Announcing theDevelopers’

Green Infrastructure Guide

Atlantic Builders ConventionApril 5, 2017

DevelopersGuide.njfuture.org

Panelists• George Vallone, Hoboken Brownstone

Company (moderator)• Elizabeth Fassman Beck, Ph.D, Stevens

Institute of Technology• Jeromie Lange, P.E., Maser Consulting• Paul Mankiewicz, Ph.D, Gaia Institute• Rodman Ritchie, P.E., AKRF

What is Stormwater Green Infrastructure?

Elizabeth Fassman-Beck, Ph.D.Associate Professor

Stevens Institute of Technologyefassman@stevens.edu

Natural Water Cycle Urban Water Cycle

Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency (2005)

Figures are indicative only, and should not be taken as “fact”.

>50%

Stormwater Management Objectives

Slow it down detain runoff to reduce maximum (peak) flow rate

Reduce the total quantity retain runoff on site to reduce total volume

Clean it treat runoff to reduce pollutant discharges and protect water quality

Federal & State Regulatory Compliance Clean Water Act, Wet Weather Quality Act, Energy Independence &

Securities Act, etc.

infiltrate, evapotranspire, reuse

Conventional Stormwater Best Management Practices

(BMPs)

Barnegat Bay

Storm Drain Inlet

Storm Sewer

Slide adapted from Wright Water Engineers, Inc. Denver, Colorado

Detention or Retention

Basin

“end of pipe” treatment

Lake

Stormwater Green Infrastructure (GI)(aka Low Impact Development)

Public Education Signs

Permeable Pavement

Bioretention Planter

Bioswale

Grassed Swale

Slow-flow Interceptor Swale

Riparian Buffer

Permeable Zone

Non-structural practice – Limitations on Use of Fertilizer and Pesticide

Irrigation with Stormwater

Buffer Zone

Forebay

Pocket Wetland

Impervious Area Disconnection

Disconnected Downspout

Roadside Swale

Median Bioswale

Permeable Pavement

Rain Garden(bioretention)

Barnegat Bay

Slide adapted from Wright Water Engineers, Inc. Denver, Colorado

Green Roof

Median Bioretention

Non-Structural Practices

Reduce Impervious Area

Thanks to B. Hunt (NCSU) & N. Weinstein (LID Center)

Green Infrastructure Technologies Bioswales Bioretention (Rain Gardens)

Green (Living) RoofsPermeable Pavement

Bronx, NYC

Seattle

Auckland Auckland

Green Infrastructure TechnologiesBioswales Bioretention (Rain Gardens,

Planters)

Permeable Pavement Green (Living) Roofs

Ponding ZoneMulch

Engineered Fill Media

Sand Transition LayerUnderdrain LayerSubsurface

Vegetation

Engineered Substrate

Drainage Layer

WaterproofingRoof Deck

Permeable Surface

Bedding

Reservoir

Subsurface

Excellent flow & volume control

Good water quality

Safety enhancer: visibility, hydroplaning, freeze-thaw

All infrastructure needs maintenance

Permeable PavementMyths Truths

Swales & Bioswales Flow rate &

some volume mitigation

Some water quality benefit

Reduce or eliminate buried pipes

Aesthetic enhancement

Hoboken Seattle

swale

bioswale

NYC US Postal Service

Green (Living) Roofs

Belford Ferry

Excellent flow & volume control Reduce or eliminate stormwater

ponds Recreational space LEED credit

Bioretention PlanterRoof Runoff Erosion Roof Runoff Flow Control

Hoboken Portland, OR

Confined space Flow control CSO mitigation

Technical Resources• International Stormwater BMP Database

www.bmpdatabase.org

www.ascelibrary.org

Free!

• ASCE/EWRI Urban Water Resources Research Council– Permeable Pavement Task

Committee Report– Stormwater Safety Report– Pathogens in Urban

Stormwater

Elizabeth Fassman-Beck, Ph.D.Associate ProfessorCivil EngineeringStevens Institute of Technologyefassman@stevens.edu

Technical Resources

Available at routledge.com

Actively researching: Bioretention planters Rain gardens Green roofs

Jeromie Lange, PE, Maser Consulting

• Developer Decision Metrics• Case Studies• Rule Change Coming Soon?

Developer Benefits of Using GI• Meet NJDEP SWM requirements cost

effectively– Quantity– Quality– Groundwater Recharge– Non-Structural/Low Impact Development

• Aesthetic benefits• Marketing benefits• Done right – Cost neutral to Cost savings

I don’t have enough room• GI can actually increase developable area

– Use “left over” areas– Make required landscaping areas dual

purpose– Change paved and roof areas from part of the

problem to part of the solution

Flexible to Fit

Bioretention - Big

Bioretention – Small

Porous Pavement

• Make the problem the solution

Porous Pavement• Reduces size of end

of pipe basin• Increase developable

area• Address quantity,

quality, recharge and LID all in one shot

• Speeds melting & reduces refreeze

Urban Area? Green Roofs

Urban Area? Planters/Bumpouts

My site soils don’t infiltrate• Many types of GI don’t require infiltration:

– Wet ponds– Porous pavement with underdrains– Rain gardens/Bioretention with underdrains– Green/Blue roofs– Cistern/Rain barrels– Constructed wetlands

Poor Soils? No Problem

• Constructed Wetland

Case Study #1• Original design: traditional detention basin

with a manufactured treatment device

Case Study #1• Eliminate the significant installation cost

and long term maintenance cost of the MTD

• Bioretention basin much more aesthetically pleasing

• Cost neutral with aesthetic improvement• Change was well received by the

Township Board

Case Study #1• Gl design: bioretention basin

Case Study #2 – Wet Ponds

Photos: WILLIAM HONACHEFSKY, P.L.S., NJDEP BUREAU OF FRESHWATER AND BIOLOGICAL MONITORING

Case Study #2• Wet pond for large scale residential

– Superior water quality– Works even with shallow groundwater– “Flat” storage surface efficient– Can reduce/eliminate fill import/retaining walls– Use for irrigation: stormwater first, high speed– Creates premium lots/views– Significant cost savings possible

Case Study #2

Current Non-Structural/LID• SUBJECTIVE• Unpredictable• Delays• Non-structural/LID don’t “count”• Unintended incentive to do the minimum

as the “opening offer” • Devolves into a negotiation

Need a Rule Change• Replace or alternative to non-structural

standards• Make rules effective in improving

stormwater management• Recognize state of the art: GI• Update BMP Manual to:

– recognize infiltration– address full spectrum of GI

All SWM Should “Count”• Recognize GI is LID• Allow routing with the design infiltration rate

– Design rate (i.e. Lowest tested with FOS = 2)– NJDEP/NJDA/NJBA Joint Infiltration Basin

Study• Allow for volume reduction with non-

infiltration LID • Apply reduced curve number method (MD,

McCuen, R. MDE, 1983)

Proposed Rule Change• Use GI for stormwater management –

Presumptively meet LID requirements• Two GI tiers:

– Small for quality and recharge– Large end of pipe for quantity

• Everything counts!– Volume and infiltration

Benefits of Rule Change• Effective stormwater mitigation• Mimic natural hydrologic processes• Predicable, objective compliance path • Aesthetically appealing• GI approach significantly more effective in

producing actual low impact development in the real world

Summary• Use GI• Use the GI Guide• SUPPORT THE RULE CHANGE

– (ANTICIPATED PROPOSAL SUMMER 2017)

Does Green Infrastructure Hold Water? Green Roof Case Studies,

-Energy/Economic Costs & Benefits

Paul S. Mankiewicz, Ph.D.Gaia Technologies LLC22 Howard Boulevard, Suite 204Mt. Arlington, New Jersey 07856

Watersheds work by capturing and biogeochemically filtering rainfall: Pipes are short circuitsonditioner efficiency by 1%w

• Green roofs with water in the warm season are always cooler than the surrounding air.

Cost of treating water ≈ $5/100 gallons

Value of water fed to plantings ≈ $50/100 gallons

Value of grey water fed to plantings across NYC

≈ six times peak load

• saves 40% air conditioning energy/ cost

• 1/4th heating cost

• Extends roof life to 20+ years

• Can treat up to 1,800 gal industrial grey water or waste water a day

This green roofs at Linda Tool:

Captures ≈ 2 gal/sq.ft.Weights ≈ 20 lbs/sq.ft.

Vegetated surfaces and water partition incoming energy:

Rn –H –G –LE –R –P = 0(Rn) = radiation load on an area (H) = sensible heat (G) = heat moved into air, soil and water (LE) = evaporative heat loss (R) = respiration (P) = photosynthesis

Energy is partitioned between sensible and latent heat, respiration and photosynthesis. The majority of this energy, ≈ 99%, is dissipated as sensible and latent heat. Sensible heat is stored in the local environment; Latent heat is exported and mixed into the atmosphere.The proportion of sensible to latent heat, the Bowman Ratio, translates directly into temperature on the ground and in the lower atmosphere. For local air conditioning, The Bowman ratio causally impacts the quantity of electricity usage and impact on local environmental quality.

[1] Loomis, R.S. & D.J. Connor. 1992. Crop ecology: Productivity and management in agricultural systems. Cambridge University Press, New York, p 145

1 gram oil contains 9 kilocalories

Each gram water evapotranspired takes with it 580 c

16 g water liquid –vapor phase ≈ 1 gram petroleum

[1] Loomis, R.S. & D.J. Connor. 1992. Crop ecology: Productivity and management in agricultural systems. Cambridge University Press, New York, p 145

Rn = H + LE + G +R +P

Rn = Total Radiation H = Sensible HeatLE = Latent Heat, evaporative heat loss G = Heat moved into surrounding materials, -buildings & soil, atmosphere & waterR = Respiration (max ≤ 1%)P = Photosynthesis (max ≤ 1%)

Energy Balance Equation

Increase InsulationExtend Roof LifeReduce Cooling Costs Decrease Urban Heat Island

This Green Roof saves 40% AC & 24% of heating costs

The Bowen Ratio shows how energy is partitioned between sensible and latent heat in different environments

93 million miles away, the sun is about ½ a degree of arc, and casts a shadow about 108 leaf diameters long

Particles, water vapor, and colloidal structures: actual shadow length is more like 60 leaf diameters below

St. Simon Stock School -The First Green Roof Built in the Bronx

• Experience with Nature & Urban ecology• Cooling the building• Growing food right in New York City

Green Roof: intensive stormwater capture systemor industrial or waste water treatment system

Water treatment Blue Roof structure

Microswale created from scrap EPS strips and impermeable HDPE film

Water Reservoir available to plant roots

Overflow and loss through drainage mat when water holding reaches capacity

Loss to Evapotranspiration

Water treatment Blue Roof structure

Forest in GaiaSoil on roof over parking garage in just off Fifth Avenue, Manhattan

GaiaSoil on NYC Parks Dept Headquarters in Central Park

GaiaSoil growing 70 species of edible plants in Work Architecture award winning exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art PS 1 Facility in Queens, New York

WORK ARCHITECTURE COMPANY installed an urban farm in 60 yards of GaiaSoil at the the Museum of Modern Art’s PS 1 facility in Queens:

Public Farm 1 grew more than 70 kinds of vegetables and flowers

Increasing Tree Pit Scale by a Factor of Five to an Order of Magnitude

each 20’ long tree pit:

captures 1” runoff from a 20’ wide road 80’ long.Or 1,500 gallons, at a cost of $30,000 per tree pit, ≈ $20/gallon

El Jardin del Paraiso

Biogeochemical Cap

Water Source: On-site Water Storage and Ecological Filtration

• Yellow arrows show flow from 6 acre concrete pad into the infiltration galleries formed by the native plants communities in rich, humic soils

• Below grade storage for quarter million gallons of water is created by the StormChambers at right. An additional 750,000 gallons of capacity was created by the structural soils installed under the concrete work pad.

Introducing…New Jersey Developers’ Green

Infrastructure Guide

Prepared by: AKRF, Inc.Prepared for: NJ Future

With funding by the William Penn Foundation and support from NJBA

Table of Contents• Executive Summary• Overview of GI Practices• Benefits of GI• Side-by-Side Comparisons• Case Studies• FAQs• References

Overview of GI Practices• This Developers’ Green Infrastructure Guide is

meant as a resource to help developers incorporate green infrastructure into projects for maximum benefit.

Types of GI• Small Landscape Practices

Bioretention Basin, Rain Garden, Curb Bumpout, etc.

• Large Landscape PracticesInfiltration Basin, Naturalized Detention Basin, Constructed Wetlands, etc.

• Pervious Pavement• Dry Well• Cistern/Rain Barrel• Green Roof/Blue Roof• Subsurface Infiltration Basin

Types of GI• Icons to help select appropriate GI

Financial Benefits

Community Benefits

Regulatory Benefits

Benefits of GIGreen

Infrastructur

Benefitse

Financial BenefitsGreen

Infrastructur

Benefitse

Studies show that customers are willing to pay up to 8-12 percent more to shop in landscaped areas with mature tree canopy. (NRDC, 2013)

“Using a bioretention basin eliminated significant installation cost and long term maintenance cost, and provided a much more aesthetically pleasing stormwater facility.” - Jeromie Lange, P.E. Senior Principal, Maser Consulting

Myth: Green infrastructure costs more to maintain than traditional infrastructureFact: In most cases, greeninfrastructure can be maintained as part of a routine landscape maintenance program at little or no additional cost to the owner. In fact green infrastructure costs less to maintain than a traditional lawn area, since it requires less mowing, fertilizer, and herbicide.Some studies have estimated that nearly

4,000 kilo-watt hours per year can be saved for each acre of lawn or formally landscaped area converted to a meadow-style rain garden.(NRDC, 2013)

Financial Benefits• Operational cost savings

– Energy– Maintenance– Water

• Property value• Rent/lease premiums• Marketing opportunities• Reduced carrying costs

“Compared to the original gray infrastructure approach, using a bioretention basin eliminated significant installation cost and long term maintenance costs, and provided a much more aesthetically pleasing stormwater facility. The client found both to be cogent justifications to authorize a design change, and the GI approach was well received by the Township.” - Jeromie Lange, P.E. Senior Principal, Maser Consulting

Regulatory BenefitsGreen

Infrastructur

Benefitse

“My highest cost is money over time. Whatever helps me get permits faster is money in the bank.”

Myth: Many people assume that there are no regulatory benefits for choosing a green infrastructure approach to stormwater management.Fact: State regulators and many local jurisdictions are eager to work with developers who demonstrate a commitment to maximizing nonstructural measures as a part of the overall site design.

Regulatory Benefits• NJAC 7:8 “…to the Maximum Extent Practicable.”• Structural green infrastructure practices can be

used to satisfy most of the nine “nonstructural strategies” requirements identified in the stormwater rule.

• GI helps leverage intersecting regulatory, financial and community outreach benefits to save money and improve the quality of the development.

Community Benefits• Municipal Incentives

– Density Bonuses, Tax Abatements, Municipal Connection Fee Credits, Redevelopment Area Bonuses

• Public Greening• Opportunities for Recreation• Public Safety• Green Job Creation• Habitat• Energy Conservation• Public Health and Welfare

Green Infrastructure Co-Benefits Calculator

Co-Benefits Calculator ExampleInputs ResultsLarge Bioretention (2,713 sf footprint; 25,358 sf IA managed; 25-yr lifespan; 100% shrub and herbaceous cover; 4 trees; > 75% flowering vegetation; 100% native vegetation; and 10 plant species)

1,694 lb/hr of carbon sequestration

Porous Pavement ( 4,131 sf footprint; 4,131 sf IA managed; and 25-yr lifespan)

61% urban heat island reduction

Blue Roof ( 3,231 sf footprint; 3,261 sf IA managed; and 25-yr lifespan)

9% potential property value increase

National Green Values Calculator

National Green Values Calculator Example

Inputs ResultsRainfall Data (pre-populated by zip code) IA reduced by 17%Storm Rainfall - 1.25 inches Green Improvements capture slightly more

than 1.25 inches

Lot size – 1 acre Total life-cycle construction and maintenance costs (NPV) differ by 1%

Soil type - CPre-development IA – 80%Pre-development meadow – 20%Runoff Volume Reduction Goal of 1.25 inches

Conventional Roof Size – 10,000 sfConventional Parking Spaces - 25Green Improvements –Planter Box (100 sf), Rain Gardens (1,000 sf), and Porous Pavement (40% of parking lot)

Side-by-Side Comparisons• Maximum Green

Infrastructure – Option 1• Minimal Green Infrastructure

– Option 2• Commercial, Residential,

and Urban Infill Scenarios

Case Study – Paseo Verde

Case Study – Virtua Vorhees Hospital

Questions?

16 W. Lafayette St. Trenton, NJ (609) 393-0008

200 American Metro Boulevard, Suite 123 Hamilton, NJ (609) 587-5577

One Washington Square 530 Walnut Street, Suite 998 Philadelphia, PA(267) 585-4839

Thank you!• George Vallone, Hoboken Brownstone

Company (moderator)• Elizabeth Fassman Beck, Ph.D, Stevens

Institute of Technology• Jeromie Lange, P.E., Maser Consulting• Paul Mankiewicz, Ph.D, Gaia Institute• Rodman Ritchie, P.E., AKRF

DevelopersGuide.njfuture.org