SSPat 20 kg P/ha

397 512 489 199 0.49 0.32

Urea at 10 kg N/ha + Farm yard manureat 10 kg P/ha

356 369 432 146 0.41 0.23

Urea at 20 kg N/ha + Farm yard manureat 20 kg N/ha

399 503 472 198 0.47 0.32

Urea at 10 kg N/ha + Farm yard manureat 10 kg N/ha + SSP 10 kg P/ha

362 471 440 180 0.42 0.29

Urea at 20 kg N/ha + Farm yard manureat 20 kg N/ha + SSP 20 kg P/ha

419 585 505 229 0.52 0.37

Mean 353 433 429 167 0.40 0.27SEm 20 71

CD (0.05) 42 145

Long term manurial trial on cotton + blackgram based intercropping system - KovilpattiSoil nutrients (kg/ha)Treatment Organic

carbon (%) N P KControl 0.29 92 6.5 350Urea at 20 kg N/ha 0.31 103 6.5 365Urea at 40 kg N/ha 0.32 108 7.5 390Urea at 20 kg N/ha + SSP at 10 kg P/ha 0.35 105 7.0 395Urea at 40 kg N/ha + SSP at 20 kg P/ha 0.42 120 8.5 405Farm yard manure at 20 kg N/ha 0.32 103 7.0 378Farm yard manure at 40 kg N/ha 0.36 102 7.5 372Farm yard manure at 20 kg N/ha + SSP at 10 kg P/ha 0.37 114 8.0 400Farm yard manure at 40 kg N/ha + SSP at 20 kg P/ha 0.42 120 10.5 425Urea at 10 kg N/ha + Farm yard manure at 10 kg P/ha 0.36 107 8.0 399Urea at 20 kg N/ha + farm yard manure at 20 kg N/ha 0.44 125 10.5 434Urea at 10 kg N/ha + Farm yard manure at 10 kg N/ha + SSP 10 kg P/ha 0.38 112 9.5 412Urea at 20 kg N/ha + Farm yard manure at 20 kg N/ha + SSP 20 kg P/ha 0.45 127 10.5 438

SEm 0.02 5.2 0.42 18.2CD (0.05) 0.04 11 0.9 38

Among different bio-fertilizers and organic manures tested for cotton, highest seed cotton yield of 454kg/ha was attained with energetic farm yard manure + 75% recommended N + azospirillum +phosphobacteria, followed by energetic farm yard manure + 50% recommended N + azospirillum +phosphobacteria with a yield of 433 kg/ha.


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Effect of bio-fertilizers and organic manures on cotton - sorghum - KovilpattiSoil nutrients (kg/ha) Yield (kg/ha) in 2002Treatment Organic

carbon(%)

N P K Dry matter Seedcotton

100% recommended dose of N and P 0.40 117 6.0 405 452 403Energetic farm yard manure (750 kg/ha) + 100% N 0.42 120 7.0 418 468 414Energetic farm yard manure (750 kg/ha) + 100%N+ Azospirillum + Phosphobacteria 0.43 126 7.8

425 498

426

Energetic farm yard manure (750 kg/ha) + 75% N 0.43 124 7.3 400 474 423Energetic farm yard manure + 75% N +Azospirillum + Phosphobacteria 0.46 134 8.5 430 564

454

Energetic farm yard manure + 50% N 0.41 118 6.8 403 462 410Energetic farm yard manure + 50% N +Azospirillum + Phosphobacteria 0.45 132 8.0 420 514

433

Mean 423SEm 0.02 5.2 0.39 25.1 23

CD (0.05) 0.05 11 0.8 NS 47

In an integrated nutrient management study for sorghum + cowpea at Kovilpatti, maximum net returns ofRs.5998/ha were attained with an application of 15 kg N through compost + 20 kg N/ha as inorganic fertiliser.This is followed by an application of 100% recommended N through inorganic fertiliser with a net returns ofRs.5218/ha in the study under dry semi arid vertic inceptisols.


146

Integrated nutrient management in sorghum and cowpea intercropping system - KovilpattiGrain yield (kg/ha) in 2002 Mean (3 yrs) Net returns: 2002

Inter-cropping

Inter-cropping

TreatmentPure

SorghumSorghum +

cowpea

PureSorghum


PureSorghum

Sorghum+ cowpea

Control 957 2153 1122 0.33 -3701 2021100% recommended N (inorganic) 2450 2925 1868 0.61 3114 521850% recommended N (inorganic) 2020 2577 1562 0.50 1050 355925 kg N (compost) 2033 2774 1589 0.51 -1453 199815 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (inorganic) 2353 2924 1807 0.59 1046 363315 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (inorganic) 2687 3190 2052 0.68 4205 599815 kg N (green leaf) + 10 kg N (inorganic) 2347 2850 1760 0.57 1440 368315 kg N (green leaf) + 20 kg N (inorganic) 2450 2999 1858 0.61 1854 436015 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (green leaf) 2120 2812 1684 0.54 -736 2450

Mean 2157 2800 1700 0.55SEm 134 216

CD (0.05) 283 458

Among 9 different integrated nutrient management treatments tested for sorghum under sole and stripplots in semi arid vertisols of Akola, 100% recommended N was found to be superior and has given a grainyield of 1271 kg/ha and fodder yield of 4577 kg/ha in sole sorghum plot. However, 15 kg N through green leaf+ 20 kg N through inorganic fertiliser was superior for attaining maximum grain yield of 1237 kg/ha, while100% recommended N was superior for attaining maximum fodder yield of 2322 kg/ha in strip sorghum plot inthe study.

Integrated nutrient management for sorghum - AkolaSole sorghum

(kg/ha)Strip sorghum

(kg/ha)Treatment

Grain Fodder Grain FodderControl 874 369 689 1980100% recommended N 1271 4577 1189 232250% recommended N 786 4030 792 211825 N/ha (compost) 867 4305 922 184515 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N/ha (inorganic) 745 4168 827 218515 kg N/ha (compost) + 20 kg N/ha (inorganic) 622 3962 1214 198015 kg N/ha (green leaf) + 10 kg N/ha (inorganic) 1092 4168 1100 211815 kg N/ha (green leaf) + 20 kg N/ha (inorganic) 888 4168 1237 205015 kg N/ha (compost) + 10 kg N/ha (green leaf) 949 4168 704 2050

SEm 46 199 55 156CD (0.05) 62 563 16 439

CV (%) 17.5 10.2 10.2 15.1

3.2 Soil and water conservationAmong different vegetative barriers examined as inter bund treatment for soil and water conservation,

maximum soybean yield of 1462 kg/ha was attained when vetiver key lines were maintained at 1m verticalinterval. However, this treatment was having low sustainability of 0.31 in the last 3 years. Graded bund at 1mvertical interval gave the lowest yield of 1336 kg/ha with a sustainability of 0.25 in the semi arid vertisols ofAkola.


147

Effect of vegetative barrier as interbund treatment for soil and water conservation - AkolaTreatment Soybean yield (kg/ha)

In 2002 Mean (3 yrs)Sustainability

indexControl (No barrier) 1347 893 0.24Graded bund at 1m vertical interval 1336 903 0.25Vetiver keylines at 1 m vertical interval 1462 987 0.31Interbund treatment with vetiver keylines at 1 m vertical interval 1419 962 0.29

Mean 1391 937 0.27

Conventional tillage comprising of ploughing + offseason tillage + interculture + hand weeding gavemaximum cotton yield of 1260 kg/ha at Akola. However, this was at par with low tillage + herbicide with a yieldof 1229 kg/ha. Among the nutrient management treatments, 100% inorganic source gave the highest cottonyield of 1293 kg/ha while 100% organic dose has given a yield of 1120 kg/ha.

Tillage and nutrient management for resource conservation and improving soil quality - AkolaTreatment Cotton yield (kg/ha)

in 2002A: TillageConventional tillage (ploughing + offseason tillage + interculture + hand weeding 1260Low tillage (50% of conventional tillage) + hand weeding 1162Low tillage (50% of conventional tillage) + herbicide 1229

Mean 1217SEm 67

CD (0.05) 201CV (%) 16.6

B: Nutrient management100% of inorganic source 129350% of inorganic + 50% organic (Farm yard manure/glyricidia) 1238100% organic 1120

Mean 1217SEm 89

CD (0.05) 267CV (%) 22.0

In water stress management study in cotton, soybean and sorghum at Akola, soil mulch with applicationof K @ 20 kg/ha was superior with yields 274, 762 and 2797 kg/ha respectively, compared to soil mulchwithout application of K. Among different cultural practices tested, crop residue mulch was superior with acotton yield of 328 kg/ha, while furrow openings gave maximum yields of 783 and 2829 kg/ha of soybean andsorghum respectively under semi arid vertisols. However, the results in respect of cotton and soybean werestatistical not significant. The treatment combinations of soil mulch with application of potash @ 20 kg/ha withfurrow opening showed its superiority by recording highest yield of sorghum.

Water stress management in standing soybean crop under contingency situation – AkolaYield (kg/ha) in 2002Treatment

Cotton Soybean SorghumA: Mulch Soil mulch with application of K @ 20 kg/ha 593 762 2797 Soil mulch without application of K 658 743 2549

Mean 753 2673SEm 55 26 40

CD (0.05) NS NS 121B: Cultural practicesFurrow opening 655 783 2829Crop residue mulch 784 750 2640Thinning 589 720 2450Furrow opening + crop residue mulch + thinning 474 757 2774


148

Mean 753 2673SEm 79 32 57

CD (0.05) NS NS 172

Among different land treatments tested for sorghum at Kovilpatti under semi arid vertic inceptisols,compartment bunding was found to be superior with a yield of 1332 kg/ha. This treatment has a mean yield of1153 kg/ha during the last 3 seasons with a sustainability of 0.67 in the study.

Studies on suitable land treatments for cotton/sorghum based cropping system – KovilpattiTreatment Sorghum grain yield (kg/ha)

In 2002 Mean (3 yrs)Sustainability

indexCompartment bunding 1332 1153 0.67Broad bed and furrows 1232 1216 0.72Vegetative barrier (Vettiver) 1265 1088 0.62Control (farmer's practice) 1166 987 0.55

Mean 1249 1111 0.64

In a tillage and nutrient management study with sunflower under semi arid vertic inceptisols, conventionaltillage + interculture was highly effective and has given a significantly higher yield of 1350 kg/ha compared tolow tillage. The study has indicated that 50% fertiliser (organic) + 50% fertiliser (inorganic) was superior with amaximum yield of 1248 kg/ha.

Low till farming strategies for resource conservation and soil quality - KovilpattiTreatment Sunflower yield (kg/ha)

In 2002 Mean (2 yrs)A: TillageConventional tillage (CT) + interculture 1350 823Low tillage (50% of CT) + interculture 1083 688Low tillage + weedicide + interculture 1143 696

Mean 1192 736SEm 44

CD (0.05) 121B: Nutrient supply100% of organic source (farm yard manure /compost/crop residue)

1177 728

50% of organic + 50% inorganic (urea) 1248 762100% inorganic 1151 717

Mean 1192 736SEm 38

CD (0.05) 83

3.3 Cropping systemsAmong different crops tested for efficiency of farm pond water utilisation, amla was efficient with

maximum cotton equivalent yield of 3908 kg/ha with supplemental irrigation and 3510 kg/ha withoutsupplemental irrigation. However, the different systems have a low sustainability index ranging between 0.28and 0.39 in the study.

Evaluation of production systems for farm pond water utilization – KovilpattiYield (kg/ha)

2002 Mean (7 yrs)Sustainability

indexCotton equivalent

yield (kg/ha)With supplemental irrigationBer 7176 2995 2870Amla 7800 312 3900Curryleaf 2565 1098 0.28 642Cotton + blackgram 525 + 415 399 + 231 0.39 + 0.39 940


149

Without supplemental irrigationBer 6552 2718 2620Amla 7020 282 3510Curryleaf 2530 947 0.35 633Cotton + blackgram 396 + 385 327 + 1999 0.38 + 0.34 781

Among different land use systems tested for efficient utilisation of available moisture, maximum cottonequivalent yield of 883 kg/ha was attained with tamarind (PKM-1) + blackgram (CO-5) system. This is followedby sunflower (CO-4) with a cotton equivalent yield of 816 kg/ha under semi arid vertic inceptisols.

Studies on land use systems for moisture and soil conservation - KovilpattiYield (kg/ha) in 2002Treatment

Crop Cotton equivalent Mean (7 yrs)Ailanthus excelsa + Blackgram (Agro-forestry) 805 805 364Ailanthus excelsa + Cenchrus ciliaris (Silvipasture) 13430 202 8932Tamarind (PKM.1_ + Blackgram (CO-5) (Agri-Horticulture) 883 883 406Cotton (KC-2) + Blackgram (CO-5) (Sole crop: early) 436+332 768 870Sunflower (CO-4) (Sole crop:late) 1360 816 616

Among different cropping systems viz., soybean – chickpea and soybean – mustard with JS –335 varietyof soybean, AKG-46, ICCV-2 and PKV-Kab-2 of chickpea and Pusa bold, B-85 and CAN-9 of mustard examinedfor their suitability at Akola, soybean (JS-335)- chickpea (PKV-Kab-2) gave maximum gross monetary returns ofRs.40871/ha. This is followed by soybean (JS-335) - mustard (B-85) with a returns of Rs.40082/ha under semiarid vertisols.

Productivity and monetary returns of different cropping systems - AkolaTreatment Grain yield

(kg/ha)Straw yield

(kg/ha)Gross monetary returns

(Rs/ha)Soybean (JS-335) –Chickpea (AKG-46)

2028-

5240193

35035289

Soybean (JS-335) –Chickpea (ICCV-2)

2222-

5540213

38085319

Soybean (JS-335) –Chickpea (PKV-Kab-2)

2338-

6145217

40546325

Soybean (JS-335) –Mustard (Pusa bold)

200974

5301538

348711120

Soybean (JS-335) –Mustard (B-85)

223583

5903650

388031279

Soybean (JS-335) –Mustard (CAN-9)

199663

5270505

3465976

3.4 Crop improvementAmong different blackgram varieties tested at Kovilpatti, COBG-632 was found to be superior with a yield

of 720 kg/ha, followed by VBN-3 with 625 kg/ha under semi arid vertic inceptisols. COBG-632 has 27pods/plant while VBN-3 was found to have 12 pods/plant. However, both varieties have taken the lowestnumber of 70 days for maturity.

Evaluation of high yielding drought tolerant blackgram varieties – KovilpattiVariety No. of pods/plant Days to maturity Blackgram grain

yield (kg/ha) in 2002ADT-5 14 72 341COBG-632 27 70 720VBN-3 12 70 625KKB- 20040 28 75 600VBG- 69 16 71 406

Mean 538


150

In an advanced varietal trial at Kovilpatti with 18 different blackgram varieties , X-5 with a yield of 610 kg/haand VBG-29 with a yield of 545 kg/ha were found to be superior under semi arid vertic inceptisols. AB-2057 hasmaximum sustainability of 0.47, while LBG-20 has the lowest sustainability of 0.26 in the study of 3 seasons.

Advanced varietal trial I - KovilpattiVariety 2002 Mean (3 yrs) Sustainability indexAKU- 10 540 449 0.44KB- 51 310 374 0.35KBG- 96026 445AB -2057 490 475 0.47VBG- 15 325VBG-23 315 323 0.29ADG- 2003 380 339 0.31LBG- 20 360 298 0.26LBG- 45 450Pusa 9302 415 381KBG- 96011 520 573VBG- 29 545 446KBG- 96018 492 329KBG- 96007 540 340KBG- 96003 500 320KBG- 96012 525 332KBG- 96013 480 448X -5 610

Mean 458 454SEm 87

CD (0.05) 182

In a preliminary blackgram varietal evaluation trial with 21 entries, VBG-23, KBG-980008, KBG-99019 andKBG-99022 were found to be promising with yields of 550, 508, 500 and 500 kg/ha respectively. The days tomaturity of the 21 entries tested ranged from 67 to 72 in the study.

Preliminary blackgram evaluation trial - KovilpattiEntry Days to Yield (kg/ha)

maturity 2002 Mean (2 yrs)KBG- 98001 70 425 213KBG- 98004 69 400 200KBG- 98006 69 325 163KBG- 98003 69 390 195KBG- 98002 69 372 186KBG- 98009 69 476 238KBG- 98007 71 412 206K- 1 (C) 71 495 248KBG- 98010 70 455 228KBG- 98008 71 508 254CO- 5 68 380 190TMV- 1 67 430 215KBG- 98011 68 464 232VBG- 623 70 350KBG -99020 70 325VBG- 52 72 375KBG -99019 72 500KBG- 99029 71 425VBG- 23 72 550 550KBG- 99022 72 500 500VBN- 2 69 390 195

Mean 426 251


151

Among different greengram varieties evaluated at Kovilpatti for drought tolerance, COGG-913 was foundto be superior with a significant yield of 558 kg/ha, followed by VRMGG-1 with a yield of 508 kg/ha as againstthe lowest yield of 417 kg/ha attained by VGG-112. The days to maturity of the varieties ranged from 71 to 76,while the number of pods/plant were found to be 14 to 17 in the study.

Evaluation of high yielding drought tolerant greengram varieties– KovilpattiVariety Days to maturity No. of pods/plant Yield (kg/ha) in 2002COGG- 913 75 17 558VGG- 112 71 15 417K-1(C) 76 17 500VBNGG-2 75 17 492VRMGG- 1 71 14 508

Mean 495SEm 51

CD (0.05) 116

In an advanced trial with greengram varieties, VGG-7 and Pusa-9072 were fond to be superior with a yieldof 875 kg/ha as against a check yield of 713 kg/ha by K-1 variety under semi arid vertic inceptisols. Thevarieties were found to have a sustainability of 0.48 to 0.78 during the last 5 years.

Advanced greengram varietal trial 1 – KovilpattiVariety Grain yield (kg/ha)

In 2002 Mean (3 yrs) Mean (5 yrs)Sustainability

indexKGG- 96034 762 762 0.78LGG-440 788 662 0.62KGG-96023 732 750 0.77LGG-461 500 545 0.49Pusa 9591 788 707 0.72LAM-M2 725 628 0.63T.Mungo-94 675 556 0.55Pusa-9072 875 675 0.64K-1 (C) 713 536 0.48CO-6 769 545 0.54KM-2 787 560 0.51VMGG-1 544VGG- 4 750KGG- 96031 606KGG- 96037 525CO- 4 600VGG- 7 875VRM- 1 588

Mean 707 516 0.46SEm 115

CD (0.05) 253

Among 20 different entries of greengram tested under an initial evaluation trial at Kovilpatti, VGG-8 andPDM-54 were found to be high yielding with a significantly superior yields of 1025 and 1000 kg/ha. The 20entries had a maturity ranging from 68 to 78 (VGG-14), while the number of pods/plant ranged from 17 (PDM-89-109) to 39 (VGG-14) in the trial conducted under semi arid vertic inceptisols.


152

Initial evaluation trial with greengram varieties – KovilpattiEntry Days to maturity No. of pods /plant Yield (kg/ha) in 2002 Mean (2 yrs)S- 611 70 26 638 437S- 614 70 28 800 463S -632 71 21 562 378PDM 89-109 73 17 437 323VGG- 14 78 39 431 285VGG-8 71 30 1025 582VGG- 9 73 24 788 498VGG- 412 71 28 525 346RMG- 351 73 22 538 339PDM- 82-142 71 24 575 392VGG- 13 71 27 875 577MGG-11 71 30 625 417VGG- 29 70 28 813 615VGG- 456 71 23 975 710LGG- 461 72 21 800 504PDM- 54 70 30 1000 549T.mungo 94 71 24 925 671S-633 70 23 875 597K- 1 69 36 850 668VRM- 1 68 27 750 375

Mean 740 486SEm 186

CD (0.05) 390

In a preliminary yield trial with 24 different greengram varieties, LGG-470 was superior with a yield of 962kg/ha. This variety has a second highest of 34 pods/plant and has taken 72 days for maturity. This is followedby Pusa-9671 and KGG-98043 with yields of 825 and 812 kg/ha under semi arid vertic inceptisols at Kovilpatti.

Preliminary row yield trial with greengram – KovilpattiVariety Days to maturity No. of pods/plant Yield (kg/ha) in 2002 Mean (2 yrs)KGG- 98043 68 25 812 1316KGG -98041 69 26 775 1459KGG- 98046 72 18 564 1070K- 1 (C) 74 17 575 1025PUSA- 9671 71 19 825 417S-633 73 21 412 208PUSA- 108 72 29 500 361PUSA- 9571 73 21 600 237TARM -1 74 18 712 555LGG -470 72 34 962 347SVGG-8 73 28 712 555KGG- 96024 72 22 800 402S- 626 68 21 675 291S -636 72 17 588 194PUSA -9672 67 41 750 694PUSA- 105 72 19 675 416MGG- 11 72 21 637 125M -9-2 73 20 500 694S - 634 71 16 593 305S - 630 73 24 638 312


153

LGG -472 73 20 662 375T.Mungo -96-2 73 25 550 347S-638 71 19 462S-628 72 14 637

Mean 651 390SEm 129

CD (0.05) 270

Among 14 different sunflower entries tested at Kovilpatti in an advanced hybrid trial, RAH-0212 with ayield of 723 kg/ha, followed by RAH-0213 with 705 kg/ha and RAH-0214 with 652 kg/ha were found to besuperior. These 3 entries had a head diameter of 11.6, 13.0 and 13.3 cm and have taken 81, 82 and 78 days tomaturity in the trial.

Evaluation of sunflower varieties/hybrids– KovilpattiAdvanced Hybrid TrialEntry Days to maturity Head diameter (cm) Grain yield (kg/ha) in 2002RAH -0201 76 10.8 326RAH -0202 74 10.2 384RAH- 0203 76 10.2 561RAH- 0204 77 10.7 386RAH- 0205 79 11.7 323RAH -0206 78 14.5 441RAH -0207 77 12.7 405RAH -0208 78 13.5 476RAH- 0209 78 12.0 377RAH -0210 80 11.3 359RAH- 0211 81 12.1 497RAH -0212 81 11.6 723RAH -0213 82 13.0 705RAH -0214 78 13.3 652

Mean 473SEm 137

CD (0.05) 287

In an initial hybrid trial, out of 23 sunflower entries tested at Kovilpatti, RIH-02455, RIH-02466, RIH-02464and RIH-02465 were found to be superior with a significantly higher grain yields of 789, 755, 696 and 676 kg/haunder semi arid vertic inceptisols. The days to maturity of the hybrids tested was found to range from 75 to 80,while the head diameter ranged from 9.8 to 13.3 cm in the study.

Initial hybrid trial with sunflower entries – KovilpattiEntry Days to maturity Head diameter (cm) Grain yield (kg/ha) in 2002RIH- 02455 75 10.5 789RIH -02454 78 11.8 370RIH- 02456 78 12.0 493RIH- 02457 79 13.0 567RIH- 02458 79 12.6 400RIH- 02459 80 12.5 320RIH- 02460 77 12.0 348RIH -02461 79 10.1 468RIH- 02462 77 11.0 345RIH- 02463 79 11.6 370RIH- 02464 80 9.8 696RIH- 02465 78 11.5 676RIH- 02466 78 12.1 755


154

RIH- 02467 79 10.0 307RIH- 02468 78 13.1 323RIH- 02469 78 12.3 382RIH- 02470 78 10.0 424RIH- 02471 76 11.8 366RIH- 02472 77 12.3 607RIH- 02473 78 13.3 378RIH- 02474 78 10.3 518RIH- 02475 77 11.8 596RIH- 02476 79 11.8 323

Mean 470SEm 150

CD (0.05) 331

4. On-farm Research4.1 Operational Research Project

No centre has an operational research project.

4.2 Frontline demonstrationsAt Kovilpatti from 14 trials on blackgram, a mean yield of 989 kg/ha was attained with improved practice

compared to 674 kg/ha with farmers’ practice under front line demonstrations. The improved practice hasgiven a blackgram yield advantage of 31.9% in the demonstration.

From 16 trials of greengram at Kovilpatti, higher mean yield of 829 kg/ha was demonstrated (7.99% yieldincrease) compared to 763 kg/ha attained with farmers’ practice.



Increase in Frontlinedemonstrations (%)

Blackgram 14 989 674 31.91KovilpattiGreengram 16 829 763 7.99

5. PublicationsResearch papersAkola

P.M. Dolas, R. Ramchandran, K. Sengupta, S. M. Patil, P.N. Jadhao, 2002. Atmosperic surface – layer processduring the total solar Eclipse of 11th August, 1999. Surface – layer meteorology 104: 445-461, 2002.

KovilpattiBalaji, P., Padmanaban, N.R., Sivakumar, S.D. and P. Chinnaiyan. 2001. Price spread, marketing efficiency and

constraints in marketing of groundnut in Tiruvannamalai District of Tamilnadu. Indian Journal ofAgricultural Marketing 15(2): 36-42.

Appavu, K., Poongothai. S and S. Aruna Geetha. 2002. Distribution and availability of sulphur in some ricegrowing areas of Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu. Madras Agriculture Journal, 89: 735-737.

Siddhamalai, K., Appavu. K and S. Poongothai. 2002. Distribution of DTPA-Extractable Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn inrice soils of Tamil Nadu. Madras Agriculture Journal, 89 735-737

Appavu. K., Poongothai. S and S. Aruna Geetha. 2002. Distribution and availability of sulphur in some ricegrowing areas of Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu. Madras Agriculture Journal: 89 735-737.

Raveendran. M., Raja. J.A.J. and S. Sadasivam. 2002. Characterisation of genes expressed during water stressin rice roots (Paper) communicated to Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Elsevier Press, Netherlands).

N.R.Padmanaban. 2001. Brand Loyalty of farmers to pesticides in south Tamil Nadu” Paper sent to IndianJournal of Agriclutural Marketing.


155

SymposiaAkola

Gabhane, V.V., O. Jadhao, M.B. Nagdeve and Aparna Ghume, 2002. Characterization, classification andsuitability of soils for some major rainfed crops in Central India. Extended summaries Vol. 2, 2nd

International Agronomy Congress, Nov. 26.30.2002, New Delhi.

Gabhane, V.V., M.B. Nagdeve and Aparna Ghume, 2003. Land evaluation for land use planning of watershed inrainfed area. Paper presented at 37th ISAE Annual Convention and Synoposium at MPUAT, Udaipur, 29-31st January 2003.

Kovilpatti

Raveendran, M., Raja. J.A.J. and S. Sadasivam, 2002. Identification, isolation and cloning differentiallyexpressed genes in rice roots during water stress. In: International seminar on “Molecular approaches forincreased crop productivity and quality” held at CPMP, TNAU, Coimbatore.

Popular Articles - Kovilpatti

Suresh, S., Durai Thangam. N and S. Subbiah. 2003, “Manavari Nilangalil manvala Padhukappum – malaineerSemippum”. Dinamalar dated 2-4-2003.

Suresh, S., Durai Thangam. N and S. Subbiah. 2003. “Manavari Parutthikku Uttasathu Melanmai”. Dinamalardated 23-4-2003.

Suresh, S., Durai Thangam. N and S. Subbiah. 2003 “Kodai ulavukku Neenga Rediya” Vivasayi Ulagam, May2003.



(sanctioned & released)Akola 3960410 24750 150000 4135160Kovilpatti 4127301 24750 150000 4302051

7. Scientific staffAKOLAS.M.Patil, Chief ScientistB.N.Akhare, AgronomistS.B.Parde, Plant BreederM.B.Nagdeve, Agricultural Engineering

KOVILPATTIS.Subbiah,Chief ScientistS.Manoharan, AgronomistM. Raveendran, Plant BreederS.Suresh, Soil PhysicistM.Rajeswari, Agricultural Engineering.

8. Address of centersAKOLA KOVILPATTIAICRP for Dryland AgricultureDr.Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi VidyapeethAKOLA – 444 104, MaharashtraTel: (O) 0724 – 258201/258263

AICRP for Dryland AgricultureAgricultural Research Station,Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,Kovilpatti – 628 501Tuticorin dist.Tamil NaduTel: (O) 04632 – 220533FAX: 04632 - 2521133


156

RABI/KHARIF SORGHUM BASEDPRODUCTION SYSTEM

1. IntroductionResearch needs of rabi sorghum based production system is being tackled by Solapur, Bijapur and

Bellary centers. However, in the kharif season other crops like pearlmillet, sunflower, pulses etc., grown mostlyon shallow to medium deep black soils. In rabi, chickpea and safflower also can be seen to a good extent.Drought is quite common at Bellary and Bijapur. It occurs once in five years. Solapur is a rainfall shadow areaand has drought occurring once in ten years. Bellary and Bijapur had arid climate, while Solapur is in semi aridtract. The recommendation domain of Bellary includes parts of chitradurga, Bellary, Raichur districts ofKarnataka state and parts of Anantapur (black soils), Kurnool and Mahabubnagar (black soils) districts ofAndhra Pradesh. Bijapur center covers Bijapur, Bagalkot, Gulbarga, Eastern parts of Belgaum, Linsugur ofRaichur of Karnataka and Southern parts of Maharashtra. Solapur covers Western parts of Beed, Osmanabad,Aurangabad, Some parts of Jalgaon and Buldana distrcts, Solapur, Ahmednagar districts and eastern parts ofNasik, Pune, Satara, Dhule, Nandurbar and Sangli districts in Maharashtra. The description of the agro-eco-sub-region, present soil degradation status, soil and climate characters follow:

Agro-eco-sub-region State of soil degradation Climatic and soil parametersBellary

K a r n a t a k a P l a t e a u i n c l u d i n g(Rayalseema), hot arid eco-subregion withdeep loamy and clayey mixed red andblack soils, low to medium available watercapacity and length of growing period 90-120 days (AESR 3)


Potential evapo-transpirationRainfallSoil reactionElectrical conductivity OrganiccarbonPhosphatePotash

659 mm433 mmslightly alkalineNormalLowLow to mediumMedium to high

BijapurK a r n a t a k a P l a t e a u i n c l u d i n g(Rayalseema), hot arid eco-subregion withdeep loamy and clayey mixed red andblack soils, low to medium available watercapacity and length of growing period 90-120 days (AESR 3)

Water erosion with strongloss of top soil, and moderateloss of top soil, affecting 26-50% area; high severity.


622 mm588 mmNormalNormalLowLow to mediumMedium to high

SolapurDeccan Plateau, hot semi arid eco-region:South Western Maharashtra and NorthKarnataka Plateau, hot dry semi arid eco-subregion with shallow and mediumloamy black soils (deep clayey blacksoils), medium to high available watercapacity and length of growing period 90-120 days (AESR 6.1)



589 mm645 mmAlkalineNormalLowLow to mediumMedium to high

2. RainfallSolapur received a rainfall of 645 mm against a normal 722 mm in 2002. Although above normal rainfall

was received in May, it was below normal in June and July. There was a good rainfall in August and a belownormal rainfall in September, followed by a normal rainfall in October. This erratic distribution of rainfall was notfavorable for raising good kharif corps. Although the kharif crops have good germination and initial growth,they suffered drought and the yields were reduced.


157

Bijapur has a below normal rainfall during 2002. The season was less beneficial to kharif corps and thestored moisture was useful for rabi crops. The yields in both kharif and rabi were effected due to erraticdistribution of rainfall in different months.

Bellary received a rainfall of 433 mm against a normal of 513 mm. A rainfall was received in April and Maywas useful for summer tillage. The rainfall was normal in April, May, June, July, August and October. The heavyrainfall of 134 mm received in October was useful for rabi crops like sorghum and chickpea. However, thecrops suffered due to no rainfall in November and December and negligible rainfall in January, February andMarch. On the whole, the distribution of rainfall was favorable for crops sown between May to October.

Rainfall (mm) in various seasons during 2002

3. On-station Research3.1 Integrated nutrient management

Among different integrated nutrient management treatments tested for rabi sorghum, chickpea and rabisorghum + chickpea blocks under semi arid vertisols of Bellary, 15 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (GLM) wasfound to be superior for sorghum (1822 kg/ha), chickpea (846 kg/ha) and sorghum + chickpea intercroppingsystem (960 kg of sorghum + 470 kg/ha of chickpea). The yields were found to be significantly highercompared to other treatments. Maximum sorghum equivalent yield of 2316 kg/ha was attained with anapplication of 15 kg N (green leaf) + 10 kg N/ha (inorganic) treatment.

Integrated nutrient supply system for rainfed semi arid tropics - BellaryGrain yield (kg/ha)

Block - I Block - II Block - IIISorghum Chickpea Sorghum + chickpea

Treatment

2002 Mean 2002 Mean 2002 Mean

Sorghum grainequivalent

yield (kg/ha)

Control 1265 1459 613 459 649 409 993 293 1808100% recommended N (inorganic) 1692 2281 828 624 827 437 1365 321 209450% recommended N (inorganic) 1677 1904 689 526 787 441 1169 317 2062

Bijapur Solapur BellaryMonth and seasonNormal 2002 Normal 2002 Normal 2002

Rainy seasonJune 86 78 113 80 63 56July 73 115 128 98 43 40August 78 40 140 183 53 93September 152 92 172 124 123 6Total 389 325 553 485 282 195Post – rainy seasonOctober 96 180 80 84 102 134November 31 2 24 1 33 3Total 127 182 104 85 135 137WinterDecember 7 0 6 0 11 0January 4 0 2 3 4 12February 2 2 5 0 1 4Total 13 2 13 3 16 16SummerMarch 6 3 4 0 5 0April 21 36 11 3 21 17May 38 40 37 69 54 68Total 65 79 52 72 80 85Grand total 594 588 722 645 513 433


158

25 kg N/ha (compost) 1612 1896 782 588 704 417 1218 313 190515 kg N/ha (compost) + 10 kgN/ha (inorganic)

1361 1673 782 567 713 531 1268 365 2239

15 kg N/ha (compost) + 20 kgN/ha (inorganic)

1642 2140 829 604 752 450 1362 324 2065

15 kg N/ha (green leaf) + 10 kgN/ha (inorganic)

1777 2245 823 592 806 531 1357 369 2316

15 kg N/ha (green leaf) + 20 kgN/ha (inorganic)

1699 2318 840 649 833 511 1420 372 2291

15 kg N/ha (compost) + 10 kgN/ha (green leaf)

1822 2142 846 621 960 470 1379 332 2371

Mean 1616 2006 781 581 781 466 1281 334SEm 82 46 31 34 88

CD (0.05) 246 138 94 NS 264

In a permanent manurial trial with 10 treatments at Solapur for rabi sorghum, significantly higher grainyield of 1410 kg/ha and 3644 kg/ha of stover were attained yield with application of 25 kg N (crop residue) +28 kg N/ha (Luecena loppings). The treatments had a variation of 13.7% of grain and 5.4% for stover in thestudy. This treatment was found to attain maximum moisture use efficiency, while 25 kg N/ha (crop residue)treatment had maximum N use efficiency in this study. The soil N ranged from 108 to 167 kg/ha in the 16th yearof the study.

Effect of recycling of crop residue on the yield and moisture utilization by rabi sorghum – SolapurYield (kg/ha) MUE (kg/ha/mm)Treatment

Grain Stover Grain StoverNUE(kg

grainkg/N)

Availablesoil N

sowing(kg/ha)

Organiccarbon

(%)

Control 825 1837 5.95 12.67 - 108 0.425 kg N/ha (urea) 1033 2566 6.42 15.96 8.32 123 0.4650 kg N/ha (urea) 1105 2679 7.08 17.17 5.60 137 0.4525 kg N/ha (crop residue) 1185 2624 8.12 17.97 14.40 162 0.525 kg N/ha (farm yardmanure)

1050 2813 6.41 17.18 9.00 159 0.55

25 kg N/ha (crop residue) +25 kg N/ha (urea)

1199 3127 7.77 20.26 7.48 153 0.6

25 kg N/ha (farm yardmanure) + 25 kg N/ha (urea)

1238 3145 7.62 19.35 8.26 154 0.56

25 kg N/ha (crop residue) +25 kg N/ha (Leucaenaloppings)

1410 3644 9.54 24.66 11.70 167 0.62

25 kg N/ha (Leucaenaloppings)

909 2111 5.45 12.66 3.36 126 0.45

25 kg N/ha (Leucaenaloppings) + 25 kg N/ha (urea)

940 2609 5.66 15.70 2.30 128 0.47

SEm 86 84CD (0.05) 257 250

CV (%) 13.7 5.4

In an integrated nutrient management study with 9 combinations of organic and inorganic fertilizers forsole rabi sorghum maximum grain yield of 1816 kg/ha and stover yield of 4413 kg/ha were attained with anapplication of 50 kg/ha of N through urea. The treatment was found to provide maximum moisture useefficiency, while application of 25 kg N/ha through urea had maximum N use efficiency. The soil available N atsowing was found to ranged from 121 kg/ha in control to 216 kg/ha when 50 kg N/ha through urea wasapplied.


159

Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the yield and moisture utilization byrabi sorghum (sole sorghum) - Solapur

Yield (kg/ha) Moisture useefficiency

(kg/ha/mm)

Treatment

Grain Stover Grain Stover

N useefficiency(kg grain

kg/N)

AvailableN at

sowing(kg/ha)

Control 1407 3531 8.67 21.77 - 121.050 kg N/ha (urea) 1816 4413 11.45 27.81 8.18 215.525 kg N/ha (urea) 1668 4288 10.27 26.41 10.44 191.3025 kg N/ha (compost &crop residue) (1:3) 1567 3940 9.59 24.12 6.40 177.0015 kg N/ha (compost &Crop residue) +10 kg N/ha (urea)

1530 3840 9.74 24.44 4.92 167.00

15 kg N/ha (compost & crop residue) +20 kg N/ha (urea)

1614 4289 10.01 26.84 5.91 180.00

15 kg N/ha (Leucaena) + 10 kg N/ha (urea) 1435 3848 9.13 24.49 1.12 183.4015 kg N/ha (Leucaena) + 20 kg N/ha (urea) 1674 3992 10.75 25.64 7.63 207.7515 kg N/ha (compost & crop residue) +10 kg N/ha (Leucaena)

1594 3872 9.90 24.06 7.48 167.00

SEm 80 137CD (0.05) 241 409

CV (%) 8.8 5.9

In the strip cultivation of rabi sorghum with different integrated nutrient management treatments,significantly higher grain yield of 1692 kg/ha was attained with an application of 15 kg N/ha through compostand crop residue + 20 kg N/ha through urea. The treatment was also found to have highest nitrogen useefficiency of 13.8 kg grain/ kg N. The maximum moisture use efficiency of 9.7 kg/ha/mm was attained in theplots where either 50 kg/ha (urea) or 15 kg N/ha (compost and crop residue) + 20 kg N/ha (urea) or 15 kgN/ha (Leucaena) + 10 kg N/ha (urea) were applied in the study at Solapur under semi arid vertisols.

Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the yield and moisture utilizationby rabi sorghum (strip sorghum) - Solapur

Yield (kg/ha) Moisture useefficiency

(kg/ha/mm)

Treatment



kg/N)

AvailableN at

sowing(kg/ha)

Control 1210 4096 7.77 26.29 - 11950 kg N/ha (urea) 1642 4631 9.69 27.34 8.64 19825 kg N/ha (urea) 1339 4754 8.30 29.46 5.16 17325 kg N/ha (compost &crop residue) (1:3) 1355 4417 8.12 26.48 5.80 15915 kg N/ha (compost &Crop residue) + 10 kgN/ha (urea)

1387 4425 8.48 27.05 7.08 192

15 kg N/ha (compost & crop residue) + 20 kgN/ha (urea)

1692 5043 9.65 28.76 13.77 201

15 kg N/ha (Leucaena) + 10 kg N/ha (urea) 1507 5275 9.66 33.83 11.88 20015 kg N/ha (Leucaena) + 20 kg N/ha (urea) 1354 5227 8.72 33.64 4.11 19315 kg N/ha (compost & crop residue) + 10 kgN/ha (Leucaena)

1335 4249 8.46 26.92 5.00 176

SEm 130 313CD (0.05) 391 442

CV (%) 15.7 11.6

Among different integrated nutrient management treatments tested for sole chickpea at Solapur, 50% N(urea) gave significantly higher grain yield of 1060 kg/ha in the plot having maximum available soil N of 194kg/ha at sowing. Maximum N use efficiency of 14.04 kg grain /kg N and moisture use efficiency in the plotwhere 15 kg N/ha/mm were observed in the plot where 15 kg N/ha (Leucaena) + 10 kg N/ha (urea) wasapplied under semi arid vertisols.


160

Effect or organic and inorganic fertilizers on yield and moisture utilization by sole chickpea - SolapurYield (kg/ha) Moisture use

efficiency(kg/ha/mm)

Treatment



kg/N)

AvailableN at

sowing(kg/ha)

Control 681 963 5.17 7.31 - 13250 kg N/ha (urea) 1060 1343 6.69 8.48 7.58 19425 kg N/ha (urea) 987 1140 6.55 7.57 12.24 16925 kg N/ha (compost &crop residue) (1:3) 987 1196 6.38 7.73 12.24 18115 kg N/ha (compost &Crop residue) + 10 kgN/ha (urea)

796 1328 5.34 8.91 4.6 160

15 kg N/ha (compost & crop residue) + 20 kgN/ha (urea)

771 1746 4.89 11.08 2.57 179

15 kg N/ha (Leucaena) + 10 kg N/ha (urea) 1032 1004 6.86 6.68 14.04 19115 kg N/ha (Leucaena) + 20 kg N/ha (urea) 924 1136 5.96 7.32 6.94 18815 kg N/ha (compost & crop residue) + 10 kgN/ha (Leucaena)

960 1339 5.99 8.36 11.16 157

SEm 89 189CD (0.05) 266 568

CV (%) 16.9 26.4

In the strip chickpea experimented at Solapur, maximum and significantly higher grain yield of 1231 kg/hawas attained with an application of 15 kg N/ha (Leucaena) + 20 kg N/ha (urea). The maximum moisture useefficiency of 7.92 for grain and 9.16 kg/ha/mm for stover were attained in the plot where the above treatmentwas applied. Maximum N use efficiency was found with application of 50 kg N/ha through urea. The availablesoil N at sowing was found to range from 119 in control to 201 kg/ha in the study.

Effect or organic and inorganic fertilizers on yield and moisture utilization by strip chickpea - SolapurYield (kg/ha) Moisture use

efficiency(kg/ha/mm)

Treatment



kg/N)

AvailableN at

sowing(kg/ha)

Control 960 1192 6.16 7.65 - 11950 kg N/ha (urea) 1021 1290 6.03 7.62 12.2 19825 kg N/ha (urea) 1143 1245 7.08 7.72 7.32 17325 kg N/ha (compost &crop residue) (1:3) 972 1309 5.83 7.85 0.48 15915 kg N/ha (compost &Crop residue) +10 kg N/ha (urea)

1198 1434 7.32 8.77 9.52 192

15 kg N/ha (compost & crop residue) +20 kg N/ha (urea)

1221 1435 6.96 8.19 7.46 201

15 kg N/ha (Leucaena) + 10 kg N/ha (urea) 1002 1278 6.43 8.20 1.68 20015 kg N/ha (Leucaena) + 20 kg N/ha (urea) 1231 1423 7.92 9.16 7.74 19315 kg N/ha (compost & crop residue) +10 kg N/ha (Leucaena)

1120 1415 7.10 8.96 6.40 176

SEm 66 75CD (0.05) 212 225

CV (%) 10.5 9.7

In a study on validation of Mitscherlich – Bray equation modified by Bangar for rabi sorghum under semiarid vertisols at Solapur, using different levels of fertiliser doses, maximum and significantly higher grain yield of2447 kg/ha and stover yield of 5051 kg/ha were attained with fertiliser dose calibrated for attaining 85% ofmaximum yield. Maximum moisture use efficiency of 10.76 for grain and 21.17 kg/ha/mm for stover wereattained in the plot where soil test based fertiliser dose was applied in the study.


161

Economics of soil test based fertiliser use of rabi sorghum - SolapurYield (kg/ha) in

2002Moisture use efficiency

(kg/ha/mm)Treatment


Monetaryreturns(Rs/ha)

Returns/Rupeeinvested on

fertiliserControl 1700 4545 7.59 20.28 20990 -Recommended dose 2071 4759 8.81 20.24 24015 2.91Soil test based 2343 4609 10.76 21.17 25619 3.5975% of maximum yield 2252 4296 10.41 19.86 24356 17.0980% of maximum yield 2290 4861 9.48 20.12 25752 16.4285% of maximum yield 2447 5051 9.39 19.39 27231 10.02

SEm 174 383CD (0.05) 526 NS

CV (%) 15.9 16.3

In a integrated nutrient management trial on rabi sorghum with 11 fertilizer treatments using inorganic,organic, green leaf yield of 1528 kg/ha and fodder yield of 4179 kg/ha were attained with application of 50% Nthrough farm yard manure +50% recommended dose of fertiliser. This is followed by application of 50% Nthrough sunhemp + 50% recommended dose of fertiliser treatment which has given a grain yield of 1469 kg/haand fodder yield of 3994 kg/ha in the study.

Grain and fodder yield of rabi sorghum - BijapurTreatment Grain yield (kg/ha) in 2002 Fodder yield (kg/ha) in

2002Control 359 2237Recommended dose of fertiliser 1148 375750% recommended dose of fertiliser 895 2803Recommended dose of N alone 743 2896Recommended dose of P 642 2744Recommended dose of N and P 866 3462Farm yard manure to meet 50% N 794 3166Farm yard manure to meet 50% N + 50%recommended dose of fertiliser

1528 4179

Sunhemp to meet 50% N 785 3363Sunhemp to meet 50% N + 50%recommended dose of fertiliser

1469 3994

Recommended dose of fertiliser + 15 kg ZnSO4/ha 1351 3926SEm 72 129

CD (0.05) 212.6 380.1

In a long term fertiliser experiment on rabi sorghum (M-35-3) at Bijapur with 9 combinations of inorganic,compost and green leaf (sunhemp) fertiliser during rabi, application of 15 kg N through compost + 20 kg Nthrough inorganic fertiliser gave a significantly higher grain yield of 1813 kg/ha, followed by 1799 kg/haattained with an application of 15 kg N through sunhemp + 20 kg N through inorganic fertiliser as against acontrol yield of 819 kg/ha. The treatments however were found to have a low variation 3.5% for grain yield. Theabove and treatment have also given significantly higher fodder yield of 2583 and 2524 kg/ha respectively. Thesoil moisture data indicated that the amendable moisture was maximum in 30-60 cms depth compared to 0-15and 15-30 cm and also it was higher in the above superior treatments. There was a significant decline in thesoil moisture in all the examined plots at different periods observed in the study.

Grain and fodder yield and other parameters of rabi sorghum - BijapurTreatment Grain yield (kg/ha) Fodder yield (kg/ha) Plant height (cm)Control 819 1766 130.9100% recommended N (inorganic) 1452 2407 161.150% recommended N (inorganic) 1130 2174 151.325 kg N (compost) 1355 2310 153.015 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (inorganic) 1559 2378 161.3


162

15 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (inorganic) 1813 2524 164.615 kg N (sunhemp) + 10 kg N (inorganic) 1530 2294 160.615 kg N (sunhemp) + 20 kg N (inorganic) 1799 2583 162.515 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (sunhemp) 1491 2398 157.3

SEm 28.9 59.9 1.9CD (0.05) 86.8 179.5 5.9

CV (%) 3.5 4.5

Soil moisture (%)Treatment 0-15 cm depth 15-30 cm depth 30-60 cm depth

2-11-02 7-1-03 Harvest 2-11-02 7-1-03 Harvest 2-11-02 7-1-03 HarvestControl 21.29 11.87 9.28 21.60 11.68 8.14 19.77 13.30 10.92100% recommended N(inorganic)

17.43 9.08 8.11 18.63 12.24 12.77 23.38 14.47 11.74

50% recommended N(inorganic)

24.18 14.69 9.35 23.00 13.91 14.19 23.58 14.96 12.26

25 kg N (compost) 24.59 13.24 12.27 24.20 14.27 12.34 23.41 15.70 13.9515 kg N (compost) +10 kg N (inorganic)

22.63 17.36 8.70 25.83 14.98 16.26 27.32 14.89 13.50


23.25 16.15 11.16 28.38 13.24 15.32 30.16 15.69 14.22

15 kg N (sunhemp) +10 kg N (inorganic)

25.08 14.84 10.10 27.28 14.36 12.62 30.40 15.52 12.81

15 kg N (sunhemp) +20 kg N (inorganic)

21.54 13.97 9.92 27.52 14.96 15.49 28.81 15.53 14.99

15 kg N (compost) +10 kg N (sunhemp)

27.95 11.35 15.32 30.72 17.97 16.50 29.78 20.40 17.16

Among different integrated nutrient management treatments tested for chickpea (A-1) under semi aridvertisols at Bijapur, significantly higher grain yield of 877 kg/ha was attained by applying 15 kg N throughcompost + 20 kg N through inorganic fertilizers. The yield (sunhemp) together with 10 kg/ha of compost orgreen leaf inorganic fertiliser combinations have also given the next superior yields ranging between 824 to 868kg/ha against a control yield of 444 kg/ha. The soil moisture (%) observed at different stages of chickpeagrowth indicated that there is a significant deplation from 4th November to harvest of the crop and more so in 0-15 cm depth compared to either 15-30 or 30-60 cm depth.

Integrated nutrient supply system for legume system (chickpea) - BijapurTreatment Grain yield (kg/ha)Control 444100% recommended N (inorganic) 72650% recommended N (inorganic) 65825 kg N (compost) 73615 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (inorganic) 86315 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (inorganic) 87715 kg N (sunhemp) + 10 kg N (inorganic) 85615 kg N (sunhemp) + 20 kg N (inorganic) 86815 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (sunhemp) 824

SEm 19.3CD (0.05) 57.8

CV (%) 4.4

In an integrated nutrient management study for rabi sorghum (M-35-1) + chickpea (A-1) at Bijapur,significantly higher chickpea yield of 822 kg/ha was attained with 15 kg N through compost + 20 kg N throughinorganic fertiliser application under intercropping system. Soil moisture was found to be higher in compostapplied and sunhemp incorporated plots compared to only inorganic fertilizers or control plots under semi aridvertisols.


163

Integrated nutrient supply system for cereal + legume system (chickpea + sorghum) - BijapurChickpea Rabi sorghumTreatment

Plant height(cm)

Grain yield(kg/ha)

Plant height(cm)

Grain yield(kg/ha)

Fodder yield(kg/ha)

Control 26.33 497 121.4 682 1754100% recommended N (inorganic) 29.93 734 153.3 1345 263250% recommended N (inorganic) 28.40 665 139.9 1180 233925 kg N (compost) 29.60 712 146.5 1247 276815 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (inorganic) 30.93 799 154.7 1676 265115 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (inorganic) 31.57 822 162.2 1813 282615 kg N (sunhemp) + 10 kg N (inorganic) 31.13 799 157.5 1657 263215 kg N (sunhemp) + 20 kg N (inorganic) 31.47 807 161.0 1793 276815 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (sunhemp) 30.77 750 156.7 1578 2671

SEm 0.47 24.2 3.18 135 98CD (0.05) 1.42 72.5 9.52 406 293

CV (%) 2.73 5.7 3.66 16.3 6.6

Soil moisture percentage at different stages of crop growth in cereal + legume system - BijapurTreatment Depth (cm) At sowing At harvestControl 0-15

15-3030-60

20.3523.2121.92

10.616.578.28

100% recommended N (inorganic) 0-1515-3030-60

21.6721.5522.48

7.9110.8711.09

50% recommended N (inorganic) 0-1515-3030-60

20.2524.5022.12

13.428.449.89

25 kg N (compost) 0-1515-3030-60

20.2224.0525.16

24.977.584.67

15 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (inorganic) 0-1515-3030-60

23.8216.0526.65

13.5813.268.66

15 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (inorganic) 0-1515-3030-60

22.9424.3324.91

8.9114.5410.44

15 kg N (sunhemp) + 10 kg N (inorganic) 0-1515-3030-60

22.2524.6424.50

12.510.9211.53

15 kg N (sunhemp) + 20 kg N (inorganic) 0-1515-3030-60

26.8828.9822.29

9.1410.0010.81

15 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (sunhemp) 0-1515-3030-60

22.0226.2927.57

11.0313.9610.28

In a long term fertilizer experiment on sunflower (KBSH-1) in rabi season at Bijapur and maximum seedyield of 939 kg/ha and 816 kg/ha were attained with an application of 100% recommended N sunhemp –sunflower – sunhemp rabi sorghum and sunflower – rabi sorghum systems respectively. The maximumsunflower stalk yield of 1446 kg/ha and 1235 kg/ha were also attained with an application of 100%recommended N under the above systems. The soil moisture analysis indicated that there was a highermoisture in 15-30 cm depth under sunhemp-sunflower-sunhemp-rabi sorghum system, while in 0-15 cm depthunder conventional system viz. sunflower-rabi sorghum. The available water as influenced by integratednutrient management under get row cultivation was found to be higher under sunhemp, incorporationcompared to conventional system in the study.


164

Sunflower seed and stalk yield - BijapurTreatment Seed yield

(kg/ha)Stalk yield

(kg/ha)Sunhemp Control 648 1131

25% recommended dose of N 677 118950% recommended dose of N 796 122275% recommended dose of N 855 1300100% recommended dose of N 939 1446

Conventionalpractice

Control 591 1101

25% recommended dose of N 670 111850% recommended dose of N 726 118675% recommended dose of N 769 1209100% recommended dose of N 816 1235

Soil moisture in different depths on different days after sowing under set row cultivation - BijapurSunhemp – sunflower- sunhemp-rabi sorghum Conventional practiceDates0-15 cm 15-30 cm 30-60 cm 60-100cm 0-15 cm 15-30 cm 30-60 cm 60-100 cm

20-10-02 22.94 32.02 19.90 20.94 24.78 22.60 20.63 16.0127-10-02 23.94 34.08 18.90 19.54 24.58 20.60 20.13 16.0010-11-02 27.41 27.02 24.46 23.97 24.19 22.93 28.01 23.0422-11-02 15.46 19.35 22.39 23.15 14.12 14.46 18.34 28.238-12-02 14.46 18.35 21.39 22.15 13.12 13.46 17.34 27.231-1-03 16.08 23.61 17.2 20.12 16.59 16.63 15.64 17.1411-1-03 15.40 15.98 15.77 22.03 12.11 14.43 15.73 15.13At harvest 26.64 20.26 10.84 21.95 18.43 18.82 10.75 10.60

Mean 20.29 23.83 18.86 21.73 18.49 17.99 18.32 19.17

Available water (cm/m) as influenced by integrated nutrient management underset row cultivation – Bijapur

Dates Sunhemp incorporation Conventional practice20-10-02 27.04 23.5427-10-02 27.52 23.1910-11-02 30.08 29.6422-11-02 25.55 25.538-12-02 24.35 22.531-1-03 22.97 19.8611-1-03 22.01 17.74At harvest 22.86 15.55

Mean 25.30 22.20

3.2 Soil and water conservation

In a tillage and fertiliser study for rabi sorghum for improving the soil quality and resource conservation,conventional tillage comprising of ploughing + twice harrowing + twice hoeing + hand weeding once gavehigher yield of 1741 kg/ha, compared to low tillage and medium tillage treatments. Among different integratednutrient management practices, 100% recommended N through organic source comprising of 50% throughfarm yard manure + 50% through green leaf manure was highly effective for attaining higher sorghum yield of1745 kg/ha under semi arid vertisols of Bellary. Higher water use efficiency of 7.90 kg/ha/mm was observedwith conventional tillage, and 8.02 kg/ha/mm in the plot with an application of 100% N (organic) was applied inthe study.


165

Low till farming and nutrient management strategies improving soil quality andcrop productivity - Bellary

TreatmentSorghum grain yield


Straw yield(kg/ha)

WUEkg/ha/mm

A: TillageConventional tillage (1ploughing + 2harrowings + 2 hoeings + 1 hand weeding) 1741 2288 3077 7.90Low tillage (2 harrowings + 1 hoeing + 1 handweeding) 1652 2220 2886 7.67Medium tillage (1 harrowing+1 hoeing+weeding) 1610 2077 2877 7.65

Mean 1668 2195SEm 49 77 0.23

CD (0.05) NS NS NSB: Integrated nutrient management practices100% N (organic) (50% (farm yard manure) +50% (green leaf)) 1745 2060 3122 8.0250% N (organic) + 50% N (inorganic) 1671 2199 2965 7.74100% N (inorganic) (urea) 1587 2296 2753 7.46

Mean 1668 2185SEm 42 55 0.19

CD (0.05) NS 169 NSWUE: water use efficiency

Conventional tillage gave a higher pearlmillet grain yield of 2332 kg/ha with a sustainability of 0.42compared to low tillage in a study of 3 years at Solapur. Among fertiliser doses, 100% inorganic N gavemaximum yield of 2489 kg/ha with a moderate sustainability index of 0.46 in semi arid vertisols. The grossmonetary returns ranged from Rs. 11888/ha low tillage + 100% N through organic some) to Rs. 15755/ ha (lowtillage + 100% N through inorganic source). There is a decrease in organic carbon (%) and an increase in soilnitrogen from sowing to harvest in the study. The initial organic carbon ranged from 0.6 to 0.71% while thepost-harvest organic carbon ranged from 0.44 to 0.60%. Soil N before sowing was found to range from 147 to172 kg/ha, while the post-harvest soil N ranged from 144 to 192 kg/ha in the study.

Effect of low till system on grain yield of pearlmillet – Solapur Treatment Grain Yield (kg/ha)

in 2002Mean (3 yrs) Sustainability

indexGross monetaryreturns (kg/ha)

A: TillageConventional tillage 2332 1619 0.42 14097Low tillage -1 2253 1584 0.40 13718Low tillage -2 2137 1492 0.36 13009

Mean 2241 1565 0.40SEm 2.34

CD (0.05) NSB: FertilizerF1-100% N (organic) 2029 1356 0.29 12291F2- 50% N (organic) + 50%N (inorganic)

2203 1551 0.37 13391

F3- 100% N (inorganic) 2489 1787 0.46 12141Mean 2240 1565 0.37SEm 104

CD (0.05) 320


166

Grain and stover yield, gross monetary returns, initial and post-harvest OC (%) and Soil N – Solapur.Treatment Grain

yield(kg/ha)

Stoveryield

(kg/ha)

Grossmonetaryreturns(kg/ha)

OC (%)beforesowing

OC (%)after

harvest

Soil N(kg/ha)beforesowing

Soil N(kg/ha)

afterharvest

CT 100% N (organic) 2164 2929 13074 0.68 0.49 151 192CT 50% N (organic) + 50% N

(inorganic)2353 2872 14090 0.66 0.46 166 169

CT 100% N (inorganic) 2479 3729 15126 0.71 0.44 147 157LT1 100% N (organic) 1956 2824 11888 0.63 0.57 157 187LT1 50% N (organic) + 50% N

(inorganic)2220 3251 13510 0.68 0.47 160 180

LT1 100% N (inorganic) 2583 3872 15755 0.60 0.47 163 154LT2 100% N (organic) 1968 2721 11912 0.62 0.60 172 191LT2 50% N (organic) + 50% N

(inorganic)2037 3424 12573 0.62 0.51 163 190

LT2 100% N (inorganic) 2405 3285 14542 0.66 0.46 171 144CT: conventional tillage, LT 1 : Low tillage 1, LT-2: Low tillage 2

In the study on assessing land treatments for pearlmillet + mothbean (2:1) system at Solapur, lowestrunoff of 5.02 mm and soil loss of 0.046 t/ha were observed with the use of mechanical bund of 0.3 to 0.5 m2

section at 60 m of horizontal interval. However, maximum grain and fodder yield of pearlmillet (478 kg grainand 722 kg/ha fodder) and moth bean (972 kg grain and 2638 kg/ha fodder) crops were attained withvegetative barrier treatment of Lecucaena leaucocephala + Cenchrus ciliaris (2 rows at 15 m interval).

Studies on suitable land treatment for soil and water conservation forpearlmillet + mothbean (2:1) - Solapur

Treatment Rainfallcausing

runoff (mm)

Runoff(mm)

Soilloss

(t/ha)

Pearlmilletgrain yield

(kg/ha)

Mothbeangrain yield

(t/ha)

Pearlmilletfodder yield

(kg/ha)

Mothbeanfodder yield

(kg/ha)Vegetative barrier 108.3 19.72 0.291 478 972 722 2638Mechanical bund 108.3 5.02 0.046 467 833 694 2500Farmers’ practice 108.3 42.96 0.645 461 694 667 2083

Among different soil and water conservation practices examined for their influence on runoff and soil lossand performance of rabi sorghum under semi arid vertisols of Solapur, lowest runoff of 11.07 mm and soil lossof 0.0273 t/ha were observed with vegetative barrier treatment. However, highest grain yield of 572 kg/ha andfodder yield of 1633 kg/ha were attained under tied ridges treatment in the study.

Runoff (mm), soil loss (t/ha) and yield of rabi sorghum as influenced bydifferent land treatments - Solapur

Treatment Runoff (mm) Soil loss (t/ha) Grain yield (kg/ha) Fodder yield (kg/ha)Vegetative barrier 11.067 0.0273 290 733Tied ridges 14.249 0.0545 572 1633Ridges & furrows 17.254 0.0621 432 1233Cultivated fallow 17.797 0.084

In a study on land treatments for rabi sorghum at Solapur, highest grain yield of 815 kg/ha and fodderyield of 1786 kg/ha were attained with stone bund treatment. The treatment was also found to be efficient incontrolling runoff and soil loss with a minimum of 9.38 mm runoff and 0.11 t/ha of soil loss under semi aridvertisols.


167

Runoff (mm), soil loss (t/ha) and yield of rabi sorghum as influenced bydifferent land treatments - Solapur

Treatment Runoff (mm) Soil loss (t/ha) Grain yield (kg/ha) Fodder yield (kg/ha)Stone bunds 9.375 0.110 815 1785Vegetative barrier 9.842 0.116 737 1617Control 10.000 0.117 734 1610

SEm 0.829 0.163 121 178CD (0.05) 1.682 0.065 356 780

In a tillage and nutrient experiment study for rabi sorghum under semi arid vertisols of Bijapur, maximumgrain yield of 1883 kg/ha was attained with conventional tillage together with application of 100%recommended dose of fertiliser through inorganic source. Conventional tillage was found to give highersorghum yield compared to low tillage with either inorganic or through sunhemp incorporation or farmers’practice tested in the study. However, fodder yield of rabi sorghum was found to be maximum with farmers’practice + sunhemp green manuring with a yield of 3384 kg/ha with conventional tillage, 3725 kg/ha with lowtillage (harrowing twice + hoeing once + hand weeding once) and 3534 kg/ha with low tillage –2 (harrowingonce + hoeing once + weeding). The analysis of soil moisture from different depths at different crop growthstages indicated that the available moisture was slightly higher under plots with low tillage compared toconventional tillage and it was relatively higher in 30-60 cm depth compared to either 0-15 or 15-30 cm depth inthe study.

Grain and fodder yield of rabi sorghum at different stages of crop growth in tillage experiment - BijapurAt harvest soil moisture (%)Main

TreatmentSub Treatment Grain

yield(kg/ha)

Fodderyield

(kg/ha)0-15 cmdepth

15-30cm

depth

30-60cm

depthConventionaltillage

Sunhemp incorporation @ 5 t/ha 1139 2182 9.24 10.43 11.91

Sunhemp incorporation @ 2.5 t/ha +50% recommended dose of fertiliser(inorganic)

1807 3193 7.17 11.76 12.45

100% recommended dose of fertiliser(inorganic)

1883 3225 8.35 10.45 10.07

Farmers’ practice 1522 2682 7.20 9.60 10.89Farmers’ practice + sunhemp greenmanuring

1852 3384 8.54 9.14 10.83

Low tillage 1 Sunhemp incorporation @ 5 t/ha 1357 1990 8.95 11.98 13.79Sunhemp incorporation @ 2.5 t/ha +50% recommended dose of fertiliser(inorganic)

1649 3054 9.53 10.23 11.71


1752 3266 8.31 9.91 10.23


1788 3725 9.10 11.46 13.46

Low tillage 2 Sunhemp incorporation @ 5 t/ha 1224 1927 8.22 10.43 11.46Sunhemp incorporation @ 2.5 t/ha +50% recommended dose of fertiliser(inorganic)

1649 3204 9.08 10.07 12.44


1703 3268 8.21 9.94 10.72


1665 3534 9.06 10.28 11.17


168

Soil moisture percentage at different stages of crop growth in tillage experiment - BijapurMain Treatment Sub Treatment Depth (cm) At sowing At harvestConventionaltillage

Sunhemp incorporation @ 5 t/ha 0-1515-3030-60

17.1017.0616.10

9.2410.4311.91

Sunhemp incorporation @ 2.5 t/ha + 50%recommended dose of fertiliser (inorganic)

0-1515-3030-60

16.7415.5617.57

7.1711.7612.45


0-1515-3030-60

9.3810.787.16

8.3510.4510.07

Farmers’ practice 0-1515-3030-60

12.1610.8912.65

7.209.6010.89

Farmers’ practice + sunhemp greenmanuring

0-1515-3030-60

16.2414.5414.71

8.549.1410.83

Low tillage 1 Sunhemp incorporation @ 5 t/ha 0-1515-3030-60

9.1613.2516.50

8.9511.9813.79


0-1515-3030-60

11.4411.5116.88

9.5310.2311.71


0-1515-3030-60

8.5610.7813.31

8.319.9110.23


11.9810.7011.47

9.479.3811.08


0-1515-3030-60

10.0015.5216.62

9.1011.4613.46

Low tillage 2 Sunhemp incorporation @ 5 t/ha 0-1515-3030-60

13.3018.2720.25

8.2210.4311.46


0-1515-3030-60

21.0911.9713.25

9.0810.0712.44


0-1515-3030-60

14.0411.5110.67

8.219.9410.72


12.5810.4015.39

8.9710.1811.20


0-1515-3030-60

11.0017.4016.27

9.0610.2811.17

In a long term study with different quantities of sand, pebble, sunhemp and stubble mulches applied atvarying depths for higher infiltration and moisture conservation for greengram rabi sorghum system at Bijapur,it was observed that maximum greengram seed yield at 448 kg/ha. The same treatment has given maximumsorghum grain yield 2405 kg/ha compared to sand mulch at 5 or 7.5 or 10 cm depth. Application of sandmulch was found to be superior compared to pebble and stubble mulch, in situ incorporation of sunhemp. Thestubble mulch was also found to be superior compared to either tied ridges + farm yard manure orcompartment bunding or convention practice in the study.


169

Yield of greengram and rabi sorghum as influenced by in situ moisture conservation practices - BijapurGreengram Rabi sorghumTreatment

Seed yield (kg/ha) Grain yield (kg/ha) Fodder yield (kg/ha)Sand mulch of 5 cm depth 298 2250 3244Sand mulch of 7.5 cm depth 321 2383 3505Sand mulch of 10 cm depth 406 2386 3561Sand mulch of 15 cm depth 448 2405 3617Pebble mulch of 50% surface area 170 1760 2442Pebble mulch of 100% surface area 199 2222 3225In situ incorporation of sunhemp - 1767 2461Tied ridging + farm yard manure @ 5 t/ha 142 1795 2535Stubble mulch @ 5 t/ha 125 1704 2405Compartment bunding 132 1516 1995Conventional practice 45 1572 1995

SEm 24 116 223CD (0.05) 70 341 658

Soil moisture content (%) at different depths in various dates as influenced byin situ moisture conservation practices - Bijapur

Greengram Rabi sorghumTreatment Depth(cm) At sowing At harvesting At sowing At harvesting

Sand mulch of 5 cm depth 0-1515-3030-6060-100

16.6810.7015.5512.86

19.5019.3714.6816.18

27.7028.6820.5020.60

14.9412.9213.5511.63

Sand mulch of 7.5 cm depth 0-1515-3030-6060-100

18.0015.5515.7917.24

19.2318.4818.3914.83

28.7323.0024.1820.65

15.0817.0716.7712.56


20.2115.5820.8719.11

13.4420.8717.2518.99

25.3527.0625.4320.59

15.5111.3815.4916.03


19.7417.5020.3818.63

16.7920.6416.1420.68

30.1032.4535.1020.70

13.8914.0415.1416.08

Pebble mulch of 50% SA 0-1515-3030-6060-100

11.618.238.9310.71

21.8525.8717.6513.95

27.7326.6722.5718.53

16.1114.5113.6113.29

Pebble mulch of 100% SA 0-1515-3030-6060-100

12.2810.6810.6911.48

16.6419.9619.1915.05

31.3131.7717.4621.99

11.3113.5014.4813.26

In situ incorporation of sunhemp 0-1515-3030-6060-100

11.1411.3910.129.93

20.8116.7117.4214.44

25.0627.2921.6520.21

13.6511.8711.3311.89

Tied ridging + farm yard manure@ 5 t/ha

0-1515-3030-6060-100

18.7013.7010.337.01

23.1527.2212.1718.10

21.2821.6323.0123.58

13.1914.6014.0112.08


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Stubble mulch @ 5 t/ha 0-1515-3030-6060-100

18.4011.308.627.96

21.4616.3415.8916.68

21.9526.5519.8021.33

23.2716.8914.5215.25

Compartment bunding 0-1515-3030-6060-100

12.0610.029.8611.00

13.658.7411.2214.96

19.3022.7526.2318.89

15.9612.8513.5710.05

Conventional practice 0-1515-3030-6060-100

12.9210.007.407.84

13.4211.2612.0315.51

25.4822.4122.3019.04

14.3812.6011.3711.81

In a long term experiment on rabi sorghum (M-35–1) with different soil management options likeapplication of 5 t/ha farm yard manure, in situ incorporation of 5 t/ha sunhemp at 45 days after sowing,retention of 2.5 t/ha stubbles and farmers’ practice, maximum sorghum grain yield of 2668 kg/ha and fodderyield of 4570 kg/ha were attained with application of 5 t/ha farm yard manure. The lowest runoff of 8.48 mmand soil loss of 0.427 t/ha were observed with retention of 2.5 t/ha stubbles in the semi arid vertisols.

Rabi sorghum grain and fodder yield under different soil management options - BijapurTreatment Grain yield (kg/ha) Fodder yield (kg/ha)Farmers’ practice 1523 3379Farm yard manure @ 5 t/ha 2668 4570In situ incorporation of sunhemp @ 5 t/ha at 45 daysafter sowing

2198 4142

Retention of stubbles @ 2.5 t/ha 1987 3723SEm 94 168

CD (0.05) 290 516

In another study with different soil management practices for sunflower – rabi sorghum cropping systemin semi arid vertisols of Bijapur, application of farm yard manure @ 5 t/ha gave a significantly high sorghumgrain yield of 1762 kg/ha and fodder yield of 3391 kg/ha compared to either retention of stubbles or in–situincorporation of sunhemp on farmers’ practice. The runoff of 6.92 mm and soil loss of 0.1344 t/ha were thelowest with the retention of stubbles @ 2.5 t/ha in the soil compared to other treatments. They were highestunder farmers’ practice with estimates of 10.87 mm and 0.921 t/ha respectively in the study.

Rabi sorghum grain and fodder yield under sunflower – rabi sorghum system with different soilmanagement options - Bijapur

Treatment Grain yield (kg/ha) Fodder yield (kg/ha)Farmers’ practice 945 2464Farm yard manure @ 5 t/ha 1762 3391In situ incorporation of sunhemp @ 5 t/ha at 45 days aftersowing

1272 3230

Retention of stubbles @ 2.5 t/ha 1223 2807SEm 115 130

CD (0.05) 355 402

3.3 Cropping systemIn a study with different sowing dates, moisture conservation and fertiliser treatments for sunflower at

Solapur, maximum seed yield of 632 kg/ha was attained when sown on 9th July, followed by 489 kg/ha whensown on 23rd July. Ridges and furrows (45 x 30 cm) was found to be a superior moisture conservationtechnique for sunflower with a significantly higher seed yield of 405 kg/ha. Application of 60 kg N + 30 kg P/hagave a significantly higher seed yield of 412 kg/ha compared to either 50 kg N + 25 kg P/ha (366 kg/ha ofyield) or 40 kg N + 20 kg P/ha (317 kg/ha of yield) in semi arid vertisols. The seed yield had a variation of17.2% for dates of sowing 13.4% for moisture conservation methods and 8.9% for fertiliser levels in the study.


171

Effect of moisture conservation techniques and fertilizer dose onsunflower - Solapur

Treatment Seed yield (kg/ha)of Sunflower in 2002

Mean(3 yrs)

Sustainabilityindex

Stalk yield(kg/ha)

Plant height(cm)

Sowing dateMeteorological week 28 (9.7.2002) 632 609 0.86 4438 131Meteorological week 30 (23.7.2002) 489 296 0.41 4310 130Meteorological week 32 (10.8.2002) 100 182 0.25 4150 112Meteorological week 34 (21.8.2002) 239 304 0.42 4195 128

Mean 365 348 0.49SEm 6 56 0.8

CD (0.05) 28 NS 3.6CV (%) 17.2 15.5 10.7

Moisture conservation techniquesRidges & furrows (45 x 30 cm) 405 411 0.58 4754 131SRF (45 x 90 cm) 355 324 0.45 4242 124Flat bed (45 x 30 cm) 334 308 0.43 3824 121

Mean 365 348 0.49SEm 10 98

CD (0.05) 33 319 1.2CV (%) 13.4 11.2 3.8

Fertilizer levels40:20 NP kg/ha 317 310 0.43 4029 12350:25 NP kg/ha 366 350 0.49 4323 12560:30 NP kg/ha 412 383 0.54 4467 127

Mean 365 348 0.49SEm 7 147 1.9

CD (0.05) 19 NS NSCV (%) 8.9 16.9 10.5

In a study with 3 spacings, 3 fertiliser treatments and 2 varieties, maximum castor seed yield of 846 kg/hawas attained with 60 x 45 cm spacing, 927 kg/ha of seed yield of application of 50 kg N + 25 kg P/ha. DCH-32was found to be superior with a yield of 836 kg/ha compared to VI-9 with 747 kg/ha under semi arid vertisols.However, the treatments were having a moderate sustainability of 0.41 (spacing), 0.45 (fertiliser) and 0.45(variety) respectively. The castor seed yield was found to have a coefficient of variation of 105 for differentspacings, 8.35 for fertilizer doses and 9.75 for varieties in the study.

Response of castor to different spacings and fertilizer levels - SolapurTreatment Seed yield (kg/ha)

in 2002Mean(4 yrs)

Sustainabilityindex

Stalk yield(kg/ha)

Plant height(cm)

Spacing60 X 45 cm 1088 977 0.41 3847 146.490 X 30 cm 1099 949 0.39 3430 150.860 – 120 X 30 cm 938 937 0.38 3257 166.2

Mean 954 0.39SEm 10 98 1.7

CD (0.05) 38 386 6.5CV (%) 10.0 11.9 4.5

Fertilizer levelsControl 805 849 0.32 2963 137.625:12.5 NP kg/ha 1006 977 0.41 3606 156.250:25 NP kg/ha 1224 1038 0.45 3965 169.7


172

Mean 954 0.39SEm 20 100

CD (0.05) 61 308 1.4CV (%) 8.3 12.1 4.2

C: Varieties 4.8VI-9 954 832 0.30 3313 150.9DCH-32 1069 1076 0.45 3710 158.0

Mean 954 0.37SEm 19 121 1.7

CD (0.05) 56 360 5.2CV (%) 9.7 18.0 5.9

In an agri-horticultural system study with different crops and drumstick alley at Solapur, significantlyhigher gross monetary returns of Rs.11613/ha was attained with sunflower + drumstick alley system. This isfollowed by pearlmillet + pigeonpea (2:1) + drumstick with a gross returns of Rs.11410/ha. The lowest returnsof Rs.9053/ha was attained with pearlmillet + drumstick system in the study.

Assessment of sustainability of agri-horticultural system - SolapurGrain yield (kg/ha) Mean (2 yrs)Treatment

Drumstickyield (kg/ha)

in 2002

Basecrop

in 2002

Intercrop

in 2002

Basecrop

Intercrop

Grossmonetaryreturns

(Rs/ha) in 2002Annual drumstick 338 958 - 410 - 10368Pearlmillet 442 774 - 718 - 9053Pigeonpea 510 298 - 343 - 9287Sunflower 601 551 - 418 - 11613Pearlmillet + pigeonpea (2:1) 554 581 163 565 176 11410Sunflower + pigeonpea (2:1) 461 363 164 316 182 11058

SEm 593CD (0.05) 18

In a study on evaluation of spacing and fertilizer for rabi sorghum hybrid (CSH-15 R) under semi aridvertisols of Solapur, significantly higher grain yield of 1612 kg/ha was attained with a spacing of 45 x 20 cmwhile maximum fodder yield of 3802 kg/ha was attained with 45 x 15 cm spacing. Similarly, 75 kg N + 37.5 kgP/ha was superior and gave a significantly higher sorghum grain yield of 1677 kg/ha and fodder yield of 3953kg/ha compared to other fertiliser combinations. Maximum plant height of 158.5 cm was attained with thisfertiliser dose application.

Yield and yield attributes of hybrid sorghum (CSH – 15R) as influenced byspacing and fertiliser treatments - Solapur

Treatment Plant height (cm) Grain yield (kg/ha) Stover yield (kg/ha)Spacing45 x 15 cm 154.1 1463 380245 x 20 cm 154.9 1612 377345 x 25 cm 156.4 1588 3569Fertilizer levels50:25 NP kg/ha 152.5 1436 351960:30 NP kg/ha 154.3 1551 367375:37.5 NP kg/ha 158.5 1677 3953

In a rabi sorghum study with 3 varieties growing under 4 spacings at Solapur, 45 x 20 cm spacing wassuperior with a grain yield of 1151 kg/ha, while 30 x 10 was superior for maximum stover yield of 3677 kg/ha.Among varieties Phule mauli was found to be superior with a grain yield of 1212 kg/ha and stover yield of 3673kg/ha under semi arid vertisols.


173

Yield and yield attributes of rabi sorghum varieties as influenced by different spacings – SolapurTreatment Plant height (cm) Grain yield (kg/ha) Stover yield (kg/ha)Spacing30 x 10 cm 144.6 980 367737.5 x 10 cm 150.4 1030 329545 x 15 cm 158.6 1054 306245 x 20 cm 157.9 1159 3108VarietyM-35 – 1 157.7 1061 3199Phule Yashoda 153.1 893 2985Phule Mauli 147.8 1212 3673

SEm 3.88 66.2 308.2CD (0.05) NS 194.0 NS

CV (%) 7.40 10.9 16.3

In a study of different cropping systems based on cotton, chilli and onion crops in different row ratios withfarmers’ practice and a treatment based on poultry manure + residue incorporation at Bijapur, it was foundthat chilli + onion (2:4) gave maximum chilli fruit yield of 1099 kg/ha under poultry manure + residueincorporated plot and 571 kg/ha under farmers’ practice. The onion bulb yield of 6173 kg/ha was found to bemaximum under chilli + onion (2:8) system with poultry manure + residue incorporation, while a maximumyield of 3654 kg/ha was attained under farmers’ practice. The cotton kapas yield of 383 kg/ha was attainedunder chilli (60 cms) + cotton in the same row under poultry manure + residue incorporated plot, whilemaximum of 299 kg/ha was attained with farmers’ practice under cotton + onion (2:4) system. The studyindicated that maximum net returns of Rs.61413/ha could be attained with poultry manure + residueincorporation and growing chilli + onion in 2:4 ratio compared to the maximum of Rs.27760/ha attained underthe same cropping system with farmers’ practice under semi arid vertisols.

Yield and net returns of chilli, onion and cotton as influenced bynutrient management and cropping systems – Bijapur

Treatment Chilli fruityield (kg/ha)

Onion bulbyield (kg/ha)

Cotton kapasyield (kg/ha)

Net returns(Rs/ha)

Main plot (Farmers’ practice)Chilli (60 cm) + cotton in the same row 56 - 188 - 8410Chilli at 120 x 10 cm + cotton at 60 cm (1:1) 166 - 259 1574Chilli + cotton at 45 – 135 paired row planting 280 - 259 3146Chilli + onion (2:4) 571 2562 - 27760Chilli + onion (2:8) 432 3654 - 24652Cotton + onion (2:4) - 1577 299 - 94Cotton + onion (2:8) - 2080 204 - 96Main plot (Poultry manure + residueincorporation)Chilli (60 cm) + cotton in the same row 216 - 383 - 750Chilli at 120 x 10 cm + cotton at 60 cm (1:1) 284 - 327 10216Chilli + cotton at 45 – 135 paired row planting 311 - 340 11924Chilli + onion (2:4) 1099 3518 - 61413Chilli + onion (2:8) 483 6173 - 38309Cotton + onion (2:4) - 2469 377 5953Cotton + onion (2:8) - 4321 324 12074

In a study to assess the influence of planting geometry on castor and cotton based intercropping systemsin Bijapur with different row spacings and row ratios, it was found that maximum net returns of Rs.11015/hawas attained with closer spacings of castor (60 x 15 cm) + sunflower (60 x 20 cms) in 2:4 ratio, followed byRs.10156/ha attained with castor (120 x 20 cm) + sunflower (120 x 10 cm) in 1:1 ratio. The sole castor (60 x 45cm) and sole sunflower (60 x 20 cm) gave a net returns of Rs.3147/ha and Rs.4447/ha in the study.


174

Economics of different intercropping systems - BijapurTreatment Net income (Rs./ha)Cotton (120 x 15 cm) + sunflower (120 x 10 cm) (1:1) 8809Cotton (60 x 10 cm) + sunflower (60 x 20 cm) (2:4) 6469Castor (120 x 20 cm) + sunflower (120 x 10 cm) (1:1) 10156Castor (60 x 15 cm) + sunflower (60 x 20 cm) (2:4) 11015Castor (120 x 20 cm) + cotton (120 x 15 cm) (1:1) 7856Castor (60 x 15 cm) + cotton (60 x 30 cm) (2:4) 9231Sole cotton (60 x 30 cm) 441Sole castor (60 x 45 cm) 3147Sole sunflower (60 x 20 cm) 4447

SEm 797CD (0.05) 2388


In a multi location varietal trial of sunflower with 18 varieties at Bijapur, MLSH-8 was superior with a yieldof 1462 kg/ha, followed by RSFH-318 with 1203 kg/ha, MLSH-6 with 1184 kg/ha and MLSH-10 with 1165 kg/haunder semi arid vertisols. The genotypes had a coefficient of variation of 10.5% in the seed yield, 9.5% for plantheight and 2.1% for days to 50% flowering under semi arid vertisols.

Multi location trial on sunflower – BijapurVariety Plant height (cm) Days to 50% flowering Seed yield (kg/ha) in 2002MLSH-1 133 54 832MLSH-2 136 55 814MLSH-3 137 54 758MLSH-4 127 62 925MLSH-5 143 55 888MLSH-6 136 58 1184MLSH-7 151 63 1128MLSH-8 153 69 1461MLSH-9 147 73 758MLSH-10 140 66 1165MLSH-11 125 64 999MLSH-12 125 61 980MLSH-13 126 65 832MLSH-14 128 66 370MLSH-15 113 1121RSFH-27 110 703RSFH-318 124 1202NSP-92-1 121 943

Mean 132 948SEm 7 0.7 55

CD (0.05) 21 2.1 165CV (%) 9.5 2.1 10

Among 15 different mulberry genotypes tested under dryland conditions at Bijapur, S-1635, S-13 and TR-10 were found to be high yielding with leaf yields of 9716, 8385 and 6353 kg/ha respectively. Further, thegenotypes S-1635 had a high sustainability of 0.91 in this study.


175

Screening of suitable mulberry genotypes for better adoption under dryland conditions – BijapurGenotypes Leaf yield (kg/ha) in 2002 Mean (kg/ha) Sustainability indexMR-2 2795 241 0.10RFS-135 4441 574 0.28S-36 4199 1092 0.54M-5 (C) 4574 651 0.31S-1635 9716 1803 0.91DD 5893 997 0.49V-1 1658Cucko Pilla 4066S-34 4078S-1 3594 755 0.37S-30 5421 1483 0.75S-13 8385 1225 0.61TR-8 4211TR-10 6353Mysore Local 2481

Mean 4791 980 0.49SEm 867

CD (0.05) 2600CV (%) 16.0

In a study with 9 prosomillet entries under semi arid vertisols of Bijapur, PMLT-9, PMLT-7 and PMLT-2were found to be promising with a yield of 878, 834 and 765 kg/ha. The entries were found to have a variationof 11.3% in the study.

Multi location trial with prosomillet varieties - BijapurEntry Yield (kg/ha) in 2002 Mean (2 yrs)PMLT-1 696 1310PMLT-2 765 1285PMLT-3 671 1183PMLT-4 760 1148PMLT-5 641 1048PMLT-6 617 734PMLT-7 834 935PMLT-8 686 870PMLT-9 878 1198

Mean 727 1079CD (0.05) 142

CV (%) 11.3

In a multi location study with 14 spreading groundnut genotypes at Bijapur, GPM-31 was superior with ayield of 801 kg/ha, followed by GPM-84 with 786 kg/ha and GPM-29 with 757 kg/ha. The genotypes had avariation of 14.5% in the study.

Multi location trial on spreading groundnut varieties – BijapurEntry Yield (kg/ha) in 2002CSMG-84-1 475R-8824 489GPM-424 549DH-43 504ICGS-76 549Selection-11 579S-230 475


176

Kadiri-3 638GPM-29 757Australian groundnut 579R-8808 519GPM-31 801GPM-84 786GPM-6 697

Mean 600SEm 50

CD (0.05) 146CV (%) 14.5

Among different rabi sorghum hybrids evaluated at Bellary, CSH-19R was found to be superior with amaximum grain yield of 3049 kg/ha, followed by SPH-1077 with 2969 kg/ha and CSH-15 R with 2906 kg/haunder semi arid vertisols.

Evaluation of sorghum hybrids - BellaryHybrids Grain yield (kg/ha) in 2002M 35-1 2578SPH- 1225 2522CSH- 19R 3049SPH- 1174 2716SPH- 1077 2969CSH- 15 R 2906

Mean 2790SEm 120

CD (0.05) NS

Among 19 varieties of rabi sorghum tested at Bellary, RSLG-262, SPV-1591 and SPV-1546 were found tobe superior to other varieties with a grain yield of 2041, 1919 and 1832 kg/ha respectively as against a meanyield of 1695 kg/ha in the study.

Evaluation of sorghum varieties – BellaryVariety Straw yield (kg/ha) Grain yield (kg/ha) in 2002 Mean (2 yrs)SPV- 1546 3054 1832 2312CSV- 216R (SPV- 1359) 2953 1516 2525SPV- 1548 2555 1534 2013SPV- 1549 2741 1521 1521RSLG- 262 (Mouli) 3110 2041 2607CSV -14R 2925 1732 2461SPV- 1537 2274 1705 2302M 35-1 2941 1659 2161SPV- 1587 2983 1761 1761SPV -1588 2760 1659 1659SPV- 1589 2540 1568 1568SPV- 1591 3136 1919 1919SPV- 1592 2900 1681 1681SPV -1595 2667 1600 1600

Mean 1695 2231SEm 125 99

CD (0.05) 362 289

In an advanced varietal trial, ridges and furrows was superior for castor for better moisture conservationwith a mean seed yield of 826 kg/ha. Among different varieties, CK-02-AVT-2 was superior with maximum yieldof 1053 kg/ha, followed by CK-02-AVT-10 with 961 kg/ha, CK-02-AVT-6 with 883 kg/ha.


177

Advanced varietal trial of castor – SolapurTreatment Seed yield (kg/ha) in 2002Moisture conservationRidges & furrows 826Flat bed 752

Mean 789SEm 16

CD (0.05) 40HybridsCK-02 AVT-1 826CK-02 AVT-2 1053CK-02 AVT-3 667CK-02 AVT-4 714CK-02 AVT-5 512CK-02 AVT-6 883CK-02 AVT-7 802CK-02 AVT-8 839CK-02 AVT-9 644CK-02 AVT-10 961Aruna 785

Mean 790SEm 38

CD (0.05) 80

In an advanced hybrid trial of castor at Solapur, ridges and furrows was found to be a better moistureconservation measure with a seed yield of 695 kg/ha compared to flat bed with 611 kg/ha. Among 12 differenthybrids evaluated CK-02-AHT-8 and CK-02-AHT-9 were found to be superior with highest yield of 772 kg/haunder semi arid vertisols.

Advanced hybrid trial of castor - SolapurTreatment Seed yield (kg/ha) 2002Moisture conservationRidges & furrows 695Flat bed 611

Mean 653SEm 17

CD (0.05) 34HybridsCK-02 AHT-1 603CK-02 AHT-2 602CK-02 AHT-3 756CK-02 AHT-4 629CK-02 AHT-5 758CK-02 AHT-6 664CK-02 AHT-7 660CK-02 AHT-8 772CK-02 AHT-9 772CK-02 AHT-10 559CK-02 AHT-11 607CK-02 AHT-12 558Aruna 492

Mean 649SEm 42

CD (0.05) 87


178

In an advanced varietal trial of sorghum with 14 varieties grown under ridges and furrows and flat bedmethods of moisture conservation under semi arid vertisols of Solapur, SPV-1589 with a grain yield of 1829kg/ha and M-35-1 with 1806 kg/ha were superior under flat bed method. Similarly SPV-1537 with 1725 andSPV-1546 with 1536 kg/ha were superior under ridges and furrows method in the study.

Advanced varietal trial of rabi sorghum - SolapurVariety Ridges & furrows Flat bed MeanSPV-1537 1725 1061 1393SPV-1546 1536 1084 1310SPV-1548 1242 1174 1209SPV-1549 1039 971 1004SPV-1587 1152 1648 1400SPV-1588 1309 1603 1456SPV-1589 1513 1829 1671SPV-1591 1445 1626 1536SPV-1592 1174 1422 1299SPV-1595 1432 1151 1292CSV-14 R 1219 1648 1434SPV-216 R 1513 1377 1445M-35-1 1490 1806 1648RSLG-262 1219 1287 1253

Mean 1357 1406Moisture conservation (MC) Varieties (V) MC x V

SEm 35 93 132CD (0.05) 103 271 384

In an initial varietal trial of linseed with 17 entries at Solapur, the entries coded as ‘020101’ ‘020114’ and‘020115’ were found to be promising with grain yield of 272, 252 and 252 kg/ha respectively. The plant heightranged from 23 and 37 cm, while the days to maturity ranged from 92 to 108 for the 17 entries tested in thestudy. The entries of linseed were found to have a coefficient of variation of 12% in the trial.

Initial varietal trial of linseed - SolapurEntry Days to maturity Plant height (cm) Grain yield (kg/ha)020101 107 35 272020102 106 35 83020103 102 26 210020104 105 25 155020105 96 23 244020106 108 25 135020107 102 25 245020108 100 37 146020109 103 33 92020110 100 31 134020111 102 35 244020112 101 31 180020113 95 33 177020114 92 35 252020115 92 31 252020116 102 32 126020117 108 34 134

SEm 19CD (0.05) 40

CV (%) 12

In a horsegram varietal trial at Bijapur, GPM-40, with a seed yield of 1110 kg/ha and GPM-17 with 999kg/ha were found to be superior compared to the varieties.


179

Gremplasm evaluation of horsegram - BijapurEntry Seed yield (kg/ha) Fodder yield (kg/ha)GPM – 40 1110 3330GPM – 17 999 2664IC – 11095 888 2553GPM – 52 888 3108IC – 100938 888 3330GPM – 6 888 3774GPM – 34 888 2442FHG – 4 888 2886GPM – 63 888 2886GPM - 73 844 2220

Among 10 horsegram entries tested at Bijapur in a multi location trial, GPM-6 was superior with a seedyield of 1386 kg/ha, followed by BGM-1-183 with a yield of 1233 kg/ha under semi arid vertisols. Thehorsegram entries had a variation of 5.1% for seed yield and 5.6% for fodder yield in the study.

Yield and yield parameters of multi location trial of Horsegram - BijapurEntry Fodder yield (kg/ha) Seed yield (kg/ha)DS – 5 4761 1085DS – 2-2 4909 888PHG – 20 2812 811GPM – 73 3305 1075BGM – 1- 183 4859 1233GPM – 6 3503 1381KBHG – 1 2911 942Bijapur local 2713 1103PHG – 62 3281 1103DFH – 1 2639 1255

Mean 3569 1088SEm 116 32

CD (0.05) 346 95CV (%) 5.6 5.1

In an initial varietal trial for identifying drought and disease resistant varieties of horsegram, IC-100938was superior with a maximum yield of 1258 kg/ha, followed by GPM-6 with 1233 kg/ha against the checkKBHG-1 with 977 kg/ha in semi arid vertisols.

Yield and yield parameters of horsegram in an initial varietal trial - BijapurEntry Plant height (cm) Fodder yield (kg/ha) Seed yield (kg/ha)IC – 100938 48.87 4810 1258GPM – 13 48.53 4761 888GPM – 9 50.40 3527 937GPM – 11 53.40 3848 765GPM-23 45.13 4563 1061KBHG – 1 57.40 3231 977Bijapur local 40.93 3009 1090GPM – 6 40.47 2886 1233GPM – 3 43.87 2861 789GPM – 20 39.73 1949 913

Mean 46.87 3545 991SEm 1.78 149 40

CD (0.05) 5.29 442 118CV (%) 6.58 7.3 6.9


180

In a multi location trial with 16 spanish bunch varieties of groundnut under semi arid vertisols of BijapurDH-106 was superior with a pod yield of 1367 kg/ha, followed by DH- 107 with 1228 kg/ha and R-9214 with1205 kg/ha. The genotypes had a coefficient of variation of 18.6% the study.

Yield and yield parameters of multi location trial with on groundnut Spanish bunch varieties - BijapurEntry Yield (kg/ha)DH – 105 (R-9214 X DER)-8) 1042DH – 2001 (K-134 X Dh-8)-29) 1066DH – 106 (JL – 24 X Dh-51)-22) 1367DH – 107 (JL-24 X ICGV 086350)-4 1228DH – 53 903DH – 22 (Tan) 996DH – 104 (ICGV 092242) 1135DH – 86 1089R – 9214 1205R – 9217 1089R – 9227 927R – 9248 857GPBD – 4 1135JL – 24 880DH – 3 – 30 718R – 8808 1205

Mean 1053SEm 113

CD (0.05) 327

In a study with 9 entries of little millet at Bijapur, LMLT-5, LMLT-4 and LMLT-1 were found to be promisingwith a yield of 1046, 947 and 898 kg/ha. The genotypes were found to have a variation of 10.2% in the study.

Yield of multi location trial on little millet - BijapurEntry Yield (kg/ha)LMLT - 1 898LMLT – 2 814LMLT – 3 794LMLT – 4 947LMLT – 5 661LMLT – 6 1046LMLT – 7 888LMLT – 8 617LMLT – 9 622

Mean 810SEm 48

CD (0.05) 143

Among 9 varieties of foxtail millet tested, under semi arid vertisols of Bijapur, FMLT-6, FMLT-7 and FMLT-9 were found to be superior with a significantly higher yield of 3355, 3231 and 2911 kg/ha.

Yield of multi location trial on foxtail millet - BijapurEntry Yield (kg/ha)FMLT – 1 2171FMLT – 2 1998FMLT – 3 2763FMLT – 4 2837FMLT – 5 2738


181

FMLT – 6 3355FMLT – 7 3231FMLT – 8 2541FMLT - 9 2911

Mean 2727SEm 143

CD (0.05) 429

3.5 Weed managementIn an integrated nutrient management study with pigeonpea under semi arid vertisols of Solapur, weed

free check gave a maximum seed yield of 504 kg/ha, followed by an application of pendimithalin @ 1 kg ai/haas a pre emergence dose + one hoeing at 45 days after sowing with a yield of 498 kg/ha. The weedy checkgave a yield of 215 kg/ha in this study. Pendimethalin @ 1 kg a.i./ha as a pre-emergency dose together withone hoeing after 45 days after sowing was found to have maximum weed control efficiency of 90.9% formanaging weeds in pigeonpea, while competitive crop effect (blackgram) had lowest weed control efficiency of15.1% in the study.

Integrated weed management in pigeonpea under dryland conditions – SolapurTreatment Pigeonpea seed yield

(kg/ha) in 2002Stick yield

(kg/ha)Weed controlefficiency (%)

Fluchloralin @ 1kg a.i. /ha (pre-emergence) 380 3268 75.9Fluchloralin @ 1kg a.i. /ha (pre-emergence)+ onehoeing after 45 days after sowing

426 3571 79.9

Pendimithalin @ 1 kg a.i. /ha (pre-emergence) 415 3428 79.4Pendimithalin @ 1 kg a.i. /ha (pre-emergence) +one hoeing after 45 days after sowing

498 3724 90.9

Three hoeings at 15 days interval 359 3175 81.4Competitive crop effect (blackgram) 263 2457 15.1Weedy check 215 2213 --Weed free check 504 4899 --

Mean 383SEm 26 174

CD (0.05) 80 529CV (%) 11.9 9.0

4. On-farm Research

4.1 Operational Research Project

4.1.1. Nutrient management

Application of fertiliser was found to be highly effective for rabi sorghum with a yield of 538 kg/ha underfarmers’ field conditions at Solapur. In the trial, a low yield of 309 kg/ha was attained without application offertiliser.

Response of rabi sorghum to fertilizer application – SolapurGrain (kg/ha)

Treatment In 2002 Mean (9 yrs)Fertilizer 538 737No fertilizer 309 517

Mean 424 627


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4.1.2. Soil and water conservationProtective irrigation in a rabi gave a significantly higher chickpea yield of 740 kg/ha compared to no

irrigation with a yield of 428 kg/ha under semi arid vertisols of Solapur.

Effect of life saving irrigation to chickpea – SolapurTreatment Yield (kg/ha) in 2002Protective irrigation 740Control 428

Mean 584

Under protective irrigation in farmers’ fields at Solapur, sunflower yielded 902 kg/ha in kharif, whileBerseem yielded 395 kg/ha in rabi season. Under irrigated conditions, African tall variety of maize and Vardanvariety of Berseem yielded 613 and 670 kg/ha respectively.

Fodder based cropping system under protective irrigation – SolapurCrop No. of locations Season Yield (kg/ha)Sunflower 2 Kharif 902Berseem 2 Rabi 395

Forage production under irrigated condition – SolapurCrop No. of locations Season Yield (kg/ha)Maize (African tall) 2 Kharif 613Berseem (Wardan) 2 Rabi 670

4.1.3. Crop improvement

Among 4 varieties of rabi sorghum tested under farmers’ field conditions of Solapur, Yashoda gavemaximum yield of 1442 kg/ha compared to other varieties. The variation M-35-1 with a yield of 599 kg/ha wasthe second best followed by Mauli with 555 kg/ha and selection –3 with 404 kg/ha in the study.

Performance of promising genotypes of rabi sorghum – SolapurGrain (kg/ha)

Variety In 2002 Mean (8 yrs)SSOR-9401 1681CSV-13R 1137CSV-14R 480CSH-15R 901M-35-1 (Local) 599 621*SPV-839 1770Swati 1148Selection-3 404 152*

SSOR-9405 2240SPV-1359 1273SPV-1375 1373Yashoda 1442Mauli 555

Mean 1127* Mean of 9 years

4.1.4. Cropping systems

In a large scale demonstration with rabi sorghum, chickpea and safflower under semi arid vertisols, thecrop yielded 1238, 674 and 398 kg/ha in the current season as against an average yield of 565, 798 and 428kg/ha of the respective crops in the last 8 years.


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Large scale demonstration on sorghum, chickpea and safflower– SolapurGrain (kg/ha)

Crop In 2002 Mean (8 yrs)Sorghum 1238 565Chickpea 674 798Safflower 398 428

In a trial with nutritive fodder crops in rabi season at Solapur, a yield of 43000 kg/ha was attained with Kentvariety, while Berseem yield of 62150 kg/ha was attained from 3 cuts with Vardhan variety under semi arid vertisols.

Introduction of nutritive fodder crops in rabi under irrigated condition - SolapurCrops Yield (kg/ha)Oats (Kent) 43000Berseem (Wardan) 24650 (1st cut) 37500 (2nd cut) 62150(Total)

The improved varieties of maize (MPQ-13), pigeonpea (ICP-8863), pearlmillet (Sharadha) and sunflower(MSFH-17) were found to be superior with local variety with yields of 720, 882, 357 and 550 kg/ha respectivelyunder semi arid vertisols of Solapur.

Performance of improved cultivars of different crops – SolapurCrops No.of locations Variety Yield (kg/ha) % increaseMaize 1 MPQ-13 720 53

Local 470Pigeonpea 2 ICP – 8863 882 68

Local 525Pearlmillet 1 Shraddha 357

Saburi 315Local 220

Sunflower 2 MSFH-17 550 29SS – 56 425

In a trial with pigeonpea + clusterbean intercropping at Solapur, a yield of 550 kg/ha of pigeonpea and642 kg/ha of clusterbean were attained compared to pigeonpea yield of 682 kg/ha.

Intercropping system of pigeonpea + clusterbean – SolapurCrops Yield (kg/ha) 2002Sole pigeonpea 682Pigeonpea + clusterbean 550 +642

In another intercropping study with sunflower + pigeonpea at Solapur, intercropping yields of 394 kg/haof sunflower and 488 kg/ha of pigeonpea were attained compared to 425 kg/ha of sunflower and 682 ofpigeonpea under sole cropping.

Intercropping system of sunflower + pigeonpea– SolapurGrain (kg/ha)

Crops In 2002 Mean (8 yrs)Sole sunflower 425 379Sole pigeonpea 682 538Intercrop of sunflower 394 272Intercrop of pigeonpea 488 441

In a double cropping demonstration in farmers’ field under favorable rainfall condition, greengram yielded800 kg/ha in kharif, while sorghum yielded 711 kg/ha in rabi under semi arid vertisols of Solapur.

Demonstration of double cropping under favorable rainfall situation – SolapurCrop Season Yield (kg/ha)Greengram Kharif 200Sorghum Rabi 625Fallow Kharif -Sorghum Rabi 711


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4.2 On-farm trials: BijapurSoil and water conservation

Among three different moisture conservation methods viz., cross ploughing by wooden plough, deepploughing + residue incorporation and deep ploughing + residue incorporation + conservation furrow in 1:5and 2: 4 row ratios under semi arid vertisols tested for pigeonpea + groundnut in farmers’ fields at Bijapur,highest net returns of Rs.18622/ha were attained with deep ploughing + residue incorporation + conservationfurrow treatment. Between the two planting ratios, 2:4 row ration was superior with a higher net returns ofRs.16467/ha compared to 1:5 planting ratio.

Economics of the intercropping system of groundnut + pigeonpea as influenced by moistureconservation and planting ratio - Bijapur

TreatmentMain plot Planting

ratio

Seed yield ofpigeonpea

(kg/ha)

Pod yield ofgroundnut

(kg/ha)

Net returns(Rs/ha)

5:1 397 614 12871Cross ploughing by wooden plough4:2 496 591 135935: 1 467 712 15341Deep ploughing + residue incorporation4:2 546 663 167835:1 528 791 18220Deep ploughing + residue incorporation +

conservation furrow (scientific) 4:2 610 765 19025

Net returns of the intercropping system of pigeonpea + groundnut as influenced by moistureconservation and planting ratio - Bijapur

Net returns (Rs/ha)Treatment 1:5 2:4 MeanCross ploughing by wooden plough 12871 13593 13232Deep ploughing + residue incorporation 15341 16783 16062Deep ploughing + residue incorporation +conservation furrow

18220 19025 18622

Mean 15477 16467 -

In an on-farm trial with greengram – sunflower system with different moisture conservation and rowspacing treatments at Bijapur under semi arid vertisols, maximum and significantly higher seed yield of 1670kg/ha of sunflower was attained by growing the crop with paired row planting of 45 cm – 135 cm row spacingwith frequent inter cultivation. This is followed by at par seed yield of 1667/ha by growing sunflower at 135 cmsof row spacing with frequent of inter cultivation, while sunflower at 35 cm row spacing yielded 932 kg/ha in thestudy. Among 3 moisture conservation methods, off season tillage + repeated harrowings + compartmentbunding + incorporation of greengram residue was superior with a sunflower seed yield of 1467 kg/hacompared to off season tillage + repeated harrowing or this treatment along with compartment bunding.

Seed yield of sunflower as influenced by moisture conservation andplanting geometry (over years) - Bijapur

Treatment Seed yield (kg/ha)Off season tillage + repeated harrowing 1345Off season tillage + repeated harrowing + compartment bunding 1457Off season tillage + repeated harrowing + compartment bunding + greengramresidue incorporation

1467

SEm 32CD (0.05) 98

Sunflower at 35 cm row spacing 932Sunflower at 135 cm row spacing with frequent inter cultivation 1667Sunflower with paired row planting of 45 cm-135 cm with repeated inter cultivation 1670

SEm 78CD (0.05) 223


185

In a study under on-farm conditions on greengram – rabi sorghum sequence with different moistureconservation and planting geometry treatments at Bijapur, maximum grain yield of sorghum of 2429 kg/ha wasattained by growing sorghum with off season tillage + repeated harrowing + compartment bunding +greengram residue incorporation. Similarly, a higher yield of 2767 kg/ha was attained when sorghum wasgrown at 90 cm row spacing with frequent inter cultivation compared to other treatments under semi aridvertisols in an on farm study.

Seed yield of sunflower as influenced by moisture conservation and planting geometry - BijapurTreatment Grain yield

(kg/ha)Fodder yield

(kg/ha)Moisture conservation practicesOff season tillage + repeated harrowing 2023 5060Off season tillage and repeated harrowing + compartment bunding 2337 5844Off season tillage and repeated harrowing + compartment bunding + greengramresidue incorporation

2429 6074

SEm 59 148CD (0.05) 173 435

Planting geometrySunflower at 35 cm row spacing 1670 4176Sunflower at 90 cm row spacing with frequent inter cultivation 2767 6919Sunflower with paired row planting of 45 cm – 90 cm with repeated inter cultivation 2353 5883

SEm 73 182CD (0.05) 201 502

5. Frontline demonstrationsIn a study of 4 trials, sunflower yield of 420 kg/ha has been attained from front line demonstrations as

against 350 kg/ha attained from farmers’ practice at Solapur.

At Solapur, 38.45% of increased pigeonpea yield attained from 5 front line demonstrations trials (a meanyield of 1007 kg/ha) as against 620 kg/ha from farmers’ practice.

A mean castor yield of 382 kg/ha was attained from 3 demonstrations trials (34.29% increase) as against251 kg/ha from farmers’ practice at Solapur.

In rabi, 41.24% increased in yield of safflower (1039 kg/ha) as against 611 kg/ha from farmers’ practice in4 trials. From 5 trials on sunflower yields of 1086 kg/ha as against 782 kg/ha from farmers’ practice (28% yieldincrease) are attained at Solapur.

In chickpea, a yield of 1056 kg/ha has been attained from 8 trials under front line demonstrationscompared to 742 kg/ha under farmers’ practice (29.76 increase) at Solapur.

Mean yield (kg/ha)Centre Crops No. oftrials Frontline



Sunflower 4 420 350 16.67Pigeonpea 5 1007 620 38.45

Solapur (kharif)

Castor 3 382 251 34.29Safflower 4 1039 611 41.24Sunflower 5 1086 782 28.00

Solapur (rabi)

Chickpea 8 1056 742 29.76


186

6. Kharif Sorghum Based Production SystemIn a study with different cropping systems and nutrient application with organic and inorganic sources at

Jhansi, maximum biomass yield of 12340 kg/ha was attained from Leucaena leucocephala + guinea grass +maize (grain) + cowpea (fodder), followed by 11060 kg/ha from Leucaena leucocephala + TSH + maize(grain) + cowpea (fodder). Application of 25% organic + 75% inorganic fertiliser gave maximum biomass of11710 kg/ha in this study.

Developing improved food-fodder production system for prolonged fodder availabilityunder rainfed conditions - Jhansi

Biomass yield (t/ha) in 2002TreatmentGG/TSH Maize Cowpea Sorghum Total

A: Cropping Systems 1st Cut 2nd CutLeucaena leucocephala + Guinea grass +Sorghum (F) + Pigeonpea (G)

8.6 7.1 13.6 29.3

Leucaena leucocephala + Guinea grass + Cowpea(F) - Chickpea + Linseed (G)

12.2 10.2 73.3 95.8

Leucaena leucocephala + Guinea grass + Maize(G) + Cowpea (F)

15.2 9.5 29.7 45.6 100

Leucaena leucocephala + TSH + Sorghum (F) +Pigeonpea (G)

1.1 9.5 12.7 23.3

Leucaena leucocephala +TSH + Cowpea (F) -Chickpea + Linseed (G)

1.7 8.8 16.1 26.6

Leucaena leancocephala + TSH + Maize (G) +Cowpea (F)

0.6 5.8 28.1 57.5 92.1

B: Nutrient application25% (organic) + 75% (inorganic) 8.5 8.5 30.5 49.9 12.4 109.850% (organic) + 50% (inorganic) 6.8 9.4 26 47.3 14.6 104.175% (organic) + 25% (inorganic) 4.5 7.6 30.3 47.1 12.4 101.9F : Fodder, G : Grain

7. PublicationsResearch JournalsBijapur

Guled, M.B., Gundlur, S.S., Hiremath, K.A., Surakod, V.S. and Balanagoudar, S.R. 2002. Effect of organic andinorganic fertilizer on soil physical and chemical properties of vertisols under rainfed conditions.Karnataka Journal of Agriculture Sciences, 15(3): 509-513.

Guled, M.B., Gundlur, S.S., Hiremath, K.A., Surakod, V.S. and Balanagoudar, S.R. 2002. Influence of differentin situ moisture conservation practices on soil poperties and yield of sorghum – sunflower croppingsystem. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 15(3): 514-517.

Guled, M.B., Gundlur, S.S., Hiremath, K.A., Yarnal, R.S., and Surakod, V.S., 2002, Impact of different soilmanagement practices on runoff and soil loss in vertisols. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences,15(3): 518-524.

Guled, M.B., Gundlur, S.S., Hiremath, K.A. and Surakod, V.S., 2003. Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer onuptake of major nutrients by rabi sorghum. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 16(2): 304-306.

Guled, M.B., Gundlur, S.S., Hiremath, K.A. and Surakod, V.S., 2003. Influence of organic and inorganicmanures on uptake of Sulphur and Micronutrients by rabi sorghum. Karnataka Journal of AgriculturalSciences, 16(2): 245-248.

Prakash, B.G., Nayakar, N.Y. and Guled, M.B., 2002. “NSP-92-1 (E): A hardy new sunflower population forNorthern Dryzone of Karnataka. 2002. Karnataka Journal Agricultural Sciences. 15(1): 142-143.


187

Srikanth, I., Shirahati, M.S., Balakrishnan, P., Upperi, S.N. and Dodamani, B. 2002. Performance of subsurfacedrainage system in controlling waterlogging and soil salinity. Presented paper in the AP Chapter of ISAESeminar held at Hyderabad on July 11th 2002.

SymposiaSolapur

Bangar A.R. and Deshpande, A.N. (2002). Research Achievements (1971-2000), All India CoordinatedResearch Project, Solapur (in press), Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, District-Ahmednagar.

Bangar, A.R., Deshpande, A.N., Shinde, M.D., Mulik, S.P., Pacharne, D.T. and Jadhav, S.B. (2002). TechnologyImpact Assessment of Agriculture Research on Resource poor farmers – Report submitted underDistance training programme, NAARM, Hyderabad.

Bangar, A.R., Deshpande, A.N., Shinde, M.D., Mulik, S.P, . Pacharne, D.T. and Jadhav, S.B. (2002).Technology and Information Needs Assessment report of Resource poor farmers. Report submittedunder Distance training Programme, NAARM, Hyderabad.

Bangar, A.R., Deshpande, A.N. and Tamboli, B.D. (2002). Effect of potassium in Inceptisol under Drylandconditions. Paper presented at State level seminar on soil health management for enhanced agricultureproduction by Parbhani Chapter of ISSS, Marathwada Agricultural University on 27-28th September, 2002.

Bangar, A.R., Deshpande, A.N. and Waikar, S.L. (2002). Nutritional Survey of Pomegranate Orchards inScarcity Zone of Maharashtra State. Paper presented at State level seminar on soil health managementfor enhanced agricultural production organized by Parbhani chapter of ISSS, Maharashtra AgriculturalUniversity on 27-28th September, 2002.

Bangar, A.R., Jadhav, J.D., Pawar, K.P. and Thorve, S.B. (2003). Climatological approach for crop planningunder viable agricultural situations. Paper accepted in National Seminar organized by 6th AgriculturalSciences Congress, February 13-15 at Bhopal.

Bangar, A.R., Pawar, K.P., Jadhav, J.D. and Khadtare, S.V. (2003). Heat unit requirement of safflower. Paperpresented in National Seminar on Stress Management in Oilseed for attaining self reliance at Hyderabadto be held during January 28-30, 2003 PP 31.

Danawale, N.J., Jadhav, A.P. and Bangar, A.R. (2003). Effect of moisture conservation techniques and fertilizerlevels on sunflower yield under aberrant weather condtions. Paper presented in India Science CongressAssociation 2003, 90th Session held at Bangalore, From 3-7th January, 2003.

Deshpande, A.N., Bangar, A.R. and Waikar, S.L. (2002). Impact of management of fertility status of soil, yieldand quality of pomegranate. Paper presented at State level seminar on soil health management forenhanced agricultural production organized by Parbhani chapter of ISSS, Marathwada AgriculturalUniversity on 27-28th September, 2002.

Deshpande, A.N., Gaikwad, B.G. and Bangar, A.R. (2002). Effect of locally available materials on productivity ofproblematic soils in relation to rabi sorghum yield in microwatershed. State level seminar on landresource management for food security and permanence organized by Dapoli Chapter of ISSS and Dr.Balasaheb Sawant, Konkan Krish Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, January, 5-6, 2002.

Gawand, P.B., Bangar, A.R., Tambe, S.I. and Tambe, B.N. (2003). Techno-economic assessment of variousoilseeds crops under rainfed situation. Paper presented to National Seminar on stress management inoilseeds for attaining self reliance in vegetable oils held at Hyderabad, January 28-30, 2003.

Jadhav, J.D., Bangar, A.R., Pawar, K.P. and Khadtate, S.V. (2003). Interception of light as influenced by sowingwindows in kharif sunflower. Paper presented in National Seminar on Stress management in oilseed forattaining self reliance at Hyderabad to be held during January 28-30, 2003. PP 67.

Jadhav, J.D., Bangar, A.R., Pawar, K.P. and Thorve, S.B. (2003). Use of climatic water balance for viableagriculture planning. Paper accepted in National Seminar on organized by 6th Agricultural SciencesCongress, February 13-15, 2003 at Bhopal.


188

Khadtare., S.V., Jadhav, J.D., Bangar, A.R. and Pawar, K.P. (2003). Effect of sowing windows on radiation usein safflower. Paper presented in National Seminar on Stress management in oilseed for attaining selfreliance at Hyderabad to be held during January 28-30, 2003. PP 115.

Khadtare, S.V., Pawar, K.P. and Bangar, A.R. (2003). Light and moisture use of Pearlmillet under different in-situ moisture conservation techniques. Paper accepted in National Seminar organized by 6th AgriculturalSciences Congress, February 13-15, 2003 at Bhopal.

Mokashi, D.D., Jadhav, J.D. and Pawar, K.P. (2003). Assessment of phasic model for rabi sunflower. Paperpresented in National Seminar on Stress management in oilseed for attaining self reliance at Hyderabadto be held during January 28-30, 2003. PP 124.

Mokashi, D.D, Pawar, K.P., Bangar, A.R. and Jadhav, J.D. (2003). Effect of weather parameters on phenologyand yield of pigeonpea. Paper accepted in National Seminar organized by 6th Agricultural ScienceCongress, February 13-15, 2003 at Bhopal.

Pacharne, D.T., Bangar, A.R. and Sanglikar, R.V. (2003). Determination of conservation practice factor (P) ofthe USLE for different conservation practices in dryland region of Maharashtra. Paper presented at XXXVIIannual convention of ISAE held at MPUAT, Udaipur during January, 29-31, 2003.

Pawar, K.P., Bangar, A.R., Jadhav, J.D. and Khadtare, S.V. (2003). Thermal requirement of Kharif sunflower asinfluenced by dates of sowing. Paper presented in National Seminar on Stress management in oilseed forattaining self reliance at Hyderabad to be held during January 28-30, 2003. PP 23.

Pawar, K.P., Jadhav, J.D., Bangar, A.R. and Khadtare, S.V. (2003). Radiation interception as influenced bysowing windows in pigeonpea. Paper accepted in National Seminar organized by 6th Agricultural ScienceCongress, February 13-15, 2003.

Sthool, V.A., Thorve, S.B. and Bangar, A.R. (2003). Water balance studies of Konheri Watershed under ORP.Paper presented at XXXVII annual convention of ISAE held at MPUAT, Udaipur during January, 29-31,2003. PP 215.

Sthool, V.A., Thorve, S.B. and Bangar, A.R. (2003). Divendents from soil and water conservation practices (Abrief Review of work done in Rainfed (Co-Regions) published by NATP, CRIDA, Hyderabad (Dec. 2002).

Sthool, V.A., Thorve, S.B. and Bangar, A.R. (2003). Indigenous Technical Knowledge on soil and waterconservation in Semi-Arid India. Published by NATP, CRIDA, Hyderabad (Dec. 2002) PP 51-58.

Tambe, S.I., Gawand, P.B., Bangar, A.R. and Tambe, B.N. (2003). Evaluation of productivity of safflower formoisture and nutrient constraints in vertisols under real farm situation. Paper presented to NationalSeminar on Stress management in oilseed for attaining self reliance at Hyderabad to be held duringJanuary 28-30, 2003.

Thorve, S.B., Jadhav, J.D., Bangar, A.R. and Pawar, K.P. (2003). Growth dynamics as influenced by weather inrabi sunflower. Paper presented in National Seminar on Stress management in oilseed for attaining selfreliance at Hyderabad to be held during January 28-30, 2003. PP 87.

Thorve, S.B., Bangar, A.R., Jadhav, J.D. and Pawar, K.P. (2003). Assessment of phenophesic model ofsorghum based on head and photothermal units. Paper accepted in National Seminar organized by 6th

Agricultural Sciences Congress. February 13-15, 2003 at Bhopal.

Popular articles

Solapur

Bangar, A.R., Tamboli, B.D. and Jadhav, J.D. (2002). Koradwahoo Sheti sanshodhan Kendracha abhinavupakram, tyacha sadrushaya parinam. Baliraja Monthly Magazine PP 46-47 (This paper awarded FirstPrize at State level)

Bangar, A.R., Pawar, K.P. and Jadhav, J.D. (2002). Avarshan pravan vibhagatil pawashachya sambhavatechevishleshan. Daily Tarun Bharat, PP 8, 18th July, 2002.


189

Deshpande A.N., Patil, U.S. and Bangar, A.R.(2002). Pikansathi Sukshma annadravyancha vapar: Baliraja June2002, 50:52.

Deshpande, A.N., Waikar, S.L., and Bangar, A.R.(2002). Sakhar Karkhanyatil takau malipasum upyogi compostkhat: Lokmangal Sheti-Pratik, August 2002, 13-15.

Deshpande, A.N., Waikar, S.L., and Bangar, A.R.(2002). Mruda parikhshanadware khatancha vapar va apekshitutpadan: Lokmangal Sheti-Pratik, December 2002, 17-23.

Deshpande, A.N., Waikar, S.L. and Bangar, A.R.(2002). Sakhar Karhanyatil takau malipasum upyogi compostkhat: Krishi Panan Mitra, January 2003, 42-46.

Deshpande, A.N., Waikar, S.L. and Bangar, A.R. (2002). Drakshyachi October Chatnichyaveli ghyawayachikalaji, dainik Sanchar, 20th October, 2002.

Pacharne, D.T. and Bangar, A.R. (2003). Kardwahu Shetisathi Sudharit aujare Lokmangal Sheti Pratik, January,2003.

Pacharne, D.T., A.R.Bangar and R.V.Sanglikar (2003). Koradwahu Shetisathi Power tillerchi Upauktata.Lokmangal Sheti Pratik, March, 2003.

Bijapur

Guggari, A.K., Guled, M.B., Surakod, V.S. and Hiremath, K.A., 2003. Drought management – Research centrerecommendations. In: Vijaya Karnakata daily news paper – 17-6-2003. page 3

Guled, M.B., Shrahatti, M.S., Sarawad, I.M., Savalagi, A.M., Surakod, V.S., and Yarnal, R.S., 2002. Impact ofwatershed management processes on natural resources development and agricultural production innorth Karnataka. Workshop on watershed development programme and its impact on development ofagricultural production and natural resources in the area, CRIDA, Hyderabad, Dec. 18-21.

Guled, M.B., Surakod, V.S. and Hiremath, K.A., 2003. Success stories of Dry farming practices. Accepted forpublication in “ANNADATA MONTHLY MAGAZINE” (Kannada)

Guled, M.B., Hiremath, K.A., Surakod, V.S. and Yarnal, R.S., 2003. Inter Terrace Land Management Practices.Krishik bandhu, 1(1): 25-28. (Kannada)

Guled, M.B., Surakod, V.S. and Hiremath, K.A., 2003. Set row culivation in dryland agriculture – Prospect forthe development of farmers. Accepted for publication in Krishik bandhu (Kannada)

Guled, M.B., Hiremath, K.A., Yarnal, R.S. and Surakod, V.S., 2003. Watershed management – A concept andprinciples. Accepted for publication in Krishik bandhu (Kannada)

Guled, M.B., Hiremath, K.A., Surakod, V.S., Yarnal, R.S. and Kabadagi, C.B., 2003. Profitable cropping systemsand inter terrace land management practices for soil and water conservation in dryland agriculture. In:Souvenir of Decennial function of Sajjalgudda Pujya Jagnamatha Sharanamma Gramina Krishi Pratistan,Kambalihal held on Feb 2003. (Kannada)

Guled M.B., Surakod, V.S., Guggari, A.K. and Kabadagi, C.B. K.A., 2003. An advise for drought management inmodern agriculture In: Vijaya Karnakata daily news paper – 28-06-2003. page 2.

Guled, M.B., Gundlur, S.S., Sarwad, I.M., Hiremanth, K.A. and Surakod, V.S. 2003. Evaluation of improved soilmanagement practices for soil conservation and sustainable land productivity. Accepted for publication inKarnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad

Gundlur, S.S., Dodmani, V.S., Sarwad, I.M. and Yarnal Ravindra, 2002. Reclamation of acid soils. KrishiMunnade, 15(3): 15.

Gundlur, S.S., 2002. Reclamation of salt affected soils. Krishi Munnade, 15(3): 16-17.

Gundlur, S.S. and Sarwad, I.M., 2002. Classification of kurl soils. Krishi Munnade, 15(1): 18-19.


190

Prakash, B.G., Nayakar, N.Y. and Guled, M.B., 2002. “KBHG-1: A promising horsegram variety for NorthernDryzone of Kranataka. Karnataka Journal Agricultural Sciences.15(2): 362-363.

Prakash, B.G. and Halaswamy, K.M., 2002. “Soorya kanthi belege manjina haavali” (Dew damage insunflower). In: Prajavani daily news paper (Kannada), 25th December, 2002.

TV ProgrammesBijapur

In E-TV under Annadata programme demonstrations on horsegram varieties, sunflower varieties and castorvarieties were telecasted.



(sanctioned &released)

Bijapur 4534901 24750 150000 4709651Solapur 4285718 24750 150000 4460468Solapur (ORP) 1180342 17000 120000 1317342

9. Scientific staffBijapurM.B.Guled,Chief ScientistV.S.Surakod, AgronomistB.G.Prakash, Plant BreederV.P.Badanur,Soil PhysicistM.I.Belgaumi, Agril. Engg.

SolapurA.L.Pharande, Chief ScientistP.B.Gawand, Plant BreederA.N.Deshpande,Soil PhysicistR.T.Jadhav, Agril. Engg.

Solapur (Operational research project)S.B.Patel, AgronomistA.B.Mohite, Jr.ScientistS.B.Thorve, Jr.Scientist

10. Address of centresBellary BijapurCentral Soil and Water ConservationResearch & Training InstituteResearch Centre,Hospet Road, Bellary – 583 104KarnatakaTel: (O) 08392 – 242164FAX: 08392 - 242665

AICRP for Dryland AgricultureAgriculture Research StationUniversity of Agricultural Sciences (Dharwad)P.B.No.18, Bijapur – 596 101, KarnatakaTel: (O) 08352 – 76926FAX: 08352 – 76926Email: [email protected]

SolapurAICRP for Dryland AgricultureMahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth,“Krishak Bhavan”, Near D.A.V.College,P.B.No.207, Solapur – 413 002, MaharashtraTel: (O) 0217 – 2373982Email: [email protected]


191

PEARLMILLET BASED PRODUCTION SYSTEM

1. IntroductionResearch on pearlmillet based production system is being carried out at three centers viz., Agra, Hisar

and SK Nagar. Agra and Hisar centres have primarily rainfed pearlmillet in kharif followed by partially irrigated(brackish ground water) rapeseed mustard. At SK Nagar, multiple crops like pearlmillet, tobacco, minor pulses,fodder, etc. predominate. Except Agra, which is located in semi arid tract, other two are in arid region. Agracenter has the recommendation domain of Agra, Aligarh, Hathras, Etah, Mainpuri, Firozabad and Mathuradistricts in Uttar Pradesh. Hisar centre is covering for dry tracts of Hisar, Sirsa, Fatehbad, Bhiwani, Jhajjar,Mahendergarh, Rewari, Gurgaon, Kandi area of Panchkula and Ambala. SK Nagar is covering Sabarkantha,Gandhi Nagar, Mehsana, parts of Patan, Ahmedabad and Banaskanta districts in Gujarat. Drought occurs twicein five years at SK Nagar and Hisar while once in ten years at Agra.

Agro-eco-sub-region State of soil degradation Climatic and soil parametersSK Nagar

Western Plain, Kachchh and part ofKathiawar peninsula, hot arid eco-region:Rajasthan Bagar, north Gujarat Plain andsouth-western Punjab plain, hot typic-arideco-sub region with deep, loamy desertsoils (inclusion of saline phase), lowavailable water capacity and length ofgrowing period 60-90 days (AESR 2.3)

Water erosion with moderate loss of topsoil, affecting 11-25% area; mediumseverity; wind erosion with moderate lossof top soil, affecting 26-50% area; highseverity; and moderate chemicaldeterioration due to salinization, affecting11-25% area; medium severity.

Potential evapo-transpirationRainfall (June to Sept.)Soil reactionElectrical conductivityOrganic carbonPhosphatePotash

572 mm

202 mmNormalSuitableLowMediumMedium - High

HisarWestern Plain, Kachchh and part ofKathiawar peninsula, hot arid eco-region:Rajasthan Bagar, north Gujarat Plain andsouth-western Punjab plain, hot typic-arideco-subregion with deep, loamy desertsoils (inclusion of saline phase), lowavailable water capacity and length ofgrowing period 60-90 days (AESR 2.3)

Wind erosion with moderate loss of topsoil, affecting 26-50% area; high severity;and moderate chemical deterioration,affecting 26-50% area; high severity.


769 mm


AgraNorthern Plain (and Central Highlands)including Aravallis, hot semi arid eco-region: North Punjab Plain, Ganga-Yamuna Doab and Rajasthan Upland, hotsemi arid eco-subregion with deep loamyalluvium-derived soils (occasional salineand sodic phases), medium availablewater capacity and length of growingperiod 90-120 days (AESR 4.1)

Water erosion with extreme terraindeformation, affecting 26-50% area; andmoderate loss of top soil, affecting 11-25% area and very high severity tomoderate physical deterioration due towater logging, affecting 11-25% area andmedium severity.

Potential evapo-transpirationRainfall (2001)Soil reactionElectrical conductivityOrganic carbonPhosphatePotash

669 mm


2. RainfallHisar received 185 mm of rainfall against a normal of 412 mm in 2002. May received 87 mm against a

normal of 20 mm and was of no use except off-season tillage. The rainfall received in June, July, August andSeptember was of no use for even tillage and sowing, since the rainfall was hardly around 20 mm in a givenmonth. This has resulted in no sowings of different crops and carrying out agricultural operations. The seasonwas unusual as noting could be sown nor moisture could be conserved and reused for subsequent crops.

SK Nagar received below normal rainfall in July, August and September, although the rainfall was normalin June. A rainfall of 202 mm was received in June to September months against a normal of 783 mm. Thecrops that were sown in June has no good growth subsequently due to drought. This has resulted in low yieldsof the crops sown in kharif.


192

Agra received below normal rainfall of 585 compared to a normal of 669 mm during January to December2002. Sowings were delayed and crops did not have good growth due to erratic rainfall in the season. The rabicrops like mustard and chickpea were taken up because of sufficient soil moisture due to good rainfall receivedin the end of September.

Rainfall (mm) in various seasons during 2002Agra SK Nagar HisarMonth and season

Normal 2002 Normal 2002 Normal 2002Rainy seasonJune 51 13.2 87 87 47 20July 186 42.6 278 19 122 11August 262 224.4 275 38 126 30September 90 190.7 142 58 40 24Total 589 470.9 782 202 335 85Post – rainy seasonOctober 24 4.6 20 0 5 0November 2 - 3 0 0 0Total 26 4.6 23 0 5 0WinterDecember 2 1.0 1 0 4 13January 15 24.4 0 0 13 0February 12 42.6 0 0 16 0Total 29 68.0 1 0 33 13SummerMarch 11 - 0 0 12 0April 3 - 0 0 6 0May 11 41.8 0 0 20 87Total 25 41.8 0 0 38 87Grand total 669 585.3 806 202 411 185

3. On – station Research3.1 Integrated nutrient management

In a nitrogen management study for pearlmillet, sorghum and castor with different times of N applicationat SK Nagar, maximum pearlmillet equivalent yield of 3166 kg/ha was attained from pearlmillet crop, followedby 1440 kg/ha with sorghum and 1432 kg/ha with castor. The crops had a sustainability of 0.37, 0.27 and 0.07,respectively with regard to time of application of N 25% basal + 75% at 20-25 days after sowing was found toprovide a significantly higher pearlmillet yield of 2224 kg/ha followed by 75% basal + 25% at 20-25 days aftersowing with a yield of 2070 kg/ha under semi aridisols.

A maximum soil test value of 172 kg/ha of N was observed when 100% fertiliser was applied at 20 to 25days after sowing, while soil P of 47 kg/ha and soil K of 222 kg/ha were observed when 25% N (basal) + 75%N at 20 to 25 days after sowing was applied compared to other N treatments for pearlmillet, sorghum andcastor crops.

Nitrogen management in dryland crops - SK NagarSoil test values

(kg/ha)Treatment

N P K

Pearlmilletequivalent yield(kg/ha) in 2002

Mean(7 yrs)


A: CropsPearlmillet 161 44.6 209 3166 2058 0.37Sorghum 153 47.5 224 1440 1935 0.27Castor 166 43.4 218 1432 3957 0.07

SEm 3.7 1.8 7.8 117CD (0.05) NS NS NS 458

CV (%) 9.7 16.9 15.2 25.0


193

B: Time of application of N75% (Basal + 25% (20-25 days after sowing) 158 45.0 216 2070 256250% (Basal) + 25% (20-25 days after sowing)+ 25% (40-45 days after sowing)

153 45.4 221 1906 2767

25% (Basal) + 75% (20-25 days after sowing) 163 47.0 222 2224 2828100% (20-25 days after sowing) 172 46.6 216 2020 269675% (20-25 days after sowing) + 25% (40-45days after sowing)

158 44.9 209 2023 2583

50% (20-25 days after sowing) + 50% (40-45days after sowing)

155 42.1 220 1832 2500

Mean 2013 2656SEm 2.7 2.2 7.1 73

CD (0.05) 8.0 NS NS 212CV (%) 5.1 4.6 9.9 11.0

In a long term manurial trial with castor, 50% N through inorganic fertiliser + 50% N through farm yardmanure gave significantly higher seed yield of 323 kg/ha compared to either 100% recommended N (202kg/ha), 50% recommended N (177 kg/ha), 50% N through farm yard manure (210 kg/ha) and control (118kg/ha) in aridisols under arid climate at SK Nagar. The analysis of soil N, P and K indicated that maximum soilN of 185 kg/ha and soil P of 49 kg/ha were found when 50% N through inorganic + 50% N through farm yardmanure was applied, while maximum soil K of 196 kg/ha when farm yard manure to meet 50% N was applied inthe studied. Soil N, P and K were found to be lowest in the control plot with observed values of 125, 31 and 154kg/ha in the study.

Long term manurial trial on castor - SK NagarSoil test values (kg/ha)Treatment

N P KCastor yield


Control (No manures and fertilizers) 125 31 154 118 307100% recommended N (inorganic) 151 43 183 202 64150% recommended N (inorganic) 146 38 175 177 550Farm yard manure to meet 50% N 156 47 196 210 50550% N (inorganic) + 50% N (farm yard manure) 185 49 185 323 666Farmers method (5 t farm yard manure/ha oncein 3 years)

156 44 174 231 484

Mean 210 525SEm 3.1 2.6 6.4 35

CD (0.05) 11.4 7.7 NS 105CV (%) 4.9 12.2 7.2 33

Among different clusterbean varieties tested at Agra, RGC-1025 was a better yielder with a significantlyhigher yield of 765 kg/ha compared to RGD-112 and HGS-345. 30 and 60 kg/ha of sulphur and 40 and 60kg/ha of phosphorus were found to provide a significantly higher clusterbean yield compared to other levels offertiliser under dry sub-humid inceptisols. Coefficient of variation of 12% among varieties, 12% among sulphurlevels and 9% among phosphorus levels were observed based on the clusterbean yields recorded in the study.

Studies on the productivity of clusterbean varieties as affected by sulphur andphosphorus fertilization – Agra

Treatment Yield (kg/ha) in 2002A: VarietiesRGC-1025 765RGH- 112 695HGS-345 704

SEm 15CD (0.05) 44


194

B: Sulphur (kg/ha)0 67330 74060 751

SEm 15CD (0.05) 44

C: Phosphorus (kg/ha)0 51220 71240 81660 845

SEm 13CD (0.05) 36

Out of different green manures and N levels tested for mustard at Agra, Dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata),sunhemp (Crotaleria juncea) and cowpea (Vigna ungquiculata) were found to be at par with seed yields of1632, 1612 and 1583 kg/ha and were significantly superior to control (1407 kg/ha). 60 and 40 kg N/ha were atpar with yields of 1771 and 1682 kg/ha and were significantly superior to 20 kg/ha (1527 kg/ha of yield) andcontrol (1254 kg/ha). Water use efficiency of 9.3 kg/ha/mm was highest for sunhemp compared to other greenmanuring crops. Similarly, a maximum of 9.7 kg/ha/mm was observed when 60 kg/ha of N was appliedcompared to 20 and 40 kg/ha of application.

Effect of green manuring and nitrogen application on the growth and yield of mustard - AgraTreatment Mustard seed

yield (kg/ha)in 2002

Mean(3 yrs)

Water use (mm) Water useefficiency

(kg/ha/mm)A: Green manuringWithout manuring (Fallow) 1407 1039 161 8.7Cowpea (Vigna ungquiculata) 1583 1208 172 9.2Dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata) 1632 1288 176 9.3Sunhemp (Crotaleria juncea) 1612 1238 175 9.2

Mean 1559 1193SEm 47

CD (0.05) 162CV (%) 10.4

B. Nitrogen levels (kg/ha)0 1254 907 156 8.020 1527 1178 168 9.140 1682 1317 177 9.560 1771 1371 183 9.7

Mean 1559 1193SEm 44

CD (0.05) 128CV (%) 10.0

In an integrated nutrient management study, with different N and P doses applied to pearlmillet +cowpea intercropping at Hisar, maximum fodder yield of 2838 kg/ha was attained with 40 kg N + 30 kg P/ha.However, the yield was at par with the application of either 30 kg N + 20 kg P or 20 kg N + 10 kg P/ha orcontrol in the study due to low rainfall and moisture availability.


195

Yield of pearlmillet + cowpea fodder as affected by fertility levels applied during kharif season - HisarTreatment Yield (kg/ha)Fertiliser N + P (kg/ha)Control 227920 + 10 264430 + 20 275240 + 30 2838

SEm 346CD (0.05) NS

BH – 87 variety of barley was found to be superior and attained a higher grain yield either with Dhainchagreen manure or without green manure application. A maximum yield of 616 kg/ha under green manure and500 kg/ha with out green manure were attained by this variety. Among different N and P doses applied, 45 kgN + 22.5 kg P/ha under no green manure block and 60 kg N + 30 kg P under green manure block gavemaximum barley yields of 493 kg/ha and 610 kg/ha respectively at Hisar under aridisols. Green manuring had apositive effect and also the 3 varieties performed better with green manuring application in the study.

Grain yield of barley as affected by different varieties and fertility levels - HisarGrain yield (kg/ha)Treatment

Without green manuringof dhaincha

With green manuringdhaincha

Effect of greenmanuring

VarietyBH – 87 500 616 116BH – 75 485 594 109BH – 393 444 555 111

SEm 21 14CD (0.05) NS 40


196

Fertility levelsControl 445 559 11415 kg N + 7.5 kg P/ha 470 576 10630 kg N + 15 kg P/ha 487 593 10645 kg N + 22.5 kg P/ha 493 607 11460 kg N + 30 kg P/ha 488 610 122

SEm 27 17CD (0.05) NS NS

3.2 Soil and water conservation

Ridges and furrows was found to be superior to flat bed and trench method of sowing with a significantlyhigher castor seed yield of 1304 kg/ha. There was no significant difference between application of farm yardmanure @ 10 t/ha and no farm yard manure with yields of 1185 and 1068 kg/ha. Among different castorvarieties, GCH-5 yielded a maximum of 1211 kg/ha, while Gauch-1 yielded the lowest of 1024 kg/ha and werefound to be at par. Based on the castor seed yield attained, treatments were found to have a variation of 24% inthe study.

To improve stability index of rainfed cropping system (Castor) - SK NagarTreatment Castor seed yield (kg/ha) in 2002 Mean (5 yrs) Sustainability indexA: Land configurationFlat bed 946 1354 0.30Ridges and furrows 1304 1517 0.36Trench method of sowing 1130 1313 0.28

Mean 1127 1462 0.34SEm 64

CD (0.05) 250CV (%) 24

B: ManuringNo farm yard manure 1068 1306 0.30Farm yard manure @ 10t/ha 1185 1484 0.37

Mean 1127 1462 0.36SEm 48

CD (0.05) NSCV (%) 24

C: VarietyGauch - 1 * 1024 1338 0.30GCH -4 1145GCH –5 1211 1512 0.37

Mean 1127 1491 0.36SEm 59

CD (0.05) NS

In a drought management study with pearlmillet, Kaollinite/Bentonite spray (5% solution) was found to besignificantly effective in managing moisture stress and provided a maximum yield of 2255 kg/ha compared toother drought management practices like application of straw mulch, thinning alternate rows, urea or calciumchloride or water spray treatments under aridisols of SK Nagar. The different treatments had a variation of12.5% for pearlmillet equivalent yield in the study.

Drought management studies in pearlmillet - SK NagarTreatment Mean equivalent yield of

pearlmillet (kg/ha) in 2002Mean(7 yrs)

Sustainabilityindex

Normal practices 1977 2254 0.38Mustard straw mulch @ 5 t/ha 1685 2152 0.35Thinning alternate plant within row 1661 2294 0.39


197

Thinning alternate plant within row +withholding top dressing

1749 2221 0.37

Thinning alternate plant within row +withholding top dressing+ urea spray(2% solution when rain received)

1631 2118 0.34

Kaolinite/Bentonite spray (5% solution) 2255 2507 0.44Calcium chloride spray (2% solution) 2188 2440 0.42Water spray (Control) 1412 2206 0.36

Mean 1820 2350 0.40SEm 113

CD (0.05) 333CV (%) 12.5

In late season drought situation also Kaollinite/Bentonite spray (5% solution) gave maximum yield of 1989kg/ha compared to other drought management practices. The drought management treatments were found tovary by 13.1% when late season drought occurred at SK Nagar.

Late season drought block - SK NagarTreatment 2002 Mean


indexNormal Practice 1768 2024 0.49Mustard straw mulch @ 5 t/ha 1579 2055 0.50Kaolinite/Bentonite spray (5% solution) 1989 2278 0.57Water spray (Control) 1597 2049 0.50Supplementary irrigation (5 cm) 1717 2080 0.51Removal of alternate rows for fodder 1652 1733 0.40Harvesting of pearlmillet for fodder and sowing fodder sorghum 1728 2015 0.49Ratooning of pearlmillet for fodder 1762 1417 0.30

Mean 1724 1956 0.47SEm 113

CD (0.05) NS

Normal seeding at onset of monsoon gave a pearlmillet equivalent yield of 2123 kg/ha in SK Nagar. Whenlate seeding was done i.e., by the end of July, dibbling of castor in gaps was a superior method with a castoryield of 2098 kg/ha compared to other treatments for mitigating drought at SK Nagar. Sowing of clusterbean asan intercrop between pearlmillet rows gave a pearlmillet equivalent yield of 2007 kg/ha. The above 3 treatmentsbabbling of castor bean in gaps, normal seeding at onset of monsoon and pearlmillet + clusterbean werefound to have a moderate sustainability of 0.48, 0.47 and 0.46 respectively under aridisols of SK Nagar.

Late seeding block (July end)- SK NagarTreatment Pearlmillet

equivalent yield(kg/ha) in 2002

Mean(7 yrs)


Normal seeding at onset of monsoon 2123 2474 0.47Late seeding + watering with cans if needed 311 361 -0.04Late seeding + watering with cans if needed + mustardstraw mulch @ 5t/ha

430 343 -0.05

Jalsakti treatments to late sown seeds 549 452 -0.02Transplanting of pearlmillet seeding + watering with cans if needed 854 677 0.03Transplanting of pearlmillet seeding + watering with cans ifneeded + Jalsakti treated seedings

1011 749

Dibbling of castor in gaps 2098 2530 0.48


198

Sowing of clusterbean as intercrop between pearlmillet 2007 2455 0.46Mean 1173 1255 0.17SEm 73

CD (0.05) 214CV (%) 12.4

Compartment bunding (3.6 m x 6 m) was found to be a better rain water management practice with acastor yield of 1152 kg/ha, followed by interculturing and forming ridges with a yield of 932 kg/ha as against acontrol yield of 865 kg/ha under aridisols of SK Nagar. The soil and water conservation practices had avariation of 14.9% in the castor yield attained in the study.

Effect of rain water management through soil conservation practices on castor yield - SK NagarTreatment Seed yield

(kg/ha) in 2002Mean (2 yrs)

Control (farmers’ method: without land treatment) 865 1053Compartmental bunding (3.6 m x 6.0 m) 1152 1430Ditches across the slope at an interval of 3.6 m 917 1285Interculturing and forming ridges at last interculturing 932 1228

Mean 967 1249SEm 65

CD (0.05) 199

In a tillage and fertiliser management study, low tillage + farm yard manure @ 4 t/ha + hand weedingwas superior to other treatments with a sorghum fodder yield of 2472 kg/ha at SK Nagar. This is followed bylow tillage + farm yard manure @ 4 t/ha + hand weeding + recommend fertiliser with 2264 kg/ha and lowtillage + compost @ 4 t/ha + hand weeding + recommend fertiliser with 2213 kg/ha. The low till andconventional tillage had a variation of 12.6% for sorghum fodder yield in the study.

Low till farming strategies for resource conservation and improving soil quality - SK NagarMean (2 yrs)Treatment Sorghum

fodder yield(kg/ha) in 2002

Clusterbeangrain (kg/ha)

Sorghum fodderyield (kg/ha)

Conventional tillage + recommended dose offertiliser – off season tillage + hand weeding

2042 347 1875

Conventional tillage + recommended dose offertiliser + off season tillage + hand weeding

2056 319 1920

Low tillage + SPC + hand weeding 1509 158 1239Low tillage + SPC + herbicide 1250 149 1138Low tillage + compost (4 t/ha) + hand weeding 1495 400 1458Low tillage + compost (4 t/ha) + herbicide 1144 446 1325Low tillage + farm yard manure (4t/ha) + handweeding

2472 523 1919

Low tillage + farm yard manure (4t/ha) + herbicide 1194 388 1319Low tillage + compost (4 t/ha) + hand weeding +recommended dose of fertiliser

2213 390 1933

Low tillage + compost (4 t/ha) + Herbicide+recommended dose of fertiliser

1745 462 1845

Low tillage + farm yard manure (4 t/ha) + handweeding + recommended dose of fertiliser

2264 352 2059

Low tillage + farm yard manure (4 t/ha) + herbicide+ recommended dose of fertiliser

1769 416 1718

Mean 1763 362 1645SEm 128

CD (0.05) 376


199

In another study on tillage at SK Nagar, significantly higher pearlmillet seed yield of 1039 kg/ha andfodder yield of 3096 kg/ha were attained with low till + weedicide + interculture compared to conventionaltillage + interculture (366 kg/ha of seed yield and 1038 kg/ha of fodder yield) and low tillage + interculture(511 kg/ha of seed yield and 1440 kg/ha of fodder yield) under aridisols. Among different fertiliser sources,application of 100% through inorganic source gave maximum pearlmillet seed yield of 832 kg/ha compared toeither 50% or 100% through organic source or 50% inorganic + 50% organic Treatment in the study. Thefodder yield was also maximum (2337 kg/ha) when 100% through inorganic fertiliser was applied.

Soil N of 175 kg/ha was found to be maximum in the plot where low tillage + interculture was carried,while soil P of 44.2 and soil K of 208 kg/ha were maximum in the plot with low tillage + interculture were carriedtogether with an application of weedicide.

Tillage and nutrient management for resource, conservation andimproving soil quality under rainfed conditions - SK Nagar

Pearlmillet yield (kg/ha) in 2002Soil test values (kg/ha)

Treatment

N P KFodderYield

Seedyield

Mean(2 yrs)

A: TillageConventional tillage+ interculture 155 42.0 204 1038 366 429Low tillage + interculture 175 43.3 207 1440 511 607Low tillage + weedicide + interculture 163 44.2 208 3096 1039 999

Mean 639 678SEm 9.6 0.6 1.2 46 14

CD (0.05) NS NS NS 182 56CV (%) 20.2 4.5 2.0 9.0 8.0

B: Nutrient supply50% of organic source (farm yard manure) 150 41.3 197 1806 539 607100% of organic source (farm yard manure) 179 47.0 229 1481 604 63450% inorganic (urea) + 50% through farm yard manure 176 43.3 211 1508 580 630100% through inorganic (urea) 152 41.0 188 2337 832 842

Mean 639 678SEm 7.0 1.0 2.0 46 20

CD (0.05) 21.0 3.0 5.0 135 60CV (%) 13.0 6.3 2.6 7.2 10.1

Application of mulch viz., either castor crop residue mulch or dust mulch (soil mulch) provided at parcastor seed yields of 1144 and 1177 kg/ha respectively. Among different anti-transpirants tested for improvingcastor yields, application of kaolin @ 5% gave maximum castor seed yield of 1427 kg/ha compared to otheranti-transpirants tested at SK Nagar under aridisols. The treatments of soil moisture conservation had acoefficient of variation of 9% for the castor seed yields attained in the study.

Soil moisture conservation through mulches and anti-transpirants forimproving yield of castor - SK Nagar

Treatment Seed yield of castor (kg/ha) in 2002A: MulchesCrop residue mulch (Castor) 1144Dust mulch (soil mulch) 1177

Mean 1161SEm 23.64

CD (0.05) NSB: Anti-transpirantKaolin @ 5% 1427Phenyl Mercuric Acetate (PMA) @ 0.1% 1085


200

Cetyl Alcohol @ 0.75% 1187Water spray 1074Absolute control 1029

Mean 1160SEm 37

CD (0.05) 108CV (%) 9

In another study with anti-transpirants viz., Phenyl Mercuric Acetate (PMA 0.05, 0.1 and 0.15%), kaolin (2,4 and 6%), cetyle alcohol (0.5, 0.75 and 1%) and control treatment tested for castor at SK Nagar, kaolin 6% wasfound to be superior and provided a seed yield of 790 kg/ha, while either kaolin 4% or cetyle alcohol 0.75%gave a yield of 763 kg/ha in the study. The different anti-transpirants were found to vary by 9% based on thecastor seed yields attained under aridisols in the study.

Effect of anti-transpirants on growth and yield of castor under rainfed conditions - SK NagarTreatment Seed yield of castor (kg/ha) in 2002PMA 0.05% 553PMA 0.1% 548PMA 0.15% 547Kaolin 2% 737Kaolin 4% 763Kaolin 6% 790Cetyle alcohol 0.5% 675Cetyle alcohol 0.75% 763Cetyle alcohol 1.0% 752Control (water spray) 710Absolute control 725

Mean 688SEm 34

CD (0.05) 100

Among different tillage and fertiliser treatments tested for pearlmillet at Agra, low tillage + weedicide +interculture gave maximum grain yield of 786 kg/ha, while conventional tillage + interculture gave a yield of705 kg/ha. The nutrient management treatments indicated that 100% through organic source was superior witha yield of 790 kg/ha, while 100% through inorganic source provided a yield of 691 kg/ha. However, yieldsattained with different treatments were found to be at par with each other. Further, the treatments had a lowsustainability of 0.03 to 0.10 in the study. Soil moisture as observed at sowing 20, 40, 60 days after sowing andharvest was found to be maximum in the plot where conventional tillage + interculture and 100% N throughorganic fertiliser was applied in the study.

Tillage and nutrient management for resource conservation and improving soil quality – AgraSoil moisture (mm) Pearlmillet grain yield

(kg/ha)Treatment

Atsowing

20DAS

40DAS

60DAS

Harvest 2002 Mean(3 yrs)


A: TillageConventional tillage + interculture 245.6 241.5 205.7 153.5 141.7 705 705 0.03Low tillage (50% of conventionaltillage) + interculture 230.2 223.2 191.5 140.8 133.4

738 738 0.05

Low tillage + weedicide + interculture 236.2 230.4 201.4 150.7 139.6 786 786 0.06Mean 743 1207 0.22SEm 33

CD (0.05) NSB: Fertilizers


201

100% (organic) 240.7 237.4 200.6 151.2 140.5 790 790 0.1050% (organic) + 50% (inorganic) 237.3 232.2 199.5 147.4 136.6 748 748 0.08100% (inorganic) 234.2 225.5 198.4 146.2 133.2s 691 691 0.06

Mean 743 743 0.08SEm 24

CD (0.05) NS

In a study on land surface modifications for in situ moisture conservation at Agra, maximum pearlmilletyield of 857 kg/ha was attained with raised bunds (20 cm high) having rectangular belts (6 m x 2.7 m) acrossthe slope. However, the treatment has a low sustainability of 0.23 with a mean yield of 1603 kg/ha during thelast 5 years.

Studies on land surface modifications for in situ moisture conservation - AgraTreatment Pearlmillet

grain yield(kg/ha) in 2002

Mean(5 yrs)


Farmer's practice (Control) flat 598 1222 0.08Normal bunds (10 cm high) with rectangular belts (6x2.7 m)across the slope

826 1522 0.20

Normal bunds (10 cm high) with rectangular belts (9x1.8 m)across the slope

812 1484 0.19

Raised bunds (20 cm high) with rectangular belts (6x2.7 m)across the slope

857 1603 0.23

Raised bunds (20 cm high) with rectangular belts (9x1.8 m)across the slope

828 1552 0.21

Compartment bunding 842 1583 0.22Mean 794 1669 0.26

Among different in situ moisture conservation practices tested for amla, row catchment method (with 6%slope) was found to be superior for maximum survival (78.5%) plant height (213 cm) and girth (13.4 cm)compared to half ring across the slope (2 m dia), single ring (2 m dia) and double ring method (1.5 and 2 mdia) under semi arid inceptisols of Agra.

Effect of different in-situ moisture conservation practices for establishment of amla plants - AgraSurvival (%) Plant height

(cm)Plant diameter

(cm)Treatment

2002(Old pl)

2002(New pl)

2002 2002

Control 42.8 75 187.3 10.0Half ring across the slope (2.0 m dia) 64.3 100 197.8 11.1Single ring method (2.0 m dia) 64.3 100 207.5 11.8Row catchment method (with six percent slope) 78.5 100 213.0 13.4Double ring method (with 1.5 m and 2.0 m dia) 71.4 100 207.7 12.0New plants (New pl) were planted on 26.09.02 in place of dead plants (Old pl) in all treatments.

In an ex-situ water harvesting study at Agra, giving 4 cm irrigation at pre-sowing and 4 cm irrigation atpodding was found to be superior for mustard with a maximum and significantly higher seed yield of 1557kg/ha and sustainability of 0.63 in the last 5 years. Application of 60 and 90 kg/ha of N were found to be at parwith mustard yields of 1437 and 1463 kg/ha and were significantly superior to 30 kg/ha and control in theexperiment carried out under semi arid inceptisols. Water use efficiency was maximum (7.9 kg/ha/mm) whenirrigation of 4 cm each was given at pre-sowing and podding stages for mustard. Similarly, it was highest (7.9kg/ha/mm) in the plot where 90 kg N/ha was applied compared to 0, 30 and 60 kg/ha in the study.


202

Efficient utilization of harvested water in farm pond for growing mustard - AgraTreatment Mustard seed

yield (kg/ha) in2002

Mean(5 yrs)


Wateruse (mm)

Water useefficiency

(kg/ha/mm)A: IrrigationControl (No irrigation) 946 1115 0.46 160 5.98 cm pre sowing irrigation 1154 1232 0.53 164 7.08 cm irrigation at pre flowering 1385 1388 0.62 179 7.74 cm irrigation at pre sowing and 4 cmirrigation at poding

1557 1397 0.63197 7.9

Mean 1261 1283 0.56SEm 38

CD (0.05) 131B: Nitrogen (kg/ha)0 927 1026 0.37 157 5.930 1214 1298 0.52 171 7.160 1437 1441 0.60 184 7.890 1463 1375 0.56 184 7.9

Mean 1260 1285 0.51SEm 30

CD (0.05) 86

3.3 Cropping system:In a study with different intercrop of pearlmillet with karingdo (water melon) with different crop geometry,

maximum pearlmillet equivalent yield of 3143 kg/ha was attained with karingdo in 3rd row of pearlmillet,followed by 3118 kg/ha with karingdo in 4th row of pearlmillet. The cropping treatment were found to have avariation of 5.6% for pearlmillet equivalent yield in the study. Maximum gross returns of Rs.20430/ha wereattained when karingdo was taken in 3rd row of pearlmillet in the study.


203

Inter/mixed cropping system in pearlmillet with karingdo - SK NagarTreatment Gross returns (Rs/ha) Pearlmillet equivalent yield

(kg/ha) in 2002Pearlmillet sole (45 x 15cm) 20189 3106Karingdo sole (120 x 45cm) 13910 2140Pearlmillet + Karingdo (2:1) 19065 2933Pearlmillet + Karingdo (3:1) 19078 2935Pearlmillet + Karingdo (4:1) 19507 3001Karingdo in 3rd row of pearlmillet 20430 3143Karingdo in 4th row of pearlmillet 20267 3118Karingdo in 5th row of pearlmillet 19721 3034

Mean 2926SEm 82

CD (0.05) 240CV (%) 5.6

Among different dates of sowing examined to assess the effect of thermal variation on the performance ofmustard at Agra, sowing between 11th and 20th October was superior with a yield of 1134 kg/ha, followed bysowing of crop between 20th to 30th September (955 kg/ha), 21st to 30th October (852 kg/ha) and 1st to 10th

October (756 kg/ha). Maintenance of 100% plant population (1.48 lakh/ha) gave a yield of 1006 kg/ha, while125% (1.85 lakh/ha) gave 970 kg/ha, 150% (2.22 lakh/ha) gave 884 kg/ha and 75% (1.11 lakh/ha) gave 835kg/ha in the study conducted under inceptisols.

Water use efficiency was found to be maximum (7.2 kg/ha/mm) when mustard was sown between 11th to20th October compared to sowings of mustard between 1st to 10th or 21st to 30th October. Similarly, it washighest (6.4 kg/ha/mm) when 100% of the recommended plant population of 1.48 lakhs/ha of mustard wasmaintained compared to 75, 125 and 150% of plant population. Based on the mustard yields attained, acoefficient of variation of 14.4% was observed for the time of sowing and 11.2% for the plant population atAgra.

Effect of thermal variation on the performance of mustard - AgraTreatment Grain yield

(kg/ha)in 2002

Water use(mm)

Water useefficiency

(kg/ha/mm)A: Sowing timeSowing of crop between 20-30, September 955 166 5.8Sowing between 1 –10, October 756 162 4.7Sowing between 11-20, October 1134 158 7.2Sowing between 21-30, October 852 155 5.5

Mean 924SEm 33

CD (0.05) 108CV (%) 14.4

B: Plant population75% of the recommended plant population (1.11 lakh/ha) 835 144 5.8100% of the recommended plant population (1.48 lakh/ha) 1006 158 6.4125% of the recommended plant population (1.85 lakh/ha) 970 165 5.9150% of the recommended plant population 92.22 lakh/ha) 884 173 4.6

Mean 924SEm 26

CD (0.05) 74CV (%) 11.2


204

3.4 Alternate land use system:

In a horti-pastoral system evaluation at SK Nagar with amla + grasses, stylosanthes hamata was found tobe a superior fodder with maximum yield of 1708 kg/ha and gross returns of Rs.1708/ha. This is followed byDichanthium annulatum with 1271 kg/ha. The tree + fodder species has a sustainability of 0.55 for stylosantheshamata, 0.39 for Dichanthium annulatum and 0.26 for Cenchrus ciliaris combinations under aridisols.

Evaluation of horti-pastoral system - SK NagarAmla Yield (kg/ha) Dry fodder yield of grass (kg/ha)Treatment Gross

returns(Rs/ha)

2002 Mean(4 yrs)

2002 Mean(5 yrs)

Sustainabilityindex

Amla + Stylosanthes hamata 1708 Nil 721 1708 1945 0.55Amla + Cenchrus ciliaris 942 Nil 1166 942 1189 0.26Amla + Dichanthium annulatum 1271 Nil 777 1271 1521 0.39Mean 888 1307 1552 0.40

Among different grasses, Cenchrus ciliaris was found to be superior for marginal lands with a pearlmilletequivalent yield of 1790 kg/ha and gross returns of Rs.11635/ha, followed by Stylosanthes hamata with 1679kg/ha and gross returns of Rs.10913/ha at SK Nagar. The different fodder species had a variation of 17.3% inthe study. Among different crops studied, greengram was found to be superior with a pearlmillet equivalentyield of 2327 kg/ha and gross returns of Rs.15126/ha, followed by pearlmillet with a yield of 1741 kg/ha andgross returns of Rs.11317/ha in the study under aridsols of SK Nagar.

Ley farming in marginal land - SK NagarSoil test values (kg/ha) Dry fodder yield

(kg/ha)Treatment

N P K

Grossreturns(Rs/ha) Mean (4 yrs)

Pearlmilletequivalent yield(kg/ha) in 2002

A: GrassesStylosanthes hamata 138 37.5 201 10913 3373 1679Cowpea 144 41.0 204 9477 4536 1458Dichanthium annulatum 141 38.0 198 9822 3996 1511Cenchrus cilliaris 136 40.5 196 11635 5175 1790

Mean 4270 1610SEm 4.1 1.5 2.0 69

CD (0.05) NS NS NS 222CV (%) 11.7 15.7 4.1 17.3

B: CropsGreengram 147 39.1 212 15126 2327Clusterbean 151 41.9 212 6864 1056Pearlmillet 130 38.2 194 11317 1741Sorghum 129 37.3 182 8535 1313

SEm 2.5 1.1 3.2 52CD (0.05) 3.3 3.1 9.2 150

CV (%) 7.3 11.2 6.4 12.9

Among 6 different medicinal and aromatic plants examined for their performance in dryland conditions atAgra, Sadabahar had maximum survival of 92%, followed by vetiveria (khus) with 86% and lemongrass with82%, while citronella had the lowest survival of 69% under arid inceptisols. The plant height of the species wasfound to range from 54.2 cm (citronella grass) to 118.7 cm (palmarosa) in the study.


205

Survival percentage and plant height (cm) of different medicinal and aromatic crops - AgraCrops Survival percentage Plant height (cm)Palmarosa 74 119Lemon grass 82 59Citronella grass 69 54Vetiveria (khas) 86 71Sadabahar 92 64Sweet basil (Tulsi) 72 70

4. On – farm Research

4.1 Operational Research ProjectThere are no centers in this production system.

4.2 Front Line DemonstrationsIn a demonstration of castor + cowpea (1:2) under 4 trials, yields of 685 and 313 kg/ha of the respective

crops have been attained at SK Nagar. Similarly, a yield of 698 kg/ha of castor and 209 kg/ha of greengramhas been attained under front line demonstrations from 6 trials with improved practice.

At Hisar, a mean greengram yield of 740 kg/ha was attained from 4 trials compared to 510 kg/ha withfarmers’ practice, thus attaining 31.1% increase in yield with improved practice.

In 11 trials on mustard at Hisar, a higher mean yield of 1320 kg/ha was attained with farmers’ practicecompared to a lower yield of 960 kg/ha with improved practice under front line demonstrations conducted inaridisols.

About 28% increase in chickpea yield (750 kg/ha) and 20.1% increase in mustard yield (1468 kg/ha) wereattained at Agra under front line demonstrations with improved practice compared to farmers’ practice in aridinceptisols of Agra.




Castor +Cowpea (1:2)

4 685313

790 -15.3SK Nagar

Castor +Greengram (1:2)

6 698209

761 -9.0

Greengram (Asha) 4 740 510 31.1HisarMustard (RH-30) 11 960 1320 -37.5Chickpea 3 750 540 28.0AgraMustard 5 1468 1173 20.1

5. Experiments not reportedCentre Title of the experiment Crop (s) RemarksAgra Efficient utilization of farm pond water for

high value crops (vegetables) during kharifseason (AGRA/VEGE/RWH/1998/CEN)

Studies on pigeonpea based intercroppingsystem (AGRA/PIGE/CCS/2000/CEN)

OkraChilliesBrinjalBottle gourd

PigeonpeaChilliesClusterbeanOkra

The experiment was not sown dueto very little amount of rainsreceived in the month of June andJuly



206

Permanent manurial trial on Pearlmillet-Fallow crop sequence(AGRA/PEAR/INM/1984/CEN)

Integrated nutrient supply system for rainfedsemi-arid tropics(AGRA/CROP/INM/1998/CEN)

Pearlmillet

Pearlmillet



S.K. Nagar Nutrient management in agroforestry system(DANT/AGRO/ALU/1994/CEN)

Estimation of runoff and soil losses underdifferent cropping system(DANT/PEAR/SWC/1992/CEN)

DalbergiasissooSimaroubaglaucaSorghumClusterbean

MothbeanClusterbeanCastorPearlmillet

The test crops (SorghumClusterbean) failed due toprolonged dry spells

Due to low plant population andvery low rainfall during cropgrowth period the runoff and soilloss was not recorded

Hisar Drought management in pearlmillet(HISA/PEAR/INM/1997/CEN)

To study the performance of differentcropping systems of pearlmillet – legumeassociation (HISA/PEAR/CCS/1999/CEN)

Effect of nipping and fodder intercrops onchickpea (HISA/CHIC/CCS/1998/CEN)

Organic farming studies on rainfed mustard(HISA/MUST/INM/1997/CEN)

Fertilizer requirement of pearlmillet-pearlmillet cropping sequence(HISA/PEAR/INM/1992/CEN)

Integrated nutrient supply systems forrainfed semi-arid tropics(HISA/PEAR/INM/1998/CEN)

Screening of different strains of Azotobacterin pearlmillet under dryland conditions(HISA/PEAR/INM/1999/CEN)

Screening of different strains of Azotobacterin mustard under dryland conditions(HISA/MUST/INM/2001/CEN)

Pearlmillet

PearlmilletClusterbeanGreengramCowpea

ChickpeaOatsGobhiasarsonChinesecabbage

Mustard

Pearlmillet

PearlmilletGreengram

Pearlmillet

Mustard

Could not be conducted due tovery low moisture in the seedingzone

Could not be conducted due tovery low moisture in the seedingzone

The experiment could not beconducted due to very lowmoisture in the seeding zone







207

Effect of biomix inoculation on pearlmillet(HISA/PEAR/INM/2002/CEN)

Effect of biomix inoculation onMustard (HISA/MUST/2002/CEN)

Bio fertilization of greengram grown indryland soils (HISA/MOON/INM/2000/CEN)

Bio fertilization of chickpea grown in drylandsoils (HISA/CHIC/INM/1998/CEN)

Role of bio-fertilizer in nitrogen economy inmustard (HISA/MUST/INM/2001/CEN)

Weed management in mustard(HISA/MUST/IWM/2001.CEN)

Tillage and nutrient management strategiesfor resource conservation and improving soilquality and productivity of rainfed pearlmillet(HISA/PEAR/SWC/2000/CEN)

The effect of management option for in-situmoisture conservation in Ber plantation(HISA/BER/SWC/2002/CEN)

Collection, evaluation and maintenance ofgermplasm of selected rainfed crops(HISA/MOTH/CIM/1971/CEN)

Breeding for drought tolerance(HISA/SUNH/CIM/1995/CEN)

Varietal testing under rainfed conditions(HISA/PEAR/CCS/1971/CEN)

Performance of greengram and mothbeangenotypes in pearlmillet intercroppingsystem (HISA/CROP/CCS/2000/CEN)

Establishment of crop’s stand(HISA/MUST/ALU/2002/ORP)

Pearlmillet

Mustard

Greengram

Chickpea

Mustard

Mustard

Pearlmillet

Ber

MothbeanSunhempBrassica sp.

MothbeanSunhempBrassica sp

PearlmilletMothbeanGreengramSunhempTil, Raya,Chickpea

PearlmilletGreengramMothbean

Pearlmillet















208

Effect of seeding with various seedingmachinery on establishment of crop standand yield of chickpea crop(HISA/CHIC/IMP/2001/CEN)

Effect of tractor drawn seeding machineryfor establishment of crop stand and yield ofmustard crop (HISA/MUST/IMP/2001/CEN)

Performance of different crops(HISA/CROP/INM/2002/ORP)

Chickpea

Mustard

BarleyMustardChickpeaTaramira



The germination of mustard,chickpea and barley affected dueto drought. Taramira’s growthwas affected due to molt



(sanctioned & released)Agra 2020432 27000 120000 2167432SK Nagar 3712195 24750 150000 3886945Hisar 2947077 24750 150000 3121827Hisar (ORP) 3115495 17000 120000 3252495

7. Scientific staffAgraS.P.S.Chauhan, Chief ScientistS.P.Singh, Soil PhysiciestA.K.Nema, Junior Agricultural Engineer

SardarkrushinagarM.M. Patel, Chief Scientist

HisarD.S.Jatasra, Chief ScientistR.S.Sngwan, Plant BreederMilakh Raj, Soil Physicist

Hisar (Operational research project)L.K.Midha, AgronomistV.S.Rana. Scientist

8. Address of centresAgra S.K. NagarAICRP for Dryland AgricultureRBS College,Agra University,Bichpuri,AGRA – 283 105Uttar PradeshTel: 0562 – 2776615 (Principal Office)

AICRP for Dryland AgricultureRegional Research Station,Gujarat Agricultural University,Sardar Krishinagar – 385 506GujaratTel: (O) 02748 – 278471/ 278435FAX: 02748 – 278433

HisarAICRP for Dryland AgricultureCCS Haryana Agricultural University,Hisar – 125 004HaryanaTel: (O) 01662 – 37721, 37726 Ext.4268FAX: 01662 - 234952


209

FINGERMILLET BASED PRODUCTION SYSTEM

1. IntroductionThe one center, which works on fingermillet, is Bangalore. Here drought occurs once in five years. The

recommendation domain of the semi arid Bangalore center is Bangalore (rural and urban), Kolar, Tumkur,Mandya, Hassan, Chamarayanagar, Chitradurga, Chikmagalur, Davengere and Mysore. The soils are deepsandy alfisols. The other crops of the region are groundnut, pulses etc. The description of the agro-eco-sub-region, present soil degradation status, soil and climate characters follow:

Agro-eco-sub-region State of soil degradation Climatic and soil parametersBangalore

Eastern Ghats and Tamil Nadu Uplandsand Deccan (Karnataka) Plateau, hot semiarid eco-region): Central KarnatakaPlateau, hot moist semi arid eco-subregion with medium to deep red loamysoils, low available water capacity andlength of growing period 120-150 days(AESR 8.2)

Water erosion with moderate terraindeformation, affecting 26-50% area; andmoderate loss of top soil, affecting 26-50% area; high severity.


503 mm

628 mmAcidicNormalMediumLowLowSulphur,Calcium,Zinc, Boron,Molybdenum

2. RainfallBangalore received a rainfall of 628 mm as against a normal rainfall of 926 mm. The rainfall distribution

was erratic and unfavorable for the crops during 2002. This has led to severe drought and failure of kharif cropsand also prevention of sowing of some regular kharif crops like fingermillet and groundnut. May and Junereceived normal rainfall but was of no use since there was a drought due to ineffective of rainfall in July, Augustand September.

Rainfall (mm) in various seasons during 2002 – BangaloreMonth and season Normal 2002 Month and season Normal 2002Rainy seasonJune 84 150 WinterJuly 100 44 December 15 3August 133 32 January 1 0September 211 44 February 8 0Total 528 270 Total 24 3Post – rainy season SummerOctober 167 168 March 13 0November 59 52 April 34 2Total 226 220 May 101 134

Total 148 136Grand Total 926 628


210


3.1 Integrated nutrient managementIn a micro watershed at Bangalore, maximum fodder maize yield of 4444 kg/ha was attained with

application of recommended N through green leaf manure as against a control yield of 744 kg/ha. This isfollowed by farm yard manure to supply recommended N with a yield of 3411 kg/ha under semi arid alfisols.

Fertility management of micro-watershed for sustainable productivity - BangaloreTreatment Maize

fodder yield(kg/ha)

MeanFingermillet

(2 yrs)

MeanSoybean(3 yrs)

Sustainabilityindex

Green leaf manure to supply recommended N 4444 1854 368 0.31Farm yard manure to supply recommended N 3411 2158 473 0.44Green leaf manure to supply 50% of recommendedN + 50% NPK

2711 2591 434 0.39

Farm yard manure to supply recommended N +50%NPK

3277 2298 557 0.55

Recommended NPK 2022 2035 351 0.29Control 744 302 144 0.03

Mean 2768 1873 388 0.34

50% N (green leaf manure + farm yard manure) + 50% NPK was superior for groundnut at Bangalore ina carbon sequestration study with a yield of 170 kg/ha compared to other fertiliser treatments. The crop faileddue to severe moisture stress in the season.

Carbon sequestration studies for dryland crop production - BangaloreGrain yield of fingermillet

(kg/ha)Groundnut pod

yield (kg/ha)Treatment

Mean(3 yrs)

Sustainabilityindex

2002

Control 1510 0.01 52Recommended dose of NPK 2500 0.22 69Recommended N through green leaf manure + farm yardmanure + crop residue (1/3)

1834 0.08 52

50% Recommended N (green leaf manure + farm yardmanure + crop residue) (1/3) + 50% NPK

2982 0.33 104

50% Recommended N green leaf manure + 50% N farm yardmanure

2388 0.20 156

50% N green leaf manure + 50% N (crop residue) 1898 0.09 8550% N (farm yard manure)+ 50% N (crop residue) 1472 0.00 6950% N (green leaf manure + farm yard manure) + 50% NPK 3307 0.40 17050% N (green leaf manure + crop residue) + 50% NPK 2501 0.22 12150% N (farm yard manure + crop residue) + 50% NPK 3113 0.36 156Recommended N (farm yard manure) 1892 0.09 85Recommended N (green leaf manure) 2127 0.14 121Recommended N (crop residue) 1756 0.06 69

Mean 2252 0.17 101SEm 30

CD (0.05) 87CV (%) 51

In a study on groundnut response to different levels of calcium saturation and potassium under semi aridalfisols of Bangalore, maximum pod yield of 2564 kg/ha was attained with lime to 40% calcium saturation +150% K, followed by 2548 kg/ha with lime to 45% calcium saturation + 150% K as against the lowest yield of1843 kg/ha attained with recommended NPK + Gypsum @ 500 kg/ha.


211

Response of groundnut to different levels of calcium saturation and potassium - BangaloreGroundnut pod yield (kg/ha)Treatment Fingermillet in

2002 Mean (6 yrs) Sustainability indexControl (Without lime but with NPK) 2003 978 0.32Recommended NPK + Gypsum (500kg/ha) 1843 1297 0.48Lime to 40% Calcium saturation 2291 1216 0.44Lime to 45% Calcium saturation 2259 1403 0.53Lime to 50% Calcium saturation 2291 1336 0.50Lime to 40% Calcium saturation + 150% of K 2564 1314 0.49Lime to 45% Calcium saturation + 150% of K 2548 1402 0.53Lime to 50% Calcium saturation + 150% of K 2211 1340 0.50

Mean 2251 1267 0.47SEm 361

CD (0.05) 1095CV (%) 16

In a groundnut – fingermillet rotation under farm yard manure and maize residue series at Bangalore,maximum groundnut pod yields of 1248 kg/ha was attained with farm yard manure @ 10 t/ha in farm yardmanure series and 781 kg/ha was attained with maize residue @ 5 t/ha + 100% recommended NPK in maizeresidue series. These two treatments were found to have a sustainability of 0.26 and 0.41 under farm yardmanure and maize residue series respectively in semi arid alfisols.

Response of farm yard manure, organic residue and fertilizers - BangaloreTreatment Farm yard manure series Maize residue seriesGroundnut/fingermilletrotation

Fingermilletyield (kg/ha)

in 2002

Podyield

(kg/ha)in 2002

Mean(3 yrs)


Podyield

(kg/ha)in 2002

Mean(3 yrs)


Fingermilletyield (kg/ha)

in 2002

Control 686 380 382 -0.15 275 323 0.011 680Farm yard manure 10t/ha or Maize residue 5t/ha

3019 1248 1687 0.26 531 729 0.16 1396

Farm yard manure 10t/ha or Maize Residue5 t/ha + 50%recommended NPK

3443 1132 1812 0.30 687 1206 0.34 2273

Farm yard manure 10t/ha or Maize residue 5t/ha + 100%recommended NPK

3701 1154 1830 0.30 781 1405 0.41 2953

Recommended doseof NPK (50:50:25 kg/haNPK for fingermillet,25:50:25 kg/ha NPK forgroundnut)

2206 728 978 0.03 729 1313 0.37 2415

Mean 928 1338 0.15 601 995 0.26

In a fingermillet – fingermillet cropping under recommended NPK gave maximum yield of 3701 kg/haunder farm yard manure series, while maize residue @ 5 t/ha + 100% recommended NPK gave a maximumyield of 2953 kg/ha under semi – arid alfisols of Bangalore. The treatments has a sustainability of 0.59 and 0.69in the farm yard manure and maize residue series respectively.


212

Fingermillet /Fingermillet monocroppingFingermillet yield (kg/ha)Treatment

Farm yard manure series Maize residue seriesControl 356 320Farm yard manure 10 t/ha or Maize residue 5 t/ha 2485 676Farm yard manure 10 t/ha or Maize residue 5 t/ha +50% recommended NPK

2877 1593

Farm yard manure 10 t/ha or Maize residue 5 t/ha +100% recommended NPK

3074 2264

Recommended dose of NPK (50:50:25 kg/ha NPKfor fingermillet, 25:50:25 kg/ha NPK for groundnut)

1347 1684

3.2 Soil and water conservationConventional tillage was found to be superior for fingermillet at Bangalore with a grain yield of 2561 kg/ha

compared to reduced tillage (2297 kg/ha) and minimum tillage (2125 kg/ha). Application of 100% N throughinorganic source of fertilizers was found to be superior with a yield of 2420 kg/ha compared to either 100%organic or 50% inorganic + 50% organic source of fertiliser under semi arid alfisols. The treatments had avariation of 13% in the study.

Low till farming strategies and integrated plant nutrient supply - BangaloreTreatment Fingermillet grain

yield (kg/ha) in 2002Mean (2 yrs)

A: TillageConventional tillage 2561 2845Reduced tillage 2297 2551Minimum tillage 2125 2147

Mean 2328 2514SEm 167

CD (0.05) NS


213

B: Fertility levels100% N (organic) (50% N (farm yard manure)+ 50% N (glyricidia) 2166 207250% N (organic) + 50% N (inorganic) (25% farm yard manure+ 25% glyricidia+ 50% urea)

2396 2822

100% N (inorganic) 2420 2638Mean 2327 2511SEm 167

CD (0.05) NS

In a study on runoff under mango based and sapota based horticulture systems at Bangalore, lowerrunoff of 7.9% out of total rainfall of 628 mm and 20.85% out of 236 mm of runoff causing rainfall under mangobased system. However, under sapota based system, the% runoff was 10.4% to total rainfall of 628 mm and27.69% to 236 mm of runoff causing rainfall (RCRF) from 4 runoff events.

Resource degradation of micro-watershed under varying land use system - Bangalore

Runoff as influenced by rainfall characteristics under alternate land use systemsHorti-system (Mango) Horti-system (Sapota)Particulars

2002 Mean (2 yrs) 2002 Mean (2 yrs)Runoff causing rainfall (mm) 236 371 236 381Runoff events 4 7 4 7Run-off in mm 49.21 77 65.34 91% runoff to RCRF 20.85 21 27.69 25% runoff to total rainfall 7.9 9 10.4 11

In a study to measure runoff and soil loss under different crop management practices at Bangalore,minimum runoff of 2.18% and soil loss of 0.103 t/ha have occurred under natural vegetation (control) comparedto other treatments.

Estimation of runoff and soil loss under different crop management practices - BangaloreTreatment Total runoff

(%) in 2002Soil loss

(t/ha) in 2002Sown across the slope with khus live barriers at 1.5 mt horizontal interval 6.81 1.089Sown across the slope with paired row of Dhaincha live barriers 1.5mthorizontal interval

6.94 1.146

Sown across the slope with conservation furrows at 1.5mt horizontal interval 6.43 1.196Sown across the slope 6.07 1.265Sown along the slope 6.39 1.107Natural vegetation (Control) 2.18 0.103

Mean 6 1.000

In a micro watershed development study, nase live barrier was highly effective for horsegram with a yieldof 950 kg/ha with a run off 30 mm. However, the vetiver live barrier gave a yield of 880 kg/ha of horsegram witha runoff of 29.5 mm under semi arid alfisols of Bangalore.

Integrated management of micro watershed for sustainable dryland agriculture - BangaloreTreatment Horse gram yield (kg/ha) in 2002 Runoff (mm)Vetiver live barrier 880 29.5Nase live barrier 950 30.0No inter terrace management practices (control) 454 46.1

3.3 Energy managementAmong different seeding implements tested for groundnut and fodder maize at Bangalore, tractor drawn

CRIDA seeding was superior with a groundnut pod yield of 2150 kg/ha and fodder maize yield of 4444 kg/haunder semi arid alfisols.


214

Evaluation of seeding equipments for their suitability to drylands - BangaloreSeeding devices Groundnut yield (kg/ha) Fodder maize yield (kg/ha)Tractor drawn CRIDA seed drill 2150 4444Bullock drawn 4 rows groundnut seed drill 1860 3411

3.4 Cropping systemsIn a study to identify suitable green manuring species for attaining higher bio mass under rainfed

conditions at Bangalore, cowpea (TVX-945-02E) was superior with maximum green biomass yield of 20920kg/ha, followed by cowpea (KBC-2) with 19900 kg/ha and horsegram (PH-J-9) with 19750 kg/ha. Theses yieldswere significantly higher compared to sunhemp, dhiancha, greengram, blackgram, ricebean and vegetablecowpea in the study. The residual effect of different green manures on the subsequent late kharif fingermilletindicated that the grain yield of 3090 kg/ha of fingermillet was maximum and significantly higher whenhorsegram (KBH-1) was grown earlier. The fingermillet yields were found to range from 1610 kg/ha underdhiancha-2 to 3090 kg/ha under horsegram (KBH-1) with a variation of 10% as against a control (farm yardmanure) yield of 2130 kg/ha under semi arid alfisols.

Biomass yields of promising green manure species during early kharif and their influence on thesubsequent late kharif fingermillet - Bangalore

Green manure species Plant height (cm) Green biomass yield(kg/ha)

Fingermillet grain yield(kg/ha)

Sunhemp – 1 80.7 10400 2150Sunhemp – 2 86.5 14920 1920Dhaincha – 1 68.3 10450 1820Dhaincha – 2 81.5 12620 1610Greengram (ps –16) 26.0 8200 2480Greengram (S-4) 28.7 8100 2310Blackgram (T-9) 24.5 8070 2530Cowpea (KBC –2) 49.0 19900 2880Cowpea (TVX-944) 39.8 20920 2610Horsegram (KBH-1) 48.8 14340 3090Horsegram (PHG-9) 41.8 19750 2880Ricebean 32.9 6860 2640Veg. Cowpea 36.0 16450 2470Farm yard manure (control) - - 2130

Mean 49.6 13150 2390SEm 4.5 1501 163

CD (0.05) 14.0 4520 497CV (%) 12.9 17.0 10.0

3.5 Crop improvementAmong different vegetable cowpea genotypes evaluated as a first crop for double cropping at Bangalore,

P-4, P-3, P-1, P-9 and C-15 were found to be promising with higher fresh pod yields of 995, 944, 874, 808 and808 kg/ha respectively.

Identifying high yielding genotypes of vegetable cowpea for first crop indouble cropping system - Bangalore

Genotypes Fresh fodder yield(kg/ha) in 2002

Genotypes Fresh fodder yield(kg/ha) in 2002

P-1 9 C-6 8P-2 5 C-7 5P-3 9 C-8 4P-4 10 C-9 6P-5 5 C-10 5P-6 3 C-11 4


215

P-7 7 C-12 6P-8 3 C-13 5P-9 8 C-14 7P-10 5 C-15 8C-1 4 C-16 5C-2 8 C-17 5C-3 8 Arka Samrudhi 5C-4 6 Arka Suman 4C-5 3 Mean 6

In a study on evaluation of genotypes of sesame for double cropping with greengram (PS-16) genotypeat Bangalore, KP-Local, Magadi local and Madhuri were found to be superior with yields of 598, 514 and 434kg/ha respectively. In the double cropping system, the greengram yields were found to be 515, 484 and 378kg/ha respectively after growing the sesame genotypes as a first crop under semi arid alfisols.

Identification of appropriate genotypes of sesame for double croppingsesame – greengram (PS-16) - Bangalore

I crop II cropSesame genotypesPlant height

(cm)Sesame yield

(kg/ha) in 2002Plant height

(cm)Greengram yield (kg/ha)

in 2002C.G. wade local 60.3 328 15.3 396E-8 61.1 128 16.2 393K.P.Local 61.6 598 18.5 515Madhuri 70.9 434 15.2 378Magadi local 68.1 514 18.5 484Rama 70.7 210 18.1 356Thilak 71.4 166 15.7 437TKG - 1 66.0 157 14.6 394TMV - 3 69.8 333 19.7 419Uma 67.2 323 16.8 554

Mean 319 433SEm 31 38

CD (0.05) 92 112CV (%) 17 15

In another study on identifying suitable greengram genotypes for double cropping with cowpea, KGG-1with a yield of 378 kg/ha, followed by PS-16 with 370 kg/ha, PDM-54 with 348 kg/ha and NM –92 with 336kg/ha were found to be superior greengram genotypes for semi arid alfisols of Bangalore. The correspondingcowpea yields were 263, 409, 445 and 520 kg/ha in the double cropping system.

Identification of appropriate genotypes of greengram crops for double cropping(greengram – cowpea system) - Bangalore

Yield (kg/ha) in 2002Greengram genotypesPlant height (cm) Greengram Plant height (cm) Cowpea

BPMR -1 15.3 155 24.0 258Chinamung 16.2 315 29.9 223GMBL -1 18.5 262 30.7 289GMBL -2 15.2 21 26.9 336KGG -1 18.5 378 27.7 263NM - 92 18.1 336 29.0 520PS - 16 15.7 370 30.8 409Pusa Baisaki - 199 - 422PDM - 54 - 348 - 445


216

PDM 84 -178 - 170 - 379TM 97 -55 - 93 - 312

Mean 241 351

In a study on identifying superior green manure species at Bangalore, sunhemp-1 was superior with agreen biomass yield of 2002 kg/ha, followed by sunhemp-2 with 1607 kg/ha and IC-277782 with 1129 kg/ha.The corresponding fingermillet yields were found to be 2314, 2283 and 2006 kg/ha under semi arid alfisols.

Studies on in situ green manuring for efficient resource utilization andprofitable crop production - Bangalore

Yield (kg/ha) in 2002Green manure speciesPlant height

(cm)Green biomass Plant height

(cm)Fingermillet

EC- 435724 90.8 6170 73.8 1635EC- 435737 85.1 5190 73.2 2037EC- 435738 102.1 8760 75.3 1827EC- 435742 96.5 6910 75.7 1851EC- 435753 64.5 4020 77.0 1666IC- 277774 92.8 5300 80.7 1913IC- 277782 102.9 11290 76.4 2006IC- 277786 90.4 4630 73.2 1604IC- 277788 74.9 6630 72.4 1728IC- 277789 101.3 6040 72.9 1481Sunhemp -1 101.9 20020 71.3 2314Sunhemp -2 116.8 16070 74.5 2283Dhaincha -1 100.0 5700 77.1 2475Dhaincha -2 119.2 10950 72.3 2222

Mean 8410 1930SEm 2300 1420

CD (0.05) 7040 4337CV (%) 38 10

Long duration genotypes viz., L-15-1 and L-5 of fingermillet were found to be superior with yields of 2333and 2215 respectively. HR-911 (1900 kg/ha) and GPU-28 (1880 kg/ha) of medium duration and GPU-26 (1690kg/ha) of short duration were also found to be superior at Bangalore.

Fingermillet varietal demonstrations – BangaloreTransplanting: 2002 Dry sowing: 2002Variety

Grain yield(kg/ha)

Straw yield(kg/ha)

Grain yield (kg/ha)in 2002

Straw yield(kg/ha)

Long durationIndaf -8 2330 2420 2000 2227L-5 2415 2360 2215 2315L-15-1 2240 2525 2333 2510Local 1015 1470 1016 1415Medium durationGPU-28 2000 2100 1800 2000PR-202 1840 2000 1717 1917HR-911 1730 2100 1900 2100Short durationHR-374 1443 1530 1515 1600GPU-26 1560 1642 1690 1750


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4. On-farm Research

4.1. Operational Research Project

The operational research project trials on different themes conducted at Bangalore during 2002-03 arediscussed below.

4.1.1. Integrated nutrient management

Application of tank silt @ 15 t/ha + NPK gave a higher fingermillet grain yield of 465 kg/ha and pigeonpeapod yield of 96 kg/ha in fingermillet + pigeonpea intercropping system at Bangalore.

Effect of tank silt application on the yield of fingermillet – pigeonpeaintercropping system in 2002 - Bangalore

Treatment Pigeonpea grain yield (kg/ha) Pigeonpea pod yield (kg/ha)Only NPK 295 43Tank silt @ 10 t/ha 362 64Tank silt @ 15 t/ha 386 80Tank silt @ 10 t/ha + NPK 432 84Tank silt @ 15 t/ha + NPK 465 96

Application of 50% NPK through inorganic source and 50% N through FYM gave highest fingermillet(MR-1) yield of 626 kg/ha in Doddaganganawadi watershed at Bangalore compared to other integrated nutrientmanagement treatments.

Study on integrated nutrient management conducted at Doddaganganawadiwatershed during kharif 2002 - Bangalore

Treatment Yield (kg/ha)50% NPK + 50% Farm yard manure 62650% NPK + 50% Green leaf manure 6550% Farm yard manure + 50% Green leaf manure 562100% NPK 588Control (Farmer’s practice) 505

Recommended management + recommended dose of fertilizer was found to be highly effective with amaximum grain yield of 610 kg/ha and straw yield of 1066 kg/ha of fingermillet at Bangalore compared to othermanagement and fertilizer combinations.

Comparative performance of impact of improved practices on yield offingermillet variety (GPU-28) - Bangalore

Yield (kg/ha) in 2002 Mean (4 yrs)TreatmentGrain Straw Grain Straw

Farmers’ management + farmers level of fertiliser 508 801 1250 1443Farmers’ management + recommended dose offertiliser

563 968 1628 1950

Recommended managements + farmers level offertiliser (reallocation)

593 1020 1693 2070

Recommended management + recommended dose offertiliser

610 1066 1905 2351

4.1.2 Soil and water conservation

Coir pith was a better mulch and has improved the height grafts aged 5 years at Bangalore. This mulchhas given a height of 160 cm compared to a control of 127 cm.


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Effect of different mulches on height of mango grafts (age 5 years) in 2002 - BangaloreTreatment Height (cm)Control 127Pebbles 148Coir pith 160Weeds 146

4.1.3 Cropping systemPaired rows of fingermillet + interculture operation twice + conservation furrow was found to be a better

in-situ moisture conservation measure for fingermillet (GPU-26) and has given a grain yield of 496/ha and strawyield of 855 kg/ha compared to other treatments.

Effect of in-situ moisture conservation method on yield of fingermillet (GPU-26)in kharif 2002 - Bangalore

Treatment Grain yield (kg/ha) Straw yield (kg/ha)Drill sowing + 2 interculture operation (Farmer practice) 380 746Paired row + 1 intercultural operation + conservation furrow 473 816Paired row + 2 intercultural operation + conservation furrow 496 855

Among different dates of sowing examined for pigeonpea (HY-3-C) at Bangalore, sowing in May wasfound to be superior with a maximum pod yield for vegetative purpose of 830 kg/ha and net income ofRs.5960/ha under farmer’s field conditions.

Effect of different dates of sowing on yield of pigeonpea (Hy-3-C) - BangaloreTreatment Pod (vegetative purpose kg/ha) Grain income (Rs/ha) Net income (Rs/ha)May fortnight 830 9960 5960June fortnight 666 7992 3992July fortnight 507 6084 2084

Groundnut + pigeonpea intercropping in 8:2 ratio was superior with a maximum net income of Rs2518/ha compared to other fingermillet based systems with soybean, avare and akkadi at Bangalore.

Yield and economics of different crops with different pulses under recommendeddryland technology - Bangalore

Treatment Grain(kg/ha)

Pod(kg/ha)

Cost ofcultivation

(Rs/ha)

Total yield(kg/ha)

Grainincome(Rs/ha)

Netincome(Rs/ha)

Fingermillet with Akkadi 780 35 3000 1815 2905 -95Fingermillet + pigeonpea (10: 2) 716 86 3500 802 3538 38Fingermillet + avare (4: 1) 795 94 3500 889 3723 223Fingermillet + soybean (4: 1) 812 103 3500 915 3666 166Groundnut + pigeonpea (8: 2) 426 64 5000 520 7518 2518

Fingermillet (GPU-28), groundnut (JL-24) and pigeonpea (HY-3-C) were found to perform better underwatershed area with a yield of 580, 476, and 616 kg/ha compared to 500, 414 and 555 kg/ha attained undernon-watershed areas at Bangalore.

Comparative of average yield of fingermillet, groundnut and pigeonpea in watershed andnon-watershed area - Bangalore

Yield (kg/ha) in 2002 Mean (4 yrs)CropWatershed Non-watershed Watershed Non-watershed

Fingermillet (GPU – 28) 580 500 1720 1313Groundnut (JL-24) 476 414 844 579Pigeonpea (Hy-3C) 616 555 812 514


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4.1.4. Crop improvementAmong different fingermillet varieties tested under farmer’s field conditions at Bangalore, MR-1 with a

yield of 593 kg/ha was superior followed by GPU-28 with a yield of 585 kg/ha under drill sown method. Theabove varieties were also found to be superior with a yield of 660 and 642 kg/ha respectively undertransplanting method.

Varietal performance of fingermillet in 2002 - BangaloreCrop (Variety) Drill sown (yield- kg/ha) Transplanting (yield – kg/ha)HR 911 506 568PR 202 567 616GPU 26 544 600GPU 28 585 642MR – 1 593 660L – 5 576 632Indaf 8 522 588

In a study on assessing the performance of varieties of groundnut, soybean, cowpea, and horsegram atBangalore, JL-24 of groundnut (560 kg/ha of yield), MACS-450 of soybean (860 kg/ha), KBC-2 of cowpea (380kg/ha) and PHG-9 of horsegram (530 kg/ha) were found to be superior under semi arid alfisols.

Varietal performance of different crops - BangaloreCrop Variety Yield (kg/ha)Groundnut VR – 2

K – 134TMV – 2JL – 24

315388450560

Soybean MACS – 450MACS – 124

KHSB – 2Hardee

860710735692

Cowpea TVX – 944KBC – 1KBC – 2

205268380

Horsegram PHG – 9BGM – 1

Local

530425285

4.1.5. Pest/weed managementSpraying twice, dusting once, bird resting and use of pheromone trap was highly effective for pest

management of pigeonpea (HY-3-C) and has given a yield of 818 kg/ha with a net income of Rs 5316/ha undersemi arid alfisols of Bangalore.

Effect of integrated pest management on yield of pigeonpea (Hy-3C) - BangaloreTreatment Grain yield

(kg/ha)Cost of

cultivation(Rs/ha)

Grossincome(Rs/ha)

Net income(Rs/ha)

Farmer practice one spray + one time dusting 515 3000 6180 3180Two spraying of monochrotophos 609 3800 7308 3500Two time dusting 700 4200 8400 4200Integrated method – two sprayings + one timedusting + bird resting + use of pheromone trap

818 4500 9816 5316

4.1.6 Alternate land use systemAmong different Slivi species examined for survival after making land treatments at Bangalore, silver oak

was found to be a better specie with 89% survival compared to Teak, Pongamia, and Phylanthus under V-ditchtreatment. The contour trench treatment has given a lower survival percentage of all the Slivi species comparedto V-ditch under semi arid alfisols.


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Survival percent of silvi species due to land treatments - BangaloreSilvi speciesTreatment

Silver Oak Teak Pongamia PhylanthusContour trench 77 55 68 54V - ditch 89 63 70 68

Mean 83 59 69 61

4.1.7 Package of practicesImproved practices comprising of deep ploughing + land smoothing + contour cultivation gave higher

fingermillet grain yield of 580 kg/ha and groundnut pod yield of 425 kg/ha at Bangalore compared to farmer’spractice.

Effect of land treatment and improved practices on yield (kg/ha) of fingermillet (GPU-28) andgroundnut (JL-24) in watershed area - Bangalore

Improved practice Farmers’ practiceTreatmentFingermillet –

grain yieldGroundnut –

pod yieldFingermillet –

grain yieldGroundnut –

pod yieldDeep ploughing 485 305 213 266Deep ploughing + land smoothing+ contour cultivation 580 425 265 317Increased yield due to moistureconservation 105 120 52 51

5. Experiments not reportedCentre Title of the experiment Crop (s) RemarksBangalore Evaluation of different combinations of annual

and perennial components ofAgroforestry/Agri-horti. Systems in farmersfields (BANG/AGRO/ALU/2000/ORP)

Evaluation of seeding equipments for theirsuitability to drylands(BANG/MAIZ/CCS/1999/CEN)

Carbon sequestration studies for drylandcrop production(BANG/CROP/INM/1999/CEN)

Efficient utilization of farm pond water forintensive and profitable crop production(BANG/MAIZ/CCS/1990/CEN)

Agronomic investigations on fingermillet/soybean + castor intercropping system(BANG/CROP/CCS/2001/CEN)

Fingermillet +field bean

Fodder maize,Groundnut

Groundnut

Maize (F)Sorghum (F)Pearlmillet (F)Chillies

FingermilletSoybeanCastor

Drought spells

The crop was adverselyaffected at all critical stages ofgrowth due to drought

Yields are very low due tosevere drought

Fodder crops sown on12-7-2002 failed to establishdue to failure of follow uprains. Chillies planted on 13-10-2002 failed to establish

6. PublicationsResearch Journals

Mallikarjun C.Gadal, Manjunath, A., Nehru, S.D. and Kulkarni, R.S., 2002, Genetic variability and correlations inchilli (Capsicum annum L.) with special reference to quality characters. Mysore Journal AgricultureSciences (Accepted for publication).


221

Ramalingappa, Manjunath, A., Nehru, S.D. and Prashant Shankhinamath, 2002, Stability analysis in chilli.Indian Journal Genet., (Accepted for publication).

Mallikarjun, C. Gadal, Manjunath, A., Nehru, S.D. and Rudresh, N.S., 2002, Studies on association of colourwith other trails in red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Indian Journal Genet., (Accepted for publication).

Seminars/ Symposium/ WorkshopsJayaramaiah, M., Shankar, M.A., Anitha Peter, Rangaswamy, B.T., Lingappa, B.S. and Mallikarjuna, G.B., 2002.

Mulberry leaf quality and cocoon production as influenced by intercropping of flower crops. Paperpresented at the XIXth congress of the International sericultural commission held from 21st – 25th

September, 2002 at Bangkok, Thailand. Proc.No.1, Pp 1-4.

Shankar, M.A. Rangaswamy, B.T. Nagaraju, Rajegowda and Maibaum. W., 2002. Silkworm growth,development and post cocoon parameters as influenced by feeding on leaf raised by different sourcesand levels of potassium. Paper presented at the XIXth congress of the International sericulturalcommission held from 21st – 25th September, 2002 at Bangkok, Thailand. Proc. No.1, Pp 234-241.

Shankar, M.A., Rangaswamy, B.T., Anitha Peter, Jayaramaiah, M., Lingappa, B.S., and Mallikarjuna, G.B.,2002. Economics of mulberry leaf production in pulses and oilseeds in intercropped mulberry gardenunder irrigated condition. Paper presented at the XIXth congress of the International sericulturalcommission held from 21st – 25th September, 2002 at Bangkok, Thailand. Proc. No.2,Pp 1-5.

Sankar, M.A. and B.T. Rangaswamy, B.T. 2002. Response of a promising rainfed mulberry variety (RFS-175) tonutrient management and intercrops (Short duration horticultural crops in relation to leaf yield, cocoonproduction and its economics. Paper presented at the XIXth congress of the International sericulturalcommission held from 21st – 25th September, 2002 at Bangkok, Thailand. Pproc. No.2, Pp 6-11.

Shankar, M.A. and B.T. Rangaswamy, 2002. Impact of different nutrient management practices and intercropscultivation (pulses and oilseeds) on S13 nulberry leaf yield nutritional status and cacoon characters underrainfed condition. Paper presented at the XIXth congress of the International sericultural commission heldfrom 21st – 25th September, 2002 at Bangkok, Thailand. Proc. No.2,Pp 12-15.

Murukannappa, Somashekara, K, Panduranga and Shankar, M.A., 2002. Sustainable agriculture throughintegrated management of microwatershed in individual land holdings under Alfisol regions of Karnataka.Proc. of the conference, ISCO-2002, PR China.

Nehru,S.D., Manjunath, A. and Shankar,M.A., 2002. Efficiency of Tridomorph 80% EC in controlling powderymildew in horsegram [Macrotolyma Uniflorum (L.) verdec]. Proc.of the Asian Congress of Mycology andPlant Pathology held during October 1-4, 2002, Organised by University of Mysore, Mysore and IndianSociety of Mycology and Plant Pathology.Abst. No.

Nehru,S.D., Mariraju,H., Panduranga, Gajanana,G.N., Shankar,M.A. and Murukannappa, 2002. Intensive andprofitable crop production under dryland Agriculture. Paper presented at the National Symposium on "Soiland Water Conservation Measures and sustainable land use systems with special reference to WesternGhats Region "Organised by JCAR Research Complex for Goa under National Agricultural TechnologyProject (Coastal Agro-eco system) held at Goa during November 16-17, 2002 .

Ganapathi, Gajanan,G.N., Murukannappa,Panduranga, and Shankar,M.A. 2002. Studies on soil managementpractices for sustainable productivity under dryland agriculture. Paper presented at the NationalSymposium on "Soil and Water Conservation Measures and sustainable land use systems with specialreference to Western Ghats Region" Organised by ICAR Research Comple-y for Goa under NationalAgricultural Technology Project (Coastal Agro- ecosystem) held at Goa during November I6-17, 2002.

Nehru,S.D.,Manjunath, A., Siddaramaiah A.L., Sreedhar,U.,and Shankar,M.A.,2002. Effect of date of plantingand spacing on the occurrence of fruit rot caused by colletotrichum capsici .on yield of chili (Capsicumannuum L.). Paper presented in the Annual meeting and Symposium on “Plant Disease Scenario inSouthern India" Organised by Indian Phytopathological Society, Southern zone, Bangalore from December19-21,2002.

Manjunath, A., Nehru, S.D., Siddaramaiah, A.L,. and Sreedhar,U., 2003. Studies on control of fruit rot in chiliduring Kharif on Alfisol. Paper presented in the National seminar on "Integrated Plant Disease


222

Management for Sustainable Agriculture" Organised by Department of plant pathology, AnnamalaiUniversity from March 20-21,2003.

Nehru,S.D., Manjunath, A., Saifulla,M. and Shankar,M.A.,2003. Assessment of chili genotypes for their reactionto fruit rot and leafspot. Paper presented in the National seminar on “Integrated Plant DiseaseManagement for Sustainable Agriculture” Organised by Department of plant pathology, AnnamalaiUniversity from March 20-21,2003.

Technical BulletinsShankar, M.A., Pandurangaiah, K Gajanana, G.N.,Sujith, G.M., Roopadevi, V.D., Ganapathi.,Lingappa. B.S.,

2003 Pass book on soil health and land use pattern, Tech. Bull. AICRP on Dryland Agriculture, UAS,Bangalore.

Shankar, M.A Shivakumar, H.R. G.M.Suijhit., Gajanana, G.N., and.Mariraju. H,2003. Basics of green manuring,Tech. Bull. AICRP on Dryland Agriculture, UAS, Bangalore.

Shankar, M.A., Sujith, G.M.,Roopadevi, V.D and Manjunath.A ,2003, Efficient land use systems for rainfedagriculture, Tech. Bull. AICRP on Dryland Agriculture, UAS, Bangalore.

Shankar, M.A. and Shivakumar. H.R., 2003. Mulberry: as a component in watershed Programme, Tech. Bull.AICRP on Dryland Agriculture, UAS, Bangalore.

Shankar, M.A.,. Manjunath, A. Gajanana, G.N.,.Pandurangaiah, K., Indrakumar, N., Lingappa, B.S. andMariraju. H. 2003. Three decades of dryland agricultural research ill Alfisols of South Kamataka (1971-2000), Tech. Bull. AICRP on Dryland Agriculture, UAS, Bangalore.

Gajanana, G.N., Nehru,S.D. and Shankar, M.A.2003, Male Ashrita Krishiyalli Hasirele Gobbarada Balake (InKannada),2003. Tech. Bull. AICRP on Dryland Agriculture, UAS, Bangalore.



(sanctioned & released)Bangalore 3916813 24750 150000 4091563Bangalore (ORP) 1103128 17000 120000 1240128

8. Scientific staffBangaloreM.A.Shankar, Chief ScientistIndra Kumar, Agricultural EngineeringA.Manjunath, Plant BreederG.N.Gajanana,Soil PhysicistMariraju, Agronomist.

Bangalore (Operational research project)K.Pandurangaiah, AgronomistB.S.Lingappa, Junior Agronomist

9. Address of centreBangaloreAICRP for Dryland Agriculture,University of Agricultural Sciences,G.K.V.K.,Bangalore – 560 065KarnatakaTel: (O) 080 – 3620795, 3330153, 3330348FAX: 080 – 3330277Email: shrungar@usanet


223

MAIZE BASED PRODUCTION SYSTEM

1. IntroductionThe research in the maize based production system is being carried out at Arjia (Bhilwara District,

Rajasthan), Ballowal-Saunkhri (Punjab) and Rakh Dhiansar (Jammu & Kashmir). Among these, high rainfall isreceived at Ballowal-Saunkhri and Rakh Dhiansar. Arjia is under typical semi arid tract. The recommendationdomain consists of Bhilwara, Chittorgarh, Udaipur, parts of Ajmer, Banswara, Dungarpur and Rajsamand forArjia centre. The research carried out at Ballowal-Saunkhri is aimed at Patiala and Ballowal-Saunkhri districts inKandi area. In this rainfed tract drought occurs almost twice in five years. Rakh Dhiansar center receives highrainfall and is at higher elevation than the other centers. This sub-humid center serves the interest and parts ofJammu and Kathua districts for Rakh Dhiansar centre. The maize and wheat are common crops in Ballowal-Saunkhri, maize and pulses dominate in Rakh Dhiansar. In Arjia, maize is the preferred crop by farmers andsorghum, pulses are other common crops. Rakh Dhiansar and Ballowal-Saunkhri have sequence cropping,while Arjia mostly depends on kharif season. The description of the agro-eco-sub-region, present soildegradation status, soil and climate parameters follow:

Agro-eco-sub-region State of soil degradation Climatic and soil parametersArjia

Northern Plain (and Central Highlands)including Aravallis, hot semi arid eco-region: North Gujarat Plain (inclusion ofAravalli range and east RajasthanUplands), hot dry semi arid eco-subregion with deep loamy grey brown andalluvium-derived soils, medium availablewater capacity and length of growingperiod 90-120 days (Agro-eco-sub-

region 4.2)



Potash

1681 mm

307 mmSuitableNormalLowLow tomediumHigh

Ballowal-SaunkhriWestern Plain, Kachchh, and part ofKathiawar peninsula, hot arid eco-region:Punjab and Rohilkhand plains, hotdry/moist sub-humid transitional eco-subregion with deep, loamy to clayeyalluvium-derived (including saline andsodic phases) soils, medium availablewater capacity and length of growingperiod 120-150 days (Agro-eco-sub-

region 9.1)

Water erosion with slight loss of top soil,affecting 11-25% area; low severity,slight chemical deterioration due tosalinization affecting 6-10% area; lowseverity; and slight physical deteriorationdue to water -logging, affecting 6-10%area; low severity.


739 mm

750 mmSuitableNormalLowMediumMedium

Rakh DhiansarWestern Himalayas, warm sub-humid (tohumid-perhumid) eco-region: SouthKashmir and Kumanyan Himalayas, warmmoist to dry sub-humid transitional eco-sub-region with medium to deep loamy toclayey brown Forest and Podzolic soils,medium available water capacity andlength of growing period 150-210 days(Agro-eco-sub-region 14.2)

Water erosion with slight loss of top soil,affecting 11-25% area; low severity,slight chemical deterioration due tosalinization affecting 6-10% area; lowseverity; and slight physical deteriorationdue to water logging, affecting 6-10%area; low severity.

Potential evapo-transpirationRainfall (June to Sept.)Soil reactionElectrical conductivityOrganic carbonPhosphatePotash

1100 mm

563 mm

SuitableNormalLowMediumVery low


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2. RainfallArjia received about 55% of normal rainfall in 2002. Out of 307 mm rainfall received 175 mm was received

in August and rainfall was below normal in all other months except May. The rainfall received in differentmonths was not useful for crop growth. The crops that were sown in June with the first rainfall have facedsevere drought in July as the month received only 6 mm against a normal of 196 mm. The heavy rainfall of 175mm in August and negligible rainfall of 13 mm in September was of no use for recovery of crops. Yields havebeen reduced due to unusual distribution of rainfall in this year.

Ballowal – Saunkhri received 750 mm of rainfall against a normal rainfall of 1012 mm in 2002. May, June,September and October received above normal rainfall, while other months received less than normal rainfall.The crops have suffered severe drought in July and August. The September rains have partially allowed thecrops to recover. However, there was a reduction in yields of maize and other kharif crops. The rabi cropssuffered from moisture stress and there was a reduction in yields.

Rakh Dhiansar received a rainfall of 563 mm in June to September as against 799 mm of normal rainfall.The crops sown in June had a severe moisture stress in July and recovered in August. However, the yields gotreduced due to low rainfall in September.

Rainfall (mm) in various seasons during 2002Month and season Arjia Ballowal-Saunkhri Rakh Dhiansar

Normal 2002 Normal 2002 Normal 2002Rainy seasonJune 73 45 79 111 73 100July 196 6 328 66 329 181August 249 175 345 212 278 247September 97 13 188 298 119 35Total 615 239 940 687 799 563Post – rainy seasonOctober 10 6 32 31 15 0November 7 0 1 0 13 0Total 17 6 33 31 28 0WinterDecember 4 7 30 2 33 0January 4 0 1 0 0 0February 3 30 0 0 0 0Total 11 37 31 2 33 0SummerMarch 5 0 4 0 0 0April 4 1 4 0 0 0May 6 24 0 30 0 0Total 15 25 8 30 0 0Grand Total 658 307 1012 750 860 563


3.1 Integrated nutrient management15 kg N through compost + 10 kg N through inorganic source was found to be superior for maize with a

biological yield of 1424 kg/ha in sole maize block and 1146 kg/ha in maize + blackgram block. The blackgrambiological yield was also maximum with this practice with a yield of 167 kg/ha under sole blackgram block and243 kg/ha under maize + blackgram blocks in the study at Arjia under semi arid vertisols.

The soil moisture content estimated from different depths during dry spells indicated that it was very lowi.e., 5.17 to 6.78% in 0.15 cm depth, 7.71 to 8.36% in 15 – 30 cm depth and 10.26 to 11.24% in 30-45 cm depthunder maize block. It was found to range from 5.47 to 6.92% in 0-15cm, 6.67 to 9.13% in 15-30 cm depth and


225

10.27 to 11.12% in 30-45 cm depth under blackgram block. Similarly, the soil moisture was varying from 5.14 to6.92% in 0-15 cm, 7.92 to 8.48% in 15-30 cm depth and 10.24 to 11.24% in 30 – 45 cm depth under maize +blackgram intercropping block studied with 9 integrated nutrient supply system treatments.

Integrated nutrient supply system for maize and blackgram under sole and intercropping - ArjiaMaize stover yield

(kg/ha)Blackgram stover

yield (kg/ha)Maize stover yield

(kg/ha)Blackgram stover yield

(kg/ha)Treatment

2002 Mean(5 yrs)


2002 Mean(5 yrs)


2002 Mean(5 yrs)


2002 Mean Sustain-abilityindex

Control 1250 2290 0.01 132 800 -0.04 764 1346 0.00 167 885 0.09100% recommended doseof N (inorganic)

1354 2844 0.11 132 951 0.00 972 1697 0.07 201 1008 0.12

50% recommended dose ofN (inorganic)

1302 2492 0.05 128 881 -0.02 799 1481 0.03 194 942 0.10

25 kg N (compost) 1319 2755 0.10 131 939 0.00 764 1658 0.06 194 1028 0.1215 kg N (compost) +10 kg N (inorganic)

1424 2893 0.12 167 1113 0.05 1146 1851 0.11 243 1118 0.15


1354 2791 0.10 162 1075 0.04 972 1704 0.07 215 1050 0.13


1424 2857 0.12 153 1001 0.02 972 1815 0.10 232 1063 0.13


1354 2745 0.10 153 1004 0.02 833 1680 0.07 215 1035 0.12


1424 2776 0.10 149 907 -0.01 833 1614 0.06 222 991 0.11

Mean 1356 2716 0.09 145 963 0.01 895 1838 0.10 209 1214 0.17

SEm 51 51 105 51

CD (0.05) NS NS NS NS

Integrated nutrient supply system - ArjiaBlock: Maize Block: Blackgram Strip: Maize + blackgramTreatment

0-15cm

15-30cm

30-45cm

0-15cm

15-30cm

30-45cm

0-15 cm 15-30cm

30-45cm

Control 5.17 7.84 10.78 2.78 6.67 10.88 5.14 8.08 10.24100% recommended dose of N (inorganic)

5.28 7.71 10.84 5.47 7.84 10.27 5.28 7.92 10.84

50% recommended dose of N (inorganic)

5.78 8.08 11.24 5.84 7.94 10.90 5.47 8.18 10.93

25 kg N (compost) 6.17 8.24 10.92 6.29 8.04 10.75 6.26 7.97 10.4715 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (inorganic)

6.34 8.36 10.46 6.78 8.38 11.12 6.47 8.11 10.98

15 kg N (compost) + 20 kgN (inorganic)

6.19 7.98 11.04 6.42 8.42 10.92 6.92 8.14 11.24

15 kg N (green leaf) + 10 kgN (inorganic)

6.78 8.01 10.26 6.71 8.21 10.67 6.41 8.32 11.20

15 kg N (green leaf) + 20 kgN (inorganic)

6.24 8.24 10.78 6.92 9.13 10.80 6.72 8.26 10.42

15 kg N (compost) + 10 kgN (green leaf)

6.67 8.15 10.84 6.26 8.26 10.94 6.33 8.48 10.97


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In a study on assessing nitrogen dose for different crop rotations (cereal-legume rotation) at Arjia, maize –maize was found to be superior with a biological yield of 1631 kg/ha, followed by maize + blackgram – maizewith a yield of 1319 kg/ha. Among the nitrogen doses recommended, N was found to be superior with highestmaize biological yield of 1472 kg/ha in the study. The grain yield could not be attained due to late onset,subsequent drought and early with drawal of monsoon.

Studies on nitrogen requirement of cereal in cereal- legume rotation - ArjiaTreatment Biological yield (kg/ha) in 2002Crop rotationMaize - maize 1631Maize + blackgram- maize 1319Blackgram - maize 1182 FertiliserRecommended nitrogen (50 kg/ha) 147275% recommended N 128450% recommended N 1376

In an integrated nutrient management study during kharif, out of 12 integrated nutrient supply treatmentstested for maize and greengram, application of 15 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (inorganic) was highlysustainable (0.72) and provided a maximum maize yield of 3250 kg/ha, while a yield of 350 kg/ha of greengramwas attained by both 100% recommended N through inorganic fertiliser (0.48 sustainability) and 15 kg N(green leaf) + 20 kg N (inorganic) treatments (0.36 sustainability) under dry sub-humid inceptisols of Ballowal-Saunkhri.

Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on productivity of maize and greengram - Ballowal-SaunkhriGrain yield (kg/ha)

in 2002Mean Sustainability

indexTreatment

Maize Green-gram

Maize(5 yrs)

Greengram(4 yrs)

Maize Green-gram

Control 1850 260 1612 520 0.49 0.36100% recommended N (inorganic) 3110 350 2901 616 0.89 0.4850% recommended N (inorganic) 2540 320 2379 580 0.73 0.4425 kg N (compost) 2590 320 2031 541 0.62 0.3915 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (inorganic) 3250 270 2354 543 0.72 0.3915 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (inorganic) 2450 330 2327 564 0.71 0.4215 kg N (green leaf) + 10 kg N (inorganic) 2390 320 2186 486 0.67 0.3215 kg N (green leaf ) + 20 kg N (inorganic) 2720 350 2352 516 0.72 0.3615 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (green leaf) 2470 310 2037 473 0.62 0.30

Mean 2597 314 2242 538 0.68 0.38

In an integrated nutrient management study during rabi at Ballowal-Saunkhri, 15 kg N (compost) + 10 kgN (inorganic) was found to be superior for wheat with a yield of 2510 kg/ha and 0.51 sustainability, while 15 kgN (green leaf) + 20 kg N (inorganic) gave maximum lentil yield of 940 kg/ha with a sustainability of 0.69compared to other treatments.

Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on productivity of wheat and lentil - Ballowal-SaunkhriGrain yield (kg/ha)

in 2002Mean Sustainability

indexTreatment

Wheat Lentil Wheat(5 yrs)

Lentil(4 yrs)

Wheat Lentil

Control 1420 720 1486 807 0.21 0.50100% recommended N (inorganic) 2060 870 2205 943 0.38 0.6350% recommended N (inorganic) 1970 890 1911 889 0.36 0.6525 kg N (compost) 1600 900 1629 863 0.26 0.6615 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (inorganic) 2510 900 1932 892 0.51 0.6615 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (inorganic) 2430 880 2019 877 0.49 0.64


227

15 kg N (green leaf) + 10 kg N (inorganic) 1740 780 1395 661 0.29 0.5515 kg N (green leaf) + 20 kg N (inorganic) 1880 940 1510 694 0.33 0.6915 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (green leaf) 1860 870 1384 666 0.33

Mean 1941 861 1809 1139

In a study on assessing graded doses of N and P for different greengram varieties at Ballowal-Saunkhri,125 kg of N and 40 kg of P was highly effective and provided a maximum yield of 460 kg/ha of greengramyield. Among 3 greengram varieties, SML-668 was found to be superior with a seed yield of 480 kg/ha in thestudy at Ballowal-Saunkhri.

Effect of graded doses of nitrogen and phosphorus on the productivity ofgreengram cultivars - Ballowal-Saunkhri

Cultivars Seed yield (kg/ha) in 2002 1000 seed weight (g) Stover yield (kg/ha)ML 613 440 69.7 7500SML 134 340 74.1 6010SML 668 480 88.0 7000

CD (0.05) NS 14.2 NSLevels of NP (kg/ha)N0P0 380 73.7 6583N125P20 430 79.1 6880N125P40 460 79.1 7040

CD (0.05) NS NS NS

In a study on seed inoculation and fertiliser N and P application study for lentil at Ballowal-Saunkhri, theinoculated seed gave a higher yield of 686 kg/ha compared to seed without inoculation (571 kg/ha), 12.5 kg N+ 30 kg P/ha was superior for lentil with a yield of 680 kg/ha in the study.

Seed inoculation and doses of nutrients in lentil - Ballowal-SaunkhriTreatment Pods/ plant Stover yield (kg/ha) Seed yield (kg/ha) in 2002Without inoculation 44.4 1280 572With inoculation 53.0 1270 686N 12.5 P10 41.9 1050 571N 12.5 P20 46.4 1320 638N 12.5 P30 57.8 1450 680

100% recommended N through inorganic fertiliser was found to be superior among 9 integrated nutrientmanagement treatments with a maize yield of 3109 kg/ha under sole maize system (cereal), 1905 kg/ha ofmaize equivalent yield under cereal + legume system and 1548 kg/ha of maize equivalent yield under legumesystem under dry sub-humid inceptisols. The treatment was found to be highly sustainable (0.68) for cereal,moderately sustainable (0.55) for cereal + legume and legume (0.49) system in the study during the last 5seasons. The maize equivalent yield had a coefficient of variation of 8% under sole maize.

Integrated nutrient supply system for cereal and legume system - Rakh DhiansarYield (kg/ha)

Cereal (Maize) Cereal +legume(Maize equivalent)

Legume (blackgram)(Maize equivalent)

Treatment

2002 Mean(5 yrs)

Sustainabilityindex

2002 Mean(5 yrs)

Sustainabilityindex

2002 Mean(5 yrs)

Sustainabilityindex

Control 1151 1156 0.17 950 1184 0.21 905 1270 0.24100% recommendedN (inorganic)

3109 3263 0.68 1905 2208 0.55 1548 1884 0.49

50% recommended N(inorganic)

2117 2144 0.41 1273 1630 0.36 1087 1610 0.38

25 kg N (compost) 1945 2000 0.38 1561 1648 0.36 1596 1817 0.47


228


2064 2194 0.42 1238 1660 0.37 1095 1718 0.43


2779 2719 0.55 1426 1811 0.42 1222 1648 0.40


1918 2063 0.39 1373 1672 0.37 1175 1868 0.49


2673 2593 0.52 1442 1994 0.48 1127 1568 0.36


2091 2080 0.40 1328 1584 0.34 1111 1638 0.39

Mean 2205 2246 0.44 1388 1710 0.38 1207 1669 0.41

SEm 102 76 95

CD (0.05) 305 228 283

CV (%) 8.0 9.5 13.5

In a permanent manurial trial in the kandi soils of Rakh Dhiansar, 100% recommended NPK + ZnS04 @20 kg/ha and 100% recommended NPK (60:40:20 NPK kg/ha) were found to be significantly superior withmaize yields of 1750 and 1717 kg/ha with a sustainability of 0.68 and 0.66 respectively compared to farmers’practice (farm yard manure @ 4 t/ha + 40 kg urea/ha) with 1167 kg/ha (0.48 sustainability) and control with867 kg/ha (0.27 sustainability).

Permanent manurial trial on maize - Rakh DhiansarTreatment Maize yield

(kg/ha)(Kharif) in 2002

Mean(7

yrs)

Sustainabilityindex

Control 867 1429 0.27

100% recommended dose of NPK (60:40:20 kg/ha) 1717 3196 0.66

50% recommended dose of NPK 1183 2103 0.42

50% recommended dose of N (crop residues) 1017 1808 0.35

50% recommended dose of N (farm yard manure) 1175 2158 0.43

50% recommended dose of NPK + 50% N (crop residue) 1150 2464 0.50

50% recommended dose of NPK + 50% N (farm yard manure) 1317 2734 0.55

Farm yard manure @ 10 t/ha 1334 2654 0.54

100% recommended dose of NPK + ZnSO4 @ 20 kg/ha 1750 3302 0.68Farmers’ method (Farm yard manure @ 4 t/ha + 40 kg Urea/ha)

1167 2384 0.48

Mean 1268 2423 0.49

SEm 53

CD (0.05) 154

CV (%) 8.4

Among 10 inorganic and organic fertiliser treatments tested for maize – wheat rotation under dry sub-humid inceptisols, maximum maize yield of 1876 kg/ha was attained with farm yard manure @ 10 t/ha + 40 kgN/ha + recommended P and K. This is followed by farm yard manure @ 10 t/ha + 30 kg N/ha +recommended P and K and green manuring with sunhemp + 40 kg N/ha + recommended P and K with anequal yield of 1779 kg/ha at Rakh Dhiansar.

Application of farm yard manure @ 10 t/ha + 40 kg N/ha in kharif to maize gave a higher wheat yield of2287 kg/ha in rabi which was at par with farm yard manure @ 10 t/ha + 30 kg N/ha, green manure (sunhemp)+ 40 kg N/ha and green manure (leaucaena) @ 5 t/ha + 40 kg N/ha at Rakh Dhiansar.


229

Nitrogen management in maize-wheat rotation - Rakh DhiansarYield (kg/ha) in 2002Treatment

Rabi –Wheat

Mean(2 yrs)

Kharif - Maize Mean(2 yrs)

Control 1369 817 1126 1182Farm yard manure @ 10 t/ha + 20kg N/ha +recommended P & K

2092 1310 1501 1640

Farm yard manure @ 10 t/ha + 30kg N/ha +recommended P & K

2246 1444 1779 1849

Farm yard manure @ 10 t/ha + 40kg N/ha +recommended P & K

2287 1484 1876 1939

Green manuring with sunhemp + 20 kg N/ha +recommended P&K

1190 781 1459 1522


2099 1278 1626 1710


2244 1409 1779 1835

Leuceana leaves @ 5 t +20 kg N/ha +recommended P & K

1925 1129 1320 1397

Leuceana leaves @ 5 t + 30 kg N/ha +recommended P & K

2029 1284 1640 1640

Leuceana leaves @ 5 t + 40 kg N/ha +recommended P & K

2224 1439 1626 1675

Mean 1573 1639SEm 110 107

CD (0.05) 328 319

In a study to assess response of blackgram for varying levels of lime and phosphorus under dry sub-humid inceptisols of Rakh Dhiansar, maximum yield of 879 kg/ha was attained with P @ 40 kg/ha + lime @1500 kg/ha, followed by P @ 60 kg/ha + lime @ 1500 kg/ha with a yield of 810 kg/ha as against a control yieldof 417 kg/ha.

Response of blackgram to varying levels of lime and phosphorus - Rakh DhiansarTreatment Yield (kg/ha) in 2002 Mean (2 yrs)Control 417 464Phosphorus 20 kg/ha + No lime 555 551Phosphorus 40 kg/ha + No lime 486 538Phosphorus 60 kg/ha + No lime 560 591No phosphorus + Lime 15 q/ha 671 678Phosphorus 20 kg/ha + lime 15 qt/ha 740 717Phosphorus 40 kg/ha + lime 15 qt/ha 879 882Phosphorus 60 kg/ha + lime 15 qt/ha 810 801No phosphorus + Lime 30 q/ha 463 501Phosphorus 20 kg/ha + lime 30 qt/ha 573 565Phosphorus 40 kg/ha + lime 30 qt/ha 652 644Phosphorus 60 kg/ha + lime 30 qt/ha 421 502

Mean 602 619SEm 60

CD (0.05) 176

A maximum oat seed yield of 1102 kg/ha and dry bhusa yield of 4279 kg/ha were attained with a nitrogenapplication of 90 kg/ha at Rakh Dhiansar. The seed yield was significantly higher compared to control with ayield of 757 kg/ha and 30 kg N/ha with a yield of 970 kg/ha but was at par with 60 kg N/ha with a yield of 1072kg/ha. Similarly, the dry bhusa yield attained with 90 kg N/ha significantly higher compared to control and 30kg N/ha but was at par with 60 kg N/ha under dry sub-humid inceptisols.


230

Nitrogen management for oat – Rakh DhainsarTreatment Seed yield

(kg/ha)Dry bhusa yield

(kg/ha)Mean seed yield

(3 yrs)Mean dry grass

yield (3 yrs)N 0 757 2657 335 979N 30 970 3222 447 1208N 60 1072 4126 496 1522N 90 1102 4279 527 1593

SEm 45CD (0.05) 175

In a study to assess the effect intra-plot water harvesting and fertiliser application on maize biologicalyield of maximum 6410 kg/ha was attained under 50% of donor area of sorghum fodder compared to either33% of donor area or control. Among fertiliser doses, 150% of recommended fertiliser gave the highestbiological yield of 4094 kg/ha compared to either 100% recommended dose of fertiliser or control under semiarid vertisols of Arjia.

Effect of intra-plot water harvesting and fertility levels on grain yield of maize - ArjiaTreatment Biological yield (kg/ha) in 2002Intra plot water harvestingM1 – Control 796M2 – 1/3 donor area (sorghum) 5639M3 – 1/2 donor area (sorghum) 6410Fertility levelsF1 – Control 3224F2 – Recommended fertiliser 3796F3 – 150% of recommended fertiliser 4094

Application of 60 kg P/ha and zinc sulphate @ 5 kg/ha gave maximum chickpea yield of 2235 kg/ha,followed by 60 kg P/ha and zinc sulphate @ 10 kg/ha with a yield of 2220 kg/ha at Rakh Dhiansar.

Evaluation of phosphorus and zinc requirement of chickpea under dryland conditions – Rakh DhiansarTreatment Grain yield (kg/ha) in 2002 Mean (2 yrs)Control 786 756P 20 1240 1212


231

P 40 1619 1614P 60 1909 1796P 0 Zn 5 845 830P 20 Zn 5 1315 1268P 40 Zn 5 2054 2165P 60 Zn 5 2235 2283P 0 Zn 10 897 948P 20 Zn10 511 968P 40 Zn 10 2087 2107P 60 Zn 10 2220 2239

SEm 91CD (0.05) 268

Application of farm yard manure @ 10 t/ha to maize in kharif was found to be superior in providing amaximum residual effect on chickpea and mustard in rabi. The treatment has given a maximum sarsonequivalent yield of 1737 kg/ha, followed by 50% recommended dose of fertiliser + 50% N (farm yard manure)with a yield of 1580 kg/ha under dry sub-humid inceptisols at Rakh Dhiansar.

Residual effect of organics and inorganics applied to maize in kharif on chickpea andmustard in rabi – Rakh Dhiansar

Treatment (NPK kg/ha) Sarson equivalent yield(kg/ha) in 2002

Mean (6 yrs)

Control 754 599100% recommended dose of fertiliser (60:40:20 kg/ha NPK) 1257 105950% recommended dose of fertilizer 1149 94950% N (crop residue) 1073 82450% N (farm yard manure) 1379 117950% recommended dose of fertiliser + 50% N (crop residue) 1156 105850% recommended dose of fertiliser + 50% N (farm yard manure) 1580 1420Farm yard manure @ 10 t/ha 1737 1461100% recommended dose of fertiliser + ZnSO4 @ 20 kg/ha 1232 1056Farmers’ practice (Farm yard manure @ 4 t/ha + 40 kg N (urea)) 1345 1345

SEm 54CD (0.05) 156

3.2 Soil and water conservationIn a tillage study with fertiliser and other inputs, highest maize straw yield of 2042 kg/ha was attained with

a combination of conventional tillage + weeding twice + 50% inorganic fertiliser + 50% organic fertilisersources under semi – arid vertisols of Arjia. The lowest maize straw yield of 1625 kg/ha was attained with lowtillage + weeding twice + 100% inorganic fertiliser dose. Highest infiltration rate was observed in low tillagewith 50% inorganic and 50% organic fertiliser, while lowest infiltration rate in low tillage with 100% inorganicfertilizer. The organic carbon was found to range from 0.32% (low tillage + herbicide + weeding once + 100%inorganic fertiliser) to 0.42% (conventional tillage + weeding twice + 100% organic fertiliser) in the study.

Low till farming strategies for maize for resource conservation and improving soil quality - ArjiaTreatment Maize straw yield

(kg/ha) in 2002Organic

carbon (%)Infiltration

rate (cm/hr)Conventional tillage + 2 weeding + 100% inorganic 2000 0.41 1.40Conventional tillage + 2 weeding + 100% organic 1750 0.42 1.70Conventional tillage + 2 weeding + 50% inorganic +50% organic

2042 0.40 2.55

Low tillage + herbicide + 1 weeding + 100% inorganic 1708 0.32 0.80Low tillage + herbicide + 1 weeding + 100% organic 1708 0.36 2.45Low tillage + herbicide + 1 weeding + 50% inorganic +50% organic

1733 0.35 1.80


232

Low tillage + 2 weeding + 100% inorganic 1625 0.41 1.27Low tillage + 2 weeding + 100% organic 1775 0.41 2.24Low tillage + 2 weeding + 50% inorganic + 50% organic 1750 0.40 1.26

Mean 1788SEm 87

CD (0.05) NS

In a maize – wheat sequence study, low tillage (50% conventional tillage) + interculture + weedicideapplication has given maximum maize yield of 2290 kg/ha with a high sustainability of 0.71 compared toconventional tillage + interculture with 2160 kg/ha (0.57 sustainability) under dry sub-humid inceptisols ofBallowal-Saunkhri. In the same study, application of 100% fertiliser through inorganic source was highlyeffective with a maize yield of 2650 kg/ha (0.74 sustainability) compared to either 100% organic fertiliser (1760kg/ha with 0.53 sustainability) or 50% organic + 50% inorganic fertiliser (2180 kg/ha with 0.63 sustainability).

In the maize – wheat sequence cropping at Ballowal-Saunkhri, conventional tillage + interculture wassuperior for wheat with a yield of 2460 kg/ha and 0.43 sustainability compared to either low tillage +interculture or low tillage + interculture + weedicide. 100% organic fertiliser gave a higher wheat yield of 2280kg/ha (with 0.32 sustainability) compared to either 100% inorganic fertiliser or 50% organic + 50% inorganicfertiliser in the study.

Low till farming strategies for resource conservation and improving soil quality(maize – wheat sequence) – Ballowal-Saunkhri

Maize yield (kg/ha) Wheat yield (kg/ha)Treatment2002 Mean


index2002 Mean


indexTillageConventional tillage + interculture 2160 2049 0.57 2460 1776 0.43Low tillage + interculture 2150 2056 0.57 1930 1606 0.36Low tillage + interculture + weedicide 2290 2449 0.71 2300 1776 0.43

Mean 2200 2185 0.62 2230 1720 0.41Fertilizers100% organic fertilizer 1760 1892 0.53 2280 1559 0.3250% organic + 50% inorganic 2180 2168 0.63 2220 1804 0.41100% inorganic fertilizer 2650 2477 0.74 2180 1793 0.40

Mean 2197 2179 0.63 2227 1718 0.38

In a tillage and nutrient management study for resource conservation and improving soil quality at RakhDhiansar, conventional tillage + interculture was highly effective in attaining a maize yield of 1879 kg/hacompared to either low tillage + interculture (1440 kg/ha) or low tillage + weedicide + interculture (1631kg/ha). Among different fertiliser combinations 100% inorganic fertiliser gave a significantly higher maize yieldof 1861 kg/ha in the study.

Low tillage + weedicide + interculture gave a maximum wheat (PBW-175) yield of 3253 kg/ha comparedto conventional tillage + interculture or low tillage + interculture treatments. Application of 100%recommended N through inorganic source was highly effective with a maximum wheat yield of 3174 kg/ha inthe study.

Tillage and nutrient management for resource conservation and improving soil quality - Rakh DhiansarYield (kg/ha) in 2002

Treatment Kharif - Maize Rabi - wheat Mean (2 yrs)TillageConventional tillage + interculture 1879 2962 1847Low tillage (50% of conventional tillage) + interculture 1440 2712 1506Low tillage + weedicide + interculture 1631 3253 1662

Mean 1650 1671SEm 128 88

CD (0.05) 385 346


233

Nutrient supply100% N (organic) 1451 2746 146050% N (organic) + 50% N (inorganic) 1638 3012 1676100% N (inorganic) 1861 3174 1878

Mean 1650 1671SEm 109

CD (0.05) 153 337

3.3 Cropping system

Out of different maize based cropping systems tested at Arjia, maximum biomass of 1995 kg/ha wasattained with maize – cowpea (F) sequence, followed by maize – groundnut with 1863 kg/ha under semi aridvertisols. Due to low rainfall and available soil moisture, the grain yield could not be attained.

Studies on maize based cropping systems for sustainable crop production - ArjiaTreatment Biological yield (kg/ha) in 2002Maize - maize 1283Maize + blackgram (2:2) 924Maize - greengram 1449Maize - blackgram 1800Maize - clusterbean 1822Maize - cowpea (fodder) 1995Maize - groundnut 1863

Mean 1591

Among different varieties of crops examined for developing a contigent crop plan for semi arid vertisols atArjia, Mahi Kanchan of maize (1109 kg/ha), CSV-15 of sorghum (1646 kg/ha), JL-24 of groundnut (792 kg/ha),RT-125 of sesame (804 kg/ha), T-9 of blackgram (271 kg/ha), K-851 of green gram (479 kg/ha), RGC-987 ofclusterbean (763 kg/ha) and AK-21 of horsegram (730 kg/ha) were superior with a maximum biological yield.

Studies on performance of crops and their varieties for contingent crop plan - ArjiaTreatment Biological yield (kg/ha) in 2002Crops VarietyMaize Navjot 1073

Mahi Kanchan 1109Sorghum CSV-10 1527

CSV-15 1646Groundnut JL-24 792

ICVG-92195TAG -24 650

Sesame RT - 46 650RT - 125 804

Blackgram T - 9 271RBU - 38 263

Greengram K - 851 479RMG - 62 438

Clusterbean RGC - 936 592RGC - 986 763

Horsegram AK - 21 730AK - 26 645


234

In a drought management study under delayed onset of monsoon at Arjia, maximum fodder yield of 4545kg/ha was attained under sorghum + cowpea fodder system compared to other practices under semi aridvertisols. The intercropping system was superior under drought compared to either using 25% higher seedrate, ridges and furrows and protective irrigation for maize, or growing maize + blackgram or greengram orblackgram crops at Arjia. Blackgram attained lowest biological yield of 177 kg/ha in the study.

Studies on management of drought under delayed onset of monsoon - ArjiaGrain/fodder yield (kg/ha)

Treatment 2002(B) Mean (6 yrs)Maize (control) 1099 968Maize (25% higher seed rate) 1215 1037Maize (Ridge and furrow sowing) 1157 1096Maize (Protective irrigation during drought) 1215 1006Maize + blackgram (intercropping) 1128Greengram 414 473Blackgram 177 506Sorghum + cowpea fodder 4545

In a study with different ley farming and cropping systems with soil moisture conservation practices undersemi arid vertisols of Arjia, Cenchrus ciliaris grass was found to be a superior ley farming practice with a grassyield of 1368 kg/ha. Sorghum fodder has provided maximum maize equivalent yield of 1482 kg/ha in the study.Among different soil moisture conservation practices examined, compartment bunding at 5 m interval wasfound to be superior followed by sowing across the slope and other practices for in situ moisture conservation.

Studies on runoff and soil loss under different cropping systems andin-situ moisture conservation practices - Arjia

Biological yield (kg/ha)TreatmentGrass/straw

in 2002Maize equivalent

Yield in 2002Ley farmingCenchrus grass 1368Stylosanthesis hamata 855Cenchrus ciliaris + Stylosanthesis hamata 1140Fallow 1140Cropping systemMaize 456Maize + blackgram intercropping 690Blackgram 240Groundnut 601Sorghum (fodder) 1482Soil moisture conservation practicesFarmers’ practice (along the slope) 410Sowing across the slope 456Ridge sowing 342Flat sowing and ridges after interculture 342Opening of ditches across the slope @ 10 m. (ditch 30 cmwide and 15 cm deep)

456

Compartment bunding (5 m interval) 513

Among different row spacings for sole and intercropping systems examined for maize, greengram andblackgram at Ballowal-Saunkhri, maximum maize equivalent yield of 5060 kg/ha was attained under sole maizesystem with a spacing of 60 x 22.5 cm compared to other systems. Among intercropping combinations maize(60 x 22.5 cm) + greengram (30 x 10 cm) was found to be superior with a maize equivalent yield of 3890 kg/hain the study conducted under dry sub-humid inceptisols.


235

Influence of crop geometry on yield attributes of maize in maize basedintercropping systems – Ballowal-Saunkhri

Grain yield (kg/ha) in 2002TreatmentMaize Inter

cropMaizeequt.yield

Plantheight(cm)

Coblength(cm)

Cobgirth(cm)

Grainspercob

1000grainwt (g)

Maize (60 x 22.5 cm) 5060 - 5060 174 14.9 12.7 490 171.5Greengram (30 x 10 cm) - 290 760 - - - - -Blackgram (30 x 10 cm) - 350 940 - - - - -Maize (60 x 22.5 cm) + greengram(30 x 10 cm)

3610 110 3890 186 14.3 12.1 469 147.6

Maize (90 x 22.5 cm) + greengram(30 x 10 cm)

2790 190 3280 185 15 12.6 581 156.6

Maize (60 x 22.5 cm) + Blackgram(30 x 10 cm)

3180 140 3550 179 14.1 12.5 536 153.9

Maize (90 x 22.5 cm) + Blackgram(30 x 10 cm)

2680 160 3110 185 14.2 12.5 521 144.6

CD (0.05) 11 2 - NS NS NS NS

In a similar study with different maize varieties and fertilizer N and P combinations, Prakash variety ofmaize gave a higher yield of 3180 kg/ha with application of 80 kg N + 40 kg P/ha under sole cropping system.Under intercropping of maize and greengram, application of 80 kg N + 40 kg P/ha was superior with highestmaize equivalent yield of 3380 kg/ha at Ballowal-Saunkhri under dry sub-humid inceptisols.

Crop geometry studies in maize based intercropping system - Ballowal-SaunkhriStover yield (kg/ha) in 2002 Grain yield (kg/ha) in 2002Treatment

Maize Intercrop 1000 grainweight (g)

Maize Intercrop Maizeequivalent yield

Maize (Local) N 40 P20 7610 - 181.2 2860 - 2860Maize (Prakash) N80 P40 8280 - 190.2 3180 - 3180Greengram (SML-668) - 2520 - - 380 500Maize + greengram N 40 P 20 4730 1130 199.0 2670 130 3020Maize + greengram N 60 P 30 5870 1290 199.5 2670 130 3030Maize + greengram N 80 P 40 5970 1700 199.7 2990 180 3380

CD (0.05) 2250 - NS NS - -

Among different seed rates and row spacings experimented for lentil at Ballowal-Saunkhri, 30 kg/ha ofseed rate was superior with a seed yield of 649 kg/ha compared to 37.5 and 45 kg/ha of seed rate with yieldsof 561 and 523 kg/ha respectively. Among row spacings, 22.5 cm was ideal for lentil and has given a seedyield of 577 kg/ha, followed by 25 cm with 560 kg/ha and 30 cm with 507 kg/ha.

Effect of seed rates and row spacing on yield attributes and productivity of lentil underrainfed conditions - Ballowal-Saunkhri

Treatment Plant height(cm)

Stover yield(kg/ha)

1000 seedweight (g)

Seed yield (kg/ha)in 2002

Seed rates (kg/ha)30 33.0 2260 19.3 64937.5 30.7 2200 19.2 56145 32.3 2370 19.1 523Row spacing (cm)22.5 33.3 2320 19.3 57725 32.5 2390 19.1 65030 30.2 2120 19.2 507


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In a study to assess the residual effect of preceding crops on chickpea, growing fodder clusterbean wasfound to have a maximum effect on the subsequent grown chickpea in attaining a maximum yield of 1230kg/ha, followed by M-338 variety of blackgram with a chickpea yield of 990 kg/ha in rabi as against the lowestyield of 730 kg/ha attained when local pearlmillet (F) was grown in kharif season at Ballowal-Saunkhri.

Effect of preceding crops on the yield contributing characters and yield of chickpea - Ballowal-SaunkhriPreceding crop (Cultivar) Stover yield

(kg/ha)Seed yield (kg/ha)

in 20021000 seedweight (g)

Maize (Megha (composite)) 2180 860 134.4Maize (Prakash (hybrid)) 1720 780 135.4Pearlmillet (fodder) (Local)

1500730

138.7Clusterbean (fodder) (Guara-80) 2840 1230 137.6Greengram (SML-668) 2650 870 140.0Blackgram (M-338) 2530 990 139.8

In a similar study, to assess the influence of kharif crops on rapeseed mustard grown in rabi at Ballowal-Saunkhri, it was observed that growing greengram (SML-668) was highly beneficial to mustard with amaximum seed yield of 1280 kg/ha, followed by clusterbean (Guara-80) and blackgram (M-338). Growinghybrid maize (Prakash) in kharif season provided the lowest yield of 740 kg/ha of mustard in rabi in the study.


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Influence of preceding crops on the yield contributing characters andyield of mustard - Ballowal-Saunkhri

Preceding crop (Cultivar) Stover yield(kg/ha)

Seed yield(kg/ha) in 2002

Plant height(cm)

Siliquae plant

Maize (Megha (composite)) 3520 960 162.4 417Maize (Prakash (hybrid)) 2820 740 180.0 402Pearlmillet (fodder) (Local) 3740 920 144.6 378Clusterbean (fodder) (Guara-80) 4420 1140 172.2 391Greengram (SML-668) 5020 1280 163.7 487Blackgram (M-338) 4130 1090 157.1 390

In a study at Rakh Dhiansar to find out suitable cropping system, greengram in kharif followed by wheatin rabi gave maximum green fodder yield of 31990 kg/ha. This is followed by amla + green fodder with a yieldof 30400 kg/ha under dry sub-humid inceptisols.

Suitable agro-forestry system for rainfed areas of Jammu - Rakh DhiansarTreatment Green fodder yield (kg/ha) in 2002Guava + greengram (kharif)/wheat (rabi) 24990Leucaena leucocephala + greengram (kharif)/wheat (rabi) 25460Grewia optiva + greengram (kharif)/wheat (rabi) 26190Albizia lebbeck + greengram (kharif)/wheat (rabi) 28590Amla + green fodder 30400Greengram (kharif)/wheat (rabi) sole crop 31990

Mean 27937

Among different varieties of wheat evaluated by sowing on different dates at Rakh Dhiansar, RSP-423 wasfound to be a superior variety with a grain yield of 1589 kg/ha, followed by RSP-422 with 1564 kg/ha. Amongdifferent dates of sowing, sowing on 14th November was highly effective found to be superior with asignificantly higher wheat yield of 1518 kg/ha, followed by sowing on 4th December with 1301 kg/ha under drysub-humid inceptisols.

Evaluation of wheat varieties under different dates of sowing – Rakh DhiansarTreatment Grain yield (kg/ha) in 2002 Mean (2 yrs)Dates of sowing25th October 1140 85214th November 1518 10724th December 1301 90624th December 1114 710

SEm 108CD (0.05) 375

VarietyPBW – 299 1067 774RSP – 303 1074 783RSP – 312 – 1 1045 724RSP – 422 1564 1044RSP - 423 1589 1061

SEm 15CD (0.05) 43


Among 5 horsegram cultivars tested at Arjia, AK-42, AK-1 and AK-44 were found to be promising withseed yields of 302, 290 and 249 kg/ha. However, the genotypes had a low sustainability of 0.19 to 0.25 in thelast 4 years of experimentation under semi arid vertisols.


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Screening of horsegram cultivars - ArjiaCultivars Seed yield (kg/ha)

in 2002Mean(4 yrs)

Sustainabilityindex

Fodder yield(kg/ha)

AK - 1 290 462 0.19 804AK-22 167 922AK - 42 302 526 0.25 897AK-44 249 898AK - 21 (C) 219 465 0.19 844

Mean 245 484 873SEm 8

CD (0.05) 23

Aravali makka –1, PEHM-2 and EC-3108 were found to be superior maize cultivars with a yield of 1634,1442 and 1395 kg/ha among 7 different cultivars screened under semi arid vertisols of Arjia.

Screening of maize cultivars - ArjiaCultivars Fodder yield (kg/ha) in 2002 Mean (2 yrs)Surya 1348 1857Aravali Makka - 1 1634 1565Mahi Kanchan 1338 1685PEHM -1 1260 1638PEHM -2 1442 1870Navjot (c) 1301 1549EC-3108 1395 1395

Mean 1388 1624SEm 199

CD (0.05) NS

Among different wheat cultivars evaluated at Ballowal-Saunkhri, PBW-175, C-306, PBW-396 and UP-2596were found to be superior with a significantly higher grain yield of 1830, 1790, 1770 and 1750 kg/harespectively under dry sub-humid inceptisols.

Evaluation of bread wheat cultivars - Ballowal-SaunkhriCultivars Days to heading Plant height (cm) 1000 grain weight (g) Grain yield (kg/ha) in 2002PBW- 527 102 58.1 22.9 1440PBW- 528 104 63.3 30.7 1610MP- 1150 96 58.4 32.5 1470HD- 2865 102 58.1 27.4 1650HD- 2867 101 60.0 25.0 1220UP- 2596 100 61.4 23.8 1750DT- 139 99 63.1 29.9 1210NW- 2069 102 62.6 24.4 1030WH- 773 104 60.6 28.3 1650C- 306 103 68.7 26.5 1790PBW -175 101 63.3 30.9 1830PBW -396 104 58.7 27.7 1770

Out of 16 durum wheat varieties tested in an experiment at Ballowal-Saunkhri, D-1840 attained highestgrain yield of 1720 kg/ha. In another experiment with 12 durum wheat varieties, D-1798 was superior with amaximum yield of 1240 kg/ha compared to other cultivars tested under dry sub-humid inceptisols. The daystaken by the varieties for heading varied from 99 to 108 in the study.


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Performance of durum wheat cultivars - Ballowal-SaunkhriCultivars Days to heading Plant height (cm) 1000 grain weight (g) Grain yield (kg/ha) in 2002D- 1619 103 58.9 31.1 770D- 1648 104 61.3 28.5 1070D- 1679 104 59.9 32.6 1250D- 1721 106 65.2 36.9 1240D- 1777 103 57.0 32.6 750D- 1793 102 57.9 35.4 720D- 1812 108 62.2 29.0 970D- 1840 104 60.2 33.9 1720D -1913 106 60.5 33.8 1580D -1942 99 57.1 33.1 1290D -1952 99 59.6 33.2 890D- 2008 103 57.9 27.7 1050D- 2094 105 62.4 33.6 1090D- 2127 103 57.0 27.5 1150C- 306 102 83.4 30.6 1580PBW -175 100 68.4 33.7 1530

Performance of durum wheat cultivars - Ballowal-SaunkhriCultivars Days to heading Plant height (cm) 1000 grain weight (g) Grain yield (kg/ha) in 2002D- 1798 104 54.0 32.4 1240D- 1856 103 52.6 29.1 1000D- 1864 99 53.1 31.2 1050D-1866 98 53.9 29.3 880D- 1900 104 57.1 27.0 950D- 1913 106 55.0 29.8 1200D- 1940 98 49.6 34.0 1120D- 2033 100 56.3 32.4 1010D- 2042 97 49.2 29.2 1140D- 2058 101 53.0 29.7 1100PDW- 233 106 49.1 27.4 1110PDW- 274 99 50.0 30.2 1090

In a sesame varietal evaluation trial at Arjia, all the 20 genotypes have attained low yields rangingbetween 28 to 69 kg/ha due to severe drought. Among the genotypes, SPRT-23 attained the highest yield,followed by SPRT-25 and RMT-205 with a yield of 57 kg/ha under semi arid vertisols. The sesame genotypeswere found to have a variation of 34.7% in the study.

Yield and yield attributes of sesame cultivars - ArjiaVariety Seed yield (kg/ha) in 2002SPRT – 46 50SPRT – 59 32SPRT – 66 28SPRT – 86 40SPRT – 23 69SPRT – 25 57RMT – 137 50RMT – 162 48RMT – 179 37RMT – 182 39RMT – 197 57RMT – 199 34


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RMT – 205 57RMT – 211 54RT – 331 52RT – 333 51RT – 334 43RT – 46 © 40RT – 127 43RT – 125 43

SEm 09CD (0.05) NS

CV (%) 34.7

3.5 Weed managementIn a weed management study for greengram, the treatments of application of plant residue as mulch @ 4

t/ha and application of trifluralin @ 0.5 l/ha + one hand hoeing were found to be equally effective for attaining aseed yield of 400 kg/ha. This is followed by a yield of 390 kg/ha attained under weed free condition, while theformer treatment has provided the maximum stover yield of 2960 kg/ha, the latter treatment without handweeding has provided the next higher stover yield of 2900 kg/ha in the study.

Effect of weed control practices on the productivity of greengram - Ballowal-SaunkhriTreatment 1000 seed

weight (g)Stover yield

(kg/ha)Seed yield

(kg/ha) in 2002Weedy check 77.9 2430 230Hand hoeing once 80.4 2890 280Plant residue as mulch @ 4 t/ha 79.2 2960 400Pendimethalin (pre emergence) @ 0.56 l/ha 77.0 2830 340Pendimethalin (pre emergence) @ 0.56 l/ha+ one handweeding

82.5 2720 360

Trifluralin (pre-plant) @ 0.50 l/ha 80.1 2900 360Trifluralin (pre-plant) @ 0.50 l/ha + one hand weeding 76.2 2650 400Weed free 78.6 2960 390

CD (0.05)_ NS NS 90

3.6 Alternate land use systemIn a study on identifying suitable land use system for class IV and V lands at Arjia, Prosophis cineraria +

Cenchrus setigerus was found to be suitable with maximum grass yield of 1280 and 1040 kg/ha underrespective soils. The khejri survival was found to be 85% in class IV and 88% in class V lands semi aridvertisols.

Studies on land use systems for land capability class IV and V - Arjia

TreatmentLand Class – IV

in 2002 MeanAlley cropping (Jatropha + greengram) - 62Silvipastoral system (P. cineraria + C. setigerus) (khejri survival – 85%) (grass) 1280 3916Field cropping (sorghum fodder) 927 3349

Land Class - V in 2002Alley cropping (Jatropha + greengram) - 53Silvipastoral system (P. cineraria + C. setigerus) (khejri survival – 88%) (grass) 1040 2790Field cropping (sorghum fodder) 752 1913

Leaucaena leaucocephala + gobi sarson was found to be an ideal system for alternate land use at RakhDhiansar. The system has given maximum green leaf (605 kg/ha), fuel wood (1562 kg/ha) and green grass(3435 kg/ha). However, the system has given a gobi sarson yield of 346 kg/ha compared to the highest yield of398 kg/ha under control.


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Alternate land use for kandi soils – Rakh DhiansarTreatment Green leaf

(kg/ha)Fuel wood

(kg/ha)Green grass

(kg/ha)Gobi sarson

(kg/ha)Guava + Gobi sarson - - 3020 227Leuceana lencocephala + Gobi sarson 605 1562 3435 346Grewia optiva + Gobi sarson 310 612 3310 295Albizia lebbek + Gobi sarson 385 887 3325 302Gobi sarson (control) - - - 398

4. On – farm Research

4.1 Operational Research Project

4.1.1. Soil and water conservationHigher wheat (PBW-175) yield of 2270 kg/ha was attained with 3 irrigations, followed by 2630 kg/ha with 2

irrigations and 2380 kg/ha with one irrigation as against a control yield of 1780 kg/ha attained without providingany supplemental irrigation at Ballowal-Saunkhri.

Effect of supplemental irrigation on yield of wheat (PBW-175) - Ballowal-SaunkhriTreatment No. of locations Yield (kg/ha)No irrigation 2 1780One irrigation 2 2380Two irrigations 2 2630Three irrigations 2 2770

4.1.2. Cropping systemIn an intercropping trial on maize + greengram with different greengram varieties at 4 locations,

maximum gross returns of Rs 15035/ha was attained by maize + greengram (SML-668) compared to othercombinations at Ballowal-Saunkhri under farmers’ field conditions.

Yield and gross returns of greengram and maize intercropping system - Ballowal-SaunkhriMain crop IntercropTreatment No. of

locations Grain yield(kg/ha)

Stalk yield(kg/ha)

Grain yield(kg/ha)

Stalk yield(kg/ha)

Grossreturns(Rs/ha)

Sole maize (Prakash) 4 1770 4600 - - 11602Maize + greengram (SML- 668) 4 1740 4400 260 2140 15035Maize + greengram (SML- 134) 4 1740 4400 90 1590 12315Maize + greengram (SML- 613) 4 1640 3860 140 1860 12490

In an assessment of crops in kharif, blackgram was found to perform well in a drought year with a highernet returns of Rs 4315/ha compared to greengram, maize and sesame under dry sub-humid inceptisols ofBallowal-Saunkhri. Sesame had failed due to phyllody disease, while maize failed in light textured soils.

Comparative performance of kharif crops in drought - Ballowal-SaunkhriCrops No. of trials Grain yield (kg/ha) Net returns (Rs/ha)Greengram 4 670 3905Blackgram 4 610 4315Maize 8 Failure in light textured soils -Sesame 4 Failure due to phyllody disease -

Seed treatment of wheat gave a higher grain yield of 2200 kg/ha and straw yield of 5090 kg/ha as againstuntreated seed with 1780 kg/ha of grain and 4320 kg/ha of straw yield in a study at 5 locations of Ballowal-Saunkhri.


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Effect of seed treatment on wheat yield - Ballowal-SaunkhriTreatment No. of locations Grain yield (kg/ha) Straw yield (kg/ha)Untreated 5 1780 4320Treated 5 2200 5090

In a trial with chickpea + mustard crops under dry sub-humid inceptisols of Ballowal-Saunkhri, maximumgross returns of Rs 16045/ha was attained compared to sole chickpea system.

Effect of mustard intercropping on grain yield of chickpea - Ballowal – SaunkhriCrops No. of trials Yield (kg/ha) Gross returns (Rs/ha)Sole chickpea 2 830 14111Chickpea + mustard 2 650 + 270 16045Chickpea equivalent yield 2 939 -

Lentil + mustard intercropping gave a higher gross returns of Rs 14020/ha compared to sole lentil withRs 12060/ha from 3 trials at Ballowal-Saunkhri. The lentil equivalent yield was also higher under intercroppingcompared to sole cropping.

Effect of mustard intercropping on seed yield of lentil - Ballowal-SaunkhriCrops No. of trials Yield (kg/ha) Gross returns (Rs/ha)Sole lentil 3 670 12060Lentil + mustard 3 570 + 200 14020Lentil equivalent yield 3 785 -

4.1.3. Crop improvementRT-46 and RT-155 were found to be superior sesame varieties under farmers’ filed conditions with a yield

of 295 and 262 kg/ha under semi arid vertisols of Arjia. The local variety attained a yield of 195 kg/ha.

Comparative performance of sesame varieties – ArjiaSeed (kg/ha)

Variety In 2002 Mean (9yrs)RT-46 295 409RT-125 262 387Local 195 311

Among different maize varieties tested for comparative performance at Arjia under farmers’ fields, Navjotwith a yield of 513 kg/ha and PHEM –2 with a yield of 412 kg/ha were found to be superior compared to othervarieties tested under semi arid vertisols.

Comparative performance of maize varieties – ArjiaSeed (kg/ha)

Variety In 2002 Mean (12 yrs)Navjot 513 1536Local (Sathi) 232 999PHEM-2 412

Among different groundnut varieties evaluated at Arjia, JL-24 with a yield of 509 kg/ha was found to besuperior and has given 64.7% increase in yield over local under farmers’ field conditions. SP-11 variety wasfound to be the next best with a yield of 400 kg/ha in the trial.

Comparative performance of groundnut varieties - ArjiaVariety Seed yield (kg/ha) % increase over localSP-11 400 29.4JL-24 509 64.7Local 309 -

RBU-38 variety of blackgram performed better with a yield of 327 kg/ha under farmers’ field conditions atArjia. The variety has given an increase of 58.7% in yield compared to local variety in the study. This is followedby T-9 with a seed yield of 295 kg/ha under semi arid vertisols.


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Comparative performance of blackgram varieties - ArjiaVariety Seed yield (kg/ha) % increase over localT-9 295 43.2RBU-38 327 58.7Local 206 -

Among greengram varieties tested, RMG-62 was superior and gave a higher yield of 276 kg/ha with ayield increase of 31.4% over local at Arjia. This is followed by K-851 with a yield of 253 kg/ha and yield increaseof 20.5% over local variety.

Comparative performance of greengram varieties - ArjiaVariety Seed Yield (kg/ha) % increase over localK-851 253 20.5RMG-62 276 31.4Local 210 -

Among different horsegram genotypes tested under semi arid vertisols of farmers’ fields at Arjia, AK-42was found to be superior with a seed yield of 190 kg/ha and yield increase of 131.7% over local, followed byAK-21 with a yield of 155 kg/ha and 89.0% yield increase. KS-2 (check) yield the lowest of 82 kg/ha in the trial.

Comparative performance of horsegram cultivars – ArjiaVariety Seed yield (kg/ha) % increase over localAK-21 155 89.0AK-26 130 58.5AK-42 190 131.7KS-2 (Check) 82 -

Among different maize varieties tested under farmers’ field conditions, JH-3459 was found to be superiorwith a maximum grain yield of 3310 kg/ha and stalk yield of 9680 kg/ha at 5 locations at Ballowal-Saunkhri.This is followed by Prakash with a grain yield of 3010 kg/ha and stalk yield of 8990 kg/ha.

Effect of maize varieties on grain and stalk yield - Ballowal-SaunkhriVariety No. of locations Grain yield (kg/ha) Stalk yield (kg/ha)Local 5 1500 4860Megha 5 2090 6230Prakash 5 3010 8990JH 3459 5 3310 9680

SML-668 variety of greengram gave a maximum grain yield of 960 kg/ha at Ballowal-Saunkhri at 3locations under dry sub humid Inceptisols. ML-613 and SML-134 were at par with grain yields of 540 and 530kg/ha respectively in the study.

Effect of greengram varieties on grain and stalk yield - Ballowal-SaunkhriVariety No. of locations Grain yield (kg/ha) Stalk yield (kg/ha)ML 267 3 430 2320ML 613 3 540 3080SML 134 3 530 1930SML 668 3 960 2890

Among different wheat varieties tested in 4 locations at Ballowal-Saunkhri, PBW-175 was found to besuperior with a maximum grain yield of 2750 kg/ha and straw yield of 6950 kg/ha compared to 1700 kg/ha ofgrain yield and 4530 kg/ha of straw yield attained with local variety.

Effect of different varieties on wheat yield - Ballowal-SaunkhriVariety No. of locations Grain yield (kg/ha) Straw yield (kg/ha)PBW 175 4 2750 6950PBW 396 4 2280 5500Local 4 1700 4530


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4.1.4. Pest/weed managementApplication of 2,4-D was a highly effective weed control method for wheat and has given a higher grain

yield of 2420 kg/ha and straw yield of 5780 kg/ha compared to hoeing once at Ballowal-Saunkhri under drysub-humid inceptisols.

Effect of weed control methods on wheat yield - Ballowal-SaunkhriMethods No. of locations Grain yield (kg/ha) Straw yield (kg/ha)One hoeing 2 2010 51202, 4 -D 2 2420 5780

4.1.5. Package of practicesIn a study to assess the effect of improved practices on maize in farmer’s fields at 15 locations of

Ballowal-Saunkhri, higher net returns of Rs 6740/ha was attained with improved practice compared to Rs2167/ha with farmers’ practice. The improved practice has given a higher mean yield of 2271 kg/ha comparedto 1370 kg/ha attained with farmers’ practice.

Effect of improved and farmers’ practice on maize yield - Ballowal-SaunkhriTreatment No. of locations Farmers’ practice Improved practiceVariety 15 Local/Megha Megha/PrakashSeed rate (kg/ha) 15 20 – 25 20Row spacing (cm) 15 30 45Fertiliser – N (kg/ha) 15 30 – 50 80Fertiliser – P (kg/ha) 15 10 – 15 40Hoeing (15 days after sowing) 15 One OneEarthing – up (25 days after sowing) 15 One OneGrain yield (kg/ha) 15 1370 2271Stalk yield (kg/ha) 15 4100 6020Net returns (Rs/ha) 15 2167 6740B:C ratio 15 1.26 1.68

In a study on assessing the performance of greengram crop with improved practice compared to farmers’practice at 4 locations, higher grain yield of 670 kg/ha, straw yield of 3770 kg/ha and net returns of Rs 3905/hawere attained with improved practice compared to 300 kg/ha of grain yield, 1630 kg/ha of straw yield and Rs202/ha of net returns attained with farmers’ practice under dry sub-humid inceptisols of Ballowal-Saunkhri.

Effect of improved and farmers’ practices on yield and other parameters of greengram - Ballowal-SaunkhriTreatment No. of locations Farmers’ practice Improved practiceVariety 4 SML 668 SML 668Seed rate (kg/ha) 4 30 30Row spacing (cm) 4 30 30Fertiliser – N (kg/ha) 4 - 12.5Fertiliser – P (kg/ha) 4 - 40Insect-pest control 4 - Metasystox 25 EC @ 625 ml/haGrain yield (kg/ha) 4 300 670Straw yield (kg/ha) 4 1630 3770Net returns (Rs/ha) 4 202 3905B:C ratio 4 1.04 1.57

Blackgram performed well with improved practice under farmers’ field conditions at 4 locations ofBallowal-Saunkhri with a mean grain yield of 610 kg/ha, straw yield of 4180 kg/ha and net returns of Rs 4315/haas against 390 kg/ha of grain yield, 2980 kg/ha of straw yield and Rs 2290/ha of net returns attained withfarmers’ practice.

Effect of improved and farmers’ practices on blackgram yield and other parameters - Ballowal-SaunkhriTreatment No. of locations Farmers’ practice Improved practiceVariety 4 Mash 338 Mash 338Seed rate (kg/ha) 4 15 – 20 20


245

Row spacing (cm) 4 22.5 – 30 30Fertiliser – N (kg/ha) 4 - 12.5Fertiliser – P (kg/ha) 4 - 25Insect-pest control 4 - Metasystox 25 EC @ 625 ml/haGrain yield (kg/ha) 4 390 610Straw yield (kg/ha) 4 2980 4180Net returns (Rs/ha) 4 2290 4315B:C ratio 4 1.48 1.64

Higher wheat grain yield of 2750 kg/ha and straw yield of 6290 kg/ha were attained with improvedpractice together with one irrigation compared to improved practice without irrigation, farmers’ practice withone irrigation and farmers’ practice without irrigation at Ballowal-Saunkhri.

Effect of post – sowing irrigation of mean yield of rainfed wheat - Ballowal-SaunkhriFarmers’ practice Improved practiceTreatment No. of trials

Grain yield(kg/ha)

Straw yield(kg/ha)

Grain yield(kg/ha)

Straw yield(kg/ha)

No irrigation 19 1340 3380 1980 1480One - irrigation 6 1910 4000 2750 6290

Improved practices of variety (PBW-175), seed rate (100 kg/ha), seed treatment (Chlorpyriphos @ 4 ml),row spacing (30 cm), fertilizer N (80 kg/ha) and P (40 kg/ha) and one irrigation gave a substantially higherwheat grain yield of 3510 kg/ha and straw yield of 4860 kg/ha in trials conducted at 25 locations of Ballowal-Saunkhri under dry sub-humid inceptisols.

Effect of improved and farmers’ practice on wheat yield - Ballowal – SaunkhriTreatment No. of

locationsFarmers’practice

Improvedpractice

Variety Local PBW 175Seed rate (kg/ha) 125.0 100.0Seed treatment (ml/kg) Chlorpyriphos @ 2 – 4 ml Chlorpyriphos @ 4 mlRow spacing (cm) 22.5 30.0Fertiliser – N (kg/ha) 30.0 – 50.0 80.0Fertiliser – P (kg/ha) - 40.0No irrigation - grain yield (kg/ha) 19 1340 1980No irrigation - straw yield (kg/ha) 19 3380 4480One irrigation – grain yield (kg/ha) 6 1910 4000One irrigation – straw yield (kg/ha) 6 2750 6290Overall – grain yield (kg/ha) 25 1460 3510Overall – Straw yield (kg/ha) 25 2140 4860

Higher mustard yield of 390 kg/ha was attained with improved practices viz., RML-619 variety, seed rate@ 1.5 kg/ha, row spacing of 30 cm, 37.5 kg N + 20 kg P/ha and Metasystox 25 EC @ 625 ml/ha for aphidcontrol compared to 190 kg/ha attained with farmers’ practice (RML-619 variety, 2 to 2.5 kg/ha of seed and 25to 30 cm of row spacing) in 10 locations of Ballowal-Saunkhri.

Effect of improved and farmers’ practice on seed yield of mustard - Ballowal-SaunkhriTreatment No. of

locationsFarmers’practice

Improvedpractice

Variety 10 RML-619 RML 619Seed rate (kg/ha) 10 2 – 2.5 1.5Row spacing (cm) 10 25 – 300 30Fertiliser – N (kg/ha) 10 - 37.5Fertiliser – P (kg/ha) 10 - 20Plant protection for aphid control 10 - Metasystox 25 EC @ 625 ml/haYield (kg/ha) 10 190 390


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Improved practice for chickpea viz., PBG-1 variety with seed treatment by using Bavistin @1.5 g/kg +Thiram @ 1.5 g/kg, 10-12 cm seeding depth, 40 kg/ha of seed rate, 30 cm row spacing, 15 kg N + 20 kg P /haand one spray of Decis 2.8 EC @ 400 ml/ha as a plant protection measure against pod borer gave a higherchickpea yield of 660 kg/ha. The farmers’ practice comprising of 6-8 cms seeding depth, 40-50 kg/ha of seedrate, 30 cm row spacing with PBG-1 variety gave a yield of 370 kg/ha at Ballowal-Saunkhri under dry sub-humid inceptisols.

Effect of improved and farmers’ practices on chickpea yield - Ballowal-SaunkhriTreatment No. of locations Farmers’ practice Improved practiceVariety 10 PBG-1 PBG-1Seed treatment (g/kg) 10 - Bavistin @ 1.5 + Thiram @ 1.5Seeding depth (cm) 10 6 – 8 10 – 12Seed rate (kg/ha) 10 40 – 50 40Row spacing (cm) 10 30 30Fertiliser – N (kg/ha) 10 - 15Fertiliser – P (kg/ha) 10 - 20Plant protection (onespray against pod borer) 10 - Decis 2.8 EC @ 400 ml/haYield (kg/ha) 10 370 660

Higher lentil yield of 610 kg/ha and straw yield of 1610 kg/ha were attained with improved practicecomprising of LL-147 variety, 30 kg/ha of seed rate, 25 cm row spacing and 12.5 kg N+40 kg P/ha compared tolocal variety, 35-40 kg/ha of seed rate and 22.5 cm row spacing under farmers’ practice at Ballowal-Saunkhri.

Effect of improved and farmers’ practice on lentil yield - Ballowal-SaunkhriTreatment No. of locations Farmers’ practice Improved practiceVariety 7 Local LL 147Seed rate (kg/ha) 7 35 – 40 30Row spacing (cm) 7 22.5 25Fertiliser – N (kg/ha) 7 - 12.5Fertiliser – P (kg/ha) 7 - 40Grain yield (kg/ha) 7 370 610Straw yield (kg/ha) 7 1040 1610

In a study on taramira at 6 locations of Ballowal-Saunkhri, a higher yield of 385 kg/ha was attained withimproved practice comprising of variety (TMLC-2), seed rate (3.75 kg/ha), row spacing (30 cm) and fertilizer N(35 kg/ha) compared to farmers’ practice (local variety, 4-5 kg/ha of seed rate and 25-30 cm row spacing)under dry sub-humid inceptisols.

Effect of improved and farmers’ practice on taramira yield - Ballowal-SaunkhriTreatment No. of locations Farmers’ practice Improved practiceVariety 6 Local TMLC-2Seed rate (kg/ha) 6 4 – 5 3.75Row spacing (cm) 6 25 – 30 30Fertiliser – N (kg/ha) 6 - 35Yield (kg/ha) 6 165 385

4.2 Front Line DemonstrationsAt Arjia, from 15 front line demonstration trials, a mean of groundnut pod yield and 83 kg/ha of sesame

yield have been attained as against 172 kg and 39 kg/ha attained with farmers’ practice under groundnut +sesame system. The crops have 56.3 and 53.3% increase in the yields respectively.

A yield of 134 kg/ha of horsegram was attained from 4 trials giving 33.6% yield increase over farmers’practice at Arjia under semi arid vertisols.


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5. Experiments not reportedCentre Title of the experiment Crop (s) RemarksArjia Evaluation of sesame lines (station trial)

(ARJI/CROP/CCS/2000/CEN)

Studies on performance of crops and theirvarieties for contingent crop planning(ARJI/CROP/CCS/2000/CEN)

Recycling harvested rainwater in Aonlaplantation through drip irrigation invegetables (ARJI/ANAN/SWC/2002/CEN)

Screening of sesame cultivars(ARJI/CROP/CCS/2000/CEN)

Evaluation of sesame lines(ARJI/CROP/CCS/2000/CEN)

Sesame

Maize,Sorghum,Groundnut,Safflower,Blackgram,Greengram,Horsegram,Clusterbean

Bottlegourd

Sesame

Sesame

Due to delayed onset of monsoon andlow rainfall the trial failed

Due to delayed onset of monsoon andlow rainfall the trial failed

Due to low rainfall harvested waterwas meager and not availed in thefarm pond at the time when irrigationwas required for plantation

Trial failed due to delayed onset ofmonsoon and low rainfall

Trial failed due to delayed onset ofmonsoon and low rainfall

6. Publications - Ballowal-SaunkhriResearchSardana, V. 2002. Effect of nitrogen application time on grain yield and yellow berry incidence of durum wheat.

Indian Journal of Agronomy (accepted).

Singh, I.J., Sardana, V. and Sekhon, H.S. 2002. Influence of row spacing and seed rates on the seed yield oflentil (Lens culinaris) under different sowing dates. Indian Journal of Agronomy (accepted).

Sardana, V., Mahajan, G. and Bajwa, J.S. 2002. Productivity of rainfed wheat (Triticum aestivum) as influencedby agronomic practices. Agronomy Digest (accepted).

Sardana, V., Singh, R.P. and Gupta, S.K. 2003. Sowing time and nitrogen influence productivity and quality ofdurum wheat (Triticum durum Desf) cultivars. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences (submitted)

Popular articles – Ballowal-SaunkhriSardana, V. 2003. Cultivation of pulses under rainfed conditions. Progressive Farming XXXIX (VI): 13-14.

Sardana, V., Grewal, S.S. and Mahajan, G. 2003. Adapt to monsoon vagaries. Agriculture Tribune dated 2June. p. 16.

Sardana, V., Singh C.B. and Rana, D.S.2002. Farming systems in the Shiwalik foot hills of Punjab. IndianFarming (accepted)

Sardana, V. 2003. Cultivation of pulse crops under rainfed conditions. Progressive Farming (accepted)

Mean yield (kg/ha)Centre Crop No. oftrials Front line


Increase in front linedemonstrations (%)

Groundnut +sesame

15 394 83

17239

56.3553.30

Arjia

Horsegram 4 134 89 33.58


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Sardana, V. 2003. Earthworms: Builders of soil structure and fertility. Farmers’ Forum (Submitted).

Sardana, V. 2003. Earthworms for improving structure and building fertility of soil. Farmer and Parliament(Submitted).

Sardana, V., Mahajan, G. and Singh, I.J. 2003. Baraani kshetron mein dalhan ki kheti. Kheti Duniya (accepted).

Sardana, V., Singh, S., Bawa, S.S. and Rana, D.S. 2003. Til ki unnat kheti. Kheti Duniya (accepted).



(sanctioned &released)

Arjia 2774663 24750 150000 2949413

Arjia (ORP) 1694817 17000 120000 1831817

Hoshiarpur 5511195 24750 150000 5685945

Rakh Dhiansar 1726347 20250 90000 1836597

Hoshiarpur (ORP) 953253 17000 120000 1090253

8. Scientific staffArjiaP.M.Jain, Chief ScientistS.N.Soddani, Plant BreederM.L.Jat, Agri. Engg.B.L.Nagda, Agronomist

Ballowal-Saunkhri (Operational research project)Sukhwinder Singh, Asst.AgronomistS.S.Dhaliwal, Asst.Soil Chemist(Study leave)

Ballowal-SaunkhriSatvinder Singh Bawa , Chief ScientistVirendra Sardana, Agronomist

Arjia (Operational research project)Anil Kothari, Asst. Agril. Engg.K.C.Laddha, Soil Scientist

Rakh DhainsarJ.S.Jamwal, Chief.ScientistB.S.Badhoria, Soil PhysicistA.K.Raina, Agril. Engg.

9. Address of CentresArjia Ballowal-SaunkhriAICRP for Dryland AgricultureAgriculture Research Station Dryland FarmingResearch Station, Maharana Pratap University ofAgriculture and Technology, P.B.NO.62Arjia, Bhilwara – 311 001, RajasthanTel: (O) 01482 – 2644073FAX: 01482 – 238732

AICRP for Dryland AgricultureRegional Research Station for Kandi Area,Punjab Agricultural University,Ballowal – Saunkhri,P.O.Takaria, via. Balachaur,Dist. HoshiarpurPunjab – 144 521

Rakh DhiansarAICRP for Dryland AgricultureDryland Agriculture Research sub – station,Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciencesand Technology,Rakh Dhiansar,Bari Brahmana, Jammu – 181 133Tel: (O) 09123 – 220821, 234125


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AP Cess Fund Adhoc Projects and NATP Projects

The All India Co-ordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture has the twin responsibility ofadministering ICAR Agricultural Produce (AP) Cess Fund Adhoc Projects in rainfed farming, both at project andother centers. National Agricultural Technology Project also funds a few Production System Research andMission Mode Projects at the project centers. The details follow:

AP Cess fund Projects

At present these are 11 in number. There are 8 on-going and 3 started this year. The details follow:

Agro-physiological evaluation of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under south Rajasthan condition(B.L.Gaur, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan)

Field experiments were carried out during rabi 2002-03 at Udaipur and Banswara. The results show thatFrench bean may be an adaptive and remunerative pulse crop under Rajasthan conditions. When comparedwith the net returns and B:C ratio of existing rabi pulses like chickpea., field pea and lentil, cultivation of Frenchbean recorded higher net returns per hectare and high benefit/cost (B:C) ratio. Inter and intra row spacing of30 cm x 10 cm was conducive for higher yield. Four irrigations at 25, 50, 75 and 100 days of sowing recordedhighest French bean yields. However, if only three irrigations are to be given, these should be given at 25, 75and 100 days after sowing for better yield. Application of Metalachlor/ Alachlor followed by one hand weedingat 40 days after sowing was sufficient for controlling weeds. The crop responds up to an application of 120 kgN and 60 kg P2O5/ha. French bean cultivars PDR-14 and Azad Rajmash –1 recorded higher yield over local.Cryoprotectant H2SO4 was found best in term of mitigating cold temp injury and economics.

Watershed based NRM strategies for rainfed area of Prakasam district in Andhra Pradesh (R.Srinivasulu,CTRI, Rajahmundry & Md.Osman, CRIDA, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh)

Glyricidia and stylo were established successfully. FCV tobacco planted during October was harvestedby end of February. The crop passed through severe moisture stress due to drought, especially during grandgrowth period from November. The three tree species Eucalyptus (ITC-clone-3), Casuarina and Subabulplanted during November 2002 established well. Intercrop tobacco, blackgram, kalmegh (medicinal plant) andGuinea grass were raised successfully. The topographic survey has been completed in about 114 ha of areaincluding 42 ha of CTRI Research Station farm. Based on the survey reports suitable sites are to be identifiedfor farm ponds and others soil and water conservation measures.

Agronomic investigations on improving mesta (Hibiscus spp.) productivity under dryland conditions(H.B.Babalad, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka)

The genotypes of H.Sabdariffa performed better with respect to both seed and fibre yield than toH.cannbinus under rainfed conditions of transitional tract of Dharwad. Sowing up to July 1st fortnight did notcause any significant reduction in seed and fibre yield. Significantly higher number of capsules per plant wasrecorded with 0.33 m/ha population. Whereas, fresh weight of stem, dry weight of stem, seed yield (835 kg/ha)and fibre yield (1142 kg/ha) were significantly higher with 22.5 cm row spacing. Among the genotypes, AS-73-CP-560 recorded significantly higher fibre and seed yield. The interaction of varieties, spacing and populationlevels were not significant except variety row spacing with respect of biomass at harvest, fresh weight of stemand seed yield. Significantly higher biomass per plant was recorded in variety AMV-3 with 30 cm row spicingwhereas, fresh weight of stem (34.3 t/ha) and seed yield (859.5 kg/ha) were significantly higher with 22.5 cmrow spacing. Variety AS-73-CP-560 recorded significantly higher number of capsules per plant, 1000 seedweight, fresh weight and dry weight of stem, seed yield (869 kg/ha) and fiber yield (1020 kg/ha) followed byAMV-4 and AMV-3. Among the stage of harvesting, harvesting the crop maturity recorded significantly highernumber of capsules per plant, 1000 seed weight, fresh and dry weight of stem, seed yield (923 kg/ha) and fibreyield (1111 kg/ha) and was on par with third stage of harvesting. The local did not come up due to severeincidence of cotton shoot weevil.


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Soil solarization for efficient cultivation of groundnut (A.Sundari, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu)

At 5 cm soil depth, the temperature in solarized plots reached up to 50.10C and on average the differencein maximum soil temperature between the non solarized plots and solarized plots was 7.50C. Increase in soiltemperature due to solarization was highest in the top 5 cm layer. In non solarized soil, top 5 cm layer of thesoil showed the highest (47%) weed seed reserves of 59 kg/ha (132 million) followed by (43%) 10 cm soildepth (43 kg/ha and 96 million). The least seed density of 6 kg/ha of soil (13 million) was (5%) recorded at 20cm depth. In solarized soil, top 5 cm layer of the soil showed the weed seed reserves of 4 kg/ha (9 million), the10 cm soil depth showed the highest weeds seed reserves (18 kg/ha and 40 million) and the least seed density(5 kg/ha and 11 million) was recorded at 20 cm depth. The study showed that the origin of weed emergence isthe top 5 cm layer as it showed the highest germiable seed reserves of 59 kg/ha (132 million). Thus soilsolarization reduced the viability of weed seeds due to increased soil temperature. There was an appreciablereduction in the count of nematodes of solarized plot. However, soil solarization was not always as effective incontrolling nematodes as it is controlling fungal diseases and weeds because nematodes are relatively mobileand can recolonize soil rapidly. All the solarized treatments exerted significant influence over microbialpopulation (bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes). Increased in bacterial and actinomycetes population wasnoticed in off-season soil solarization treatments. There was reduction in fulgal population due to soilsolaraization. The increase in soil microbial population in the treatments with thickness 0.05 mm and 0.10 mmfilm for 40 days could be attributed to selective survival of certain spore forming bacteria like bacilli, which musthave survived under different periods of solarization. Depending on the population survived, in absence of adiversified group of microorganisms that could have been competitors for nutrients, space etc. the populationmight have burst out. Fortunately many soil pests are killed by soil solarization, many other beneficial soilorganisms were able to either survive solarization or recolonoize the soil very quickly afterwards. Importantamong these beneficial are the mycorrhyzal fungi, fungi and bacteria that parasitize plant pathogens and aidplant growth. The shift in the population in favour of these beneficial can make solarized soils more resistant topathogens than non solarized soil. The experimental field comprised the weeds like Cleome viscoca, Vernoniacinerea, Corchorus olitorius, Cyperus rotundus, Cyperus iria, Cynodon dactylon, Echinochloa colomm werepresented predominantly and significantly altered by weed control treatments. Among the different durationsand thickness of solarization treatments compared, soil solarization for 40 days recorded the least weed countsin the two years. Lack of solarization during off-season encouraged the weed population in the succeedinggroundnut crop with the highest weed counts in both the year of experimentations. The highest weed countwas registered in weedy check. Among the off-season land management practices tried, solarization provedeffective in reducing the infestation of the entire dominant weed species viz., Cyperus rotundus and Cleomeviscose. This could be attributed to the indirect killing of the weed seeds weakened by sub lethal heatingthrough microbial activity; indirect killing of the seeds stimulated to germinate in the moistened mulched soil;and killing of germinating seeds whose dormancy is broken in the heated soil.

Intercropping of green manures in maize based cropping system for fertilizer economy under rainfedcondition (S.M.Hiremath, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka)

Growing of green manures of an intercrop in maize crop resulted in significant reduction in yield of maizecrop when compared to sole maize. The drastic yield reduction was mainly due to the sub-normal rainfall(2001) and also competition for soil moisture during critical stages of maize was significantly lower inintercropped maize than sole maize. This has resulted in significant reduction in the yield and yieldcomponents of intercropped maize. Sunhemp as an intercrop with maize found superior in terms of greenmatter and dry matter yield and N-accumulation. The results reveal that in the years of low rainfall, growing ofgreen manures as intercrop for green manuring resulted in significant reduction in the yield of maize. This wasmainly due to competition for soil moisture between the component crops in the intercropping system. Sinceboth the green manures and maize is surface feeder, competition existed for limited soil moisture. The soilmoisture content also indicated that soil moisture was depleted early in intercropping system than solecropping of maize. The study reveal that growing of green manures as an intercrop in maize has reduced thefertilizer requirement of succeeding chickpea crop. Sunnhemp green manuring has saved 12.5, 50 kg N,P2O5/ha, cowpea 12.5 N/ha and dhaincha green manuring 50 kg N, P2O5/ha. During the year (2001-02)chickpea crop experienced severe moisture stress in most part of its life cycle (except in initial period) due tolow rainfall received. The soil moisture data also indicated low moisture content in soil during critical stages.This resulted in poor yield of chickpea and non-response to applied N and P.Medicago sativa as an intercropwith maize found superior in terms of green matter, dry matter production and N-accumulation produced by


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the multicut green manures was substantially lower during the year when compared to previous year. The poorperformance of green manures was mainly due to low rainfall received during its growth period. This yeargrowing of green manures as an intercrop in maize and its incorporation has affected the grain yield of maizesignificantly. This is mainly attributed to low rainfall received (269.2 mm) when compared with past 50 yearsaverage (789 mm) and previous year (2000) rainfall (539.2 mm). The soil moisture content during maize cropgrowth also indicated that the soil moisture content in intercropped maize was significantly lower whencompared to soil maize. This has resulted in significant reduction in values of yield components of intercroppedmaize than sole maize. All these have contributed to significant reduction in yield of maize intercropped withgreen manures when compared to sole maize. Intercropping of Medicago sativa as intercropped in maize andits incorporation in the field has saved 20, 50 kg N, P2O5/ha of safflower. The other multicut legumes (S.Hamataand S. scabra) could not save N requirement of safflower owing poor biomass production and their residualeffect on safflower. Safflower crop witnessed severe moisture stress during its growth period. The rainfallrecorded during the entire period (maize-safflower sequence) was very low. Further, legume intercrops alsoexerted severe moisture stress on the performance of safflower. As a result safflower in intercrop situationrecorded significantly lower yield than sole crop. Due to low rainfall/ soil moisture, crop did not responded toapplied N and P.

Development of agronomic package of sabai grass (Eulaliopsis binata) for sustainable agro – ecologyand economic benefits under rainfed farming in fallow and degraded lands (S.C.Mahapatra, RuralDevelopment Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal)

Immediately after receiving the approval in third week of August, 2002, efforts were made for utilizing theadvantage of the monsoon whatever was left in this region for the year. Land development and preparation wasstarted in the fourth week of the month for field experimentation in the pre-selected filed inside the Experment-cum-Demonstration Farm of Rural Development Center, IIT Kharagpur. Out of the proposed three experiments,one was started in this year. A survey on present status of land productivity, production of Sabai grass inlateritic region of south-west West Bengal etc. was initiated. Survey schedule has been prepared and aquestionnaire was developed. The team has also identified the farmers and their fields at Gholegharia village inGopali 5 No. Gram Panchayat under Kharagpur-II Block of West Midnapore district (WB).

Micro-nutrient management for enhancing the productivity of dryland crops (M.A.Shankar, University ofAgricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, Karnataka)

A survey of soil analysis carried out by the State Development of Agriculture revealed that, about 70% ofsoil are deficit for zinc and 25% for boron in Karnataka. Further, in selected districts like Tumkur, Davanagere,Chitradurga and Shimoga, zinc is also deficient to an extent of 81, 70, 83 and 60% respectively. It wasobserved that, under erratic rainfall with inadequate soil moisture at different stages of crop growth, foliarapplication of zinc and boron benefited rather that soil application. Besides, it was note worthy that, even underthe adverse climatic condition it was possible to enhance the soil organic carbon through such croppingsystem by using the micronutrients nevertheless, needs to be confirmed over the years.

Publication

Gajanan, G.N., M.A.Shankar And Krishnappa, A.M., 2002, Micronutrient management in rainfed farming,Published by AICRP on Dryland Agriculture, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore, Pp. 1-19.

Assessment of quality parameters in relation to resource management in rapeseed – mustard (Raj PalSingh, G.B.Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Uttaranchal)

The results are that application of 10 t farm yard manure + 40 kg Sulphur + 25 kg Zinc Sulphate + 1 kgBoron + Azotobacter (Seed treatment), along with recommended fertility level recorded significantly highergrowth and yield attributing characters. Significantly higher seed yield was recorded (1856) kg/ha where 10 tfarm yard manure + 40 kg S + 25 kg ZnSO4 + 1 kg B/ha + Azotobacter (Seed treatment) were applied alongwith recommended fertility levels over all the treatments but remained at par with (1770 kg/ha) (recommendedfertiliser + 10 t farm yard manure + 40 kg S + 25 kg ZnSO4 + 1 kg Boron/ha) and (1748 kg/ha) (75% ofrecommended fertiliser + 10 t farm yard manure + 40 kg S+25 kg ZnSO4 + 1 kg Boron/ha). The maximum oilcontent was recorded in 75% of Recommended Fertilizer + 40 kg S/ha. Significantly higher glucosinolatecontent in meal was recorded in where 10 t farm yard manure + 40 kg S/ha was applied along with 50% ofrecommended fertility levels over all the treatments but remained at par with (Recommended fertilizer + 10 t


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farm yard manure + 40 kg S/ha) and (75% recommended fertiliser + 10 t farm yard manure + 40 kg S/ha) and(50% of recommended fertilizer), while, maximum erucic acid content was recorded with recommended fertilitylevels. Variety GSL-1 had significantly higher seed yield over other varieties. Application of 40 kg S/ha,significantly increased the seed yield over no application of Sulphur (Control). Successive increase in nitrogenlevels from 40 to 160 kg/ha significantly increased the seed yield and highest was recorded at 160 kg N/ha.Variety Hyola-401 had significantly higher oil content over other varieties. Maximum oil content was recordedwith 40 kg N/ha that was significantly higher over 120 and 160 kg N/ha but remained at par with 80 kg N/ha.Application of 40 kg S/ha recorded 1.2% higher oil content over no Sulphur application. Variety GSL-1 andTERI (OE) R-03 remained at par among them and recorded significantly higher glucosinolate content overHyola-401. Sulphur application @ 40 kg/ha recorded significantly higher glucosinolate content over on Sulphur(control). With each successive increase in nitrogen level the glucosinolate content in fat free meal decreasedsignificantly upto 120 kg N/ha. Thereafter it increased significantly with application of 160 kg n/ha over 120 kgN/ha. Significant higher erucic acid (36.8%) was recorded with variety GSL-1. Application of 40 kg Sulphur/hasignificantly invreased the erucic acid contents while a decreasing trend was recorded with increased innitrogen levels and significantly higher value was noted at 40 kg N/ha level. The yield contributing charactersdecreased significantly with delay in sowing. Number of branches/plant in variety Kranti and Urvashi remainedat par amongst themselves and recorded significantly higher over rest of the varieties Maximum number ofsiliquae/plant were recorded in variety GSL-1 while, Variety Urvashi recoreded significantly higher seedweight/plant and 1000 seed weight. The seed yield decreased significantly with delay in sowing fromSeptember 30 to November 15 and values ranges from 1379 to 744 kg/ha, respectively. Variety GSL-1produced maximum seed yield over other varieties but remained at par with Urvashi. The oil content in seedwas reduced with delay in sowing beyond September 30. Variety Hyola-401 had significantly higher oil contentin seeds in comparison with other varieties, except GSL-1. The glucosinolate content in meal increased withdelay in sowing from September 30 to November 15, but the differences were not-significant. Variety Hyola-401had significantly lower glucosinolate content (22.35%) in comparison with other varieties. Significantly highererucic acid content in oil was recorded with September 30 sowing but remained at par with October 15 sowingdates. Significantly higher linolenic acid and erucic acid were recorded in Kranti over other varieties exceptUrvashi while, Hyola-401 had minimum erucic acid content (0.80%) followed by TERI (OE) R-03 (4.85%).

Other adhoc projects started recently are

Name Station TitleG.Pratibha CRIDA, Hyderabad Crop diversification for sustainability of drylands through dye

yielding cropsM.Vanaja CRIDA, Hyderabad Interaction of elevated carbon dioxide and water deficit on seed

viability, germination and initial plant establishment of dryland cropsM.Srinivasa Rao CRIDA, Hyderabad Crop-Crop diversity as key component of IPM of dryland crop pests

NATP Projects

The projects undertaken at different centers in Production System Research and Mission Mode aredescribed.

Rainfed Production System Research Projects

The list follows:

Centre TitleGroundnut based production systemAnantapur Assessment and improvement of soil quality and resilience for rainfed production systemSoybean based production system

Integrated nutrient management in major pulse based cropping system and identification of the mostproductive and remunerative system (RRPS-11)Identification of research gaps in intercropping system under rainfed condition in India (ROPS-10)

Rewa

Documentation and analysis of indigenous methods of in-situ moisture conservation and runoffmanagement (ROPS-13)


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Fingermillet based production systemBangalore Use of improved tools for mechanization of dryland agricultureRice based production system

Integrated plant nutrient management strategies for different soil moisture regimes (RRPS-11)Identification of research gaps in intercropping systems under rainfed conditions in India (ROPS-10)Strategies for restoration/rehabilitation of degraded watersheds and their hydrological modeling (RRPS-7)

Phulbani

Documentation and analysis of indigenous methods of in-situ moisture conservation and runoffmanagement (ROPS-13)Identification of Research gaps in intercropping system under rainfed conditions of the region (ROPS-10)Documentation and analysis of indigenous methods of in-situ moisture conservation and runoffmanagement (ROPS-13)

Varanasi

Evaluation and improvement of indigenous methods of moisture conservation and runoff management(RPPS-10)

MM Projects

There are two Mission Mode Projects under NATP are being led by CRIDA with the project centers asmajor partners. The details follow:

Mission Mode Project on Land Use Planning for Management of Agricultural Resources (RainfedEcosystem) NATP-MM-LUP-III/28

Network in rainfed agro ecosystem consists of Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture as LeadCentre with 16 Cooperating centres (11from SAUs, 4 from ICAR and 1 from BHU) covering 16 agro eco subregions ranging from 2.3 to 10.3 spreading 10 states in the country. The multidisciplinary research team has112 scientists (comprising of agronomy, soil science, soil and water conservation engineering, agro-forestry,entomology, agricultural extension, agro-meteorology, agricultural economics, agricultural statistics, GISspecialists, home science, animal sciences). The total operational area is 5250 ha in 16 watersheds in thisregion. Trends in crop diversification follows:

TrendCenter Major crops CropAcreage Productivity

Shift/crop diversification

NBSSLUPBangalore

fingermillet, pigeonpea, horsegram,mulberry

fingermillet ↔ ν Mucuna, mulberry,eucalyptus, paddy

cotton ↓ ↓sunflower ↓ ↓

Bellary groundnut, sunflower, groundnut+pigeonpea, jowar, vamu-rainfedcondition. crops are grown either inkharif /rabi depending on rainfalldistribution ,

groundnut ↓ ↓

sunflower

Indore prices of the decide croppingpattern.majority is rainfed.94%under soybean followed bysorghum fodder

soybean ↑ ↑ soybean

soybean ↔ ↑Solapur sorghum, maize, pearlmillet,pulses, pigeonpea, greengram,blackgram, horsegram arecommon. post rainy season rabi

sorghum, sunflower, safflower andchickpea. shallow soils–horsegram is common

safflower ↔ ↑summer groundnut.

S.K.Nagar clusterbean, pearlmillet, mustardand sorghum are major crops.other crops include castor,sesame, greengram, amaranthus,fodder, blackgram and kidney bean.

_ _ _ ↔

Rajkot majority rainfed, groundnut, maize,castor, blackgram,

groundnut ↔ ↓ ↔


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cotton ↔ ↓soybean ↑ ↑

NBSS LUPNagpur

cotton, cotton+ pigeonpea,sorghum, orange orchards

orange ↓ ↓

teak plantations, fallows,soybean, vegetables

chickpea ↓ ↑pigeonpea ↓ ↔groundnut ↓ ↓

Bijapur rabi sorghum, pigeonpea,chickpea, cotton

cotton ↔ ↑

towards floriculture,vegetables

cotton, ↓ ↓cumbu ↔ ↓greengram ↓ ↓blackgram ↓ ↓gingelly, ↓ ↑

Kovilpatti cumbu, coriander, maize,blackgram, gingelly, sunflower,increase in fallow land

sunflower ↑ ↑

chilli cultivation

rice ↔ ↓due to lowwater table.

cowpea ↔ ↓mustard ↔ ↓sesame ↔ ↓

Varanasi 40% fallows. rice, mustard,cowpea, sesame, sorghum.

sorghum ↔ ↓

lentil, mustard, vegetables

castor ↔ ↓Hyderabad castor, cowpea + pigeonpea,sorghum + pigeonpea, pearlmillet,greengram, cowpea, horsegram

sorghum ↔ ↓tomato, paddy, chillies,mango, sweet potato,curry leaf, fallow landsincreased

fingermillet ↓ ↓pigeonpea ↓ ↓

UASBangalore

fingermillet, cowpea, pigeonpea,horsegram, avare, mango,mulberry, fingermillet + akkadi,fingermillet + pigeonpea, maize,groundnut

groundnut ↑ ↓

mulberry, mango,vegetables, arecanut,coconut, banana

Sorghum ↓ ↔cotton ↓ ↓Pigeonpea ↓Groundnut ↓pearlmillet _ ν

Akola cotton + pigeonpea, desi cotton,sorghum, orange plantation,sorghum + pigeonpea

soybean ↑ ↑

soybean, sunflower,sorghum+greengram.soybeanacreage increased

Anantapur groundnut + pigeonpea, groundnut+mixed pulses + millets, gogu

groundnut ↔ ↓ paddy – paddy shifted topaddy –sunflower underirrigated condition.drumstick, tamarind.crossandra, tomato,brinjal, leafy vegetables

soybean ↓ ↑blackgram ↓ ↓sesame +pigeonpea

↑ ↔

blackgram +pigeonpea

↔ ↔

paddy ↔ ↓

Rewa soybean, pigeonpea, sesame +pigeonpea, sesame + blackgram,upland fallows

sesame ↔ ↓

methi, coriander,berseem, linseed

↑ : Increasing ↓ : Decreasing ↔: Stable_: Highly fluctuating ο: Fluctuating

All the 16 centres completed climatic data collection and analysis. Climate is semiarid in Akola,Bangalore, Hyderabad, Indore, Kovilpatti, and Solapur; sub-humid in Varanasi, Rewa and NBSS LUP Nagpurand arid in Anantapur, Arjia, Bellary, S.K. Nagar, Rajkot and Bijapur. During 2002 kharif a severe drought


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experienced at all the centres with a rainfall deficit ranging from 30-50%. All the 16 centres completed soilresource inventory in 5258 ha area. 4 major soil orders viz., Entisols, Alfisols, Inceptisols, Vertisols and 33 soilsub groups were identified. Socioeconomic data were collected for 1763 households from 16 adoptedwatersheds and preliminary analyses were done vis-à-vis land use dynamics, constraints analyses and otherparameters. All the 16 centres collected surface soil samples and water samples from bench marked sites andanalyzed the data. 6 Centres reported water quality data wherein the water is safe for irrigation.

Soil site suitability Criteria were developed by 8 centres for 41 major crops (7 cereals, 8 pulses, 5oilseeds, 5 vegetables, 5 horticultural crops, 7 plantation crops and 4 commercial crops) in respective regions.In rainfed agriculture, almost all the crops are grown in most of the regions to avert risk. Hence, soil andclimatic parameters window may become wide. 10 trainings for farmers were organized under different themesat 4 centres and 211 farmers and 108 farmwomen were benefited. 12 Field days and 5 Farmers’ Days’ andKisan Diwas and Kisan Rally and Group Meetings were organized by 8 centres wherein the farmers wereappraised of importance of land resources, soil and water conservation use of bio-fertilizers, energymanagement (farm machinery), post harvest technology, alternate land use and live stock management. 1841farmers were benefited directly. 76 Field demonstrations mainly on soil site suitability based crop planning andsoil and water conservation conducted covering 256.7 ha area in 608 fields of small, marginal and mediumfarmers distributed in categories of SC, ST and OBC.

For sustainable, economic and viable land use planning, both conservation and utilization of landresources and crop management needs a complementary consideration. The land parcels are highlyspatially variable. To encompass this high variability watershed is taken as a basic experimental unit forland use planning in rainfed agriculture, there were 78 interventions undertaken across 16 centres in 38varying soil units. Technical Programme was developed for interventions by considering major soil series,crop suitability and replicated in different land holding size groups. On-farm participatory fieldexperiments were conducted in 426 farmers’ fields in about 94 ha. There is a gain in yield in various cropsfrom 45 to 70% and even more than 100% in some cases. There is a qualitative gaining in terms of introductionor adoption of improved practices, changing crops, quality of produce. The details in the followingTable indicate the productivity potentials of crops in different soil units (soil depths) under differentmanagements by different land holding size groups.

Performance of Interventions vs. Traditional Production system in varying soil types indifferent rainfed agro eco sub regions

Land holding size group -- Yield (q/ha)Soil Unit Centre CropMarginal Small Semi medium Medium Large

Cotton (Deshi) 2.13 2.28 - - -Sorghum (CSH–14) 18.57 18.18 - - -

Akola

Greengram 1.8 1.6 - -Cluster bean - 7.47 8.00 8.3 -S. K.NagarPearlmillet +greengram

- 5.8+ 3.5 6.6+ 3.5 6.6 +3.3 -

Typic Ustorthents

Hyderabad Castor (Kranthi) - - 1.7 - -Cotton (Deshi) 3.7 4.4 - 4.35 -Hybrid cotton 7.3 - - 9.7 -Sorghum (SPH-388) 22.6 23.5 - 23.8 -

Akola

Blackgram 7.0 7.4 - 7.5 -

Typic Ustrochrepts

S.K.Nagar Castor - 3.6 4.3 4.5 -Hybrid cotton 8 8.4 - 8.3 -Sorghum (SPH 388) 27.2 27.7 - 27.5 -Greengram 2.6 2.7 - 2.7 -

Akola

Pigeonpea 7.77 7.3 - 7.4 -Sunflower - 4.7 - 6.3 5.2

Typic Haplusterts

SolapurPigeonpea - - - 8.3 6.4

Typic Haplustepts Arjia – 60 cm Groundnut +sesame (6:2)

- 6.5 – 8.2 - 7.4 - 12.2 -


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75 cm Groundnut +sesame (6:2)

- 4.2 - - -

30 cm Maize + blackgram - 12.8 - - -75 cm Maize + blackgram - 16.7 - - -Solapur Pigeonpea - - - 7.1 -Hyderabad Castor (Kranthi) - 0.5-1.5 0.3-1.8 9.0-3.2 -

Lithic Haplusterts Arjia Groundnut +sesame (6:2)

- 19.6 - 13.8 -

Lithic Ustorthents Solapur Pigeonpea - - - 6.2 -Vertic Fluaquents Rainfed rice - 13.8 14.2 14.5 -

Sesame - 5.8 6.0 6.2 -Udic EutrudeptsVaranasi

Blackgram - 5.6 6.0 6.1 -Typic Rhodustalfs 1.1 0.6-3.1 1.9-4.4 - -Typic Haplustalfs

Hyderabad Castor (Kranthi)- - 1.5-2 - -

Blackgram, greengram and sesame improved the yields by 74, 42, 40 and 40% respectively over farmerspractice in Typic Haplustepts. The mean increase in groundnut+ sesame intercropping system was 17% overfarmers practice, while for maize+ blackgram intercropping, there was 65% over farmers practice. Foddersorghum (M.P.Chari) yielded 25% more over local. At Gadehothur watershed (Bellary), the chickpea andcoriander performed better sown in October in wastelands. Coriander (cv. DWD3) with RDF performed betterand yielded 6.4q/ha in shallow soils (<50cm) with a net returns to Rs.8360/ha, chickpea (cv. A-1) with RDFyielded 13t/ha in medium deep soils (50-100cm depth) with average net returns of Rs. 9000/ha, sorghum (cv.SPV-1359) + RDF with soil and water conservation measures yielded with net returns of Rs 2500/ha. At Kaulagimicro watershed (Bijapur), sunflower paired row planting performed better Typic Haplusterts compared totraditional sunflower cropping. Groundnut + pigeonpea (4:2) and pearlmillet + pigeonpea (2:1) performedbetter in Typic Haplustalfs over traditional groundnut + pigeonpea intercropping (5:1) and pearlmillet +pigeonpea (5:1) respectively. In shallow black soils pearlmillet + pigeonpea intercropping the gain in yield wasupto2.5 q/ha and 1 q/ha respectively, in groundnut +pigeonpea gain yield was upto 1 q/ha and 1.2 q/ha whilein rabi in medium to deep black soils sunflower the gain was upto 3.5 q/ha. At Nallavelli watershed(Hyderabad) despite severe moisture stress castor Cv.Kranti could perform better in Typic Rhodustalfs with again in yield upto 4.4q/ha. At Sarole watershed (Solapur), pearlmillet (cv. RHRPH-8609) and pigeonpea (ICPL-87), sunflower (SS-56), fodder maize (African tall), blackgram (TAU-1), greengram (Kopergaon) in TypicHaplustepts, while sunflower + pigeonpea (2: 1) performed better in Typic Haplusterts. Soil and waterconservation measures with in situ moisture conservation measures (compartmental bunding, ridges andfurrows) there was gain in yield upto 2.5q/ha and 1.20 to 2.31q/ha respectively. At Doddaganganawadiwatershed (Bangalore), yield gain was of 45-50% with fingermillet, groundnut and cowpea crops.

Publications:

Shakhela, R.R, Patel, J.A. and Jaimini, S.N. (2003) Effect of soil characteristics on the yield of rainfedcrops in Salempura watershed near Sardar Krishinagar, GAU Res. J.

Mission mode project on “Use of improved tools for mechanization of Dryland Agriculture”:Dr.V.M.Mayande, Principal Investigator, CRIDA, Hyderabad

The project started in July 2001 covering 8 project centers with Central Research Institute for DrylandAgriculture as lead center and Central Institute for Agricultural Engineering as co-operating institute for humanresource development. The project centers involved for adoption of mechanization of rainfed crop basedsystem are: Hyderabad (lead center) – castor; Akola – cotton; Anantapur – groundnut; Arjia – maize; Bangalore– fingermillet; Hisar – pearlmillet; Indore – soybean; Solapur - rabi sorghum; and Varanasi - rainfed rice. Themajor findings of the projects are: there is deficit farm power at Akola, Arjia, Anantapur, Bangalore, Hisar,Hyderabad and Solapur for timely completion of operation, adoption of improved tool has reduced cost ofproduction in the range of 15-59% and increased crop yield from 18-87% across the centres.


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Fourth QRT Recommendations

The QRT Report (1996-2000) in respect of CRIDA, Hyderabad and AICRP on Dryland Agriculture wassubmitted to Governing Body Meeting held on 24.12.2002 and G.B. has accepted the report. Scientific andTechnical recommendations made by the QRT follows:

Recommendation Comments of the CRIDA Remarks of ICARProviding technical back stopping in theareas of land use planning andIntegrated Crop Management inWatershed Projects.

The Institute is already involved in such activitiesincluding training. In future also, this will be thepriority area for research and technologytransfer. A Mission Mode Project on Land UsePlanning for Management of AgricultureResources has been taken up by the Instituteunder NATP as PI.

The Council may agree.

Economic evaluation of Watershedtechnology including the sustainabilityneeds to be taken up on priority.

Being addressed in a comprehensive mannerunder NATP. To be further strengthened in TenthPlan.

The Council may agree. May befurther strengthened in Tenth Plan.

Research on land use planning andsustainability through soil-animal-plant-rainwater continuum with focus onnutrient dynamics in cropping systemsand to develop a soil quality index.

Two research projects related to the theme havebeen approved under NATP. The institute alsoplans to submit further proposals in the areas ofland degradation and land use planning underthe GEF funding through MOEF.


Development of integrated cropmanagement technologies withemphasis on IPNS.

This has been recognized as one of the thrustareas under AICRPDA for Tenth Plan. At CRIDAalso a model experiment will be set up atGunegal Research Farm with focus on reducingthe cost of cultivation.

The Council may agree. Work maybe initiated at all AICRPDA Centersincluding main center at Hyderabad.

Energy management and implementdevelopment.

Currently the focus is on development andpopularization of planting equipment. A MissionMode Project on “Use of Improved Tools forMechanization on Dryland Agriculture” has beensanctioned under NATP to this Institute as PI.Research on post harvest processing will betaken up in the Tenth Plan.

The Council may agree

Emphasis on using weather data for pestand diseases forecasting and interactionof tree and crop component in agro-forestry system.

A Mission Mode Project has already beenlaunched on weather-pest/diseases relationship.During Tenth Plan, the role of weather variablesin Agroforestry systems will be given priority.

The Council may agree

Initiating stress physiology andmolecular biology research for droughttolerance

The Institute has submitted a proposal forfunding under AP-NL Biotechnology program toaddress this area involving a multi-disciplinaryteam of scientists. The project has beenapproved by the Council and the fundingagency. Work will commence soon.

The Council may agree. There isneed for such basic research todevelop strategy for droughtmanagement.

Plant breeding research on under-exploited crops and study of moistureuse pattern of varieties at AICRPDACenters.

Already the Breeders at some of the AICRPDAcenters have been focusing on under-exploitedcrops like horsegram, niger and lentil. Whereverrequired, the Breeders at the centers will beencouraged to submit cess fund projects toaddress local needs. Suggestion regardingcollection of moisture use data is accepted forcompliance.

This is highly relevant. The workshould also include under-exploitedplants of medicinal, industrial andexport value crops. All centers ofAICRPDA may be encouraged toidentify potential under-utilized/unexploited plants for improvementand cultivation.

Inventorization of traditional waterharvesting and soil conservation

Two NATP Projects have already beensanctioned in this area. Once promising ITK’s

The Council may agree to therecommendation. The ITK knowledge


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technologies. are identified further research will be taken upfor their refinement/ validation.

needs to be documented on priority.

HRD for scientific and technical staff infrontier areas.

The Inst i tu te fu l ly endorses th isrecommendation. Separate budget has beenallocated in the plan funds for HRD of technicaland scientific staff. In addition, the institute isalso making use of all the training opportunitiesat SAU’s/ICR Institutes from time to time.

Need strengthening in Tenth Plan andthe Council may agree to it.

Future research needs suggested by theCommittee in the following areas:Use of biotechnology for evolvingdrought tolerant varieties.Enhancing response to external inputsby increasing SOM.Protect ing lands from furtherdegradation.IPNS & IMP for reducing cost ofcultivation.Integration of rainwater, soil water,ground water and surface water conceptto provide crop life saving irrigation.Precision farming.

The institute generally agrees with all thesethrust areas. In fact, many of these areas arealready being addressed through regular andNATP projects. However, approaches like ITK,PTD and taking up projects on farming systemmode will be further emphasized during TenthFive Year Plan.

The Council may agree. Theseresearch needs may be included inthe Tenth Plan document.

Improve the quality of training programsoffered by TTC.

The Institute also shares this view and effortsare underway to redesign the training programsbased on the clients needs.


Center wise specific recom-mendationon ongoing research and ORP activities.

The Institute appreciates this recommendation,which will greatly help in strengthening theprogram. Brain storming sessions with all theCooperating Centers are being planned in theirrespective locations to formulate concreterecommendations and identify the thrust areasand core programs for the Tenth Plan.

The Council may agree. Majoremphasis will be required toresearch facilities at AICRPDAcenters. Based upon brain storming,critical research gaps for each centerbe identified and included in theTenth Plan documents for redressal.

Rationalize workload of scientists witheach PI having two projects as Leaderand two projects as Associate

The suggestion will be adhered to as far aspossible.

The Council may agree as perguidelines already in practice.

A coordination and monitoringcommittee may be constituted at eachSAU to avoid duplication of researchbetween AICRPDA, AICRPAM, NATPand other research Institutes with similarmandate.

A good suggestion. However, NATP SiteCommittees are looking into this issue.

The Council may agree. Theprogress may be reviewed in a jointmeeting of Scientists involved inNRM projects at each University levelat least once a year to avoidrepetition and to fine tune theresearch program.

The AICRPDA centers need to involveclosely with the national watersheddevelopment program and taking upresearch in OFFSR/PTD mode in microwatersheds.

An excellent suggestion. The institute will writeto all the Chief Scientists to further develop andstrengthen strong linkages with the watersheddevelopment program and provide technicalback stopping in the concerned sites.

The Council may agree to thissuggestion. The Chief Scientists ofall the centers be advisedaccordingly.

Follow-up action may be taken as stipulated in the guidelines for QRT issued vide Coucil’s letter No. 4(2)/97-Plng, dated 10.2.2000 and No. 15(3)/98-PIM dated 27.4.2001.


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Group Meetings

They were 4 group meetings held in the All India Coordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture.These are the 19th biennial workshop of All India Coordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture (Feb 3-5, University of Agriculture Sciences, Bangalore), working group meeting of All India Coordinated ResearchProject for Dryland Agriculture Scientists, Hisar (9 – 12 April 2002, CCSHAU, Hisar) and an in-house groupmeeting (12-15, November 2002). Apart, a meeting was also held with the comptroller or their representativesduring in December 2002 for finalizing the arrears to be paid in view of the adoption of UGC scales in IX thplan. In the biennial workshop the adhoc project sanctioned by the ICAR through All India CoordinatedResearch Project for Dryland Agriculture were reviewed. The NATP MM and other production system researchprojects were reviewed both Hisar and Bangalore.

I. Proceedings of the Nineteenth Biennial Workshop of AICRPDA (3-5, February,2003 University of Agriculture Science, Bangalore)

Inaugural SessionIn the 19th biennial workshop of AICRP for Dryland Agriculture held during 3-5, February 2003 at

University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, Chief scientists/Scientists from 21 cooperating centers andState Agricultural Universities, a few scientists from crop based institutes and other delegates haveparticipated. Dr. Y.N. Yadahalli, Director of Research, UAS welcomed the gathering. Dr. K.P.R. Vittal, ProjectCoordinator presented an overview of AICRPDA network, research agenda and potential of utilizing rabifallows. Dr. H.P. Singh, Director, CRIDA, in his opening remarks suggested to review our programs for next 2 to3 years with regards to watershed management, agroforestry systems vis-a-vis relevance to the farmer’scontext and post drought scenario. He also emphasized that present technologies should be more innovativeand should be developed with farmers participation. Dr. Gurbachan Singh, Assistant Director General(Agronomy), ICAR has inaugurated the workshop. In his inaugural address, he emphasized on thedevelopment of integrated farming systems models, which can be replicable in rainfed cropping regions. Dr. A.M. Krishnappa, Vice–Chancellor of University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, in his presidential addressstressed the need for augmenting food, fruit, fodder, fibre, fish, fuel and flower production from less land withless water and less labour in less time with least degradation to the land and biodiversity. In all the following 7books of Co-ordinating Cell, co-operating centers like Bangalore etc were released. List of other participants isenclosed (Annexure I). This was followed by Technical Sessions.

Technical Session IThe Inaugural Session was followed by detailed discussions on forestry, wastelands and horticulture.

Dr.Vasanth Kumar, Director of Horticulture discussed on the horticultural aspects, value addition andmarketing, links at micro and macro levels for horticultural development and different other aspects. Dr.Ramalinga Gowda, Chief Conservator of Forests presented on the agro-forestry and farm-forestry details,evaluation, and role of trees in agro-eco system and legal obligation to implement, usefulness of tree farmingand medicinal plants and need for fodder banks for further progress. Dr. Sankar Rao, Managing Director,NABARD described on the rural infrastructure and social set up, NABARD budget allocation for development,watershed development, capacity building, research and development initiated by NABARD and other aspects.Dr. Krishnappa emphasized on the total quality management, biotechnology, farm mechanization and postharvest/value addition for agricultural commodities.

Technical Session IIIn this session, detailed presentations and discussions were made on Adhoc projects. Dr. Gurbachan

Singh, Assistant Director General (Agronomy), ICAR chaired the session.

Foundation Stone and Inauguration of laboratories

The session was followed by the inauguration of Micronutrient Laboratory by Dr. Chiranjeev Singh,Principal Secretary, Govt. of Karnataka; foundation stone was laid for Micronutrient Lecture Hall by


260

Dr. H.P. Singh, Director, CRIDA; and foundation stone for Green House by Dr. Gurbachan Singh, AssistantDirector General (Agronomy), ICAR and a live demonstration of different dryland machinery was organized atAICRPDA Center, GKVK, Bangalore.

Technical Session II (Contd)

On 3rd to 4th February, the presentations and discussions on adhoc and NATP projects were continued.The participants are also exposed to NATP Production system research, TAR through IVLP and Mission Modeprojects related to rainfed farming.

Adhoc Projects1. Intercropping of green manures in maize based

cropping system for fertilizer economy underrainfed condition

The project is extended for a period of threemonths up to March 31, 2003.

2. Agronomic investigation on improving mesta(Hibiscus spp) productivity under drylandconditions

The project is requested to be extended up to July15, 2003. Land equivalent ratios are to becalculated. Post harvest value addition for Hibiscusneeds attention.

3. Soil solarization for efficient cultivation ofgroundnut

A request is made for extension of the project tillthe financial year-end. Project Coordinator is toforward the request.

4. Assessment of quality parameters in relation toresource management in rapeseed and mustard

PI is absent.PC is to remind the PI on the importance andnecessity to attend the meetings on request.Director of Research and VC of respective SAUs isneeded to be informed.

5. Micronutrient management for enhancing theproductivity of dryland crops

Additional experiment is planned. The PI may sendthe technical program through PC for commentsto ADG (Agron).

6. Agro-physiological evaluation of French bean(Phaseolus vulgaris L) under south Rajasthancondition.

PI is absent. The information may be sent toDirector of Research and VC for avoiding therecurrence of the same.

7. Watershed based NRM strategies for rainfed areaof Prakasam district in AP.

Lining materials and irrigation needs incorporation.

8. Development of agronomic package of Sabaigrass (Eulaliopsis binata) for sustainable agroecology and economic benefits under rainfedfarming in fallow and degraded land.

The PI has informed his inability to attend themeeting due to involvement at the IIT, Kharagpuron examinations. However, PC (AICRPDA) mayadvise him to attend future meetings without fail.

9. Crop-crop diversity as key component of IPM fordryland crop pests

The recommendations of other institutes may alsobe incorporated in the IPM Modules.

10. Interaction of elevated carbondioxide and waterdeficit on seed viability, germination and initialplant establishment of dryland crops

The project is appreciated for its good progress.Additional chambers within the sanctioned budgetmay be considered.

11. Crop Diversification for sustainability of drylandsthrough dye yielding crops

The project is appreciated for its holistic approachfrom production to pilot project. Farmers’response needs quantification.


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12. Studies on augmentation of green biomass forintegrated nutrient management in dryland cropproduction

The economics of composting against othermethods of incorporation needs evaluation.Mechanization of the process of organic matterincorporation needs exploration.

13. Studies on augmentation of green biomass forintegrated nutrient management in dryland cropproduction

The PI has presented the final report and broughtout that a technology has a large economy in thebiasi region of rice production. This success storywas desired to be projected out as a bulletin andinformation may be sent to ADG (Agronomy) bythe PI.

Session on Financial and Administrative ConsiderationsThis was followed by discussion on administrative problems by the ADG, Mr. Mohan Lal, Section officer

and Mr. Kedari Lal, Technical officer of NRM Division, ICAR. This kind of interaction with administrative sectionis first of its kind in this project history.AUCs are utmost important

• Centers are requested to seek replacements under non-plan. The Project Coordinator is asked to providea format for collecting the information and seeking funds from the Council under Non-plan and includingreplacement of vehicles.

• Replacing of unavailed sanctioned positions with contractual staff is under consideration at the Council

• The centers are encouraged to put up integrated farming systems model experiments for consideration inthe Adhoc schemes.

• The norm of Rs. 40,000/- per scientist should not be the yardstick in the coordinated project in view ofseveral projects being handled by each scientist at the centers in dryland agriculture.

• The present involvement of plant breeders in National, State, SAU, Projects and Biotechnology should beacquired for analysis at the Coordinating Cell.

• The centers brought out a need for office equipment like furniture, photocopier etc. The ProjectCoordinator brought out that these were included in the Tenth Plan proposals. ADG has kindly agreed forconsideration.

Technical Session IIIOn 4th February, a technical session is organized as concurrent group discussions of the technical

program of work under rice, fingermillet, rabi sorghum, maize, pearlmillet, groundnut, soybean and cottonproduction systems. The sessions are conducted by Dr.S.R.Singh for rice and fingermillet (Faizabad, Phulbani,Ranchi, Varanasi and Bangalore centres); Dr. M.B.Guled for rabi sorghum (Bellary, Bijapur and Solapurcentres); Dr.J.S. Jamwal for maize (Arjia, Ballowal – Saunkhri, Rakh Dhiansar and Jhansi centres); Dr.S.P.S.Chauhan for pearlmillet (Agra, Dantiwada, Hisar and Jodhpur centres); Dr.T. Yellamanda Reddy forgroundnut (Anantapur and Rajkot centres); Dr.R.A.Sharma for soybean (Indore and Rewa centres); and Dr.S.Subbaiah for cotton (Akola and Kovilpatti centres).

Dr. Pandurangaiah, Co-ordinator, agro-forestry and watershed development presented on integratedfarming systems approach and its logistics in a one-acre model developed by UAS, Bangalore to the AICRPDAscientists.

Director and scientist from NRC for Sorghum, Project Co-ordinator (Small Millets), Scientist from ICRISAT,Scientists from adhoc projects, Scientists from CRIDA and others also participated.

Technical Session IVOn 5th February, Dr.J.C. Katyal, Deputy Director General (Education), ICAR chaired the session, while Dr.

Gurbachan Singh, Assistant Director General (Agronomy), ICAR co-chaired the session. Dr.J.C. Katyal, DDG(Education) has vividly brought out the importance of dryland education at Post Graduation and higher levelsas a specialized subject. He also emphasized on the capacity building from day one onwards from the level ofstudents to the final climbs to make best use of research endeavours and information that is available. Since


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there are penultimate combinations in this subsistence agriculture, it is needed to make decisions based onothers experience. Hence the participants in the Dryland Agriculture Module should be prepared withappropriate Decision Supporting Systems including various facets of dryland agriculture from annuals throughperennials to livestock, fisheries, etc.

The group leaders of the production systems (Technical Session III) presented the deliberations made inthe respective group meetings (Annexure III). The points raised out of discussion are -

Rice based production system• Importance is to be given to utilize the IPM modules recommended for the region.

• Rabi sorghum based production system

• The centers are encouraged to undertake the rabi season based and agroforestry based models on on-farm at the earliest

Maize based production system

• The centers are yet to prepare the mixed farming models.

• The readily available material of improved cultivars is to be incorporated.

• Jhansi center was encouraged to build a fodder based Agroforestry system sustaining through out theyear to provide green fodder.

• Farming systems models developed always need to be compared with traditional on-farm productionsystem.

Groundnut based production system• The Agroforestry based models need to be linked with land capability classes.

• Drip irrigation should be tried for high water use efficiency.

• Introduction of fodder-cum-pod cultivars of groundnut should be investigated.

• Organic matter dynamics in the arid region should be focused.

• Since the cost of cultivation is high, it needs to reduce the cost of production. Cost of production ofgroundnut should be reduced.

Cotton based production system• The on-farm models should be built based on feedback obtained from the farmers.

From the above discussions it was observed It is observed that cropping system program has about 50%importance, in which 30% was under crop improvement including screening of entries for different cropimprovement projects. The research work should aim to increase the crop production and reduce the cost ofproduction, apart from increasing sustainability. The following aspects are very important for furtherimprovement of dryland agriculture.Improving the crop production by taking the benefit of HYV/hybrids developed through biotechnology.

• Timeliness and precession are essential for increasing production in drylands. A package of farmmechanization should be developed and tested on participatory basis in different farming situations.

• The existing information on integrated nutrient management and water management should be puttogether encompassing the available resources like crop residue, bund farming, agro-forestry systems etcfor reducing the cost of production through reduction of fertilizer use and improving water use efficiencyby in situ and ex situ methods.

• Integrated farming system models are the need of the hour for development and adoption by farmers. Thecooperating centers are advised to develop a project for their region to suit different holding sizes, forgiving staggered income through out the year, organic farming for better soil health, employmentgeneration, nutritional and food security. The details of the project will be discussed and finalized in agroup meeting to be held at CRIDA in due course.

• Capacity building should be given to multi disciplinary team to work on various aspects of integratedfarming system, participatory research and prioritization.


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• Success stories of developed and tested technology at different centers, which are catching up in farmers’fields. Some of the success stories are development of high yielding curcumin rich turmeric (Phulbani);Thornless mimosa for reducing soil erosion and weeds (Phulbani); Phulbani dry land weeder (Phulbani);pigeonpea + groundnut intercropping (Anantapur); pigeonpea + rice (Varanasi); soil test based fertilizerapplication for groundnut (Anantapur); drilling of seed in a low rainfall year (Varanasi); mechanization ofweed management and fertilizer placement (Varanasi); chilli based cropping system (Bangalore); andearly seeding and placement of seed in wet zone using improved implements (Bangalore).

In general a shift is needed to embrace integrated farming system models in place of componentresearch in dryland agriculture. In this direction, two workshops are to be conducted.

• One on the plant breeding in dryand agriculture and second on finalization of integrated farming systemmodels under various Agro eco regions.

• Each scientist is found to have been loaded with several experiments. The project, in general, has about500 experiments with 100 scientists. This should be reduced to few multi disciplinary experiments with in-depth study.

Closing CeremonyIn the closing ceremony, Dr. Mangala Rai, Secretary DARE and Director General, ICAR chaired the

session. Dr. Ahlawat, Director, NBAGR presented the status of animal genetic resources in the country. Dr.Gurbachan Singh, Assistant Director General (Agronomy), ICAR presented the recommendations of the 19th

biennial workshop of AICRP for Dryland Agriculture. The Director General observed that there is an immediateneed for integrating the different rainfed practices for greater adoptability by farmers. Mrs. Shashi Mishra,Additional Secretary DARE and Secretary, ICAR stressed the need for prioritization of resources for makingfurther development of dryland agriculture. Dr.A.M. Krishnappa complimented ICAR for supporting theresearch and development activities funded by ICAR for different projects taken up at UAS, Bangalore.

Session on In House DiscussionsIn the following session, different technical, administrative and financial issues of cooperating centers

were discussed. Dr.K.P.R.Vittal, Project Co-ordinator chaired the session. Drs. GRM. Sankar and G. RavindraChary Co-chaired. The different issues discussed were on:

• Preparation of a publication on success stories made by centers under on-farm conditions. The details ofa success story would comprise of the theme with a photograph, yield and net returns achieved, B: Cratio, soil and agro ecological details, the adoption of the technology by farmers as measured by itsimpact at different locations;

• Drought management of crops with photographs pertaining to kharif 2002 in different locations;

• Detailed reports of completed experiments;

• Data and reports of kharif 2002 and rabi 2002-03 and missing reports of previous years;

• Farmer wise details of data under ORP, front line demonstration and other watershed areas whereexperiments have been conducted so far.

• Details of adhoc AP Cess funded projects;

• Consolidation and publication of research work carried out at on - station by different centers.

• Linkage with crop coordinators at state/ICAR/university/any other;

• Vehicle, staff and other administrative problems;

• Submission of audit utilization certificates for release of funds and other financial problems.

General Recommendations of the Biennial MeetingThe research work should aim to increase the crop production, to reduce the cost of production and also

to aim at sustainability of the production systems. In this regard, following recommendations emerged:

1) Improving the crop production: The Project should take the benefit of high yielding varieties/ hybrids,developed through traditional methods and frontier technologies like biotechnology. It is of need for theplant breeders in Dryland Project to inventorize for the crops they are working on the stress resistant


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adoptable cultivars in consultation with the Govt. and Non-governmental organizations (NGOs).However, the availability of seed to meet at least partially the scientists’ requirement should be given toppriority for popularizing.

Keeping in view of the mandate crops, the importance will be prioritized. Improved cultivars of themandate crops of the dryland to be evaluated for their suitability and productivity in drylands in different cropcombinations/cropping systems. Plant breeders should participate in the workshops with the mandatory crops.They should be treated as one of the centers for crop programs. The crop programs will analyzed for totalbiomass, and quality of the crop residue of the mandate crops.

CRIDA will host a meeting of scientists from crop improvement projects and AICRPDA in April 2003 onapproval from the Council.

2) Use of improved implements: Timeliness and Precision are top most considerations in drylands forincreasing production. Using the experiences from the Mission Mode Project on mechanization and availableimplements cutting across the production systems suitable to soil types and cropping systems should beidentified for various production systems. A package of farm mechanization should be developed. Thispackage will be tested on participatory basis for evaluating cost of reduction, suitable changes may be madeto upgrade the farm mechanization.

3) Use of available information on integrated nutrient and water management: This information needs tobe put together encompassing the available resources like crop residue, bund farming, agroforestry systemsetc. This should aim at reducing the cost of production, through reduction in application of fertilizer andimproving the water use efficiency by efficient methods of in situ and ex situ four water management.

4) Development of integrated farming system models: The need of the hour felt is the development ofintegrated farming systems models acceptable to the farmers. This will be main thrust. In this direction, thescientists at the centers have formulated a project template for their region to suit to various land holding sizes.The system should provide staggered income through out the year over a long duration of 50 years or more.Lessons should be taken from the already available farming models from progressive State AgriculturalUniversities like UAS, Bangalore (IFS model at Shimoga watershed) and non-governmental organizations. Thetemplate is on agroforestry and getting more production from reduced area. Organic farming should be in built,if not from the day one, but it should become the essence in less than three years. This should have a vegetalboundary, woody poles, grasses, health plants, farm planned fruit trees limited livestock to feed a small farmer.The cycles of both hydrology and nutrient should be self-contained. It should offer employment generation,nutritional and food security and regular income etc. On-farm participatory research work will be undertaken.An on-station IFS model will be developed. Detailed treatment set up will be finalized after discussions withfarmers in a combined meeting to be held at CRIDA.

5) Capacity building: It is desired that the capacity building should be given to the multi-disciplinary team towork on the various aspects of integrated farming system, on participatory research and prioritization.

6) Success stories: These needs be recorded and published and popularized. Some examples are

• High yielding Curcumin rich turmeric cv. Sudarshan in Phulbani.

• Thornless mimosa is catching up in Phulbani (Mimosa invisa), which reduces soil erosion, suppressesweeds. It is suitable for high soil erosion, dense weed growth and degraded low fertility soils. PhulbaniDryland weeder spread more than 2/3 districts in the state.

• Pigeonpea based intercropping system was a success with the groundnut at Anantapur and with rice atVaranasi.

• The soil test based fertilizer recommendation eliminated the phosphorus application has reduced the costof production of groundnut (fertilizer cost reduced by almost 30%).

• In a low rainfall year, direct drilling of rice was quite helpful. In Raipur and Varanasi. Weed managementand Fertilizer placement should be mechanized.


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• Chilli based cropping system developed at Bangalore is spreading beyond the Operational ResearchProject very fast. During this drought year, the plantings that were done with improved implements hashelped in achieving early seeding and placing seed in wet zone. This success was eye witnessed in theBangalore Operational Research Project.

• Sulphur application in through gypsum is catching up in gypsum.

7) Binding AICRPAM and AICRPDA

The AICRP for Agro Meteorology and AICRP for Dryland Agriculture may have their own programs, but itis encouraged to have a few combined programs to start with to immigrate the combined efforts.

8) Future thrusts

Future research thrusts are to be analyzed based on Brain Storming sessions with the clients, linkdepartments, NGOs, Research personnel, etc. The places where Brain Storming Sessions were held may bringout the bulletins. Other centers are encouraged to complete the Brain Storming Sessions before the onset ofmonsoon and publish the same. These should be the guideposts/ indicators for measuring the causes infuture.

9) Demonstration

It is felt that large data is being accumulated from ORPs and FLD on on-farm trials. However, this shouldbe related to the socio economics for graded technology approach.

Indian Society of Dryland Agriculture (ISDA)A General body meeting of the ISDA was held. The Treasurer has presented the audited reports for the

last four years. Following decisions were taken anonymously:

• The Society may send copies of latest Journal along with the application proforma to the Chief Scientistfor enrolling new members.

• Encouragement may be made to publish quality papers

• Chief Scientists may help in bringing more corporate members for purchasing the journal.

The meeting ended with vote of thanks to the President and Executive.

II. Working Group Meeting held at Hisar

Recommendations on Technical Programme• The programs that were completed during 2000-01: Submit a report on the completed project along with

the observations made on the committed minimum data set. The details required are on – title, period,results (year wise), crops and variety, grain yield, stover and husk, yield and other data sets apart fromyield attributes. Results of pooled analysis may be provided along with the recommendation.

• The on-going projects will be continued.

• New Projects were discussed at length. Details may be sent to Project Coordinator, AICRP for DrylandAgriculture on approved projects in proforma.

• It was found that the ORP programme is not linked with the centers’ work to provide the feedback. It isdecided that the recommendations of the center for the period will be identified and technical programmebased on that for ORPs will be decided and communicated to the Project Coordinator, AICRP for DrylandAgriculture unit.

• On-farm participatory bio-diverse mixed farming project put up for NATP consideration has received wideacclaim. Improved facilities in the centers are the need of hour. Participation of NGOs, manned by ourformer staff may be considered in this exercise. This may be taken up in ORP also. DPAP/DDPparticipation may be checked. About five centers among the 19 centers participated were not prepared toundertake the work. They may also consider. The work may be taken up in the blocks identified byDDP/DPAP. On request the Project Coordinator, AICRP for Dryland Agriculture may provide informationon blocks. Work will be started on identification of sites.


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• All the scientists directly involved in the low-till project did not attend the meeting. It is also decided forimproving the uniformity in this project, the centers, on return, will inform the treatments and methodfollowed in executing the treatments.

• Long-term fertility trials will have legume in rotation if it is not already included at the center.

Recommedations of Technical _ PC Unit• The base paper on the role of AICRPDA in X Plan is to be prepared by Project Coordinator, AICRP for

Dryland Agriculture.

• The sustainable yield index may be improved to identify package of practices for a center. This may bedone as a Case Study. Using sustainable yield index, the process that may be involved in organic farmingmay also be identified.

Recommedations of Administrative _ PC Unit

• Vehicles are to be replaced in the X Plan at all the centers since they are purchased in 1985. Similarlycomputers are also to be replaced which were purchased in 1986.

• Bellary, Jodhpur, Solapur and Rakh Dhiansar did not attend to the technical programme finalization andwill be requested to come to Project Coordinator, AICRP for Dryland Agriculture Unit for finalization.

• The information required for web site has been circulated and response is expected on return from thecenters.

• The extension of AICRPDA centers needs to be communicated by Project Coordinator, AICRP for DrylandAgriculture in X Plan.

Action on Reports• The other works involved by the scientists of AICRPDA in the watershed programme, NATP etc., may be

added and a brief paragraph to highlight the achievements in the technical programme and report.

• Centers have agreed for providing the missing reports and desired that they may be computerized forposterity as archives, websited along with database and made available to the centers also. Additionalfunds to a tune of Rs 3.0 lakhs may be needed to Project Coordinator, AICRP for Dryland Agriculture unitas RC this year.

Action media from ICAR• It is understood that at many of the places, the scientists are sitting in the disciplines and they are only

visiting the office of the Chief Scientists. At some of the places, this facilities has also been taken out likeat Hisar, and the Chief Scientists have to work under the Head of the Division. This would delete theuniqueness of the AICRPDA wherein multi-disciplinary team has been brought for research work.Similarly, the cooperation between AICRPAM and AICRPDA was also reported to be not at desirable level.The ICAR may need to advise to locate the Chief Scientist, AICRPDA office with full strength.

• Visiting of scientists to centers in various production systems cutting across State Boundaries/SAUs isvery much appreciated. A request may be made for undertaking the efforts. The following groups areidentified and leaders will be named depending upon the proximity and experience.

Production System CentersRice Varanasi, Ranchi, Faizabad, PhulbaniSoybean Indore, RewaGroundnut Anantapur, RajkotCotton Akola, KovilpattiRabi sorghum Bijapur, SolapurPearlmillet Hissar, Agra, DantiwadaMaize and Fingermillet Arjia, Ballowal Saunkri, Rakh Dhiansar, BangaloreICAR to kindly permit


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A provision for Rs. 1 lakh may be made in X Plan for publishing 30 years report (original 25 years +Qrt1996-2000) of the project by each of the center. It is decided that the Director of Research and other PeerReviewers in the organization at the center may approve the report.

Recommended PracticesCentre RecommendationsRanchi 1. Among ten upland rice cultivars, maximum grain yield (20.83 q/ha) and straw yield

(25.60 q/ha) were found by RR 347-16 cultivar followed by RR 347-167 (20.83) andRR 347-1 (20.53 q/ha). The maturity varied from 83 to 93 days. After harvesting,toria/niger can be sown.

2. Pigeonpea spaced 60 x 30 cm + two rows of okra produced green okra (29.76 q/ha)and pigeonpea 7.4 q/ha with maximum LER of 1.43.

3. Maximum black gram yield (10.85 q/ha) is obtained where 15 kg N/ha throughcompost + 20 kg N/ha through inorganic fertilizer.

4. Maximum grain yield of paddy 22.63 q/ha was obtained where 100% N was appliedthrough urea. Among organics, 15 kg N/ha through compost + 20 kg N/ha throughinorganic fertilizer produced maximum paddy yield of 19.02 q/ha.

5. Maximum black gram and paddy grain yield 17.08 and 17.78 q/ha respectively wereobtained where 100% recommended N was applied through inorganic fertilizer.

6. In rice, Birsa dhan 101 (10.43 q/ha) and Birsa gora 102 (12.82 q/ha) weresignificantly out yielded by the entries Birsa dhan 109 (15.62 q/ha) and BAU 255.76(15.19 q/ha). Birsa dhan 109 was also earliest to mature in 80 days.

7. In horsegram, Bastar Black kulthi gave significantly higher grain yield of 18.8 q/ha. Itis a late maturing (102 days) variety.

Ranchi (Operational Research Project)8. Intercropping of pigeonpea + rice (1:3) contributed more in enhancing pigeonpea

equivalent yield (853 kg/ha) than sole crop rice (421 kg/ha) or pigeonpea (517kg/ha). The net returns (Rs. 6050/ha) and benefit cost ratio (0.96) were also more inintercropping than sole cropping. Intercropping of pigeonpea + rice (1:3)contributed more in enhancing pigeonpea equivalent yield (853 kg/ha) than solecrop of rice (421 kg/ha) or pigeonpea (517 kg/ha). The net returns (Rs. 6050/ha) andbenefit cost ratio (0.96) were also more in intercropping than sole cropping.

9. Though weeding by khurpi (farmers method) at 30 days after seeding was moreeffective in suppressing weeds and increasing grain yield, pre emergenceapplication of butachlor @ 1.5 kg ai./ha was more economical compared to weedingby khurpi or by grubber.

10. Basal application of nitrogen @ 20 kg/ha gave 41% more grain yield (7096 kg/ha)than its application at 30 days after sowing (564 kg/ha). Application of 20 kg P2O5/haalong with 20 kg nitrogen as basal increased grain yield by 20% over basalapplication of nitrogen only. Net returns (Rs. 2374/ha) and benefit cost ratio (0.70)were maximum when both nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) were applied asbasal.

11. Under availability of limited irrigation water (two need based irrigations), cultivation ofwheat or chickpea was equally economical as both crops gave almost equal quantityof wheat equivalent yield (830 kg and 834 kg/ha respectively).

12. Maximum grain yield 17.85 q/ha was obtained when the land was opened first by 10cm M.B. plough and followed by one ploughing with Birsa ridger plough andplanked with wooden plank and lastly seeded by behind country plough.

13. In case of radish, 3 cm irrigation at sowing and 3 cm every week producedmaximum radish 96.07 q/ha.

Phulbani 1. The suitable rice varieties are Vandana, RR 361-1, ZHU 11-26 with a yield range of2626 to 2910 kg/ha.

2. The suitable blackgram varieties are OBG-15, OBG-15, LBG-645 and Pant U-30 witha yield range of 1110 to 1260 kg/ha.

3. Phulbani dryland weeder is a low cost implement developed for weeding row crops.


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It costs Rs.15/-, weights 300 g and saves more than 60% manpower. It can be usedas weeder, intercultural tool, groundnut/potato digger and garden rake.

4. Polythene mulch enhanced the groundnut yield by 18% over vegetative mulch with50% RD + Rhizobium culture.

5. Application of farm yard manure (Equivalent to 30 kg N, half dose) with half dose ofP2O5 & K2O has shown the yield level of rice (about 2000 kg/ha) on par with fulldose, better soil physico-chemical conditions, agronomic as well as water useefficiency.

6. Application of farm yard manure (supplying 15 kg N) along with 20 kg N (CF)/ha hasout yielded the treatment receiving full N through inorganic fertilizer in the rice-blackgram system has shown better agronomic as well as water use efficiency too.

7. Low tillage coupled with 50% organic + 50% inorganic fertilizer dose produced riceequivalent yield at par with conventional tillage with 100% inorganic fertilizer dose inrice-pigeonpea relay cropping system.

8. Among organic manures, it is seen that green leaf manures of gliricidia and cassiashow the yield level of maize as well as toria at par with green manures of sunhemp,cowpea and thornless mimosa. Mimosa is a nitrogen fixing plant, which yieldsbiomass more than 20 t/ha at 40 days of sowing, and it has soil binding property andspreads well on the soil.

9. The green leaf mulch of thornless mimosa @ 5 t/ha has shown the highest maizeequivalent yield in maize-pigeonpea cropping system.

Varanasi 1. In pigeonpea based intercropping involving rice and okra, pigoenpea (60 cm) + 2rows of rice or alternatively pigeonpea (75 cm) + 1 row okra was found mostproductive and remunerative.

2. Associating tomato as an intercrop with rabi pulses (lentil) was found remunerative,increasing system productivity by 20-25%(MAI-8, 407).

3. Intercropping of garlic in between chickpea rows as well as neem oil spray (0.25%)appeared to be promising for management of chickpea after rice.

4. Conventional tillage as well as dust mulching proved superiority in succeedingbarley in rice – barley system

5. Combined use of FYM (50%) + 50% N through urea confirms its advantage overentire dose either through organic or inorganic source.

6. Rice variety CR-679-2 gave highest yield (29.95 q/ha) with highest varietal efficiency(27.7 kg/day) as compared to check variety NDR-97 (23.92 q/ha). Another ricevariety bred at BHU, Varanasi (MWR-1029) gave highest yield (32.03 q/ha) withvarietal efficiency of 27.86 kg/day as compared to NDR-97 (26.32 q/ha).

7. Lentil mutant evolved at this center HWL-55 has been identified as one of theresistant varieties for rust + wilt + root rot.

8. HWL-57, a lentil mutant bred at this center performed well under initial varietal trialand promoted to Advance Varietal Trial during Rabi 2001-02.

Faizabad 1. Rice variety RR 347-167 was found more remunerative for dryland conditions ofeastern Uttar Pradesh.

2. GA-10 variety of Niger was found superior for dryland conditions of this region.3. Kent variety of oats recorded maximum green forage yield during rabi. Oats may

produce more green forage yield when 60kgN/ha is applied under dryland condition.Anantapur 1. Growth of celosia weed was less by application of pendimethalin at 50 days after

sowing2. Groundnut + pigeonpea intercropping system along with tamarind association gave

higher net returns than intercropping system alone.3. Horse gram variety AK-21 is recommended for higher grain yield.4. If soil test value of available P2O5/ha is 50 kg or more, phosphorus need not be

applied for 7 years.5. Spray application of 0.2% zinc sulphate at 35 DAS and 45 DAS is recommended for

rainfed groundnut grown in alfisols.6. The groundnut thresher was successfully modified into a groundnut decorticator by

changing threshing unit with decorticating unit.


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7. In alfisols, soil test based fertilizers for rainfed groundnut with no fertilizers for highlevel, 50% RDF for medium level and 100% RDF for low level of phosphorus andpotassium are found to be superior.

Rajkot 1. For effective and economically integrated weed management in groundnut underscarcity pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg/ha dissolved in 500 litre water along with one handweeding and one interculturing at 45 days after sowing.

2. Spraying of fresh neem leaf extract @ 2% at 35, 50 and 65 DAS was found beneficialfor control of Tikka and Rust disease of groundnut.

3. It was found beneficial to sow 16 rows of either groundnut (GG-2) or sorghum inalley of Subabul or perennial pigeonpea (IPCL-185) by keeping a distance of 8.1 mbetween the rows. Following intercropping system was found beneficial.

• Groundnut + Castor (6:1)• Groundnut + Sesamum (6:3)• Pearlmillet + Pigeonpea (2:1)• Sesamum + Cotton (2:2)• Cotton + Groundnut, Greengram, Blackgram (1:2)

4. Adoption of shallow ploughing before sowing and ridge and furrow after 25 days ofsowing (pegging stage) provided higher yield of groundnut.

5. On the basis of varietal trial, maximum pod yield of Virginia groundnut was attainedwith sowing of variety GG-12, followed by M-13 and JSP-32.

6. In case of bunch groundnut, GG-20 produced highest yield followed by JSSP-11and JSSP-17.

7. In sesame AT-79 gave maximum yield followed by AT-81 and G-2.Rewa 1. Intercropping of soybean with pigeonpea (2:1) is more profitable compared to sole

soybean or pigeonpea.2. Storing of runoff in small farm pond assures double cropping in rainfed areas and life

saving irrigation for kharif also.3. For weed management in soybean, pre-sowing application of Alachlor @ 25 kg/ha

along with one hand weeding is more beneficial compared to hand weeding. Formoisture conservation, soil much proved beneficial for kharif as well as rabi crops.

4. Low tillage + weedicide-interculture with 50% organic and 50% inorganic source ofnutrient supply gives more B:C ratio compared to conventional tillage + inorganicsource of nutrient supply system.

5. Growing of pigeonpea or blackgram in between rows of eucalyptus or amla givesadditional yield in early stages of plantation under agorforestry system

6. Early sowing of soybean gives higher yield as compared to delayed sowing.7. Pulses treated with rhizobium culture + PSB gives better yield under low cost input

cultivation under rainfed condition.8. Sowing seeds and fertilizer separately gives better results as compared to sowing

seed mixed with fertilizer.Akola 1. Under Agro-horticulture system, amla trees recorded the highest GMR of Rs.

10,463/ha on tamarind and Ber trees.2. In 15th year, application of 50% N through inorganic fertilizer + 50% N through FYM

along with full dose of P2O5, increased seed cotton yield by 34% and green gram by8.7% over full recommended dose (50:25:25 kg NPK/ha) through inorganic.

3. AKC-1 and AKCM-18of castor; BBH-14 and BBH-21 of pearlmillet and AK2 of mestawere found promising.

Kovilpatti 1. Compartment bunding (10 m x 5 m) is recommended for soil + water conservationunder dryland vertisols of southern Tamil Nadu having annual rainfall of about 750mm and a slope of 0.5 to 1.0%.

2. Foliar spraying of 0.5% ZnSO4 and 1% MgSO4 and 1% MgSO4 at 45 and 60 DAS isrecommended for Cambodia cotton in magnesium and zinc deficient vertisols forgetting higher cotton kapas yield.


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3. Addition of 50% N as inorganic source and 50% N as organic source (green leafmanure or FYM or composted coirpith) are recommended for rainfed vertisol tractsof Tuticorin and Virudhunagar districts for obtaining higher cotton kapas yield inCambodia cotton. There should be sufficient soil moisture in the field at the time ofincorporation of green leaf manure.

4. In rainfed agriculture, it is recommended to follow agri-Horticulture (Tamarind +blackgram) and sylvi-pastural systems (Ailanthus excelsa + cenchrus ciliaris) forsustaining crop productivity and income rather than the cultivation of annual cropsalone.

5. Under rainfed condition, ber crop is recommended to grow successfully withprotective irrigation by recycling of farm pond water. Next to ber, cotton +blackgram intercropping system is recommended for getting higher income.

Bijapur 1. 2% calcium chloride seed treatment in sunflower is recommended for droughttolerance.

2. GCH-4 and 48-1 castor genotypes are recommended for first fortnight of July andDCH-32 from July to end of August.

3. Mulberry variety S-1635 is recommended as rainfed variety with 2 protectiveirrigations

4. In pigeonpea-sunhemp-rabi sorghum + chickpea yearly rotational system wherepigoenpea and sunhemp residues were incorporated indicated that there is no needto apply “N” externally as there was sufficient build up of PSB and N&B.

5. For efficient in situ harvesting of Kharif rainfall and also to protect the soil from kineticenergy impact of raindrop, it is recommended to grow greengram/sunhemp/cucumber prior to sowing of either rabi sorghum/sunflower.

6. Gravel sand mulch @ 7.5 to 10 cm depth on the soil surface of deep black soilsparticularly saline alkali soils was able to significantly increase the grain yield ofgreen gram, sunflower and rabi sorghum. There was an increase in the croppingintensity by 200%. The cost of mulching per ha is Rs. 25,000 per ha and the costcould be recovered within 2 years.

7. Application of organic residue either in the form of compost/sunhemp to supply 10kg N in conjunction with inorganic fertilizer supply 20 or 10 kg N was able to givehigher yield compared to 100 kg N per ha through inorganic fertilizer.

8. Application of 50 kg N through in organics and 50 kg N through inorganic fertilizer isrecommended for rabi sorghum-safflower yearly rotational system.

Jhansi 1. Significantly highest green fodder yield (378.9 q/ha) from Pennisetum tri-specieshybrid (TSh) pure stand. Among nitrogen levels significantly higher green fodderyield (255.8 q/ha) was recorded from 90 kg N/ha. In case of phosphorus 60 kg P/haproduced highest yield (311.7 q/ha) compared to other levels..

Dantiwada 1. The farmers growing greengram or castor on light textured soils under rainfedconditions are advised to get maximum gross returns and utilize residue moisture tosow castor crop as a relay crop in greengram in the ratio of 2:1. Greengram sown atonset of monsoon and castor sown as a relay crop in greengram pod (6 to 7 weeksafter sowing) depending upon rainfall pattern.

2. The farmers growing pearlmillet crop on light textured soils are advised to getmaximum pearlmillet equivalent yield (PMEY) and to overcome drought conditionwhen either early or late season drought was appeared to spraying of 5% kavlinsolution in standing crop in order to get more yield as well as to mitigate stresscondition.

3. Adopting clusterbean – clusterbean-pearlmillet crop sequence are advised to apply100% RDN through Gliricidia lent (For clusterbean 3.3 t/ha and for pearlmillet 12.5t/ha fresh leaves and Houns twings) for maximum yield and improving soil fertilitystatus also.

4. The farmers of zone growing pearlmillet crop on sloppy light textured soils underrainfed condition are advised to adopt compartmental bunding so as to utilize in situconserved moisture for maximum crop production.


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5. Different tillage treatments had significantly influenced in terms of seed, fodder and dryweight of weeds of clusterbeans. LT 50% of CT+weedicide+interculturing gavesignificantly higher yield. Nutrient management treatments were found non-significant.However, 50% through FYM+50% through urea gave higher yield of clusterbean.

Hisar 1. Wider strips of pearlmillet and legumes (mungbean or cowpea) in 8:4 row ratiobrought about higher productivity and economic returns than the narrower row ratios(6:3, 4:2 and 2:1) of the strip cropping system without affecting the yield ofpearlmillet.

2. Integrated nutrient management with use of 15 kg N through inorganic fertilizer +10kg N through compost + seed inoculation with Mac-68 strain of Azotobacter resultedin grain yields of pearlmillet at par with 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (40 kgN/ha).

3. Economy in the use of inorganic fertilizer to the extent of 50% was possible by theintegration of half dose (10 kg N+ 20 kg P2O5/ha) with seed inoculation withbioferilizers (Rhizobium and PSB) in case of mungbean.

4. Among different seeding implements, tracter drawn ridger seeder proved superior toother implements drawn by tractor and bullocks.

5. Two genotypes of hybrids and one of composite pearlmillet out yielded the bestcheck HHB-67 and HC-10.

6. Pearlmillet, til and clusterbean gave higher yields when sown in last week of Junethan in third week of July. The reverse was true in case of pulse crops, i.e.,greengram, blackgram, cowpea and mothbean.

Agra 1. Out of four aromatic plants Palmarosa grass, Lemon grass, Citronella grass andVeteveria (Khus) and one medicinal plant Sadabahar tested, Sadabahar and Lemongrass have more capacity to survive 70-72% in moisture stress conditions.

2. In amla, highest survival percentage of 92.5 was recorded with row catchmentmethod followed by 85.7% with ring catchment. Plant height (124.5 cm) and girth(9.8 cm) were also higher in row catchment treatment than other moistureconservation techniques and control.

3. In pearlmillet – fallow crop sequence, highest grain yield of pearlmillet (890 kg/ha)was obtained with application of 50% N through fertilizer + 50% N through FYMwhich was significantly higher than control (458 kg/ha), farmers method (585 kg/ha).Conjunctive use of organic and inorganic fertilizers not only sustains the grain yield,but the organic carbon, available phosphorus and field capacity of the soil were alsoimproved. pH and EC have decreased when compared with control.

4. Conventional tillage + intercultural treatments gave significantly higher grain yield(2696 kg/ha) than low tillage + interculture (1880 kg/ha) and low tillage +interculture + weedicides (2008 kg/ha). Application of nitrogen through 100%inorganic source resulted in significantly higher yield of 2417 kg/ha of pearlmilletthan organic source (1483 kg/ha) and 50% through organic source + 50% throughinorganic source (2191 kg/ha).

5. Raised bunds (20 cm high) with rectangular belt (6.0 x 2.7 m) across the slope aftersowing were effective for improving the yield of pearlmillet (2443 kg/ha) and in situmoisture.

6. Sesbania appeared to be the best green manuring crop, which added more nitrogen(38.8 kg/ha) to the soil than other crops. Green manuring crops exhibited differentialresponse to nitrogen application

7. Deep ploughing (10-20 cm) by disc harrow gave significantly higher mustard yield of1733 kg/ha than shallow ploughing (1454 kg/ha).

Bangalore 1. Among 10 chilli genotypes, AR-75 ranked first (802 kg/ha), while the yield of highestyielding check Arka Lohit was 730 kg/ha. None of the AVRDC entries could outyields Arka Lohit. However, ICPN 11-3 showed relatively higher level of resistance tofruit rot recording lowest% disease index (33.8) among the 18 entries tried.

2. Among different intercropping systems wherein chilli was intercropped withmungbean/urdbean/horsegram/cowpea/ricebean rai and was compared with sole


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crops, chilli + mungbean and sole cowpea (Rs. 12960/ha) were on par with eachother. This is followed by chilli + urdbean.

3. Of the 23 entries of maize hybrids and composites, Kaveri-235 ranked first (11491kg/ha) being superior to all others at least by 1463 kg/ha. The performance of newlyreleased variety of NAC-6004 also was quite encouraging (8035 kg/ha) though it wasa composite and not a hybrid. In addition, it had the advantage of resistance todowny mildew.

4. Among the fodder crops tried, fodder maize and sweet sorghum (SSV-74) performedbetter (52.1 t/ha and 53.0 tons/ha respectively) whereas fodder pearlmillet (Giantpearlmillet) yielded 39.20 t/ha. The second crop of chilli received a total of 113.4 mmof rainfall during crop growth period, although a limited two protective irrigations (5cm each) were also given to the crop. Chilli yield was generally poor. Among thechilli genotypes, Ceylon recorded highest dry chilli yield (589.34 kg/ha) as comparedto G4 (424.8 kg/ha). Application of 100% recommended dose of fertiliser (100:50:50kg NPK/ha) recorded highest dry chilli yield (477.3 kg/ha) compared to 50% RDF(383.9 kg/ha). The results of gross return and chilli equivalent yield from doublecropping system indicated that highest gross returns was recorded with foddermaize-chilli (Rs. 44140/ha) closely followed by sweet sorghum-chilli (Rs. 43516/ha).

5. Liming to 45% calcium saturation recorded higher yield (1602 kg/ha) compared toNPK-Gypsum or liming to 40 or 50% calcium saturation. With the increase in calciumsaturation above 45%, the yield of groundnut has decreased. Responses were notobserved to additional dose of potassium along with calcium.

6. Mulberry intercropped groundnut under Fingermillet-groundnut rotation orgroundnut-groundnut monocropping recorded highest mulberry equivalent yield(15647 to 15490 kg/ha) compared to pure mulberry in pit system (12938 kg/ha). Thisis because of additional yield of groundnut obtained in the intercropping system ofpaired row mulberry (478-506 kg/ha) without much reduction in the mulberry leafyield (12454 to 12779 kg/ha) as compared to pure mulberry. Fingermilletintercropped with mulberry under monocropping system also recorded highermulberry equivalent yield (13370 kg/ha) as compared to pure mulberry undertraditional system (12938 kg/ha). Application of FYM and bio fertiizer helped in 25%saving in recommended N as mulberry equivalent yield (9440 kg/ha) did not varybetween 100% recommended dose of fertiliser (10008 kg/ha) and recommendeddose of fertiliser + farm yard manure (10612 kg/ha).

7. Conventional tillage recorded highest grain yield of horsegram (418 kg/ha) followedby reduced tillage (365 kg/ha). Horsegram raised under application of onlyinorganics recorded highest yield (390 kg/ha).

8. Application of 100% recommended dose of fertiliser resulted in higher grain yield(2827 kg/ha) and straw (2949 kg/ha) compared to 50% recommended dose offertiliser (2455 and 2590 kg/ha). The highest grain yield (2892 kg/ha) was observedin vatevir live barrier with 100% recommended dose of fertiliser, followed by similartreatment with nase live barrier (2815 kg/ha).

9. Farm yard manure + 100% NPK was significantly superior to only NPK in bothgroundnut-fingermillet rotation and fingermillet-fingermillet monocropping with asustainability of 0.81 in 18 years. In groundnut-fingermillet rotation, the yields arehigher by about 26% in integrated treatments compared to monocropping.

10. The soybean yield recorded was higher in farm yard manure to supply 50% N + 50%NPK compared to green leaf manure to supply 50% N + 50% NPK. The yieldrecorded in green leaf manure to supply 50% N and farm yard manure to supply50% N were at on par. All treatments recorded higher yield than only NPK. Additionof organic matter to supply 50% N will save 50% of fertilizers.

Ballowal-Saunkhri 1. Blackgram during kharif and linseed during rabi season gave highest gross returns.2. Hybrid maize (var. Parkash) during kharif and wheat (PBW 175) are high yielder and

suitable for the area.3. Wheat seed treatment with chloropyriphose @ 4 ml per kg seed control termite

attack effectively.


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4. Use of Atrazine @ 1250 gm/ha or two hoeings suitable for the control of weeds inmaize.

5. Contour cultivation in maize and wheat improved crop yield than round aboutcultivation

6. Application of 100% nitrogen through inorganic fertilizer proved superior.7. Use of Pendimethalin @ 1.875 1/ha along with one hoeing or one hoeing are

suitable for the control of weeds in moong.Rakh Dhiansar 1. 20 kg Zinc sulphate/ha along with recommended NPK (60:40:20) for higher grain

yield of maize.2. Considerable amount of nitrogen can be substituted with the application of organic

wastes, compost or green leaves in maize.3. PBW-175 of wheat is recommended for normal sowing and PBW-299 and PBW-393

for normal as well as late sowing.4. For getting higher yield of Brassica Carinata, N and P may be applied @ 75 and 20

kg /ha respectively.5. Application of 10 t/ha of FYM in maize can substitute the fertilizer application in the

succeeding crop of mustard.

III. Recommendations of In-House Meeting, CRIDA, HyderabadChief scientists from 19 cooperating centres of AICRPDA have participated in the meeting. The meeting

was inaugurated by Dr.H.P.Singh, Director, CRIDA, Hyderabad. The following recommendations were madefrom the in-house meeting.

• The draft copies of the annual report of the project for the years 2000 – 01 and 2001- 02 have been editedand finalized by the chief scientists and scientists of AICRPDA coordinating cell for presentation in theforth coming work shop of the dryland project in 2003.

• The different technologies developed and tested in ORP under farmers field conditions have beendiscussed and drafted for bringing out a publication on success stories of the project since inception.

• The draft document on sustainable rainfed practices for different crops has been discussed and finalizedfor bringing out a publication and released in the forth coming workshop.

• The details of different publications made by the centres since inception have been discussed, finalizedand a publication (consolidated) will be released in the dryland workshop scheduled to take place in2003.

• The technical programme of the AICRPDA centres for 2002 – 03 was reviewed and finalized. The newcoding system of on-station and on-farm experiments was discussed and finalized.

• The chief scientists presented the drought situation existing in the respective centres and explained themeasures that they have taken for managing crops during kharif 2002.

• The need for developing a consolidated document on improved agronomic practices for dryland cropswas discussed and finalized.

• The chief scientists have been requested to supply data of experiments and periodic reports regularly forcompilation, analysis and finalization.

• Different administrative and financial problems were discussed and the centers were asked to provide theaudit utilization certificates for release of funds in time.

Annual Report. Rama Krishna, Director (from 31-5-2003) H.P. Singh, Director (upto 31-5-2003) KPR...

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