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Announcement
Course Exam November 3rd
In class: 90 minutes longExamples will be posted on the
course website
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Announcement
- Project 1 Due This Thursday
- Course Exam is on November 3rd In class: 90 minutes longExamples are posted on the course website
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Lecture Objectives:
Learn about weather files (TMY)
Discuss Modeling steps
Learning about QUEST and other software
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Typical Meteorological Year (TMY)
• Collation of one year weather data for a specific location
• Generated from a historic data to represent typical year
• Not an average year! It contains real data.
1990 1991 1993 1993 1994 1995 1996 …. 2000 2001 ….. 2005
January February March April May December
Most typical moth
…..
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What is in TMY
http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/old_data/nsrdb/1991-2005/tmy3/by_state_and_city.html
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TMYs Data sets • TMY
– Generated in 1981 for 26 U.S. locations for the period of 1952 to 1975
• TMY2– In 1990 reformatted and expanded to larger number of location. Also updated
to reflect 1961-1990
• TMY3 – In 2005 with greater emphasis on solar radiation data as well as the inclusion
of precipitation data. – Include data for ~ 2,500 locations primarily in the United States and Europe,
but also world wide. – http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/old_data/nsrdb/1991-2005/tmy3/– http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy08osti/43156.pdf
• TMY4 – is coming soon (an update for the changing climate)
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Modeling
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Modeling
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Modeling
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Modeling 1) External wall (north) node
2) Internal wall (north) node
Qsolar=solar·(Idif+IDIR) A
Qsolar+C1·A(Tsky4 - Tnorth_o
4)+ C2·A(Tground4 - Tnorth_o
4)+hextA(Tair_out-Tnorth_o)=Ak/(Tnorth_o-Tnorth_in)
C1=sky·surfacelong_wave··Fsurf_sky
Qsolar_to int surf =portion of transmitted solar radiation that is absorbed by internal surface
C3A(Tnorth_in4- Tinternal_surf
4)+C4A(Tnorth_in4- Twest_in
4)+ hintA(Tnorth_in-Tair_in)= =kA(Tnorth_out--Tnorth_in)+Qsolar_to_int_ considered _surf
C3=niort_in··north_in_to_ internal surface for homework assume ij Fiji
transmitedtotalsolarsurfconsideredenvelopetotalsurfconsideredernaLsurfconsideredtosolar QAAQ ___int_int____int_int___ )/(
A- wall area [m2]- wall thickness [m]k – conductivity [W/mK] - emissivity [0-1]- absorbance [0-1] = - for radiative-gray surface,sky=1, ground=0.95Fij – view (shape) factor [0-1]h – external convection [W/m2K]s – Stefan-Boltzmann constant [5.67 10-8 W/m2K4]
C2=ground·surfacelong_wave··Fsurf_ground
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Matrix equation
M × t = f
for each time step
b1T1 + +c1T2
+=f(Tair,T1,T2
)
a2T1 + b2T2
+ +c2T3+=f(T1
,T2, T3
)
a3T2 + b3T3
+ +c3T4+=f(T2
,T3 , T4
)
a6T5 + b6T6
+ =f(T5 ,T6
, Tair)
………………………………..
M × t = f
Modeling
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Modeling
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Modeling steps• Define the domain• Analyze the most important phenomena and
define the most important elements• Discretize the elements and define the
connection • Write the energy and mass balance equations• Solve the equations (use numeric methods or
solver)• Present the result
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Structure of ES programs
SolverInterface for input data
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Interface for result presentation
Preprocessor Engine Preprocessor
ASCIfile
ASCIfile
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Modeling steps• Define the domain• Analyze the most important phenomena and define the most important elements• Discretize the elements and define the connection • Write energy and mass balance equations• Solve the equations• Present the result
ES program
Preprocessor
Solver
Postprocessor
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ES programs
• Large variety • http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/tools_directory
• DOE2• eQUEST (DOE2)• BLAST • ESPr• TRNSYS• EnergyPlus (DOE2 & BLAST)
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eQUEST (DOE2)US Department of Energy & California utility customers
• eQUEST - interface for the DOE-2 solver• DOE-2 - one of the most widely used ES program - recognized as the industry standard • eQUEST very user friendly interface • Good for life-cycle cost and parametric analyses
• Not very large capabilities for modeling of different HVAC systems
• Many simplified models • Certain limitations related to research application - no capabilities for detailed modeling
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eQUEST
• Download it at http://doe2.com/equest/
• Examples related to:– Defining envelope and internal loads – Selecting HVAC system– Presenting results – Finding design cooling and heating loads– Extracting simulation detail
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ESPrUniversity of Strathclyde - Glasgow, Scotland, UK
• Detailed models – Research program • Use finite difference method for conduction• Simulate actual physical systems • Enable integrated performance assessments
Includes daylight utilization, natural ventilation, airflow modeling CFD, various HVAC and control models
• Detail model – require highly educated users• Primarily for use with UNIX operating systems
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ESPrUniversity of Strathclyde - Glasgow, Scotland, UK • Detailed models
– Research program
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TRNSYSSolar Energy Lab - University of Wisconsin
• Modular system approach • One of the most flexible tools available • A library of components • Various building models including HVAC • Specialized for renewable energy and emerging
technologies
• User must provide detailed information about the building and systems
• Not free
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Component-based simulation programs - Trnsys
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EnergyPlusU S Department of Energy
• Newest generation building energy simulation program ( BLAST + DOE-2)
• Accurate and detailed• Complex modeling capabilities• Large variety of HVAC models• Some integration wit the airflow programs Zonal models and CFD
• Detail model – require highly educated users • Very modest interface• Third party interface – very costly
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EnergyPlus
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eQUEST
• Download it at: – http://www.doe2.com/equest/
Start working on Project 1
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eQUEST HVAC Models• Predefined configuration (no change) • Divided according to the cooling and heating sources• Details in e quest help file:
For example: DX CoilsNo Heating– Packaged Single Zone DX (no heating)
• Packaged single zone air conditioner with no heating capacity, typically with ductwork.– Split System Single Zone DX (no heating)
• Central single zone air conditioner with no heating, typically with ductwork. System has indoor fan and cooling coil and remote compressor/condensing unit.
– Packaged Terminal AC (no heating)• Packaged terminal air conditioning unit with no heating and no ductwork. Unit may be window or through-wall mounted.
– Packaged VAV (no heating)
DX CoilsFurnace• Packaged direct expansion cooling system with no heating capacity. System includes a variable volume, single duct fan/distribution
system serving multiple zones each with it's own thermostatic control.– Packaged Single Zone DX with Furnace
• Central packaged single zone air conditioner with combustion furnace, typically with ductwork.– Split System Single Zone DX with Furnace
• Central single zone air conditioner with combustion furnace, typically with ductwork. System has indoor fan and cooling coil and remote compressor/condensing unit.
– Packaged Multizone with Furnace• Packaged direct expansion cooling system with combustion furnace. System includes a constant volume fan/distribution system serving
multiple zones, each with its own thermostat. Warm and cold air are mixed for each zone to meet thermostat control requirements.
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Building HVAC Systems (Primary and Secondary Building Systems)
AHU
Buildingenvelope
Cooling(chiller)
(or Gas)
Electricity
Gas
Heating(boilers)
Fresh air For ventilation
Distribution systems
Air transport
Secondary systems
Primarysystems
AHU – Air Handling Unit
HVAC systems affect the energy efficiency of the building as much as the building envelope
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Integration of HVAC and building physics models
Building Heating/Cooling System Plant
Building Heating/Cooling System Plant
Load System Plant model
Integrated models
Qbuiolding Q
including
Ventilation
and
Dehumidification
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Example of System Models:Schematic of simple air handling unit (AHU)
rmSfans
cooler heater
mS
QC QH
wO wS
TR
room TR
Qroom_sensibel
(1-r)mS mS
wM
wR
Qroom_latent
TSTO
wR
TM
Tf,inTf,ou t
m - mass flow rate [kg/s], T – temperature [C], w [kgmoist/kgdry air], r - recirculation rate [-], Q energy/time [W]
Mixing box
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