Annotated Bibliography, Fall 2015 Claudia Enith Adeyemo ... · Annotated Bibliography, Fall 2015...
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Adeyemo 1
Annotated Bibliography, Fall 2015
Claudia Enith Adeyemo
SBS 400: Senior Capstone Seminar I
CA State University, Monterey Bay
December 20th, 2015
Professor Jennifer Lucido
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SBS 300: SBS Pro Seminar: Theory
Bazelon, E. (2010). What Really Happened to Phoebe Prince? Slate. 1-18. [18 pps]
The author seeks to examine the events leading to the suicide death of Phoebe Prince, a
15-year-old girl who moved to South Hadley Massachusetts from Ireland. Six students were
charged with serious criminal offenses. Ranging from statutory rape and criminal harassment to
stalking and civil rights violation with bodily injury. The author challenges the ides that
Phoebe’s suicide can be logically blamed on the behavior of those charged. The writer takes the
position that teenagers should not be sent to prison for being mean to one another. In addition she
suggests that Phoebe not only had preexisting issues that caused her to be extremely disturbed,
but that she herself played a role in setting up the contention that led to other students turning on
her.
The author believes that the fact that the children were charged is an indication of the
strong desire to assign blame following a suicide. Phoebe’s mother Anne O Brien admits Phoebe
had experienced conflict with other girls in school on several occasions while in Ireland and had
begun self-mutilation (cutting) in 2008. This continued in 2009 and she was then started on
Prozac. On arriving at South Hadley it seemed Phoebe was initially able to put those troubles
behind her. She was described as friendly and easy to talk to, quickly becoming popular in
school. The story further developed to states because of this popularity in a new girl, a group of
predatory kids The “South Hadley Six” collectively attacked her. The author disagrees with this
stating from her interviews she discovered Phoebe got into conflicts with all the different kids.
She describes Phoebe as developing friendships with several different boys in school. First she
grew close to Sean Mulveyhill, and later with Austin Renaud. She had sex with Sean and it
seemed she desired a relationship with him. Sean however had other ideas and eventually
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decided to get back together with his previous girlfriend Kayla Narey. On the Friday after
thanksgiving Sean attempted to break up with Phoebe, and following this she overdosed on her
medication Seroquel leading to a hospitalization. Austin reportedly never had sex with Phoebe
but had a short-lived close relationship with her. This eventually led to tensions and verbal
confrontations between Flannery Sean’s girlfriend and Phoebe. Also Sharon Chanon Velasquez
another friend of Flannery’s joined in the mix and had words with Phoebe on several occasions.
The writer poses the question why almost no children stood up for Phoebe while all this was
going on. She admits that research has long shown that bystanders rarely stand up to bullies.
Over the following weeks Phoebe was subjected to several instances of verbal attacks and
she also experienced negative comments repeatedly posted about her online by the same culprits.
On January 14 she came to school with a mark on her chest. She told the nurse it was a burn
from a pot pipe but the nurse didn’t believe her. The school social worker and her mother were
called and there were plans to further dress this with her mother when she got home. Later that
day in the library she experienced further verbal abuse from Sean and Kayla and another friend
who was a known troublemaker called Ashley Longe. This was repeated by the trio again after
school and once again by Ashley as Phoebe walked home from school.
Later that day she texted with a friend indicating desperation and suicidality. A few hours
later she hung herself in the stairwell with a scarf. The author reemphasizes her belief that the
DA was being overzealous in filing the charges she did, and describes another incident in the
school in which a boy was called a faggot and had his buttock poked. The offending student was
suspended from school however the DA took things further indicted the child for assault and
battery, assault and battery with intent to intimidate and indecent assault and battery. The writer
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details this to indicate that the D.A is particularly tough on bullying cases and as a result she
feared for the outcome of the cases against the six children in the Phoebe Prince trial.
The writer also believes the inordinately massive media coverage following Phoebes
suicide and the charging of the “South Hadley Six” had to do with the fact that Phoebe was a
beautiful young white girl. A similar suicide of Carl Walker Hoover an 11y old black boy
following taunts that he was gay the previous year attracted markedly less press coverage. She
does believe that some good did come from Phoebe’s death such as the passing of anti bullying
laws passed in Massachusetts. She believes all the punishment the six kids had received even
before their trials i.e. being kicked out of school, public outrage, and living with the knowledge
of what they had done is enough.
Byers, D. (2013). “Do They See Nothing Wrong With This?”: Bullying, Bystander Complicity, and the Role of Homophobic Bias in the Tyler Clementi Case. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 94(4), 251-258. [7pps]
The author Byers argues about the little attention that has been paid to the role of the
bystander in the bullying and suicide of Rutgers University student, Tyler Clementi. Byers
explain the inconsistency between the definition and popular understanding of the role of
bystander in a bullying process.
Clementi first year undergraduate student committed suicide in the first month of college
in September 2010. His roommate Dharun secretly recorded Clementi in a sexual encounter with
another man. Along with four other friends him and his friend, Molly, saw and shared the
encounter through social network pages. This became the subject of gossip in the dormitory hall
in school. Clementi found out he has been spied on by his roommate, finding evidence on his
Facebook page and twitter account. Although majority of the students knew about the gossip, no
one express concerns or worries. Three days later Clementi posted on his face book page
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“Jumping off GW Bridge. Sorry.” Dharun sent an apology text message, but it was too late.
Dharun and Molly were both charged with invasion of privacy and multiple other felonies. Molly
accepted a plea agreement, testify against Dharun, he was sentence to thirty days imprisonment,
three years of probation, 300 hours of community service, a $10,000 fine and mandatory
counseling related to cyberbullying.
Byers state that the role of the bystander needs critical attention. We as individuals fail to
intervene in bullying; this is known as the bystander effect. It suggests that individuals in a group
are less likely to help another person than individuals who think they are alone. Byers identify
four bystander roles: assistants, reinforcers, outsiders, and defenders. In this case, Molly served
in the assistance role actively joining the bullying. Reinforcers come to watch, providing
validation to bullying by laughing and trying to attract others to watch. Outsiders these are the
bystanders that left the scene pretending not to notice what’s happening. Lastly, defenders they
attempt to stop the bullying by confronting the bully, and provide peer support to the victim. In
Clementi’s case no defenders approached him or Dharun.
In conclusion Byers states that although research has clearly demonstrated that
bystanders play an important role in bullying, it is a subject that need to be addressed. The author
advises that group facilitators provide continuous education about conceptual tools. Only then
can we begin to earnestly discuss whether or not we are all accountable and ready to help each
other in distress.
Connell, R. (2006). Northern Theory: The Political Geography of General Social Theory. Theory and Society, 35(2), 237-264. [27 pps].
Author Connell focuses on three books that explain their view on General Social Theory.
These books are from James S. Colman, Anthony Giddens, and Pierre Bourdieu. He states that
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social theory is overwhelmingly produced in the global north. He also raises about what genre
we need to question to rethink to allow social science play a larger role in the world?
The first book he talks about is the Foundations of Social Theory author by Coleman was
published in 1990. Coleman addresses in his book the sociological problems ranging from
socialization, the family to corporate management, the state, and revolution. The theory he
presents in his book offers a solution to sociology current dilemma of marginalization, orienting
the discipline consciously towards the hegemonic science.
The second book Constitution of Society author by Giddens offer a summary of the
matured structuration framework a detail exposition of some of its themes and illustrations of
how the perspective could be applied.
The third book he talks about is Logic of Practice author by Bourdieu. The Bourdieu
states the logic of practice is an attempt to develop a credible basis for social scientific
knowledge in the form of an analytical thinking strategy and conceptual language.
Holmes, S. (2013). Fresh fruit, broken bodies migrant farmworkers in the United States (pp. 1-264). Berkeley, California: University of California Press. [264 pps].
Fresh Fruit, Broken Bodies is a book that has identified the structural violence that
migrant farmworkers faced in the United States. Seth M. Holmes author of the book is a
professor assistance and medical anthropologist at the University of California, Berkeley.
Holmes joined a group of migrant travelers and migrates to the states of Washington, California,
and the state of Oaxaca Mexico trusting that he would experience the emotional, social, and
physical suffering of the farm workers. Holmes focused his story in the indigenous group called
Triqui from San Miguel, Oaxaca, Mexico. Holmes argued that the Triqui are part of the food and
migration system where race and class inequalities are established (Holmes, 2013).
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The author used “classic anthropological research method of participant observation”
(Holmes, 2013, p.3) for his study. The goal is to perform a “critical and embodied anthropology”
that will “confront the ways in which certain classes of people come to be written off or deemed
less human” (Holmes, 2013, p.40-44). The term “embodied anthropology” (Holmes, 2013, p.33)
refers to allowing our body to experience the world of the migrant workers by experiencing it
ourselves i.e. “sore knees, hips, and lower back from bending…in the strawberry fields”
(Holmes, 2013, p.34). Besides participant observation the author also conducted interviews to the
indigenous people (Triqui), clinic staff, farm executives and U.S. border patrol agents.
Holmes describes the differences formed by the system of labor, full with ethnic
inequalities. His writing tells us how Triquis are differentiated from “regular” Mexicans in the
United States and Mexico. How they are exposed to “conjugated oppression,” where “class, race,
and citizenship work together to deprive them of physical and mental health” (Holmes, 2013,
p.85). Through his interviews we can witness the though process of some farm supervisors. They
state that indigenous migrants, in this case the Triqui’s, are physically built to be pickers because
they are “closer to the ground” (Holmes, 2013, p. 171). They reject the possibility that some day
this indigenous group can move up to a better-paid position in the fields. Unfortunately this is
not only seen and experienced here in the United States, but also in Oaxaca, Mexico.
Holmes’s book also explained the way doctors are trapped in a system of competition. He
described some of the problems that medical staff encountered making them unable to improve
the working conditions. He examines the medical system and concludes that some doctors are
committed to help workers, however their hands are tided due to todays broken health system.
Due to the fund reductions many migrant clinics have limited resources and are understaffed.
Aside from that most migrant workers are undocumented and do not qualify for Medi-Cal which
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means that the clinics can’t be reimburse, making it more difficult to improve services. Holmes
also argued that poor healthcare is contributed by many factors, one been the lack of interpreters
available to the workers. The second fact is that doctors are not asking appropriate questions to
better understand the working conditions of the patient. These factors only contribute to the
workers disbelieving doctors, and not wanting to seek medical assistance when needed. Holmes
encouraged us to pay attention to the problem that patient experience, but most importantly to
demand for a better healthcare system. He states that a universal healthcare system where
everyone is able to receive equal medical care is desperately needed in the United States.
Over all Fresh Fruit, Broken Bodies does a magnificent job describing the living and
working conditions of Triqui workers. For people interested in our healthcare, food, or
immigration system, this book is a must read. Holmes’ is able to provide the connections
between these three systems and the ways in which they produce systematic suffering. It was
heartbroken to read how our own culture denigrates each other, instead of providing support
among us to better ourselves. I enjoyed reading this book because it talks about a true reality
seen among many cultures, and to see that people like Holmes are interested in solving this
issues only encourages me to continue helping others.
Jacobs, E., Chen, A., Karliner, L., Agger-Gupta, N., & Mutha, S. (2006). The Need For More Research On Language Barriers In Health Care: A Proposed Research Agenda. The Milbank Quarterly, 111-133. [22pps].
The article by the author Elizabeth Jacobs, explains that between the 1990 to 2000 censuses, the
United States saw an increase of 42.3 percent of people, 65 years and older, who do not speak
English. According to Jacobs to ensure that there is no discrimination the Civil Rights Act and
federal civil rights policy requires that health care providers who are receiving federal funds
make interpretation services available to LEP (Limit English Proficiency) patients. However,
Jacobs explains that health care providers do not provide appropriate linguistic assistance
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services; many providers rely on family members (sometimes a small child), friends, or
untrained nonclinical employees or non-fluent health care professionals to communicate with the
patient, regardless of the laws and regulations. As a result many people find that when compared
with English speakers, people whose main spoken language is not English are less likely to
receive timely eye, dental, and physical examinations. Their research has also shown that the
LEP people are at risk of receiving unnecessary diagnoses and suffer from medical errors
compared to the English speakers. Latinos who speak only Spanish have been shown to be less
satisfied with the care they receive and are more likely to report overall problems with their care
than English speakers.
Klomek, A., Sourander, A., Niemelä, S., Kumpulainen, K., Piha, J., Tamminen, T., ... Gould, M. (2009). Childhood Bullying Behaviors As A Risk For Suicide Attempts And Completed Suicides. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(3), 254-261. [7 pps]
Population based studies suggest that 20%-30% of schoolchildren engage in bullying
others or are bullied themselves. The authors conducted a study exploring the relationship of
childhood bullying to subsequent suicide attempts and completions among a large population-
base cohort. Although inquiries into the possibility of bullying and victimization among boys at
age 8 serving as a precursor to later outcomes in young adulthood had been done in the past, this
was the first study to examine the relationship between bullying behavior and suicide attempts
between both sexes.
The objective of the study was to examine the relationship between bullying behaviors at
age 8 and suicide attempts and completions up to age 25 in both sexes. The study was a nation
wide prospective study, and began in 1989 as part of the Epidemiological Multicenter Child
Psychiatry Study in Finland. The authors obtained information about the bullying from three
sources, directly from the children, from parents and from teachers. Information about the
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completed suicides and suicide attempts were continuously gathered from three different Finnish
registries until all the study participants reached 25 years of age. In the assessment the questions
posed to the informants included whether the children were bullied or bullied others themselves.
They were classified into those who never, those who sometimes and those who frequently
bullied or were bullied. Similar questions were posed to all three categories of informants. Only
subjects with complete information about bullying and victimization from all three informants
were included in the analysis. Confounding factors that were examined and controlled for
included conduct problems, assessed by the Rutter parent questionnaire and Depression assessed
by the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI).
The outcome variable of the study was suicidal behavior: these include suicide attempts
and completed suicides until age 25. They gathered information about suicide attempts and
completed suicides from three different registries, (a) statistics Finland’s cause of death registry,
(b) copies of death certificates from the forensic medical-legal investigations and (c) the Finland
hospital discharge registry. Suicide death was defined as any death certificate diagnosis of
suicide. The methods of suicide were classified as hanging, shooting, drowning, deliberate traffic
accident, jumping from a high place, or intoxication.
The analysis was conducted separately for female and male participants. The first
analysis done was to determine if bullying and victimization at age 8 was associated with later
suicidal behaviors. The second was done to examine the association of the co-occurrence of
being victimized and bullying others with later suicidal behaviors. It showed that boys who
frequently bullied or were bullied were more likely to be suicidal than those who were not. Only
girls who were frequently bullied were more likely to show suicidal behavior. However when
baseline conduct symptoms and depression were adjusted for the association between bullying
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and suicidal behavior was no longer significant among boys but continued to remain so in the
girls. The most significant conclusion that can be drawn from the study is that the association
between bullying behavior at age eight and later suicidal behavior varies by sexes. Bullying in
males at age 8 was not associated with later suicide attempts or completed suicides after
controlling for baseline psychopathology such as childhood conduct and depression disorders.
On the other hand, frequent victimization among females at age eight was associated with later
suicide attempts despite controlling for childhood conduct and depression conditions. The studies
findings support the idea that the long-term effects of victimization differ across sexes. Males
often experience more overt physical victimization, whereas females are more liable to indirect
relational victimization, which may have greater effects on mental conditions. Some of the
limitations of the study include the small number of suicides in the sample, particularly in girls.
This was partially attributed to suicide being a rare occurrence in itself, leading to a relatively
small number even in a large sample size. Other weaknesses include the nonspecific nature of the
questions about bullying. For example not asking about the type or duration of bullying. Another
drawback the study had was the lack of information on childhood and family environmental risk
factors. Lastly the studies findings were confined only to children who encountered bullying at
elementary school age.
The authors propose that public health implications of the study advise that suicide
prevention measures employed during the first years of school focus on those frequently
involved in bullying behavior particularly in frequently victimized girls.
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Moss, Stacey L. "Mal de Ojo, Maximon and the Social Practice of Healing Guatemala: An Ethnographic Encounter ." Social Behavioral Science (California State University of Montery Bay ), 2004: 42.(34). [12 pps].
During her stay in Guatemala, Moss conducted research on the indigenous belief systems
and healing practices with natural herbs. Specifically she talks about Mal de ojo (the evil eye),
San Maximon (St. Maximon), and Remedios Caseros (Homemade remedies).
Throughout her research Moss studies the indigenous people of Guatemala who up to this
day believe in, and utilize natural herbs as medical resources. In order to understand their belief
system in detail she explores some of the cultural practices that are passed down from generation
to generation within families. Mal de ojo (the evil eye) “can be given inadvertently to a child by
an adult with just a glance” (Moss 2004) provoking illness, or symthoms such as stomach ache,
sleep disturbance, and heavy feeling. Many older Guatemaltecos would describe this as an evil
spirit given to the person by the evil eye. The way to treat mal de ojo is by performing a limpia
(cleansing) with herbs such as rue. Alternatively a raw egg is rubbed on the skin all over the
body following which it is placed in a glass of water under the bed of the child. The next day the
egg is cracked opened and examined. If there is a red dot in the yolk this indicates that the child
had been affected by the evil eye.
Maximon also known as San Simon is a deity that many Guatemaltecos believe in. He
was a folk saint, a Mayan elder known as Francisco and was also a healer among the indigenous
people. Reportedly however when the Spanish arrived to Guatemala, Francisco was killed and
cut into pieces. His remains were buried in different parts of the city. It is said said that three
days later he appeared to an elder and spoke to him indicating that his spirit was still alive and
among them. He asked them to make a wooden puppet of him and this was to be called San
Simon. San Simon is a deity who is prayed to even to this day. The last thing that Moss
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discussed in her paper was her belief in homemade remedies, such as herbal teas and herbal
cleanses. Examples she shared of the teas that are home remedies include many herbs such as
chamomile, thyme, and laurel which are believed to help with stomach aches. Other plants such
as rue are used to cleanse oneself from negative energies, through a ritual of prayer, dancing,
incense, and candle aroma, following which you are given a limpia. In her reaserch Moss utilized
qualitative methods, open-ended interviews, participant observation, and book references. She
traveled to Guatemala for a few weeks to experience first hand these beliefs.
I was able to identify with this reading because of my Mexican heritage. Just like
Guatemaltecos we are taught about Mal de ojo, Remedios Caseros, and Limpias. I found it very
interesting to learn about these customs from the perspective of a different culture and to see the
similarities and differences from my culture.
Ogden, David, and Rose A Randall . "Using Giddens's Structuration Theory to Examine the Waning Participation of African Americans in Baseball." Journal of Black Studies (Sage Publications, Inc) 35, no. 4 (March 2005): 225-245.[19 pps].
Baseball was an important business for the African Americans 6o years ago, give many
the opportunities to be part of the “Negro leagues” (Ogden and Randall 2005). In present times
however, African Americans have adopted basketball as the new sport identify as part of the
“African American Culture” (Ogden and Randall 2005), having dimmed the participation of
African Americans in the baseball field.
The main points the author made include the following. At the beginning of the 20th
century the Negro baseball league were an important factor for the African American
community. Incorporated in their daily routines the African American community integrated the
sport as part of their identity, providing them with a “foundational source of ontological security
and comfort for community members” (Ogden and Randall 2005). However the slow transition
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from the “Negro leagues” (Ogden and Randall 2005) to the major leagues interfered with the
routines that were built to follow the sport, and soon reducing the participation of Blacks in
baseball. Ogden also reports that social structures, such as economy, media, family, friends, and
cultural identity helps to “mold the interaction practices of individuals” (Ogden and Randall
2005). Currently for the African American culture these structures currently has to do more with
basketball than baseball. It’s suggested that the African American youth are been influence by
“facilitators” (Ogden and Randall 2005) who encourages them to play basketball vs. baseball.
Facilitators, such as parents, teachers, and media can influence their view of basketball as a sport
for Blacks, creating “expectations in that sport” (Ogden and Randall 2005). Another factor that
has played a role is the accessibility to sport facilities, for many Black communities, it’s difficult
to find a well-kept baseball fields than a basketball court. Ogden also explains how now a days
African Americans associate basketball “as a means of self expression and of reproducing the
sport as a cultural form” (Ogden and Randall 2005), for the African American males associating
certain behaviors, language, and clothing is consider to be the “cool pose” (Ogden and Randall
2005).In conclusion Ogden suggest that making baseball available for the African American
community as an alternative sport to basketball may be a good approach to incorporate baseball
once again in the Black Community.
Ogden used the structuration theory developed by Giddens to examine the transition of
African Americans from the “Negro leagues” (Ogden and Randall 2005) of baseball to
basketball. Structuration theory “Focuses on the fundamental circularity (recursiveness) of social
life” (Ogden and Randall 2005). Ogden also used the race theory to explain how the African
American community associates basketball as an “African American sport” (Ogden and Randall
2005).
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On a personal note, I must say reading this article gave me a lot of insight about the
association of both sports in the Black community. It was interesting to learn that how African
American youth can be encourage to be part of a sport, for the simplicity of been part of who you
are, not stopping for a moment to ask that child if he is even interested in the sport.
Sabella, R., Patchin, J., & Hinduja, S. (2013). Cyberbullying myths and realities. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 2703-2711. [7 pps]
Cyberbullying is defined as “willful and repeated harm inflicted through the use of
computers cellphones and other electronic devices” (Sabella, Hinduja, & Patchin, 2013, p.2708).
Authors Sabella, Patchin, and Hinduja (2013) examine the available empirical research on cyber
bullying to determine the accuracy of often-perpetuated claims about this phenomenon. Their
research revealed multiple inaccuracies about the nature and extent of cyberbullying, that often
originate from and are further bolstered by the media and uncorroborated individual public
statements.
The authors identified seven myths that are commonly perpetuated within the community
related to cyberbullying. These include, (a) everyone knows what cyberbullying is,
(b) Cyberbullying is occurring at epidemic levels, (c) cyberbullying causes suicide,
(d) Cyberbullying occurs more often than traditional bullying, (e) cyberbullying is a rite of
passage that all teens’ experience, (f) cyberbullies are outcast or just mean kids, and (g) to stop
cyberbullying turn off your computer or cell phone (Sabella, Hinduja, & Patchin, 2013). By
examining currently available data the veracity of these claims can be better understood so that
those who work in this field have a clearer picture of the true nature of cyberbullying. They are
thus better equipped to aid in its effective prevention and response. The authors emphasize the
seriousness of this issue stating, “Though it occurs in cyberspace, this problem should not be
trivialized since it has been linked to real world consequences” (Sabella, Hinduja, & Patchin,
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2013, p.2709). They then go on to list a wide array negative emotions and behaviors that have
been linked to it, ranging from delinquency and interpersonal violence to low self esteem and
suicidal ideation. The authors explain that the definition of cyberbullying given above is not
necessarily universally accepted. They further expound that the offending conduct typically
exists and occurs over a range and continuum of behaviors. As a result subjectivity may come in
to play in determining what is cyberbullying and what is not. Finally the term bullying itself does
not always have an equivalent in other languages. For these reasons there remains a lot of
variability in the description and definition of cyberbullying, and consequently it is not easily
universally understood. The authors go on to give several examples of sensationalistic headlines
seen through mass media publications about cyberbullying, but assert that there is no evidence
for such claims. Rather they feel that the majority of studies indicate 70-80 %of youth have not
been cyberbullied, and have not cyberbullied others (Sabella, Hinduja, & Patchin, 2013). In
addition despite several high profile incidents in which teenagers committed suicide, in part
because of experiences with cyberbullying, research shows that the vast majority of
cyberbullying victims do not kill themselves. There is also no evidence that cyberbullying occurs
more often now than traditional bullying, and the authors caution that making cyberbullying a
priority at the expense of addressing traditional bullying is a mistake, and that both should be
addressed as different manifestations of the same underlying issue.
The authors go on to emphasize that no matter how pervasive or prevalent bullying has
been in our history it was not acceptable then and is not acceptable now. It is not a normal rite of
passage. They also determined that cyberbullies are not just outcasts or mean kids, but rather that
As the authors concluded after surveying youth who admitted to cyberbullying others:
“Cyberbullies themselves identify their own anger and desire for revenge as the major immediate
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motive for engaging in cyberbullying. A second motive is identified by students who report that
they engage in cyberbullying as a joke” (Sabella, Hinduja, & Patchin, 2013, p.2710). Finally they
contend that encouraging youth to avoid or turn off technology, as a means of avoiding
cyberbullying is an unrealistic and overall ineffective long-term strategy. The ubiquitous nature
of technology and its necessity as a social and educational tool for teens makes this impractical.
Also even if the individual is offline, harassing or malicious profiles or webpages of the target
can be created without them even knowing about it. In conclusion the authors admit the work
done on understanding the behaviors and myths about cyberbullying are certainly not exhaustive
and they support further empirical study and investigation of this topic. They caution that if this
is not done educators youth advocates and others in the field by default risk falling into the trap
of relying on conventional wisdom and media embellishment in their attempts to address
cyberbullying.
Salerno, R. (2004). Beyond the Enlightenment Lives and Thoughts of Social Theorists (pp. 1-242). Westport, Conn. Praeger. [242 pps].
The book Beyond the Enlightenment is a production of the author Roger A. Salerno. This
book is intended to provide a brief overview of the mindsets of theorists of social life. Salerno
introduces the readers to the times in which they lived and how this assists them to developed
their theories. He also clarifies that this is book is only an introduction to social theory, creating
an easier path for readers to take interest in social theory. Not every social theory is mention on
the book; the author chose the theorist presented to us based oh his belief of how important their
influence is. For each chapter Salerno opens up with a brief introduction to the time in history the
theory was developed. Salerno’s goal for this book is for it to be used as introductory guide to
the ideas and concepts of important social theorist in an academic setting or personal interest.
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As the book begins, Salerno starts by introducing the post-enlightenment period, which
dates back to the eighteen century (Salerno, 2004). During the medieval ages, people were
described to be close to nature and posses interdependent and communal attitudes (Salerno,
2004). The development of enlightenment thinkers came for a group of educated men who
“encouraged the use of science and reason to explore and control nature and to question what had
previously been accepted as true” (Salerno, 2004, p. 2). Salerno provides short biographies of the
theorist as well as important events in their time era that aided them to develop the theories.
He then proceeds to explain how the early post-enlightenment thinkers, such as Hegel, Auguste
Comte, Herbert Spencer, and Harriet Martineau, assisted with the development of more modern
views of society. Once concept that we see through out the book is from Hegel, the concept of
the dialectic. Karl Marx later revises it to dialectical materialistic. After Salerno presents theorist
Comte, he focuses on positivism and a grounded, empirical approach to social theory.
Salerno then follows to introduce classical sociology, these include theorist Karl Marx,
Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber. These theorists influence the perspectives of the rest of the
theorists covered in the book. The following chapters have less cohesion in terms of a logical
order. They explore a mixture of the thoughts of philosophers, sociologists, activists, and an
anthropologist.
Salerno’s text delivers a brief overview of the lives of key post-enlightenment thinkers
that should stimulate interest and a desire on the part of the reader to learn more about them.
Beyond the Enlightenment is a great source to have as you are being introduced to social theory.
Salerno writing is easy to read and understand, it can also be used as history text, due to the
background information provided about the theorist. I enjoyed reading the book; it introduced me
to social theory, which can be a difficult concept to understand. It also allowed me to identify my
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concepts and views of society problem with certain group of theorist. This book is a great
reference to have as students complete their sociology major.
Tolbert, C., Steuernagel, T., & Bowman, R. (2003). Direct Democracy, Race/Ethnicity and Health Care Policy. Jean Ait Belkhir, Race, Gender & Class Journal, 10(2), 147-170. [23 pps]
The article Direct Democracy, Race/Ethnicity and Health Care Policy, by author’s
Caroline Tolbert, Trudy Steuernagel, and Ridge Bowman emphasizes the growth of healthcare
disparities found in the United States. It describes how healthcare is unequally distributed
between the rich and poor. It also details the major roles that race and ethnicity play in being able
to obtain good medical care.
The article also outlines many health plan initiatives that have been proposed in the
Unites States to establish universal healthcare. Providing the ability for many uninsured to obtain
adequate and free health care, however many of these initiatives were voted out of the ballot. The
last article that I came across was Improving Access to Health Care in Latino Communities. This
article talks about the poor communication that exists between patients and providers due to the
language barriers. It emphasizes once again how healthcare practitioners rely upon children or
other interpreters creating a barrier to high quality care. It describes the risk factors that people,
who are not English speaking encounter in the healthcare.
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SBS 362: Qualitative Research
Atkinson, R. (1998). Context and Uses of Life Stories. In The life story interview (Vol. 44, pp. 1-21; 54-55). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. [23 pps].
The author Atkinson introduces us to the benefits obtained from listening to personal
stories told by individuals, who we wish to learn more about. Atkinson believes that talking
about our personal experiences is a natural habit of humans. Through out history, storytelling has
become a “qualitative research method for gathering information on the subjective essence of
one person’s entire life” (Atkinson, 1998, p.3). Through personal stories the researcher is able to
understand the individuals life and role within their community. The term life story is used when
an interview focuses on an individual’s entire life (Atkinson, 1998, p.8).
Atkinson states that stories have traditionally followed four different functions which
help us to be more in tune with ourselves, others, the mystery of life, and the universe that
surround us (Atkinson, 1998, p.9). First is the Psychological Function, as such through
storytelling we become competent to organize our life experiences. This contributes to viewing
our life “subjectively and objectively” (Atkinson, 1998, p.10). Second is the Social Function,
which implements the norms and morals that forms the individual according to societies
demands. It guides us to better understand the social order that surrounds us. Third is the
Mystical – Religious Function, which brings us face to face with our wonder of who we are and
where we come from. These feelings encourage us to enter in the realm of the spirit and the
sacred (Atkinson, 1998, p.10). Last is the Cosmological – Philosophical Function, which refers
to the interpretation of our surroundings based on our knowledge and wisdom.
Atkinson also explained that life story is a method used by Anthropologists, Historians,
and Sociologists. Story telling helps all three areas to have a clearer understanding of how and
why cultures and societies came to be. It is also a significant process used to familiarize us with
Adeyemo 21
traditions and beliefs that are passed on from one generation to the next. Atkinson also
emphasizes the importance of allowing the individual to tell their story in their own words. This
makes the person sharing their story become comfortable with the researcher, possibly forming a
friendship at the end. Atkinson also provided us with suggestions on how to capture the
information through note taking.
The overall reading experience was very informative. I came to realize that storytelling is
something we do on a daily basis. I agree with the author in that I think listening to personal
stories are an exceptional process that helps us to learn more about a person, their culture,
beliefs, and rituals.
Berg, B. (2006). Introduction. In Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Science (6th ed., pp. 1-16). Long Beach, California: PEARSON. [16 pps].
The author introduces us to the various ways to collect and analyze qualitative data. He
discusses the traditional and modern ways of capturing data. He also explains that quantitative
and qualitative are not different from one another, they ultimately report the findings we are
interesting in gathering. However in the Social Sciences quantitative research are often preferred
since it provides a better scientific result through numeric measurements. Thus, qualitative
research refers to the “meaning, concepts, definition, characteristics, metaphors, symbols, and
description of things” (Berg, 2006, p. 3). He argues that through qualitative data collection we
are able to describe in greater detail our observations and experiences.
The author goes on to explain that qualitative researchers primary interest is on
understanding human behavior. Understanding how humans are able to make sense of their
surroundings, through social structure, symbolism, and rituals. These answers can be found
through the application of systematic procedures (Berg, 2006, p.8). One methodology often used
among researchers is “triangulation” (Berg, 2006, p. 7), this term is utilized when three different
Adeyemo 22
types of methodologies are used when gathering and analyzing data. The author states that the
use of triangulation gives the researcher with a deeper understanding of the concepts that are
been study. Another methodology that the authors mentions is symbolic interactionism, often use
among Social Science. Human behavior is dependable on learning through symbols, such as
language and writing. Through symbolic interactionism researchers are able to capture the
process for interpreting or attaching meaning to symbols (Berg, 2006, p.10).
At the end of the introduction the author concludes that qualitative research is a
methodology that can be use in majority of settings. Although many researchers are encouraged
to use quantitative data, such methodology cannot always be implemented. He explains that the
world cannot be understood through numbers all the time. The world sometimes has to be
defined by a more qualitative methodology, such as symbolism, meaning, and understanding and
the individual’s perspective of their surrounding (Berg, 2006, p. 14). The author also provides a
brief description of each chapter that the book will present.
Bernard, H. (1988). Research Methods in Cultural Anthropology Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches (5th ed., pp. 1-665). Newbury Park, California: Sage Publications. [665 pps.]
On the book Research Methods in Cultural Anthropology author Russell Bernard pursuits
to assist future social scientist on conducting cultural research. Cultural data refers study of
human society and culture. The book introduces the reader to the introduction to the foundation
of social research. Transitioning to methods, these include the approaches of qualitative and
quantitative research. Finalizing with analysis, providing the necessary tools to analyze and
understand the data collected.
The first section of the book consists of chapters one through seven. It is here that
Bernard explains the history, norms, and importance of conducting social research. He highlights
on the ethical rules of conducting research on human subjects. Then Bernard introduces various
Adeyemo 23
tools that will help the reader to prepare for research. These tools consist on choosing the correct
social problem, developing an appropriate research question, and finding a theory. Once the
social scientist has completed those steps; Bernard introduces qualitative and quantitative
approach. He defines qualitative approach as a tool to analyze large samples of data. As for
quantitative approach is often used for small samples of data. Bernard defines concepts such as
variables, measurements, and cause and effect. Bernard also assists the readers into developing
an appropriate experiment, theory and gathering the correct sample data.
We then move to section two, which consists of chapters eight to fourteen. Bernard
provides different methods for data collection. For example interviewing, questionnaires,
participant observation, field notes, and direct or indirect observation. He explains that cultural
data collection is based on two main components, observation and hearing. Observation is when
the researcher is watching people on their own environment. During this process it is important
to keep record of their activities. This will provide you with a written illustration of rituals,
patterns, and daily activities. Hearing refers to conducting unstructured or semi-structured
interviews. An unstructured interview, which is often used by anthropologist, refers to an
interview in which questions are not prearranged. Which allows the interview to take whatever
direction the interviewee wants. A semi-structured interview, which is often used in the social
science department, is a meticulous set of questions. This approach does not allow the
interviewee to divert to any other topic. Bernard also provides tools on how to conduct effective
interviews, gain rapport, and to encourage interviewees to open up.
The final section consists on chapter fifteen to twenty-one. On this section Bernard
instructs the readers data analysis, by either using descriptive analysis or theory. Both methods
require the use of statistics to help us interpret our data collection. Statistics also provides the
Adeyemo 24
researcher with the ability to prove their hypothesis right or wrong. Statistics also provides the
researcher to identify patterns in the data, helping us understand the behavior or problem that we
are studying. Bernard also provides the necessary tools to formulate an appropriate coding
system for quantitative data. Coding is tool that transform observation data to numbers, this way
we can get a good analysis of the data collected. In order to analyze data the author suggest the
use of univariate analysis, bivariate analysis, and / or multivariate analysis. Univariate analysis
assists the researcher to define a single variable without making comparisons. Contrary, bivariate
and multivariate analysis finds variables that are testable, providing proof for the hypothesis.
Bernard’s book Research Methods in Cultural Anthropology is an excellent reference for
a beginner researcher, who is interested in doing cultural research. The book provides great
insight about how to begin to how to analyze the data. The information that Bernard provides is
easy to read and understand. He also provides the readers with different tools that would be
helpful throughout their career. I enjoyed reading the book; I do plan to use it as a reference for
my capstone project. Most of the chapters were discuss in class and compared to articles that
were assigned in class. The professor also assigned activities that gave us the first hand
experience on how to conduct, transcribe, and analyze data. Through the reading and practice, I
feel more confident when it comes to developing my own surveys and interviews for my
capstone project.
Groleau, D., Pluye, P., & Nadeau, L. (2007). A Mix-Method Approach to the Cultural Understanding of Distress and the Non-Use of Mental Health Services. Journal of Mental Health J Mental Health, 16(6), 731-741. [10 pps].
Authors Groleau, Pluye, and Nadeau discuss how using a mixed method research helped
them understand the cultural comprehension and appreciation of mental health illnesses. For
their research the authors utilized both the qualitative and quantitative approach. The benefit of
Adeyemo 25
qualitative approach is that it provides researches with an in depth descriptions of why the
targeted cultures do not seek mental health treatments (Groleau et al., 2007, p.731). Quantitative
methods on the other hand have stronger effectiveness by examining a factor-outcome
relationship in a large sample (Groleau et al. 2007, p. 731). Together with Pathway and Barriers
to Mental Health project the authors conducted a mix-method study to understand the problems
and behaviors in regards to mental health (Groleau et al., 2007, p. 731).
The survey was conducted via telephone in an urban neighborhood of Montréal. The
survey was distributed to a total of 2,400 residents. The results confirmed that majority of the
immigrants who lived in the neighborhood under-used mental health services. The quantitative
data described the external aspects of this problem. Although the results confirmed the author’s
theory they were unable to provide an explanation of why? In order to provide an answer to this
question the authors had to utilize the qualitative approach. This method was used to follow up
on those immigrants who had suffered distress or medically unexplained symptoms. Through
this approach the authors were able to understand the social and cultural influence causing them
not to utilize the services.
Overall the authors believe that utilizing both, qualitative and quantitative methods are
very useful when combined together. The quantitative approach helps to gather data on a large
scale, and helps bring data together based on demographics and ethnicities. Qualitative research
goes into more detail, understanding the behaviors and thoughts of individuals. This helped the
authors understand in more detail why certain behaviors and attitudes exist towards mental
health in certain cultures. I personally think that using these two approaches is a great
combination. Not only do you get to understand on a large scale the problem you are looking at,
but you also get to understand why and how an individual feels about it. i.e. You get to
Adeyemo 26
understand the cause and the scale and breadth of a problem thereby seeing in in multiple
dimensions.
Hopwood, N. (2004). Research design and methods of data collection and analysis: Researching students' conceptions in a multiple‐method case study. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 28(2), 347-353. [7pps].
The author Hopwood discusses methodology framework in a multiple-method case
study. Aspects of phenomenology, ethnography, and grounded theory are applied in a multi-
method case study. In addition, he gives brief details on a case study conducted to examine
students’ conceptions of geography.
Hopwood explains that the qualitative methodological framework must be accompanied by
the theoretical support, and understanding position of the individual. In this case study there were
three main aspects that helped him to develop a fitting methodology. First, revising existing
studies and borrowing previous methodologies used before. Second, students should be given
various opportunities to express their concepts. Third, digging into the conceptions of the
individual. Concepts, thoughts, and feelings are hidden phenomenon that must be interpreted by
the researcher. Therefore, epistemology was chosen for this study, since this theory views
knowledge as a social construction and individuals as active learners. Building on the theory of
epistemology, phenomenology framework was also utilized. This is the framework that helps us
view individuals as interpreters of the world and experiences, establishing their own personal
understanding. Phenomenology data collection techniques are similar to those used in
ethnographic and ground theory.
In summary, Hopwood emphasizes key elements to improve qualitative research. These
include, making sure that our theoretical and understanding bases of the research are in
agreement. Once the questionnaire has been developed we have to consider how validation of
Adeyemo 27
answers will be obtained. Data collection and analysis must be looked at as a concurrent ongoing
process. One must keep in mind the possibility of multiple-method designs to generate different
responses. Finally, it is necessary produce matrices for all techniques; this is crucial where more
than one method is used with the intention to triangulate data.
Rubin, H., & Rubin, I. (1995). Listening, Hearing, and Sharing Social Experiences. In Qualitative interviewing: The art of hearing data. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Pp. 1-16. [16 pps].
The authors introduce us to the qualitative method of conducting an interview. They
emphasize that interviewing an individual gives us the opportunity of hearing and learning about
their culture in depth. It gives the individual the opportunity to describe their world in their own
terms. It is also an opportunity for the interviewer to develop a relationship with the interviewee.
This qualitative method is often use by Anthropologists when trying to learn about a new culture.
However, it is not uncommon for Sociologists to utilize this method as means to understand the
social structure within a culture.
The authors also guide us through the different types of qualitative interviews. They
begin with the “unstructured format” (Rubin & Rubin, 1995, Pg. 5), in which the subject of the
interview is introduced by the interviewer who then allows the interviewee to answer in any
direction they wish to take it. Next is the “semistructured format” (Rubin & Rubin, 1995, Pg. 5),
also known as “focused” (Rubin & Rubin, 1995, Pg. 5), in which the interviewer introduces the
subject, but controls the discussion by asking specific questions. Third described are “cultural
interviews” (Rubin & Rubin, 1995, Pg. 6), in which the person is allowed to share detailed
information about the belief, rituals, and behaviors found within their culture. The interviewee
has the opportunity to share personal experiences, which provides more insight for the
interviewer. Fourth is “topical interviewing” (Rubin & Rubin, 1995, Pg. 6), which helps the
Adeyemo 28
interviewer understand more about a specific event or process. Fifth are “oral histories” (Rubin
& Rubin, 1995, Pg. 6), in which the interviewer focuses on a particular time period or historical
event. Sixth are “life histories” (Rubin & Rubin, 1995, Pg. 6), in which the interviewer is
interested in learning about major life events that the individual experiences. Last are “evaluation
interviews” (Rubin & Rubin, 1995, Pg. 6), in which the interviewer is interested in learning the
success and failures of a program, described by those individuals who were involved. The
authors also provide information about the conversational partners, how to listen and record data,
and how our emotions, bias, and interests can affect the research.
Chapter one gives us a very useful introduction to qualitative interviewing. The authors
give us great techniques we can use to decide which type of interview is better to perform, based
on what you want to obtain from the interview. I personally feel more confident in terms of
understanding the motives of an interview. I think the authors did an excellent job in describing
the information; the concepts and terms are easy to understand.
Rubin, H., & Rubin, I. (1995). Foundations of Qualitative Interviewing. In Qualitative interviewing: The art of hearing data. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Pp. 17-41. [24 pps.]
In chapter two the authors provide their background experience when conducting
interviews. They begin by explaining cultural interviewing; a researcher utilizes this method
when they are interested in learning about a culture. Their job is to understand how the rules of
the culture were created and how those rules have structured the behavior of individuals in that
culture. The interviewee is asked to explain learned solutions or techniques passed on from one
generation to the next. This gives the researcher a good idea about what the culture consists of.
Another suggestion given is to ask for specific information about words. One word may have a
background story, meaning, and symbolism to the culture that is completely different for the
Adeyemo 29
researcher. It is important to remember not to bring our own cultural beliefs or bias in to the
information that is being given to you.
The authors also emphasize the importance of figuring out your “research arena” (Rubin
& Rubin, 1995, Pg. 22). This term refers to whom you will be interviewing and what about. This
is an important step, since it will help us develop better forms of inquiry to help answer our
research question. The authors also encourage us to clarify concepts and ask for details. It is
through specific detail that you will be able to understand the cultures structure at a deeper level.
The authors also explained in detail the different types of interviews. The authors point out
several approaches that are used in qualitative interviews. One is the interpretive approach,
which recognizes that meaning is created through interaction and is not standardized. The
interpretive approach refers to the importance in understanding meaning in text and
conversation.
Over all the authors gives us good advice on how to perform good qualitative research.
One thing that I learned from reading the chapter is that the interviewers personality can affect
how the interviewee answers your questions. Allowing the person to feel comfortable will
facilitate the interview process. This provides the individual being interviewed a sense of trust,
and the ability to be more open about their culture and beliefs.
Chapter one gives us a very useful introduction to qualitative interviewing. The authors
give us great techniques we can use to decide which type of interview is better to perform, based
on what you want to obtain from the interview. I personally feel more confident in terms of
understanding the motives of an interview. I think the authors did an excellent job in describing
the information; the concepts and terms are easy to understand.
Tagg, John. The Learning Paradigm College . Bolton , Massachusetts: Anker Publishing Company, Inc. , 2003, 1-11. [11 pps].
Adeyemo 30
On chapter five and six from The Learning Paradigm College author by John Tagg, he
explains that students arrive to universities with expectations that are based upon their schooling.
He also explains to us how students can adopt one of two kinds of achievements goals,
performance goals or learning goals.
Nowadays we see that students are naïve to the true values of learning, statistically, Tagg
suggest many are “physically present but psychological absent” (Tagg, 2003, p. 2) and spend less
time studying. The majority of college students understand the benefits of obtaining a degree, but
loose interest in learning or having good grades in class, and we tent to blame the high school
system for the problems of obtaining a higher education. The expectation to assist students may
be participation and dedication in extracurricular activities. Students can be categorized as a
performance goals or learning goals. Performance goals involve outperforming others to
establish one’s competence in comparison with the rest of the group; it refers to validation
seeking individuals with low learning orientation and high-grade orientation. Learning goals is
increasing one’s competency, understanding and appreciation for what’s being learned, these
individuals are refer as grow seeking people with high learning orientations and low-grade
orientation. Tagg also explains how a student’s propensity to set learning goals vs. performing
goals is tied to their perceptions of themselves, “you either get it or you don’t” (Tagg, 2003, p.4)
this is known as the Entity Theory which refers to the intelligence and ability, how both are
fundamentally fixed and unchangeable in an individual. However some student’s fall in the
Incremental Theory, where it states that intelligence and ability is changeable and subject to
manipulation, meaning that if a student is faced with failure the student will try again. The
identity with either theory affects how the student will receive information, for example, entity
theorist have no interested in feedback for an assignment if it will not be grated, on the other
Adeyemo 31
hand the incremental theories looks forward for feedback to improve methods in the next
assignment.
Some of the data that Tagg utilized on his book were several studies done by
psychologist from different Universities on high school students, as well as college students. He
also had refers from books with research experiments. It was interesting to learn about the
different theories that have been developed for the college students on regards education. At the
end of the reading I was able to identify myself with several theories, in particularly the
incremental theory. I believe that intelligence is changeable and that a person has the capability
to improve their skills, I personally like to get feedback from the assignments I do to improve in
the areas that I am not doing so well.
Adeyemo 32
SBS 379: Make up, Tattoos, and Burkas
Ancient Ink Blood and Tattoos [Motion picture]. (2008). Indigo Films. [60 pps].
This documentary from the History Channel explores the history of one of the oldest
forms of human artwork. The host Craig Reynolds visits different tattoo shops owned by a
variety of tattoo artists from all around the world and examines their various traditional methods,
design, and ideas. Nowadays, the most common reasons people get tattooed are for aesthetics,
memorial of a love one and religious reasons. Being branded can also signify their membership
belonging to specific clubs or communities, such as criminal gangs but as well as law-abiding
subcultures and communities.
Reynolds begins his journey in New Zealand, meeting a famous Maori tattoo artist. The
Maori are considered to be one of the oldest tribes to have used tattoos, but due to the British
invasion in the early 1800’s the tradition almost died. However thanks to younger generations
reviving the practice this Maori tradition is coming back to life. Here we learn about a famous
facial tattoo called Ta Moko. In ancient times the design would be carved into the face with a
chisel, following which after it heals, it would be reopened, and the scar that was left behind
would be later filled with ink. These days the Ta Moko tattoo is done with modern tools, but the
design continues to follow the traditions of the tribe. In females wearing a Ta Moko is a sign of
beauty, and in males it is a sign of courage. From New Zealand we travel to the island of Hawaii
where we are introduced to the Polynesian tattoos. Polynesian tattoos were done to protect them
from bodily harm and evil spirits. They were also the rites of passage for young men. In a sense
the tattoo defined who he was and his accomplishments. In ancient times their tattoos were done
with needles fashioned from bone (nowadays replaced with metal). The act of tattooing is done
by the needle being tapped with a stick through the skin so as to get the ink into the body. This
Adeyemo 33
practice is at least 2,000 years old. From here Reynolds takes us to Japan where nowadays
tattoos are frequently considered taboo due to their association with the Yakuza gangs.
Originally back in the 1600’s tattoos were inflicted on people as a form of punishment. These
were usually small tattoos on the forehead or legs. A group of these punished people came
together to form a gang known as the Yakuza, and they began to add more tattoos on their own
until eventually they would cover their entire body. And so even though these days’ tattoos are
done for various reasons such as distinguishing ones individuality or as an expression of some
emotions, due to their associations with the gangs, tattoos in Japan are controversial. As a result
many people have them done on parts of the body that are not visible to others. The technique
used here is called hand poking, and is considered one of the most painful methods, however it is
unique because they are able to create shadings that the modern tools can’t. From Japan we
travel to a correctional facility in Arizona. Here we learn about the tattoos done in jail. Even
though tattoos are illegal in jail inmates have been able to find ways of creating this body art.
Unfortunately however it carries a high health risk due to the materials used. There are other
ways in which tattoos in jail are different from those done on the outside; Jail tattoos sometimes
define who you are as an individual. For example some tattoos are earned due to the crimes the
person has committed. The film also touched on the process of tattoo removal. The process is
done with laser treatment can take up to 6 to 8 weeks and is extremely painful.
The documentary gave great insight on the art of tattooing as well as in the history of
tattooing. It is incredible how ancient the practice is. The film shows that tattooing is much more
than just drawing on one’s skin but in various ways is a way of expressing who you are. This
film gave me great insight into the background and origins of tattoos. I also learned the different
methods of tattooing, their significance, meanings and origins. I admire the people who get
Adeyemo 34
tattoos; they are brave enough to endure through the pain so that in the end they have a
wonderful representation of themselves.
Atkinson, M. (2009). Tattooing And Civilizing Processes: Body Modification As Self-control. Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue Canadienne De Sociologie, 125-146. [18pps].
Many sociologists and academics describe tattooing as “cultural deviance” and “the
manifestation of a mind fraught disorder” (Atkinson, 2009, p. 126). They associate tattoos with
subjects that are not capable of following social norms or values. Tattooing is also associated
with immaturity, “at-risk youth,” or self-harm (Atkinson, 2009, p. 126). However many of the
studies done about tattooing have failed to illuminate the positive aspects of this practice. Rather
than focusing on the subcultural uses of tattooing among groups such as prisoners, or gangs
author Atkinson explores the “self-express meaning of Canadians’ tattooing” (Atkinson, 2009, p.
127). His study took a total of three years; it was a participant observation based study. He
interviewed a total of 92 people, 27 of who were tattoo artists and 65 were clients (Atkinson,
2009). His ethnographic data concluded that tattooing is “a rational form of identity expression
and is a conservative gesture of conformity to dominant norms of self-restraint” (Atkinson, 2009,
p. 128). Atkinson states that the basic level of tattooing reflects “I-WE” figurational relationships
(Atkinson, 2009, p. 128). The tattoos that people choose to put on their body have significance
and symbolize the accomplishment of something, or represent who they are or where they come
from. This is the “I” identity of the person, and links them to a WE group (social class, religious
groups, or fellow lifestyles participants) (Atkinson, 2009, p. 127). One example Atkinson gives
us it’s Carl’s cross. In this client the cross-represented his completion of and graduation from
college, as well as his faith. It reinforced Christianity, and for him it was a sign of masculinity. In
this example we are able too see how the individual is able to associate the tattoo to him, and
also how other groups can associate with this individual. Atkinson also suggests that tattoos can
Adeyemo 35
be seen as a way of enhancing the beauty of the body. Tattoos can be identified as sexy or
attractive depending on their location on the body. Many clients enjoy this because they like to
receive the attention others give them as a result, making them feel beautiful and attractive.
Atkinson concludes, “that tattooing projects are communicative acts of conformity to the
prevailing body idiom in Canada” (Atkinson, 2009, p. 135). For example among some women,
body markings are replete with strong feelings of sexual desire. Since women have been
encouraged to not participate in tattooing, marking the body may be a matter of sexual
independence, freedom, or self-determination. People also engage in tattooing to express feelings
of sorrow or grief. Many honor the death of a loved one by tattooing their name, or something
significant about that person to always remember them or have them by their side. Tattooing can
also represent love and happiness (Atkinson, 2009). In brief tattoos are encoded with broad range
of emotions.
Reading this article gave me great insight on the many reasons why people get tattoos. I
agree that when it comes to tattoos people tend to have an emotional feeling or attachment to it,
or a history behind the tattoo. I think that tattoos are very personal and always hold a deep
significance about them within each individual. I also agree that it portrays individuality, and
allows a person to describe who they are. Each tattoo is unique for each person.
China blue [Motion picture]. (2005). Cinema Delicatessen ;.[30pps]
The film China Blue introduces us to Jasmine a seventeen-year-old girl from a province
in China. Her parents own a farm where they harvest rice, wheat, and corn, however the revenue
is not enough to support the family. Jasmine decides to go to the city of Shaxi where she seeks
employment in a blue jean factory. Guo Xi L’am owns the jean blue factory; his factory serves
many companies throughout America and Europe. His factory offers room and board to the
Adeyemo 36
employees, while their rent and food is deducted from their pay. Jasmine shares a room with
twelve other young females, most of them under the age of 18. Majority of the girls are working
with the same purpose, which is to help their family financially. As time goes buy, Jasmine
becomes aware of the harsh conditions that employees go through. They work long hours, no
breaks are given, no overtime is paid, and they have no health benefits. Jasmine works in the
shipping department, where they get the jeans ready to be shipped. With regards to her wages she
makes half a Yuan an hour, which is equivalent to 6 cents in the U.S. On the average employees
four hours a week, and one to two hours when there are rush orders to deliver. Due to the harsh
conditions the workers are subjected to, companies are frequently visited by inspectors to make
sure employees are been fairly treated. However the factories usually get notice of this ahead of
time, giving them plenty of time to prompt their employees to lie about their working conditions.
The employee’s false testimonies give the inspector no reason to doubt that worker’s rights are
being violated. The film also shows how employees are discriminated against because of their
lack of education. They are pushed to work to their full potentials, and they are constantly
harassed with threats of getting fired if they arrive late or don’t complete an order. We also are
made aware that the main purpose of the owner is to make money at any cost, and so as not to
lose money he takes any offer given by the buyer. So that he can maintain profits he cuts costs,
mainly by reducing the pay of his employees, or delaying their payday until they have completed
the entire load of orders. Jasmine was not able to spend Christmas with her family the first year
she worked, since the factory holds the first paycheck. She has learned to work fast and steady to
make sure she makes enough money to send home.
It was very interesting watching the movie China Blue. As the movie states 70-80 % of
the products we wear and use are made in China. However, seeing the working conditions of the
Adeyemo 37
employees breaks my heart, and it gives me great respect for those young men and women. It
was sad to see Mr. Xi L’am’s lack of regard for his employees, even though he came from the
same background. You would think that if you became educated and successful, your one
priority would be to help others achieve that same thing, however his main desire was to make
money at any cost and put fear in his employees hearts so they would work harder than what they
did already. When I watch documentaries like this, it reminds me of the great opportunity I have
in America, and it encourages me to continue with my education and to someday help people
like Jasmine pursue their dreams.
Jones, G. (2008). Blonde and blue-eyed? Globalizing beauty, c.1945–c.19801. Economic History Review, 61(1), 125-154. [30 pps]
The beauty industry is one of the most financially successful in this day and age.
These days we are constantly surrounded by beauty product commercials and advertisements
telling us what is to be considered beautiful. As a result the beauty industry plays a major role in
how individuals feel about themselves on a daily basis. In this article the author Jones describes
for us the journey that led to the globalization of the beauty industry. He helps us understand
how and where the industry arose from and how it has became such a strong influence on
modern human beings appearance.
In the mid nineteenth century hygiene practices and beauty products became prominent in
the American society. It was due to this that the soap-making technology industries grew rapidly.
This gave birth to the toiletries industry the industry responsible for production of toothpaste,
shampoo, cosmetics, and fragrances. United States emerged as the largest single beauty market
industry after the Second World War. “America turned beauty products into a ‘necessity’ rather
than a ‘luxury’” (Jones, 2008, p. 127). America promoted the image of ideal beauty through
Adeyemo 38
pageants such as “Miss America Beauty Contest” (Jones, 2008, p. 128). giving the impression
that the ideal beauty consisted of white skin, blonde hair and blue eyes.
Thus arose the opportunity for production of products such as fragrances, cosmetics,
soap, shampoo, and lotions to grow at a fast rate not only in America but also all around the
globe. By the 1960s skin care products had become of high demand in countries like Japan,
where women preferred to maintain a clear skin. Max Factor provided make up for Hollywood
celebrities. Palmolive products such as soap, toothpaste, and shampoo were sold in several
countries all over the world including developing countries. As the industries expanded, they
also adapted their products to be more attractive to the locals. For example in the company
Unilever fifty per cent of its toilet soap was produced and sold in Thailand. As a result “the local
company formulated its toilet soap with no tallow, using locally produced palm oil” (Jones,
2008, p. 130).
The globalization of cosmetics presented some challenges though, due to frequently
changing fashion and technology. “It was expensive to build and sustain brands” (Jones, 2008, p.
130). Most of the revenue was invested in advertisement and in teaching the consumers how to
utilize the products. Most of the cosmetics and hair products were targeted to the rich elite
women; therefore lower income women would not buy the products due their lacking the
knowledge of how to apply the products. In the 1950s several firms began to use Hollywood
actresses and actors to advertise their products. It was here that the “American beauty” (Jones,
2008, p. 132) became an inspiration for many women, especially in developing countries.
Women all over the world began to desire the attributes of an “American beauty,” (Jones, 2008,
p. 132) such as pale skin, light hair, and colored eyes. Companies such as Clairol gave these
Adeyemo 39
women the ability to achieve such features when they introduced the new concept of hair dyeing,
which allowed women to color their hair blonde.
Although the beauty industry is “highly skewed” (Jones, 2008, p. 137) toward women,
men also went through a period of image concerns. As Gillette developed the “safety razor” and
shaving creams, there was a rising demand for the “clean shaven look” representing masculinity,
causing rapid growth of the shaving industries in the United States. Body shape was also very
important for the ideal “male beauty.” Increased height and muscular build in men provided
them a higher degree of success in their careers and finding a partner. Unfortunately the “male
beauty” did not provide as much marketing opportunities to the beauty industry. In addition it
was believed that men cared more about how women looked, than women cared about how men
looked. As a result the industry focused more on how to enhance the female beauty, helping
them look younger and more feminine. In marketing their products these industries began to
plant the idea in the minds of their audience of what should be considered beautiful in women.
However in so doing this industry introduced or facilitated rising insecurities in most women.
This article was an interesting reading. It gave a background on how the beauty industry
came to achieve its success. In addition it helped me understand why as a society we are so
wrapped in the idea of beauty. It saddens me because it appears to me that the beauty industry is
willing to and often does play with people’s emotions, particularly those of women. By
providing a false idea of how a beautiful person should look, and giving the public the
impression that their products will help them achieve such beauty, instead of promoting the
beauty within each woman this industry causes people to feel worse not better about themselves.
Miller, D. (2010). Anthropology in blue jeans. American Ethnologist, 37(3), 415-428. [13 pps].
Adeyemo 40
Daniel Miller in the paper Anthropology in blue jeans attempts to elucidate the core
belief that in anthropology societies interpret actions only relative to the accepted standard in that
community. “Such judgments imply norms into which populations are socialized” (Miller, 2010,
p. 416). In addition he determines the feasibility of alternative arguments to this belief such as
the concept of “the ordinary” (Miller, 2010, p. 416). He explains this is a notion available for
anthropological discussions as well as practical bearing and application.
Miller carried out an ethnographic study with Sophie Woodward of the wearing of blue
jeans among the population of a selected area of North London. Blue jeans are the most common
attire worn daily in many areas of the world. Although jeans can be indicators of many
sociocultural differences e.g. age, gender, wealth. The majority in this study was more generic in
nature, and seemed to allow the wearers to occupy the ordinary group of the population. Miller
delves into a brief history of normative anthropology explaining that a lot of these ideas arose
from the writings of the philosopher Immanuel Kant. Kant’s ideas on morality and norms can be
traced through founding figures of the field of anthropology including Emile Durkheim and
Franz Boas. “Kantian philosophy figured centrally in the perspectives of both Boas and
Durkheim” (Miller, 2010, p. 420). For Kant human beings’ understood their world from a
combination of their objective evaluation of it along with “a priori categories” (Miller, 2010, p.
420) i.e. what had been earlier determined to be a certain way is passed down to others. Miller
goes on to explain, “The concept of culture in anthropology starts to open up what appears to be
an irreconcilable difference between anthropology and Kantian philosophy” (Miller, 2010, p.
424). Nonetheless anthropology maintains the Kantian ideal despite its clear opposition to the
generally (but not universally accepted) belief of cultural relativism in the field. Miller explains,
“Some anthropologists also assert that we can and should distinguish between universal and
Adeyemo 41
particular moralism’s” (Miller, 2010, p. 424). Miller also emphasized as advancement in
anthropology the understanding that “cultures were not ordered in the form of a hierarchy but
rather were better seen as a collectivity on a par with its respect for both individuals and
universals” (Miller, 2010, p. 424). In essence normativity Miller believes is the other side of the
coin to cultural relativism. The commitment of anthropology then, to engage an extraordinary
diversity of practices ranging from cannibalism to menstruating men is brought about by trying
to understand the diversity of moral universes in terms of their own normativity.
Miller goes on to describe an exemplary ethnographic study by Nancy Munn The Fame
of Gawa (1986). Munns understanding of the Gawa people required her to determine what was
normative for a citizen of Gawa. The Fame of Gawa Miller says “suggests that the normative is
as much carrot as stick” (Miller, 2010, p. 426), the carrot being the fame obtained from the
elaborate trade of food and exchange through complex networks, and the stick being the
accusation of witch craft if one does not participates but simply stays at home and grows food for
themselves.
Going back to the study that Miller and Woodward they carried out, they explain that
North London has a high population of migrants from all over the world many of who struggle to
“not identify with identity” (Miller, 2010, p. 426). He exclaims once when questioning a
participant in a n earlier project about aspects of his Brazilian identity the individual responded
“if I wanted to be fucking Brazilian I would have stayed in fucking Brazil” (Miller, 2001, p.
418). Denim jeans have been one of the most helpful tools for migrants in this quest to not
identify with identity. Miller describes multiple interviews with various migrants who explain for
a variety of reasons their preference for denim jeans. He concludes that “jeans wearing as an
expression of the ordinary may help resolve the tension that has always existed between
Adeyemo 42
anthropology and Kant post Boas and Durkheim” (Miller, 2010, p. 422) as earlier discussed.
Blue jeans, as ordinary do not express that cultural relativism, but rather return us to the initial
linkage between the individual and the universal in Kant. Blue jeans dominate the world today
partly because they are simultaneously the most personal and the most global garment a person
can wear and to that extent help people feel they resolve the growing gulf between the two states.
Also they express a fundamental break from the Kantian tradition of normative i.e. not
necessarily being worn to conform or appear normal. He argues the objectification of ordinary in
jeans is a remarkable achievement; the kind which is frequently ignored precisely to the degree it
is neither marked or intended.
Miss Representation [Motion picture]. (2011). Girls Club Entertainment ; Roco Films Educational. [60 pps].
The documentary is about the misrepresentation of women in mainstream media. It talks
about how the media diminishes the image of women in movies and everyday television. The
film suggests that young girls are encouraged to grow up with the false image of oneself. The
media engenders the belief that in order to be successful, a woman must use her sexuality to
achieve her.
The documentary explores several things that are wrong with our media. The first point
centered on the description women’s roles in typical Hollywood movies. We see that in these
movies women tend to have a role that don’t portray them as independent characters but are seen
to revolve around a man, marriage, family, or pregnancy. Only 16 percent of women play the
role of a protagonist in movies today. Most of the time women are sexualized for their male
viewers. The second thing that the film touched upon was about females in newscaster positions.
It indicated that female news anchors are criticized about and judged by their physical attributes
and not primarily by the quality of their work. In addition it focused on how their personal lives
Adeyemo 43
become items of great interest and spread all over gossip magazines. On the contrary male new
anchors are described as creative thoughtful forceful etc. all adjectives that are more pertaining
to their work. In addition we rarely see male newscasters personal and private information
exposed on television magazines or news. It discusses how over time female newscasters have
become more objectified and sexualized ever than before leading and as such their attire make-
up etc. are seen to be more sexy in recent times. The film also discusses the ways in which the
media disrespects and negatively portray women in power. These descriptions it seems are
intended to create impressions of women as excessively emotional and unstable beings,
incapable of handling positions of power such as in government and huge corporations. As
women frequently see these media portrayals of themselves they are more likely to believe these
ideas over time. And as a result conforming to belief that men are the better suited for to
leadership roles in this country.
The film is a good reminder of how damaging media is for society. In particular for male
and female, opening our eyes on how media, advertisement, and technology play for their
advantage. Making us women more burnable to our self-esteem and wanting to be someone else.
P. Renne, E. (2013). Veiling in Africa (pp. 1-238). Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. [238 pps].
Elisha P. Renne professor in the Department of Anthropology, Afroamerican, and
African Studies from the University of Michigan invites us to take a journey with her to learn
about veiling in Africa. The subject of veiling in Africa has not been studied as much as in other
countries. One main religion found throughout Africa is Islam, and with it their long traditions of
veils. Veils refer to the different cloth materials that cover the head, face, and at times the body.
Renne studies the different methods in which African women wear veils. The veil is able
to represent a person’s religion, region, and/or identity. Veils have been considered controversial,
Adeyemo 44
however Renne brings to our attention that most veiled women like to wear their veils to express
who they are, not only in terms of class and status, but also as an expression of their own
personality. Renne takes us to different regions in Africa, from Senegal to Tanzania and Zanzibar
to learn about the rich history of veiling. There are many ways one can wear a veil, and one
example given to us that I found particularly interesting is buibui. Buibui is a piece of cloth worn
as a shawl among Islamic women. The buibui covers the entire body leaving only the eyes
exposed. The term buibui is frequently equated with Muslim women, in particular Muslim
women who are suppressed by men. However, Renne teaches us that the buibui is more than
that, as it is a symbol of the woman’s modesty towards her family, and her religion (P. Renne,
2013). It's a symbol of freedom; it easily hides their identities “making it easier to do things they
didn't want others to see them do” (P. Renne, 2013). Women would also express their social
class through the fabric of the buibui. Wealthier women would most likely purchase the black
silk to make their buibui, while other women’s buibui would be crafted of imported cotton. A
very important remark that the author makes about the veils is that women are given the choice
to wear them. They are not worn to impress males, but rather to satisfy and please themselves.
It’s seen as an accessory to the everyday dress.
Reading the book was interesting, especially in giving me a different perspective of Islam
in Africa. In the western culture Islam is associated usually with the Middle East, and of course
at times it’s seen as negative due to the oppression Muslim men have over women. Veiling is
also common in my culture. In the Mexican culture veils are used to cover women’s heads when
going to church. Although in recent years this activity has decreased, many people in Mexico
still practice it.
Adeyemo 45
Shukla, P. (2008). The grace of four moons: Dress, adornment, and the art of the body in modern India (pp. 1-498). Bloomington: Indiana University Press. [498 pps]
The author Shukla invites us to take a journey with her into the rich and wonderful world
of body adornment in the city of Banaras, India, officially known as Varanasi, India. Shukla
shares with us the story of a group of middle-class Hindu women who highlight the elaborate
process of putting together the presentation of their attire. Banaras one of the biggest cities in
India is full of tradition and is the perfect place to explore the how and why “clothing is such a
serious thing” (Shukla, 2008, p.15). Women in India invest a lot of time and energy in their
clothing and accessories because as they believe their day-to-day life their clothes tell a story
about them to outsiders. They not only dress for themselves but also to share the story of their
family and their stage in life.
The book is divided into five parts as follows. The Introduction, Production and
Commerce, Personal Adornment, Body Art in the Lifecycle, and the Conclusion. Shukla
introduces us to the “Artistic Art” of getting dressed (Shukla, 2008, p.16). She exposes us to the
rich tradition behind every woman’s fabrics, jewelry, and makeup. We are also introduced to a
newly wed young woman who transitions from the single life to life as a married woman. She
introduces us to the woman’s daily routine, and the meaning of wearing a sari. The usual dress
for unmarried women is the salwar suit. Once they are married women are expected to wear a
sari. The sari’s style depicts their marital status and age. The younger you are the brighter the
colors you wear, and as you grow older your choice of color becomes more and more subtle the
elderly finally end up wearing pastel colors. Simultaneously women spend lots of care in
choosing their jewelry sets, such as their bangles. Bangles are glass bracelets of all different
colors; these also indicate that a woman is married, and the longer the woman has been married
the fewer bangles she wears. Mother in laws wear one bangle on each wrist to show that there
Adeyemo 46
husband are still alive. Shukla also introduces us to Hinduism and how the elaborated procedure
and style of dress is also customary to the people when they go there to worship their deities.
“The temples decorate and dress the gods as a loving act of devotion” (Shukla, 2008, p.27). Part
two of the book introduces us to the rich background and practices of shopping. It also takes on
the journey of how saris are weaved along with the detailed process of creating beautiful pieces
of jewelry for special occasions such as weddings. It describes that as a result there is popular
demand for objects such as bangles, bindis (colored dots for the forehead), and henna (body art).
Part three is about personal adornment. Here Shukla introduces us to three middle-aged
women (middle class) who shared stories about what kind of clothing they wore growing up.
One woman that stood out among the three was Nina Khanchadani. She exclaimed that when she
got married like most women she transitioned from salwar suits to saris. However, contrary to
tradition today she expresses a preference of wearing salwar suits because they are much more
comfortable than saris. Her choice of wearing salwar suits although unconventional is accepted
by her mother-in-law who she lives with. Khanchadani stated that she enjoys living a simple life,
without of the demands of wearing jewelry and elaborate clothing. Jewelry is worn to achieve
beauty, however Khanchadani states “Beauty lies in generosity and affection, in wit and
intelligence, in the gracious personality of a good human being” (Shukla, 2008, p.234-235). We
also meet Neelam Chaturvedi, an art teacher with a Punjabi background. Unlike Khanchadani
she wears saris, especially when she goes to school. However she also shares her enjoyment of
wearing jeans and shirt tops when she is at home or travels away from Banaras. Lastly we meet
Mukta Tripathi, a woman with a great sense of personal style. A woman who finds creativity and
enjoyment in everyday life, such as housework. Tripathi enjoys the process of getting ready for a
special occasion, and she also enjoys being different from others.
Adeyemo 47
In the last part of the book “Body Art in the Life Cycle” (Shukla, 2008, p.325), Shukla
talks about the rich tradition that marriage implies as well as the harsh tradition of a widows life.
The bride is encouraged to dress in the most beautiful silk, and to wear the most beautiful
jewelry. This will enhance her beauty during her marriage and the days that follow after that. A
woman is encouraged to look beautiful or “show off” to her husband (Shukla, 2008, p.335). This
will bring happiness to the life of the marriage. However, what happens when a woman loses a
husband? The tradition is that women will wear colorless (white) saris, no jewelry, and no bindi.
It is believed that there is no need for a widow woman to sexually attract men. Upon their
husband’s death, if a widowed woman wears a colorful sari, she exposes herself to the possibility
of others wondering whom she is dressing for or “showing off for” (Shukla, 2008, p.338). Over
all Shukla does a terrific job of describing this culture; she is able to provide personal accounts
that help us understand at a deeper level the importance of dressed adornment in India.
I enjoyed this book very much. I consider myself a big admirer of the Indian culture, and
being able to learn more about their costumes and traditions of dressing and adornment was just
amazing. This book also reminded me of a Brazilian soap opera called India, which contained a
lot about Indian behaviors and culture. Reading this book gave me a deeper understanding of that
culture and gave that show more meaning to me. I hope that someday I am able to visit Varanasi,
India and see the culture’s beauty in person.
What Darwin Never Knew [Motion picture on DVD]. (2010). United States of America: PBS. [PP. 60]
The documentary began with a brief history and background of Charles Darwin the
acclaimed author of the book The Origin of Species. Over one hundred and fifty years ago
Darwin made a remarkable proposal, suggesting that human beings evolved from chimpanzees.
Such a proposal was initially subjected to much ridicule, as during that era the predominant
Adeyemo 48
belief was that the creator of all species was God. His theory originated when during a 5-year
voyage at sea, Darwin came across the Galapagos Island, the home of unique animals that were
found only in that particular place. He collected data of all the species he encountered there for
his records. Upon arrival from his voyage he began a closer examination of the data and this led
him to the question of why such variations existed among animals. Intrigued by this question
Darwin furthered his study to the examination of embryos of these animals. This led to his
discovery that the embryos of many animals had certain features such as legs or gills that were
undeveloped or absent as adults. This revelation led to his theory that certain animals were
descendants of other animals. As a way of demonstrating his speculation he conceived of the tree
of life. The tree of life an illustration of life forms that connects all species together, including
humans. Although this was a remarkable idea, Darwin did not have a comprehensive
understanding on how it developed. 150 years later scientists today are able to explain why such
variations occur with the assistance of modern science, and better understanding of genetics.
We now know that genes and DNA are the building blocks of all living organisms, and scientists
have discovered that such variations among animals are possible through genetic mutations. In
recent years scientists have discovered certain genes that act like a switch, turning other genes on
or off at different times and for different durations. These switches play an important role during
the embryonic stage of development; they determine the animal’s body and functions.
The documentary also described one of the first animals to set foot on land, the Tiktaalik also
known as the fishapod. This creature is believed to have existed 375 million years ago, and
according to scientists every animal, including humans are its descendants and eventually
developed into the four-legged animals. The fossil of the fishapod was discovered in 2004 in
Ellesmere Island, Canada by a group of scientist from the University of Chicago.
Adeyemo 49
Over all the film was very interesting to watch, and though it is focused primarily on
biology and evolution, I believe it gives us great insight to better understand humanity as a
whole. I found the film interesting and it helped me by not only refreshing my knowledge of
evolution but also by introducing me to a lot of new scientific data.
Wet dreams and false images [Motion picture]. (2004). New Day Films.
This short film produced by Jesse Epstein introduces a group of young men from
Brooklyn to the world of photo retouch. At the beginning of the film we meet Dee-Dee a young
barber, who’s wall portrays a collage of cut outs of models in two-piece bikinis. He calls it “his
wall of beauty” and he makes it clear that those women are beautiful because of their “silky
smooth” skin i.e., they don’t have no sign of stretch marks or cellulite. He states that women
should go to the gym and “get toned” because men don’t like cellulite. As the film proceeds we
encounter other men who share their opinion about women. The men all agree that a woman
should have a “big butt” like the women in the magazines. Dee-Dee’s belief in the women on his
wall of beauty is evident and he feels confident that the photos on his wall are not retouched in
any way. As the film proceeds however Dee-Dee and the group of young men in the barbershop
are shown a film where professional photo retoucher Dominic Demasi explains the process of
photo retouch. He shows several examples of how skin in photos is smoothed out, the tone
changed, and even how the hips of a women are altered so the image of the model would look
appealing to the seller and the costumer. He explains that making such alterations has affected
the society as a whole. As Dee-Dee watches the film, his immediate reaction is a mixture of
confusion and anger, as his dreams melt away and he comes to realize that every picture on his
wall has been retouched in some way. He tells his fellow friends that such thing can’t be true,
however as they keep watching he begins to accept the reality. Dee-Dee expresses his
Adeyemo 50
disappointment in the photos of his wall. Towards the end of the film he modifies what he said
about cellulite on women, by stating “there’s nothing wrong with a little bit of cellulite.”
The main purpose of the film was to inform us about what is behind the photos we see in
the magazines, television, and billboards. Every photo out there has been manipulated in some
way, giving us this false idea of the perfect body image that we follow. The film encourages us
to see beyond the image of the magazines we read, it encourages us to not believe that women or
men don’t have imperfections. It encourages to not trust what we see out there, but to see who
we really are and accept that even with our cellulite and stretch marks we are beautiful the way
we are.
Adeyemo 51
SBS 400: Senior Capstone Seminar I
Courtenay, W. (2000). Construction of Masculinity and their Influence on Men’s Well-Being: A Theory of Gender and Health. Social Science & Medicine, 50, 1385-1401. [16 pps].
The author Will Courtenay explores some of the masculinity behaviors and beliefs that
men develop on regards to their health behaviors. According to the author men in the United
States have higher death rates and die seven years younger than women (Courtenay, 2000,
p.1386). Courtenay believes that health-related behaviors contribute to these differences.
According to the author, many studies have confirmed that health behaviors are the most
important factors that can influence health. A sociocultural factor that is conjoined wit health
behavior is gender roles. Studies have showed that women are more likely on doing annual
health screenings versus men. Women also are more likely to take care of their weight, maintain
an exercise routine, healthier meal preparation, and are more likely on taking vitamins and
mineral supplements (Courtenay, 2000). Courtenay explains that men do not engage on these
behaviors because of their masculinity image. Health - behaviors like going to annual check ups,
are consider feminine, and therefore men do not intent to do them. The author also shares with us
studies where it has been shown that men make fewer visit to the doctors than women do, these
visits do not include reproductive health care (Courtenay, 2000). Courtenay states “women and
men think and act in the way they do not because of their role identities…but because of
concepts about femininity and masculinity that they adopt in their culture (Courtenay, 2000,
p.1387). In majority of the cultures throughout the world, men are depicted as strong beings.
However, Courtenay suggest that if men health behaviors were to change, it would extend their
longevity and well - being.
Although nothing prohibit men to engage in these behaviors, it is important to emphasize
that engaging in healthier behavior, which can be beneficial in the long run. Courtenay gives
Adeyemo 52
suggestions to increase awareness about such problem within our society. He also encourages the
male community to not see these behaviors as feminine, but rather as a step to prolong their life
span. For me this concept is important to understand because it helps us to comprehend male
behavior. The lack of emphasis on their health also encourages on the unhealthy behaviors they
engage to achieve the ideal male body.
Dakanalis, A., Timko, A., Madeddu, F., Volpato, C., Clerici, M., Riva, G., & Zanetti, A. (2013). Are the Male Body Dissatisfaction and Drive for Muscularity Scales reliable and valid instruments? Journal of Health Psychology, 20(1), 48-59. [11 pps].
AuthorsAntonios Dakanalis, Alix Timko, Fabio Madeddu, Chiara Volpato, Massimo
Clerici, Giuseppe Riva, and Assunta Zanetti introduced the readers to the Drive for Muscularity
Scale (DMS) and Male Body Dissatisfaction Scale (MBDS). “These were developed for use with
men and correspond to measures of drive for thinness and body dissatisfaction in women”
(Dakanalis et al., 2013, p. 48). Existing empirical research exploring body image concerns and
consequences have primarily focused on females and their desire to control body weight and
shape creating the assumption that body and eating disorders are a woman’s concern only
(Dakanalis et al., 2013). Dakanalis et al. reinforce the notion that “men also have negative
thoughts and feelings about their body and particular body sites” (Dakanalis et al., 2013, p.48).
Dakanalis et al. conducted a study were they evaluated a sample of 655 Italian men. Both scales
demonstrated consistency and transitory stability as well as self-criticism (Dakanalis et al.,
2013).
The specific objectives of this study were first to evaluate the unexplored factor of the
DMS and MBDS scales (Dakanalis et al., 2013). Second to examine their criterion-related,
concurrent, and discriminant validity (Dakanalis et al., 2013). Dakanalis et al. expected that men
with elevated scores on the Eating Attitudes Test would have greater drive for muscularity and
Adeyemo 53
body dissatisfaction than those with lower scores. The results revealed that scores on both scales
correlated “negatively with self-esteem, positively with general and athletic internalization, as
well as positively with eating disorder symptomatology” (Dakanalis et al., 2013, p. 56). This also
provided confirmation, to the authors, of the scales ability to assess male body dissatisfaction and
the search of muscularity. “The pattern of their relationships to other well-established measures
of similar constructs supports the hypothesis that endorsement of the norms for body shape
portrayed in the media and poor self-esteem are related to male body dissatisfaction” (Dakanalis
et al., 2013, p. 56). The scales also provided a strong association with maladaptive eating
behaviors (Dakanalis et al., 2013). Dakanalis et al. “note that the pattern of these relationships is
characteristic of men living in cultures where the male body shape ideal is highly associated with
muscularity, since some ethnic groups prefer larger body sizes” (Dakanalis et al., 2013, p. 57).
Over all the results support the factor structure, internal consistency, temporal stability,
and validity of the DMS and MBDS. Dakanalis et al. emphasize that validations of these
measures are a key step in “research designed to develop and evaluate effective preventive
strategies” (Dakanalis et al., 2013, p. 58). This reading provided great statistical proof that male
body dissatisfaction exists and as such will be useful for our capstone project.
Diedrichs, P., & Lee, C. (2010). GI Joe or Average Joe? The Impact of Average-Size and Muscular Male Fashion Models on Men’s and Women’s Body Image and Advertisement Effectiveness. Body Image, 7, 218-226. [8 pps].
Images of thin women and muscular man have been associated with poor body image.
Authors Diedrichs and Lee conducted a study to better understand what effect advertising of
muscular and average size fashion models have upon men and women. Their main goal is to
provide evidence that shows that average size models have more positive advertisement
effectiveness in society.
Adeyemo 54
The authors stated that previous studies have concluded that viewing average-size model
is associated with more positive body image among young men and women (Diedrichs & Lee,
2010, p. 218). They suggest that average – size models will improve individual’s body image
perceptions and personal esteem. The study sample was of 300 men and 289 women. The
participants were show ads with no models, muscular, average slim, or average large models
(Diedrichs & Lee, 2010, p. 220). As the authors predicted, the study indicated that ads with
average size male and female models had the same effect among men and women. These finding
are consistent with previous studies conducted by other scientists. An unexpected finding was
than males rated ads featuring muscular models as less effective than no models (Diedrichs &
Lee, 2010, p. 224). Focus groups of young men have found that some men consider models’
muscularity to an over-concern with their physical appearance, which is often associated as
feminine and/or homosexual trait (Diedrichs & Lee, 2010, p. 224). The focus groups indicate that
for men the ads with no models is preferred.
In general, Diedrichs and Lee were the first to conduct a systematic investigation on the
impact of average –size male fashion models on men and women’s body image (Diedrichs &
Lee, 2010, p. 225). Their findings encourage those in the fashion industries to increase diversity
in media imagery. Such changes can improve how men and women perceive their own body
image. It is important to remember that what it’s seen on television and ads is an unrealistic body
type that has been modified by computer programs, such as Photoshop.
DiGioacchino, R., Sargent, R., & Topping, M. (2001). Body Dissatisfaction among White and African American Male and Female college students. Eating Behaviors, 2, 39-50. [11 pps].
The journal addresses the issue of body dissatisfaction, particularly in size and weight.
These factors contribute to the increase to the “disordered eating behavior” (DiGioacchino at al.,
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2001, p. 40). According to the authors previous studies have confirm that body dissatisfaction is
higher among White students. As for the African American students, studies have indicated that
body dissatisfaction is not so prevalent among them. The authors conducted a study between
White and African American students, on regards to weight and body perceptions.
The study was conducted in an urban southeastern university. The results indicate that
African American men and women BMI was in the overweight range. As for the White students,
their BMI was in the acceptable range (DiGioacchino at al., 2001). This study also concluded
that African American women perceive themselves smaller than their actual size. The authors
state that in previous studies, forty percent of heavy African American women considered
themselves normal weight. A small percentage of White female students also perceive
themselves smaller than their actual size. However, White females students express a higher
desire to look smaller, as for the African American females they were satisfy with their image
(DiGioacchino at al., 2001). This shows that African American women have more positive view
of themselves.
In regards to the male students, the authors concluded that there was not much difference
found between White and African American males. Both races expressed desired to increase
masculinity, and express discontent with their body image. The authors concluded than males are
more concern on achieving a more muscular body to attract females. Males also reported longer
hours in the gym, and more supplement intakes to build muscle.
Feldman, M., & Meyer, I. (2007). Eating disorders in diverse lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations. Int. J. Eat. Disord. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 40, 218-226. [8 pps].
Authors Matthew Feldman and Ilan Meyer conducted a study to examine the current
problem of eating disorders in lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) men and women (Feldman &
Adeyemo 56
Meyer, 2007). They also investigated the association between participation in the gay community
and eating disorder prevalence in gay and bisexual men (Feldman & Meyer, 2007). Per Feldman
and Meyer this was the first study to assess DSM-IV diagnostic categories in a community-based
sample as well as to report on variation in eating disorders among white, black, and Latino LGB
individuals (Feldman & Meyer, 2007).
The author’s hypotheses stated “gay and bisexual men have a higher prevalence of eating
disorders than heterosexual men, and lesbian and bisexual women have a lower prevalence of
eating disorders than heterosexual women” (Feldman & Meyer, 2007, p. 219). The study was
conducted on 126 white heterosexuals and 338 white, black, Latino LGB men and women. The
results concluded that gay and bisexual men had a higher estimate of eating disorders than
heterosexual men (Feldman & Meyer, 2007). The results indicated no differences in eating
disorders between lesbian, bisexual, and heterosexual women.
Per Feldman and Meyer these results suggest that clinicians and public health
practitioners working with LGB clients need to be aware of the clinical manifestations of eating
disorders (Feldman & Meyer, 2007). The author’s also indicate it is necessary to avoid
commonly held conventions that lesbian and bisexual women are less vulnerable to eating
disorders than hetero- sexual women (Feldman & Meyer, 2007). They invite clinicians and
public health practitioners to be attentive to younger LGB clients who are at an increased risk for
eating disorders.
Furnham, A., & Calnan, A. (1998). Eating Disturbance, Self-Esteem, Reasons for Exercising and Body Weight Dissatisfaction in Adolencent Males. European Eating Disorders, 6(1), 58-72. [14 pps].
Furnham and Calnan state that body disatisfaction differs between males and females.
Males body dissatisfaction is associated with weight gain as well as weight loss. One study
Adeyemo 57
reported that four percent of females would like to gain weight compared to forty seven percent
of males (Furnham and Calnan, 1998, p. 59). The authors main focus was to find out the
relationship of body dissatisfaction, reasons for exersising, unhealthy eating habits, and self-
esteem (Furnham and Calnan, 1998, p. 61).
The total participants were one hundred and forty three, ninety were 12th graders in
England, the remaining students, were recruited from the “department of subject panel”
(Furnham and Calnan, 1998, p. 62). The ages of the participants were betwee 16 and 18 years
old. Sixty nine percent of males repored feeling dissatisfied with their current weight. Thirty one
percent express the desire to lose weight, and thrity eight percent wanted to gain weight
(Furnham and Calnan, 1998, p. 66). Both groups reported body dissatisfaction and preasure to
present a certain image to society. The group of males who desire to lose weight, reported cardio
exersice routines. Such routines were seen as negative by the gain weight group, since their main
desire is to gain muscle and the V-shape (Furnham and Calnan, 1998, p. 68). Such behaviors also
contriute to unhealthy eating habbits and the increase on supplements consumtion to increase
muscle.
Through their study the authors were able to provide evidence that body disatisfaction is
also present among males. It was also noted that majority of the participants associated a tone
body with female attractiveness. It is believed that females would be more attractive to
mucularity than simple thinnes.
Galioto, R., & Crowther, J. (2013). The Effects of Exposure to Slender and Muscular Images on Male Body Dissatisfaction. Body Image, 10, 566-573. [7 pps].
The authors research focus was on the effects of appearance-based comparison to
muscular and slender idealize male bodies. The authors state that body dissatisfaction has been
often associated with images of thin males models (Galioto & Crowther, 2013). They attempt to
Adeyemo 58
understand what is it about the thin male model that contributes with the body dissatisfaction.
There were a total of 114 undergraduate males participants, from a public Midwest
University. The average age among the participants was 20 years old. The results indicated than
when men are exposed to slender and muscular media images there is an increase in body
dissatisfaction (Galioto & Crowther, 2013). The author suggested this can be the result of males
viewing models attractive and they might take in consideration the status of the model. Majority
of the participants also reported internalization and comparison. They internalize the “ideal
image, muscular or slender” (Galioto & Crowther, 2013, p. 572) and compare it to their personal
body image. Such behavior increases low self-esteem and body dissatisfaction. The authors
learned that both images are seen as ideal among men. Although the muscular look is the most
popular in the media circuit, it suggests that some males continue to like the slender look. The
slender look tends to be associated with status and class (Galioto & Crowther, 2013).
Griffiths, S., Murray, S., & Touyz, S. (2013). Disordered eating and the muscular ideal. J Eat Disord Journal of Eating Disorders, 1, 15-15. [1 pps].
Authors Scott Griffiths, Stuart Murray and Stephen Touyz report that during the past
decade research has begun to reveal the problem of male body image concerns (Griffiths,
Murray, & Touyz, 2013). The authors also report that most men in Western societies desire a
body that combines low body fat with well-developed musculature. Characterized by “broad
shoulders, a narrow waist, and big biceps” (Griffiths, Murray, & Touyz, 2013, p. 15). Griffiths,
Murray, and Touyz state that researchers conceptualize muscle dissatisfaction and body fat
dissatisfaction as separate issues. However evidence has proven that they are both associated
with male body image dissatisfaction.
In contrast, the author’s report that there has been minimal research conducted to describe
various dimensions of eating disorders that pertain to the muscular ideal (Griffiths, Murray, &
Adeyemo 59
Touyz, 2013). They point out that majority of the current research conducted on eating disorders
are “synonymous with body fat, fat loss, weight loss and calorie restriction, all of which
characterize the drive for thinness, not the drive for muscularity” (Griffiths, Murray, & Touyz,
2013, p. 15). They report that the pursuit of muscularity can be associated with various “rule
driven eating behaviors” (Griffiths, Murray, & Touyz, 2013, p. 15). These behaviors can include
high levels of protein consumption, severe restriction of non- protein dietary components,
frequent eating, restriction of carbohydrates or fats, and the use of appearance enhancing drugs
such as steroids, “testosterone boosters” and other supplements (Griffiths, Murray, & Touyz,
2013, p. 15).
Griffiths, Meyer, and Touyz suggest that to improve our understanding of unhealthy
eating behaviors in men, “a reconceptualization of disordered eating may be warranted”
(Griffiths, Murray, & Touyz, 2013, p. 15). They believe that it must focus on the rules that
underlie eating disorders, not the specific direction of the eating behavior (Griffiths, Murray, &
Touyz, 2013, p. 15). Reading this article we are able to see that multiple body ideals, from very
thin to very muscular, motivate the development of an eating disorder, to achieve not only
thinness, but also muscularity.
Grossbard, J., Lee, C., Neighbors, C., & Larimer, M. (2008). Body Image Concerns and Contingent Self-Esteem in Male and Female College Students. Sex Roles, 60, 198-207. [9 pps].
Authors Joel Grossbard, Christine Lee, Clayton Neighbors, and Mary Larimer talk about
the significant developmental concerns of body image for adolescents and young adults
(Grossbard et al., 2008). The author’s explain “college students are particularly susceptible to
social pressure associated with physical appearance, as these developmental periods are critical
for the formation of one’s identity and self- worth across a number of domains, including
Adeyemo 60
physical self-evaluation” (Grossbard et al., 2008, p. 199). They conducted research that
examined gender as a mediator of the association between contingent self-esteem and body
image concerns, including weight and muscularity (Grossbard et al., 2008). Females reported
higher levels of contingent self-esteem and greater concerns about their weight (Grossbard et al.,
2008). On the other hand, males reported a greater drive for muscularity.
In this study there were a total of 359 participants (59.1% female) heavy drinking first-
year U.S. undergraduate students (Grossbard et al., 2008). The students completed a survey
assessing health-related risk behaviors. Results illustrated a stronger relationship between
contingent self-esteem and weight concerns among females. For males, it illustrated that
contingent self-esteem was strongly associated with a greater drive for muscularity. Grossbard et
al. emphasize the importance of considering “contingent self esteem when developing
interventions to prevent the internalization of thinness and muscularity norms and subsequent
body image disturbances” (Grossbard et al., 2008, p. 204). This research also concluded “males
engage in risky weight loss strategies (e.g., laxatives, diet pills)…to lose weight and increase
muscularity” (Grossbard et al., 2008, p. 204). Further exploration, research also indicates
“compared to heterosexual men, gay boys and men scored higher on scales measuring femininity
endorse greater concerns about weight and body shape” (Grossbard et al., 2008, p. 205).
Grossbard et al. also explain that males who participate in sports are more concerned with
thinner, leaner body type to enhance their athletic performance (Grossbard et al., 2008).
Hargreaves, D., & Tiggemann, M. (2004). Idealized Media Images and Adolescent Body Image: “Comparing” Boys and Girls. Body Image, 1, 351-361. [10 pps].
The authors aimed to examine the effect of exposure to television commercials
containing images of the “ideal women, and muscular men” (Hargreaves & Tiggeman, 2004, p.
Adeyemo 61
353). Majority of the studies on body image are focused on women or young girls. Hargreaves
and Tiggemann suggest that such demands for the ideal body on today’s demands affect men and
young boys too. Their main goal with the study is to see how young boys are affected by media
on regards to the “muscular men” (Hargreaves & Tiggeman, 2004, p. 353).
The study was conducted to a total of 595 adolescents, 310 girls and 285 boys. This study
was done in the “South Australian metropolitan coeducation public high schools of medium
socio-economic status” (Hargreaves & Tiggeman, 2004, p. 353). The results showed that
exposure to thin-ideal models increased females body dissatisfaction. However the main focus of
the study was to examine the effect of the ideal male attractiveness on young boys. The study
concluded, “muscular ideal television commercial had limited impact on boy’s body image”
(Hargreaves & Tiggeman, 2004, p. 357). The authors suggest that this could be that males
develop an interest to muscularity until late adolescent or early adulthood (Hargreaves &
Tiggeman, 2004). The study also provided evidence that young girls compare themselves, more
frequently than boys, with the ideal body. However, the authors do note that some boys do begin
to compare their physical appearance at young age, and such behavior can lead to low body
esteem.
Leone, J., Fetro, J., Kittleson, M., Welshimer, K., Partridge, J., & Robertson, S. (2011). Predictors of Adolescent Male Body Image Dissatisfaction: Implications for Negative Health Practices and Consequences for School Health From a Regionally Representative Sample. Journal of School Health, 81(4), 174-184. [10 pps].
In this article author’s James Leone, Joyce Fetro, Mark Kittleson, Kathleen Welshimer,
Julie Partridge and Stacia Robertson discuss the possible connection between adolescent males
body image dissatisfaction (BID) and negative health behaviors and risks. Per the authors
“adolescent males are more likely to sustain intentional and unintentional injuries, be involved in
a physical confrontation, and be successful in suicide attempts” (Leone at al., 2011, p. 174).
Adeyemo 62
The authors conducted a study to examine the strongest predictive interpersonal and
social variables of BID among adolescent males (Leone at al., 2011, p. 175). There were a total
of 330 adolescents’ males, grades 9 to 12, who participated. The study was conducted in New
England, the ages of the males ranged from 14 to 19 years. The results indicated that male
students have a strong desire for muscularity. Over sixty percent of the participants expressed not
feeling comfortable with their own body (Leone at al., 2011). The result also concluded that
intrapersonal predisposition factors, such as internalization of teasing, affected the individuals
concept of body image subsequently encouraging unhealthy behaviors, such as drug use.
Leone et al., encouraged educators and school health professionals to obtain training in
“being sensitive to the unique needs of adolescent males” (Leone at al., 2011, p. 177). They also
emphasize the importance of using ecological models and strategies to promote a healthy body
image in adolescent males (Leone at al., 2011, p. 178). This article provides good statistical
reports of middle school male students. It provides evidence that BID in young males is a current
societal problem that needs attention.
Murray, S., Rieger, E., Karlov, L., & Touyz, S. (2013). Masculinity and femininity in the divergence of male body image concerns. J Eat Disord Journal of Eating Disorders, 1, 1-8. [8 pps].
Authors Stuart Murray, Elizabeth Rieger, Lisa Karlov, and Stephen Touyz wrote an
article addressing the increase of empirical focus that has been directed towards understanding
the male experience of body image dissatisfaction. Murray et al. explained that recent empirical
data suggests that a large proportion of men in Western society experience body dissatisfaction
(Murray et al., 2013). There is increased encouragement of males to pursue an ideal body that
differs substantially from their current body (Murray et al., 2013). The author’s main purpose in
this research is to “investigate the relationship between feminine and masculine gender role
Adeyemo 63
endorsement and male presentations of anorexia nervosa and muscle dysmorphia” (Murray et al.,
2013, p. 2).
The study was conducted on a total of 75 participants. Twenty-one of those participants
were males diagnosed with muscle dysmorphia. Twenty-four of the males were diagnosed with
anorexia nervosa. The last thirty were males who attended a gym on regular bases (Murray et al.,
2013). The participants were from Australia, England, and the United States. All participants
completed “multidimensional measures of masculinity and femininity, and measures of eating
disorder and muscle dysmorphia symptomatology” (Murray et al., 2013, p. 3).
Murray et al. concluded that participants who were diagnosed with muscle dysmorphia
reported greater adherence to masculine gender roles (Murray et al., 2013). This is consistent
with the male body ideal frequently portrayed in Western media. On the other hand participants
diagnosed with anorexia nervosa reported endorsement of feminine gender roles. These findings
are consistent with the “notion that masculine and feminine gender role endorsement may be
associated with the divergence amongst body dissatisfied men towards pursuing more muscular
or thinner body ideals” (Murray et al., 2013, p. 7).
McNeil, L., & Firman, J. (2014). Ideal Body Image: A Male Perspective on Self. Autralasian Marketing Journal, 22, 136-143. [7 pps].
The authors state that there has been little research done on regards the perspective of
men body image. More recent studies have stated an increased on eating disorders among men.
The authors state that an increased in male body dissatisfaction is due to the increased focus on
appearance among men. In todays society the new role than males play is an increase concern in
their physical appearance. In previous generations men physical appearance was not consider as
important, compared to women’s. However such views have been changing throughout the last
Adeyemo 64
few decades. Media now encourages men to maintain a muscularity body type (McNeil &
Firman, 2014).
The study concluded, “friends and family are the biggest influencers on perception of
body image” (McNeil & Firman, 2014, p. 142). Younger men (18-25 years old) reported feeling
more pressure from media and friends. As for older men (33-45) reported feeling peer pressure
from their spouse, significant other, or love one (siblings). The younger group was more
interested in developing a more lean and muscular body appearance. Contrary, the older group
main concern was not in obvious attributes such as muscularity, but rather a healthier look
(McNeil & Firman, 2014). Older men tend to be more attractive to maintaining a lean healthy
look, which satisfies their family.
Sabel, A., Rosen, E., & Mehler, P. (2014). Severe Anorexia Nervosa in Males: Clinical Presentations and Medical Treatment. Eating Disorders, 22, 209-220. [11 pps].
Author’s Allison Sabel, Elissa Rosen, and Philip Mehler Sabel form part of the ACUTE
Center at Denver Health Medical Center. This is a ten-bed stabilization unit for medically
compromised eating-disordered patients (Sabel, Rosen, & Mehler, 2014). ACUTE “only accepts
patients whose weights have fallen well below 70% of ideal body weight, which the center
defines for men as 106 pounds for the first five feet” (Sabel, Rosen, & Mehler, 2014, p. 211).
The author’s reported that eating disorders are often associated with females only. Although
research as been conducted on males, it is believed that they are still understudied.
Sabel, Rosen, and Mehler examined the clinical presentation and medical complications
of severe anorexia nervosa among males, to better understand this condition (Sabel, Rosen, &
Mehler, 2014). During the study fourteen males were admitted to a medical stabilization unit.
These were males diagnosed with severe anorexia nervosa. They had a multitude of medical and
laboratory abnormalities, “which are in need of treatment via judicious, nutritional rehabilitation,
Adeyemo 65
and weight restoration to prevent additional morbidity and to facilitate transfer and admission to
traditional eating disorder programs” (Sabel, Rosen, & Mehler, 2014, p. 209).