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Policy Research CorporationPolicy Research CorporationSOUNDSOUND SOLUTIONS BASED ON SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHSOLUTIONS BASED ON SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

The role of Maritime Clusters to enhance the strength and development of European maritime sectors

Annexes

13 November 2008

Policy Research Corporation 28 July 200813 November 2008

ANNEXES

Annex 1: Definitions of the sea-related sectors (Area 1, 2 and 3)Annex 2: Production value, value added and employment on EU-level: absolute figures and stars (overall + per

Area)Annex 3: Overview of employment and value added in the sea-related sectors in the EU’s member states and

NorwayAnnex 4: Analysis of differences in employment figures per countryAnnex 5: Results to be integrated in the European Cluster Observatory’s database (Area 1, 2 and 3 + cluster

organisations)Annex 6: Employment summary pages per country (in alphabetical order)Annex 7: Main trends & policies in the national maritime clusters in Europe (overall & per sector) and relevant EU

policyAnnex 8: Trends and policies in the maritime clusters of Singapore and Dubai Annex 9: Archetypes of maritime cluster organisationsAnnex 10: Similarities and differences between maritime cluster organisationsAnnex 11: Main differences and similarities between cluster organisations and sector associationsAnnex 12: Overview of main benefits of clustering and good practices of maritime cluster organisationsAnnex 13: The link between cluster policies and sector performanceAnnex 14: SWOT-analysis of top-down and bottom-up maritime cluster organisationsAnnex 15: Contacted persons Annex 16: List of abbreviationsAnnex 17: References


ANNEX 1: DEFINITIONS OF THE SEA-RELATED SECTORS

The above definitions for the sea-related sectors are used in order to map the economic impact of the maritime sectors on a European scale although some member

states’ definitions may differ from the above

Area 1: Traditional maritime sectors– Inland navigation: Inland shipping and ship management; chartering-out; inland cruises and ferries; harbour and river towage; freighting– Marine equipment: Manufacturing and wholesale trade in maritime equipment for all maritime (sub-)sectors (no building, repair and/or conversion and

no offshore supply)– Maritime services: Research and development; education; classification and inspection; bunkering; maritime insurance; maritime financing; maritime

brokerage; maritime law; crewing; associations; government services; rescue; diving; ship supply (no port services)– Maritime works: Dredging; nautical cable and pipelines; river works; construction of canals, dykes and ports; support vessels; sand transport– Navy and coastguard (no shipbuilding)– Offshore supply: Construction and installation of platforms, storage vessels and equipment; drilling; offshore-related transport, engineering,

communication, consultancy and other support; seismic research; manufacturing, installation and maintenance of offshore and coastal wind turbines (no extraction of oil such as operators of oil rigs)

– Recreational boating: Boat chartering and renting; marinas; inland boat basins; supporting services concerning the construction of and trade in recreational vessels; boating-related training and trade (no manufacturing)

– Seaports: Cargo-handling; shipping related storage, agency, maritime logistics and forwarding; port authorities; pilotage– Shipbuilding: Construction and repair of sea-going vessels (commercial ships, fishing boats and naval ships), recreational boats and inland vessels; ship

scrapping; floating sections; dry docks (no offshore-rigs and/or -vessels)– Shipping: Merchant shipping and ship management; short-sea shipping; chartering-out; ferry services; ocean towage (only national seafarers and

onshore persons employed)– Marine aggregates: Exploitation of marine aggregates

Area 2: Coastal and sea-related (marine) recreation and tourism:– Coastal tourism: Tourism within 10 km from the coast– Cruise tourism: Service on board of cruise ships (no land-based tourism and/or related services)

Area 3: Fisheries– Fisheries: Maritime and inland fishing; fish processing; aquaculture


ANNEX 2: PRODUCTION VALUE AND ADDED VALUE IN THEORY AND PRACTICE FOR THE SEA-RELATED SECTORS

The direct production value of the sea-related sectors in Europe amounts to almost€ 450 billion, consisting of 42% added value and 58% intermediate purchases

42%

55%

42%

40%

% AV in production

value

186.8

16.2

46.6

123.9

Direct added value

(AV)

448.4Total (all Areas)*

29.6Area 3

109.9Area 2

308.9Area 1

Direct production

valueIn billion euros

Theoretic insights into added value and production value

– Direct European production value in all sea-related Areas amounts to almost € 450 billion

– Direct European added value in all maritime Areas amounts to € 186.8 billion or 42% of direct production value

– Intermediary purchases represent 58% of direct production value

– Production value consists of intermediary purchases (domestic and foreign) and direct added value (i.e. sum of labour costs, depreciation and result (profit or loss))

– The sum of the direct added value in all national sectors indicates a nation’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Import

Domestic intermediate

purchases

Result

Depreciation

Labour costs

Dir

ect P

rodu

ctio

n V

alue

Dir

ect A

dded

V

alue

Inte

rmed

iate

pu

rcha

ses

Contribution to GDP

Contribution to GDP

Indirect effects within economyIndirect effects within economy

Leakage to other countries

* Sum of direct added value over the Areas deviates due to rounding


ANNEX 2: PRODUCTION VALUE AND ADDED VALUE IN THE TRADITIONAL MARITIME SECTORS (AREA 1)

Significant differences in the share of added value in the production value reflect the differences in the use of production means (capital and labour) and the level of in-house

production and outsourcing

48%2 0004 200Inland navigation

38%332870Marine aggregates

40%

63%

51%

34%

55%

68%

28%

32%

30%

% AV in production value

2 1005 300Maritime works

9 40015 000Maritime services

9 00017 900Offshore supply

8 100

15 400

22 700

10 000

17 600

27 300

Direct added value (AV)

23 500Recreational boating

27 900Navy

33 300Seaports

35 200Shipbuilding

54 200Marine equipment

91 500Shipping

Direct production valueIn million euros

More information on the relation between added value and production value is provided in the ‘Overview of applied research methodology’


ANNEX 2: ADDED VALUE AND EMPLOYMENT IN ALL SEA-RELATED AREAS FOR EUROPEAN UNION AND NORWAY

The top-10 countries account for 88% of added value and 83% of employment in all sea-related sectors

EmploymentDirect (Σ direct) employment = 4.78 million persons**

* Added value is formulated in € million; the definition of added value is provided in the ‘Overview of the applied research methodology’** For a detailed breakdown of added value and employment for all sea-related Areas and sectors see Annex 3; Annex 4 explains the differences in employment with national

maritime cluster studies*** Top-10 countries in terms of share of maritime added value (and employment) in all sea-related Areas are listed; for other countries % share is well below 2.5% (and 3%)

15 000 = 15 000 million euros of added value 500 000 = 500 000 persons employed

Added valueDirect (Σ direct) added value = 186.8 billion euros**

200

300300

50100

100

4 000

4 000

6 000

1 100

10 000

4 000

Percentage maritimeemployment in natio-

nal employment***

Percentage maritimeemployment in natio-

nal employment***

Europe: 2.25%MT: 13.51%CY: 12.02%NO: 6.85%EE: 6.54%GR: 6.39%LV: 5.36%DK: 5.26%ES: 4.62%BG: 3.46%PT: 3.34%

Europe: 2.25%MT: 13.51%CY: 12.02%NO: 6.85%EE: 6.54%GR: 6.39%LV: 5.36%DK: 5.26%ES: 4.62%BG: 3.46%PT: 3.34%

Percentage maritimeadded value in

national GDP***

Percentage maritimeadded value in

national GDP***

Europe: 1.65%MT: 11.36%CY: 9.07%EE: 8.83%LV: 7.71%NO: 6.23%DK: 4.19%GR: 3.24%LT: 2.59%ES: 2.53%NL: 2.25%

Europe: 1.65%MT: 11.36%CY: 9.07%EE: 8.83%LV: 7.71%NO: 6.23%DK: 4.19%GR: 3.24%LT: 2.59%ES: 2.53%NL: 2.25%

Average valueadded/employee =

€ 39 000


€ 39 000

48 100

103 300

41 800

287 300

144 700

39 700

876 400

50 100

503 700

279 200

38 400

724 700

34 500

55 400

20 100

190 500

156 300

147 000

171 200

136 600

70 400

634 400

4 000

1 200

17 200

8 700

23 000

3 200

25 400

6 400

2 100

24 300

1 000

500

11 500

15 100

3 400

2 800

1 200

3 800

28 400

1 000

500

500


ANNEX 2: EUROPEAN OVERVIEW OF ADDED VALUE AND EMPLOYMENT IN THE TRADITIONAL MARITIME SECTORS

The top-10 countries account for 87% of value added and 80% of employmentin the traditional maritime sectors


Added value*

Direct (Σ direct) added value = 123.9 billion euros**


€ 64 600


€ 64 600

* Added value is formulated in million euros** For a detailed breakdown of added value and employment for all sea-related sectors see Annex 3; Annex 4 explains the differences in employment with national

maritime cluster studies

10 000 = 10 000 million euros of added value = 200 000 persons employed200 000

100

200

30100100

3 000

2 000

4 000

1 000

2 000

4 000

Area 1Area 1

36 700

29 700

10 100

197 500

82 600

25 900

136 700

42 100

230 700

76 200

6 400

196 100

21 600

38 900

7 600

128 100

110 000

117 000

29 000

80 400

48 300

253 600

3 700

300

400

14 900

6 900

800

7 400

2 900

16 000

3 400

300

900

13 300

400

900

9 900

12 900

3 100

1 000

1 000

3 200

20 200

300


ANNEX 2: STAR METHOD APPLIED WITH REGARD TO EMPLOYMENTIN TRADITIONAL MARITIME SECTORS ON EUROPEAN LEVEL*

Three-star regions in the traditional maritime sectors are Sud-Est (Ro), Pomorskie (Pl), Liguria (It), Haute-Normandie (Fr) and Vestlandet (No)

Stars based on strength indicators size, specialisation and focus**

Maritime employment(> 50 000)

Maritime employment

(25 000-50 000)

Maritime employment (< 25 000)

3 3 3

2 2 2

1 1 1

* Stars for regions on country-level are analysed in the country-reports** Detailed data on size, specialisation and focus of star-regions are provided in Annex 5

Region excels in three strength indicators

Region excels in two out of three strength

indicators

Region excels in one out of three strength

indicators

Area 1Area 1

PT

FR

DE

SE

FI

PL

CZ

AT

IT

SI

GR

SK

HU

RO

BG

ES

MTCY

IE

LU

33

2

3

3

2

2

2

2

2

22

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

11

1

1

1

1

1


In comparison to employment-stars in the traditional maritime sectors, value added stars shift to regions in north-western Europe

ANNEX 2: STAR METHOD APPLIED WITH REGARD TO ADDED VALUEIN TRADITIONAL MARITIME SECTORS ON EUROPEAN LEVEL

Stars based on strength indicators size, specialisation and focus

Maritime added value

(> € 3 billion)


(€ 2 - 3 billion)


(< € 2 billion)



indicators


indicators

3 3 3

2 2 2

1 1 1

Area 1Area 1

PT

FR

DE

SE

FI

PL

CZ

AT

IT

SI

GR

SK

HU

RO

BG

ES

MTCY

IE

LU

2

2

22

1

2

2

1

21

3

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

3

3

3

2

3

1

1


Top-10 countries account for more than 93% of total added value in Area 2

ANNEX 2: EUROPEAN OVERVIEW OF ADDED VALUE AND EMPLOYMENT IN COASTAL (AND MARINE) TOURISM


Added value*


* Added value is formulated in million euros** For a detailed breakdown of added value and employment for all sea-related sectors see Annex 3

2 000 = 2 000 million euros of added value = 300 000 persons employed300 000


€ 19 300


€ 19 30060

20

30

70

100

Area 2Area 2

9 700

72 700

30 600

73 300

48 0007 200

652 400

5 300

208 200

165 300

21 400

480 700

6 300

6 000

11 000

53 400

29 600

10 100

109 100

45 600

18 200

7 400

347 300

200

800

1 600

1 000

12 700

200

6 300

1 900

500

8 900

200

1 200

1 000

1 200

200

500

7 800

200


ANNEX 2: STAR METHOD APPLIED WITH REGARD TO EMPLOYMENTIN COASTAL TOURISM ON EUROPEAN LEVEL

Main regions in terms of employment in coastal tourism and recreation are situated in the Mediterranean




Maritime employment

(25 000-50 000)

Maritime employment (< 25 000)



indicators


indicators

PT

FR

DE

SE

FI

PL

CZ

AT

SI

SK

HU

RO

BG

ES

IE

LU

UK

NO

BE

3

3

3

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

11

11

1

1

Canarias (ES)

EE

LV

LT

3 3 3

2 2 2

1 1 1

Area 2Area 2


ANNEX 2: STAR METHOD APPLIED WITH REGARD TO ADDED VALUE IN COASTAL TOURISM ON EUROPEAN LEVEL

Analysis of the value added stars for Area 2 – coastal tourism – results in some additional stars in the north of Europe when compared to the employment stars



(> € 1 billion)


(€ 500 – 1 000 million)


(< € 500 million)



indicators


indicators

PT

FR

DE

SE

FI

PL

CZ

AT

SI

SK

HU

RO

BG

ES

IE

LU

UK

NO

BE

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

11

1

1

2

2

2

2 2

22

2

2

2

2

3

3

3 Canarias (ES)

NL

EE

LV

LT

3 3 3

2 2 2

1 1 1

Area 2Area 2


ANNEX 2: ADDED VALUE AND EMPLOYMENT OF THE MAJOR TEN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES IN FISHERIES

The top-10 countries account for almost 85% of employment and over 90% of value added in Area 3

EmploymentDirect (Σ direct) employment = 444 000 persons**

= 1 000 million euros of added value 50 000 = 50 000 persons employed

Added value*


1 000

* Added value is formulated in million euros** For a detailed breakdown of added value and employment for all sea-related sectors see Annex 3; Annex 4 explains the differences in employment with national

maritime cluster studies


€ 36 600


€ 36 600

120

80

60

5

3030

60

90

10

30

90

30

20

10

600

700

1 700

1 200

1 700

1 400

1 200

900

Area 3Area 3

16 400

14 100

6 700

87 300

2 700

64 700

37 700

10 600

48 000

6 600

10 600

9 000

16 700

19 900

33 200

10 600

4 000

33 500

2 300

700

2 900

3 100

1 200

600

2 100

400

1 200

200

700

200

1 500

700


ANNEX 2: STAR METHOD APPLIED WITH REGARD TO EMPLOYMENT IN FISHERIES ON EUROPEAN LEVEL

Main regions in terms of employment in fisheries are located at the Atlantic Ocean with Galicia (Es), Bretagne (Fr) and Algarve (Pt) as three-star regions

PT

FR

DE

SE

FI

PL

CZ

AT

IT

SI

SK

HU

RO

BG

ES

MTCY

IE

LU

UK

NO

BE

3

3

3

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1 1

1

1

1 1

1

1

1 1

1




Maritime employment

(5 000-10 000)

Maritime employment

(< 5 000)



indicators


indicators

3 3 3

2 2 2

1 1 1

Area 3Area 3


ANNEX 2: STAR METHOD APPLIED WITH REGARD TO ADDED VALUE IN FISHERIES ON EUROPEAN LEVEL

Compared to employment stars, value added stars for fisheries show about the same stars in southern Europe, but additional stars in north-western Europe

PT

FR

DE

SE

FI

PL

CZ

AT

IT

SI

SK

HU

RO

BG

ES

MTCY

IE

LU

UK

NO

BE

3

3

3

3

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2 1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

11

1

1

1

1

1

1



(> € 300 million)

Maritime added value(€ 200 – 300

million)


(< € 200 million)



indicators


indicators

3 3 3

2 2 2

1 1 1

Area 3Area 3


ANNEX 3: OVERVIEW OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE SEA-RELATED SECTORS IN ALL COUNTRIES

Employment in the sea-related sectors amounts to 2.25% of total employment in the European Union and Norway

Area 1 Area 2 Area 3

Σ= 1 920 000Σ= 444 000

* Shipping includes only EU-resident seafarers because although non-resident seafarers receive their income from EU-based companies, they – in general – transfer a very large share of that income to non-EU countries resulting in expenditures outside the EU; e.g. non-resident seafarers working for Dutch shipping companies amount to 13 710 (6 140 resident shipping personnel) and non-EU seafarers working for Italian-based companies amount to 14 000 (22 800 resident shipping personnel) (Source: Ecotec (2006))

Source: Policy Research based on Ecotec (2006) – Employment trends in all sectors related to the sea or using sea-resources, LEI (2006) – Employment in the fisheries sector, BIMCO/ISF (2005) – Manpower 2005 update, Eurostat – Industry, Trade and Services (Annual enterprise statistics) 2005, G.P. Wild and Business Research and Economic Advisors (2007) – Contribution of cruise tourism to the economies of Europe and Eurostat – Tourism indicators 2005

NavyMarine equipment Shipping Seaports Shipbuilding

Recreational boating

Offshore supply

Maritime services

Inland navigation

Maritime works

at Austria - 1 709 52 - 383 634 - - 379 -be Belgium 2 400 894 866 16 651 1 170 565 - 9 865 788 3 460bg Bulgaria 10 000 8 172 5 405 - 6 147 - - - - -cy Cyprus 330 - 5 100 3 909 157 407 - 116 - 97cz Czech Republic - - 689 - 512 114 - - 723 -de Germany 24 559 72 000 11 072 7 500 23 600 15 602 17 220 13 720 9 075 3 150dk Denmark 300 20 626 11 244 - 7 423 2 539 7 887 32 460 - 150ee Estonia 300 1 500 10 191 10 300 3 031 218 - 312 - -es Spain 47 300 14 523 10 506 35 000 8 953 17 920 - 1 562 227 742fi Finland 2 300 19 000 6 806 3 559 6 083 1 575 661 1 657 207 249fr France 55 293 30 000 18 240 27 259 30 764 24 000 26 800 11 041 3 454 3 564gr Greece 19 500 3 281 36 594 - 3 601 3 288 - 9 961 - -hu Hungary - - 2 027 - 411 179 - - 1 228 -ie Ireland - - 3 637 1 958 48 512 - 210 - 12it Italy 35 261 24 000 22 772 26 048 23 295 60 334 - 1 477 2 858 30lt Lithuania 644 - 6 428 2 730 4 967 40 3 514 1 738 141 1 426lu Luxembourg - - 917 - - - - 136 47 -lv Latvia 630 1 435 17 890 11 046 2 670 260 - 3 243 20 1 700mt Malta - - 118 5 536 1 763 200 - - - -nl Netherlands 14 500 13 140 6 140 27 130 10 090 12 160 18 750 9 550 11 500 5 100no Norway 3 700 9 646 18 036 2 200 27 729 - 40 000 8 700 31 -pl Poland 16 000 34 517 30 418 9 727 20 230 900 475 3 185 1 249 303pt Portugal 14 745 - 2 397 2 002 4 782 1 761 1 300 - 1 467 509ro Romania 6 800 17 709 13 327 18 000 19 855 - - - 3 097 1 575se Sweden 5 670 12 470 14 447 6 500 3 485 2 200 - 2 401 1 063 35si Slovenia - - 698 - 428 380 - 150 28 -sk Slovakia - - 578 - 950 55 - - 733 -uk United Kingdom 61 500 16 604 26 550 42 150 32 582 13 158 30 000 27 402 1 167 -Total 321 732 301 226 283 145 259 205 245 107 159 000 146 607 138 886 39 482 22 102

Σ=2 420 000

*Marine aggregates

----------

300----------------

2 5002 800

Coastal tourism Cruise tourism Fisheries

- 168 7349 707 - 1 743

72 653 - 89530 555 - 1 175

- - 2 26770 385 2 963 16 40947 950 67 14 060

7 198 - 6 700651 116 1 279 87 310

5 280 - 2 740207 634 606 64 712165 291 - 37 701

- 101 1 68021 158 236 10 584

468 612 12 086 47 9576 350 - 6 565

- - -5 976 - 10 580

11 000 - 1 44152 968 438 9 04925 881 3 670 16 700

9 795 269 19 923108 147 909 33 229

45 610 - 10 60018 061 101 3 955

7 393 - 623- 67 1 180

336 786 10 470 33 5342 385 505 33 430 444 046


Added value in the sea-related sectors amounts to 1.65% of total added value (GDP at market price) in the European Union and Norway


Σ= € 123.9 billionΣ= € 16.2 billion

ANNEX 3: OVERVIEW OF ADDED VALUE IN THE SEA-RELATED SECTORS IN ALL COUNTRIES

Σ= € 46.6 billion

Shipping SeaportsMarine equipment Navy Shipbuilding

Offshore supply

Maritime services


Maritime works

Inland navigation

at Austria 9 - 126 - 18 - - 35 - 21be Belgium 152 2 011 75 134 55 - 752 35 452 41bg Bulgaria 127 - 45 58 38 - - - - -cy Cyprus 159 260 - 10 4 - 5 - 7 -cz Czech Republic 90 - - - 4 - - 2 - 10de Germany 2 788 778 5 120 1 179 1 261 952 927 827 354 738dk Denmark 1 972 - 1 448 18 334 522 2 621 - 21 -ee Estonia 446 322 30 4 36 - 9 - - -es Spain 838 2 839 764 1 775 318 - 82 742 65 5fi Finland 437 395 1 412 118 290 36 95 89 30 8fr France 1 957 3 187 1 980 2 990 1 583 1 485 708 1 433 451 162gr Greece 2 125 - 96 695 99 - 363 - - -hu Hungary 266 - - - 3 - - 4 - 17ie Ireland 638 274 - - 2 - 19 - 2 -it Italy 2 535 2 794 1 610 1 749 1 158 - 65 3 304 3 120lt Lithuania 208 65 - 7 54 44 30 0 37 2lu Luxembourg 125 - - - - - 7 - - 6lv Latvia 456 236 27 6 23 - 90 3 39 0mt Malta 6 300 - - 40 - - - - -nl Netherlands 1 077 2 884 913 713 548 1 143 683 660 587 704no Norway 3 125 397 753 1 918 2 095 2 944 785 - - 2pl Poland 1 330 285 859 217 312 8 58 13 10 39pt Portugal 305 99 - 336 101 53 - 44 27 15ro Romania 312 266 164 47 125 - - - 25 24se Sweden 864 746 841 301 105 - 125 129 4 38si Slovenia 34 - - - 10 - 5 10 - 0sk Slovakia 11 - - - 7 - - 1 - 14uk United Kingdom 4 906 4 571 1 298 3 085 1 406 1 839 2 007 729 - 44Total 27 300 22 700 17 600 15 400 10 000 9 000 9 400 8 100 2 100 2 000

Marine aggregates

---

2 -4 -0 -

--

9 -4 -0 382 -6 -

-9 -

-- -2 -2 -4 -6 -

-6 -

-6 -

-4 -9 2940 300

Coastal tourism Cruise tourism Fisheries

- 17 33224 - 87185 - 5762 - 32

- - 341 245 373 7001 019 7 735

58 - 8512 652 51 2 889

170 - 1246 285 33 3 1001 879 - 1 182

- 7 26513 23 608

8 217 673 2 10924 - 63

- - -32 - 92

162 - 321 111 43 394

706 318 1 23660 6 243

1 139 58 666172 - 65466 3 186109 - 13

- 1 146 878 967 1 489

44 100 2 600 16 200


ANNEX 4: ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENCES IN EMPLOYMENT FIGURES PER COUNTRY

PRC-figures - Country figures

+ 6%+ 73 800+ 67 200+ 21 200+ 40 300+4 400+5 400- 61 200+ 7 000+ 15 800- 10 200- 16 100Total (28 countries)

+ 27 400

+ 3 900

- 23 700

- 7 600

- 7 100

+ 10 100

+ 21 000

Total

- 13 200

0

+ 2 900

- 21 900

- 21 000

(+1 600)

(+2 500)

Recre-ational

boating**

+ 11%+ 18 4000(+1 200)n.a.+ 17 10000+ 8 600+ 300- 5 000UK

+ 3%+ 3 900000000000Netherlands

- 11%+ 23 300(+47 300)(+200)(+ 700)- 63 000n.a.- 23 500+ 2 800- 13 900- 500Spain

- 3%+ 1 700- 4 000(+2 900)n.a.-1 200n.a.+ 6 900+ 11 300+ 400- 3 500Italy

- 2%+ 3 200- 4 700(+3 500)(+3 600)- 12 700- 500+ 21 800+ 1 000- 1 300France

+ 23%(+2 700)(+2 300)(+200)(+200)- 2 400+ 700+ 8 200- 6000- 2 800Finland

(+14 100)

Fishe-ries***

(+200)

Maritime works

n.a.

Inland navi-gation

n.a.

Seaports

(+ 300)

Navy and

coast-guard

0

Marine equip-ment

+ 6 600

Offshore

+ 22%+ 9000- 3 600Denmark

% of PRC-

figures

Shipbuil-ding**

Maritime services

Ship-ping*

Sector

Country****

Legend* Shipping excludes foreign seafarers** Shipbuilding includes yacht building and recreational boating includes the services related to yachts (e.g. renting)*** Fisheries includes fishing, aquaculture and fish processing (LEI figures)**** Denmark: offshore and coastal wind energy is excluded in country figures (source: Ministry of Economics and Business Affairs

(2006) – The Danish Maritime Cluster: an agenda for growth)Finland: marine equipment: not all equipment manufacturing companies are inquired to obtain country figures (source: Association of Finnish Maritime Industries (2003) – The Finnish maritime cluster)France: seaports include non-maritime port services in country figures (source: Cluster Maritime Français, 2005)Italy: source: Federazione del Mare (2006) – Rapporto sull’ economia del mareSpain: in country figures maritime services includes non-maritime part of services, shipbuilding includes indirect employment, marine equipment includes non-maritime part and ports include logistics (source: Spanish Maritime Cluster (2005) – Quantification and economic impact of the maritime sector and CEET estimates)The Netherlands: source: Policy Research Corporation (2006) – Economic monitor of Dutch maritime clusterUnited Kingdom: in country figures seaports exclude maritime port related services (source: Sea Vision UK, 2005)

∆ = PRC - Country figures+ = PRC > Country figure- = PRC < Country figure0 = PRC = Country figure( ) = not included in country figuresn.a. = not available



France

0

10 000

20 000

30 000

40 000

50 000

60 000

70 000

Fisheries* Navy andcoastguard**

Recreationalboating***

Ports**** Shipbuildingand marine

equipment***

Offshoresupply*****

Shipping****** Maritimeservices

Maritimeworks

Inlandnavigation

PRC-figures

Information from Cluster Maritime Français, 2005

- 1 300

+ 1 000

+ 21 800

- 500

- 12 700

+ 3 600 +3 500

- 4 700

- 21 000

+ 3 200

Pers

ons e

mpl

oyed

* Fisheries includes fishing, aquaculture and fish processing in PRC-figures (source: LEI figures)** Navy and coastguard includes all government action at sea (from sea rescue to aircraft carriers) in country figures; aircraft carriers are excluded in PRC-figures*** Shipbuilding includes yacht building and recreational boating includes the services related to yachts (e.g. renting) in PRC-figures**** Seaports include non-maritime port services in country figures***** Offshore supply includes a part of maritime services in country figures****** Shipping excludes foreign seafarers in PRC-figures

Total PRC figures – Total country figures = - 7 100 ( = 295 200 – 302 300)



Italy

* Shipbuilding and marine equipment includes yacht building and recreational boating includes the services related to yachts (e.g. renting) in PRC-figures; recreational boating in country figures is based upon direct and indirect effects of the sector and marine equipment is based upon indirect effects of shipbuilding industry in Federazione del Mare (2002) – Rapporto sull’ economia del mare

** Fisheries includes fishing, aquaculture and fish processing in PRC-figures (source: LEI figures)*** Navy and coastguard includes all government action at sea (from sea rescue to aircraft carriers) in country figures**** Ports include a part of maritime services***** Shipping excludes foreign seafarers in PRC-figures

Total PRC figures – Total country figures = - 7 600 (= 244 100 – 251 700)

0

10 000

20 000

30 000

40 000

50 000

60 000

70 000

80 000

90 000

Recreationalboating*

Fisheries** Navy andcoastguard***

Ports**** Marineequipment*

Shipbuilding* Shipping***** Inlandnavigation

Maritimeservices

Federazione del Mare (2006) – Rapporto sull’economia del mare

PRC-figures

Pers

ons e

mpl

oyed

+ 1 700

- 4 000

- 21 900

- 1 200+ 6 900 + 11 300 - 3 500

+ 2 900 + 400



Spain

Spanish Maritime Cluster (2005) – Quantification and economic impact of the maritime sector and CEET estimates

* Fisheries includes fishing, aquaculture and fish processing in PRC-figures (source: LEI figures)** Seaports include logistics in country figures*** Recreational boating includes services in PRC-figures, not yacht building **** Marine equipment includes non-maritime part in country figures***** Shipbuilding includes yacht building in PRC-figures****** Maritime services includes non-maritime part of services in country figures

Total PRC figures – Total country figures*

= - 23 700 ( = 224 000 – 247 700)

Pers

ons e

mpl

oyed

PRC-figures

0

10 000

20 000

30 000

40 000

50 000

60 000

70 000

80 000

90 000

100 000

Fisheries* Navy andcoastguard

Ports** Recreationalboating***

Marineequipment****

Shipping Shipbuilding***** Maritimeservices******

Maritimeworks

Inlandnavigation

Ecotec

* Commerce and distribution and other activities related are excluded in this figure; total country figure including these sectors amounts to 345 800


ANNEX 4: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EMPLOYMENT FIGURES FROM ECOTEC, PRC AND SPANISH MARITIME CLUSTER

345 848224 000177 700Total

48 178Not taken into accountNot taken into accountOther activities

50 000Not taken into accountNot taken into accountCommerce and distribution

Not taken into account

No data found

Not taken into account200Inland navigation

Not taken into account700700Maritime works

15 5001 6001 600Maritime services

6 1709 0005 400Shipbuilding

11 00010 5008 000Shipping

38 00014 50014 500Marine equipment

15 00017 90025 200Recreational boating

98 00035 00035 000Ports

Not taken into account47 300Navy and coastguard

64 00087 30087 300Fisheries

Spanish Maritime Cluster**PRC*Ecotec

* Source Fisheries: LEI (2006) – Employment in the fisheries sector; source Navy and coastguard: information on website of Spanish Armada (www.armada.mde.es); source Ports: Trade Union CC. OO (2005); source Recreational Boating: ICOMIA (2004) – Boating Industry Statistics; source Marine Equipment: Spanish Association of Marine Auxiliary Industries (2006); source Shipping: Bimco/ISF Manpower Update 2005; source Shipbuilding: Gernaval (2005); source Maritime Services: Southampton Solent University (2004) – Employment in the maritime service sector; source Maritime Works: DRACE (2005); source Inland Navigation: Eurostat Statistics 2005

** Source Fisheries; Seaports, Marine Equipment and Shipping: Spanish Maritime Cluster (2005) – Quantification and economic impact of the maritime sector; source recreational boating: CEET (2006) – Economic Impact of Recreational Boating; source Maritime Services, Commerce and Distribution and Other Activities: CEET estimates

http://www.armada.mde.es/


0

10 000

20 000

30 000

40 000

50 000

60 000

70 000

Navy andcoastguard

Ports* Fisheries** Shipbuilding*** Maritimeservices

Shipping**** Marineequipment

Recreationalboating***

Inlandnavigation


United Kingdom

Sea Vision UK, 2005

- 13 200+ 300

- 5 000+ 8 600

+ 1 200

+ 17 100

+ 18 400

* Seaports include logistics in country figures** Fisheries includes fishing, aquaculture and fish processing in PRC-figures (source: LEI figures)*** Shipbuilding includes yacht building and recreational boating includes the services related to yachts (e.g. renting) in PRC-figures**** Shipping excludes foreign seafarers in PRC-figures

Total PRC figures – Total country figures = + 27 400 (= 254 600 – 227 200)

Pers

ons e

mpl

oyed

PRC-figures


ANNEX 5: AREA 1 RESULTS TO BE INTEGRATED IN THE EUROPEAN CLUSTER OBSERVATORY’S DATABASE

0.21%

0.40%

0.59%

0.67%

0.70%

0.71%

0.91%

1.22%

1.26%

1.33%

1.35%

1.72%

2.12%

2.16%

1.14%

1.36%

1.54%

1.70%

1.89%

1.97%

2.03%

3.00%

3.11%

3.46%

4.31%

1.75%

2.40%

2.60%

4.19%

Size

StrongHigh28.61%0.71%59 757Area 1pl63 Pomorskie

StrongN/A10.67%0.75%4 106Area 1be23 Prov. Oost-Vlaanderen

StrongLow15.13%0.05%7 617Area 1mt Malta

StrongN/A16.29%0.08%11 392Area 1nl34 Zeeland

WeakMedium14.87%0.14%12 770Area 1de50 Bremen

StrongN/A11.71%0.93%13 516Area 1ukl1 West Wales and The Valleys

StrongMedium12.79%1.17%13 633Area 1ukc1 Tees Valley and Durham

Very strongLow14.09%0.07%17 507Area 1bg34 Yugoiztochen

Very strongHigh14.35%0.35%23 354Area 1no01 Oslo og Akershus

StrongHigh12.67%0.92%24 203Area 1ukj3 Hampshire and Isle of Wight

StrongHigh13.63%1.07%25 581Area 1be21 Prov. Antwerpen

StrongLow25.90%0.25%32 553Area 1pl42 ZachodniopomorskieWeakHigh29.58%0.24%29 598Area 1fi18 Etelä-Suomi

Very strongHigh28.04%1.21%26 096Area 1no04 Agder og RogalandStrongMedium25.71%2.86%21 950Area 1uke1 East Yorkshire and Northern LincolnshireWeakMedium13.28%0.39%41 503Area 1fr52 Bretagne

Very strongMedium13.23%0.48%40 634Area 1def0 Schleswig-Holstein

Very strongMedium14.26%0.29%25 852Area 1ee00 Estonia

WeakHigh12.02%0.40%32 988Area 1gr30 Attiki

StrongHigh22.83%2.36%36 200Area 1uki1 Inner London

WeakLow25.16%0.37%37 731Area 1de80 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

Very strongLow23.76%1.23%38 894Area 1lv Latvia

StrongMedium23.70%1.35%57 545Area 1fr82 Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur

Very strongHigh 23.86%4.58%66 491Area 1nl33 Zuid-Holland

StrongMedium23.00%6.41%82 632Area 1dk0 Denmark

Very strongHigh34.48%0.96%33 545Area 1fr23 Haute-Normandie

WeakMedium311.71%1.33%46 139Area 1no05 Vestlandet

49 864

80 366

Persons employed

3

3

Stars

Low

N/A

Innovation

0.76%

2.22%

Specialisation

8.04%

7.04%

Focus

StrongArea 1itc3 Liguria

WeakArea 1ro22 Sud-Est

ExportsCategoryNUTS II region


Very StrongN/A18.00%0.00%0.23%5 566Area 2gr41 Voreio AigaioStrongLow111.24%0.00%0.30%7 204Area 2fr83 Corse

0.45%0.57%0.57%0.65%1.00%1.01%1.24%1.26%1.39%1.39%1.46%1.51%1.55%1.89%1.99%1.64%1.69%1.85%1.96%1.99%2.22%2.35%3.24%3.94%4.12%6.87%1.77%3.52%3.66%

Size

StrongMedium24.19%0.56%78 391Area 2itd5 Emilia-Romagna

Very StrongLow17.41%0.01%11 000Area 2mt MaltaStrongHigh15.86%0.02%13 706Area 2ukk3 Cornwall and Isles of Scilly

Very strongN/A15.68%0.01%13 840Area 2gr25 PeloponnisosVery strongN/A117.29%0.01%15 684Area 2gr22 Ionia NisiaVery strongN/A120.14%0.02%24 243Area 2gr42 Notio AigaioVery strongN/A19.52%0.02%24 474Area 2gr43 Kriti

StrongHigh15.92%0.10%29 941Area 2ukk4 DevonVery StrongLow18.78%0.06%30 555Area 2cy00 CyprusVery StrongLow117.30%0.04%33 548Area 2pt15 Algarve

StrongMedium15.41%0.10%33 554Area 2itc3 Liguria

StrongMedium22.97%0.18%44 839Area 2ite1 ToscanaStrongLow22.37%0.15%40 894Area 2itf3 CampaniaStrongHigh24.38%0.17%39 789Area 2ukj3 Hampshire and Isle of WightWeakHigh11.74%0.08%48 017Area 2dk0 DenmarkWeakN/A14.00%0.09%45 610Area 2ro22 Sud-Est

Very strongN/A19.62%0.05%37 456Area 2bg33 Severoiztochen

Very StrongN/A18.22%0.05%35 197Area 2bg34 YugoiztochenStrongLow13.00%0.12%36 635Area 2itf4 Puglia

StrongLow23.23%0.21%47 505Area 2itg1 SiciliaStrongHigh23.81%0.26%48 138Area 2ukj2 Surrey, East and West SussexStrongMedium23.45%0.12%53 582Area 2fr82 Provence-Alpes-Côte d'AzurStrongMedium22.75%0.29%56 740Area 2itd3 Veneto

Very strongLow24.64%0.31%95 250Area 2es52 Comunidad ValencianaVery strongLow23.31%0.34%99 679Area 2es61 AndaluciaVery strongMedium25.05%0.93%166 161Area 2es51 Cataluña

StrongHigh35.42%0.20%42 891Area 2ukl1 West Wales and The Valleys85 19088 457

Persons employed

33

Stars

LowLow

Innovation

0.25%0.26%

Specialisation

18.20%10.58%

Focus

Very strongArea 2es53 Illes BalearsVery strongArea 2es70 Canarias (ES)




N/AN/A11.27%0.02%0.53%2 337Area 3nl23 FlevolandStrongN/A12.75%0.01%0.56%2 493Area 3gr22 Ionia Nisia

0.62%0.65%0.68%0.71%0.76%0.84%0.91%0.98%1.04%1.05%1.17%1.17%1.44%1.48%1.54%1.10%1.37%1.51%1.60%1.78%2.15%2.38%2.39%2.70%3.11%3.17%2.20%4.17%

10.24%

Size

N/AN/A20.93%0.28%10 600Area 3ro22 Sud-Est

Very strongN/A11.40%0.02%2 738Area 3no06 TrøndelagStrongN/A11.26%0.01%2 875Area 3gr11 Anatoliki Makedonia, Thraki

Very strongN/A11.35%0.02%3 009Area 3no07 Nord-NorgeStrongN/A11.29%0.02%3 154Area 3gr25 PeloponnisosWeakMedium11.29%0.05%3 375Area 3de50 BremenStrongN/A13.10%0.03%3 733Area 3gr42 Notio AigaioStrongLow11.70%0.03%4 056Area 3es13 CantabriaStrongN/A16.24%0.04%4 346Area 3gr41 Voreio AigaioStrongN/A12.12%0.07%4 612Area 3gr24 Sterea ElladaWeakMedium11.21%0.09%4 658Area 3uke1 East Yorkshire and Northern Lincolnshire

StrongMedium21.10%0.09%6 700Area 3ee00 EstoniaWeakMedium21.12%0.21%6 063Area 3fr25 Basse-NormandieWeakMedium22.29%0.12%4 887Area 3ukm6 Highlands and IslandsStrongMedium10.21%0.08%6 841Area 3es51 Cataluña

Very strongLow10.45%0.08%6 565Area 3lt LithuaniaWeakLow10.52%0.08%6 401Area 3itf4 Puglia

WeakMedium11.79%0.06%5 184Area 3ukm5 North Eastern ScotlandWeakMedium10.33%0.10%5 187Area 3fr51 Pays de la Loire

WeakLow21.02%0.09%7 104Area 3pl63 PomorskieStrongLow20.44%0.10%7 892Area 3pt11 NorteWeakMedium21.23%1.71%9 532Area 3fr53 Poitou-Charentes

Very strongLow21.02%0.23%10 580Area 3lv Latvia

WeakLow20.82%0.27%12 005Area 3itg1 SiciliaStrongLow20.46%0.27%13 821Area 3es61 Andalucia

Very strongHigh20.51%0.43%14 060Area 3dk0 DenmarkStrongLow35.03%1.04%9 754Area 3pt15 Algarve

18 50245 487

Persons employed

33

Stars

MediumLow

Innovation

0.99%4.38%

Specialisation

1.46%4.03%

Focus

WeakArea 3fr52 BretagneStrongArea 3es11 Galicia




ANNEX 5: CLUSTER ORGANISATIONS TO BE INTEGRATED IN THE EUROPEAN CLUSTER OBSERVATORY’S DATABASE

www.espo.beESPO - European Sea Ports AssociationEuropeSea-related sectors

www.marine-south-west.org.ukMarine South WestSouth West EnglandSea-related sectorswww.maritimt-forum.noMaritimt Forum South East NorwaySouth East NorwaySea-related sectorswww.marinesoutheast.co.ukMarine South EastSouth East EnglandSea-related sectorswww.maritimes-cluster.deMaritime Cluster in Schleswig-HolsteinSchleswig-HolsteinSea-related sectorswww.polemerpaca.comPôle Mer Provence, Alpes, Côte d’AzurProvende, Alpes, Côte d'AzurSea-related sectorsn.a.Polish Maritime Network InstitutePolandSea-related sectorswww.maritimeplymouth.co.ukMaritime PlymouthPlymouthSea-related sectorswww.oslo.teknopol.noOslo Maritime NetworkOsloSea-related sectorswww.maritimt-forum.noMaritimt ForumNorwaySea-related sectorswww.merseymaritime.co.ukMaritime MerseysideMerseysideSea-related sectors

www.haven-gateway.orgHaven Gateway Public/Private PartnershipEssex and East AngliaSea-related sectorswww.meriliitto.fiAssociation of Finnish Maritime IndustriesFinlandSea-related sectorswww.cluster-maritime.frCluster Maritime FrançaisFranceSea-related sectorswww.bmwi.deBundesministerium für Wirtshaft und TechnologieGermanySea-related sectorswww.maritimt-forum.noMaritimt Forum HaugalandetHaugalandetSea-related sectorswww.federazionedelmare.itFederazione del MareItalySea-related sectors

n.a.Maritime Cluster in Mecklenburg-VorpommernMecklenburg-VorpommernSea-related sectorswww.maritimelondon.comLondon MaritimeLondonSea-related sectors

www.dma.dkDanish Maritime Authority / Maritime Development Centre of EuropeDenmarkSea-related sectors

www.pole-mer-bretagne.comPôle Mer BretagneBretagneSea-related sectors

www.maritimebergen.noMaritimt Forum BergenBergenSea-related sectorswww.europeche.orgEuropêcheEuropeSea-related sectors

www.emec-marine-equipment.orgEMEC - European Marine Equipment CouncilEuropeSea-related sectorswww.ecsa.beECSA - European Community Shipowner’s AssociationsEuropeSea-related sectorswww.ecni.orgECNI - European Confederation of Nautical IndustriesEuropeSea-related sectorswww.cesa-shipbuilding.orgCESA - Community of European Shipyards AssociationsEuropeSea-related sectors

MIF - Maritime Industries ForumENMC - European Network of Maritime Clusters

Cluster organisation

www.mif-eu.orgEuropeSea-related sectorswww.european-network-of-maritime-clusters.euEuropeSea-related sectors

WebsiteRegionCluster category


FR

North SeaNL

Brussels

ANNEX 6: EMPLOYMENT IN ALL SEA-RELATED SECTORS ON NUTS II-LEVEL IN BELGIUM

Belgium employs 36 700 persons in Area 1, 9 700 persons in Area 2 and1 700 persons in Area 3

Employment figures for Belgium in all Areas

Employment figures for Belgium in all Areas

36 700

9 700

1 700

0

5 000

10 000

15 000

20 000

25 000

30 000

35 000

40 000


Pers

ons e

mpl

oyed

Source: Policy Research based on Ecotec (2006) – Employment trends in all sectors related to the sea or using sea-resources, Vlaamse Havencommissie (2005) –Jaaroverzicht van de Vlaamse Havens 2005, BIMCO/ISF (2005) – Manpower 2005 update, and Eurostat – Industry, Trade and Services (Annual enterprise statistics) 2005, Eurostat – Maritime Transport 2005, Eurostat – Tourism indicators 2005, and LEI (2006) – Employment in the fisheries sector

4 100

25 600

7 000 9 700 1 700

∑ = 48 100

Belgium

Area 1: Traditional maritime sectorsArea 2: Coastal (and marine) tourism and recreationArea 3: Fisheries



ANNEX 6: EMPLOYMENT IN SEA-RELATED SECTORS ON NUTS II-LEVEL IN BULGARIA

Bulgaria employs 29 700 persons in Area 1, 72 700 persons in Area 2 and900 persons in Area 3

Employment figures for Bulgaria in all Areas

Employment figures for Bulgaria in all Areas

Source: Policy Research based on Houthoff Buruma and Policy Research (2007) – IPR Shipbuilding study, BIMCO/ISF (2005) – Manpower 2005 update, Eurostat –Maritime Transport Statistics 2005, Eurostat – Industry, Trade and Services (Annual enterprise statistics) 2005, Eurostat – Tourism indicators 2005, and United Nations (2004) – Fishery country profile

17 50035 200

500

29 700

72 700

9000

10 000

20 000

30 000

40 000

50 000

60 000

70 000

80 000


Pers

ons e

mpl

oyed

12 200

37 500

400

∑ = 103 300

Bulgaria




Employment figures for Cyprus in all Areas

Employment figures for Cyprus in all Areas

ANNEX 6: EMPLOYMENT IN SEA-RELATED SECTORS ON NUTS II-LEVEL IN CYPRUS

Cyprus employs 10 100 persons in Area 1, 30 600 persons in Area 2 and1 200 persons in Area 3

Source: Policy Research based on Ecotec (2006) – Employment trends in all sectors related to the sea or using sea-resources, Houthoff Buruma and Policy Research (2007) – IPR Shipbuilding study, BIMCO/ISF (2005) – Manpower 2005 update, Eurostat – Tourism indicators 2005, and LEI (2006) – Employment in the fisheries sector

10 100

30 600

1 200

0

5 000

10 000

15 000

20 000

25 000

30 000

35 000


Pers

ons e

mpl

oyed

10 10030 600

1 200

∑ = 41 900

Cyprus




DE

Baltic Sea

Kattegat

Skagerrak

Copenhagen

Employment figures for Denmark in all Areas

Employment figures for Denmark in all Areas

ANNEX 6: EMPLOYMENT IN SEA-RELATED SECTORS ON NUTS II-LEVEL IN DENMARK

82 600

48 000

14 100

82 600

48 000

14 100

0

10 000

20 000

30 000

40 000

50 000

60 000

70 000

80 000

90 000


Pers

ons e

mpl

oyed

Denmark employs 82 600 persons in Area 1, 48 000 persons in Area 2 and14 100 persons in Area 3

Source: Policy Research based on Ecotec (2006), the Danish Maritime Authority (2007) – Fakta om søfart, Eurostat – Tourism indicators 2005 and LEI (2006) –Employment in the fisheries sector

∑ = 144 700

Denmark




Employment figures for Estonia in all Areas

Employment figures for Estonia in all Areas

ANNEX 6: EMPLOYMENT IN SEA-RELATED SECTORSON NUTS II-LEVEL IN ESTONIA

Estonia employs 25 900 persons in Area 1, 7 200 persons in Area 2 and6 700 persons in Area 3


25 9007 200 6 700

25 900

7 200 6 700

0

5 000

10 000

15 000

20 000

25 000

30 000


Pers

ons e

mpl

oyed

∑ = 39 800

Estonia




ANNEX 6: EMPLOYMENT IN SEA-RELATED SECTORS ON NUTS II-LEVEL IN FINLAND

Finland employs 42 100 persons in Area 1, 5 300 persons in Area 2 and2 700 persons in Area 3

Employment figures for Finland in all Areas*

Employment figures for Finland in all Areas*

42 100

5 3002 700

0

5 000

10 000

15 000

20 000

25 000

30 000

35 000

40 000

45 000


Pers

ons e

mpl

oyed

10 400500 1 200

* Annex 4 shows the differences in employment with the Finnish maritime cluster studies; in this country map only the most significant regions with regard to employ-ment in Area 1, 2 and/or 3 are shown; hence the sum of employment figures shown in this map is somewhat lower than total employment in Area 1, 2 and/or 3

Source: Policy Research based on Ecotec (2006) – Employment trends in all sectors related to the sea or using sea-resources, Houthoff Buruma and Policy Research (2007) – IPR Shipbuilding study, BIMCO/ISF (2005) – Manpower 2005 update, CESA – Annual Report 2006-2007, Eurostat – Industry, Trade and Services (Annual enterprise statistics) 2005, Eurostat – Tourism indicators 2005, and LEI (2006) – Employment in the fisheries sector

∑ = 50 100

29 600

3 400 600

Finland




Paris

Employment figures for France in all Areas*

Employment figures for France in all Areas*

ANNEX 6: EMPLOYMENT IN SEA-RELATED SECTORS ON NUTS II-LEVEL IN FRANCE

57 40053 600

2 100

22 30012 5004 600

41 50030 400

18 500

20 80014 1005 500

33 40011 3002 400

20 00010 3006 100

16 00017 8005 200

7 70012 3009 500

6 10026 100

4 400

1 400 7 200 400

France employs 230 700 persons in Area 1, 208 200 persons in Area 2 and64 700 persons in Area 3

* Annex 4 explains the differences in employment with the French maritime cluster study; in this country map only the most significant regions with regard to employ-ment in Area 1, 2 and/or 3 are shown; hence the sum of employment figures shown in this map is somewhat lower than total employment in Area 1, 2 and/or 3

Source: Policy Research based on Ecotec (2006) – Employment trends in all sectors related to the sea or using sea-resources, Information of French Maritime Cluster organisation, L’Insee (2006) – Ports Maritimes Autonomes, Eurostat – Tourism indicators 2005 and LEI (2006) – Employment in the fisheries sector

∑ = 503 600

France



230 700

208 200

64 700

0

50 000

100 000

150 000

200 000

250 000


Pers

onse

mpl

oyed


Berlin

Employment figures for Germany in all Areas*

Employment figures for Germany in all Areas*

ANNEX 6: EMPLOYMENT IN SEA-RELATED SECTORS ON NUTS II-LEVEL IN GERMANY

197 500

73 300

16 400

0

50 000

100 000

150 000

200 000

250 000


Pers

ons e

mpl

oyed

40 60025 300

2 900

25 30012 300

1 800

37 70026 100

1 90027 100

800

12 800800 3 400

Germany employs 197 500 persons in Area 1, 73 300 persons in Area 2 and16 400 persons in Area 3

* In this country map only the most significant regions with regard to employment in Area 1, 2 and/or 3 are shown; hence the sum of employment figures shown in this map is somewhat lower than total employment in Area 1, 2 and/or 3

Source: Policy Research based on information of German maritime cluster organisation, Ecotec (2006) – Employment trends in all sectors related to the sea or using sea-resources, Zentralverband der deutschen Seehafenbetriebe (2005) – Seegüterumschlag ausgewählter Häfen, and Eurostat – Tourism Indicators 2005 and LEI (2006) –Employment in the fisheries sector

∑ = 286 900

45 000

Germany




ANNEX 6: EMPLOYMENT IN SEA-RELATED SECTORS ON NUTS II-LEVEL IN GREECE

Employment figures for Greece in all areas*

Employment figures for Greece in all areas*

Ionian Sea

Aegean Sea

Athens

5 90024 500

1 800

2 50024 200

3 700

200 5 600 4 300

33 000

4 700

5 500 7 800 4 60070015 700

2 500

10 600

35 900

5 100

76 200

165 300

37 700

0

20 000

40 000

60 000

80 000

100 000

120 000

140 000

160 000

180 000


Pers

ons e

mpl

oyed

Greece employs 76 200 persons in Area 1, 165 300 persons in Area 2 and37 700 persons in Area 3

* In the country maps only the most significant regions with regard to employment in Area 1, 2 and/or 3 are shown; hence the employment shown in this and following maps is somewhat lower than employment in Area 1, 2 and/or 3


∑ = 279 200

Greece




Employment figures for Ireland in all Areas

Employment figures for Ireland in all Areas

ANNEX 6: EMPLOYMENT IN SEA-RELATED SECTORS ON NUTS II-LEVEL IN IRELAND

Ireland employs 6 400 persons in Area 1, 21 400 persons in Area 2 and10 600 persons in Area 3


6 400

21 400

10 600

0

5 000

10 000

15 000

20 000

25 000


Pers

ons e

mpl

oyed

6 100 14 900 5 700

300 6 500 4 900

∑ = 38 400

Ireland




Rome

Employment figures for Italy in all Areas*Employment figures for Italy in all Areas*

ANNEX 6: EMPLOYMENT IN SEA-RELATED SECTORS ON NUTS II-LEVEL IN ITALY

196 100

480 700

48 000

0

100 000

200 000

300 000

400 000

500 000

600 000


Pers

ons e

mpl

oyed

49 90033 600

1 400

18 500

56 700

3 800

7 200

78 400

2 900

20 70044 800

1 500

10 900

40 900

3 40012 500

36 600

6 400

9 600

47 500

12 000

13 60026 300

3 800

Italy employs 196 100 persons in Area 1, 480 700 persons in Area 2 and48 000 persons in Area 3

* Annex 4 explains the differences in employment with the Italian maritime cluster studies; in this country map only the most significant regions with regard to employ-ment in Area 1, 2 and/or 3 are shown; hence the sum of employment figures shown in this map is somewhat lower than total employment in Area 1, 2 and/or 3

Source: Source: Policy Research based on Ecotec (2006) – Employment trends in all sectors related to the sea or using sea-resources, Federazione del Mare (2006) –Rapporto sull’economia del mare, Assoporti and Censis (2008) – Analisi dell’ impatto economico e occupazionale dei porti commerciali italiani – La nautica in cifre, UCINA (2007), Information on website of Assonave, Eurostat – Tourism indicators 2005, and LEI (2006) – Employment in the fisheries sector

10 500 1 500

26 500

20 4001 300

21 100

2 900 3 50017 600

∑ = 724 80011 900 2 800

25 800

Italy




Employment figures for Latvia in all Areas

Employment figures for Latvia in all Areas

ANNEX 6: EMPLOYMENT IN SEA-RELATED SECTORS ON NUTS II-LEVEL IN LATVIA

Latvia employs 38 900 persons in Area 1, 6 000 persons in Area 2 and10 600 persons in Area 3


38 900

6 000

10 600

0

5 000

10 000

15 000

20 000

25 000

30 000

35 000

40 000

45 000


Pers

ons e

mpl

oyed

38 900

6 000 10 600

∑ = 55 500

Latvia




Employment figures for Lithuania in all Areas

Employment figures for Lithuania in all Areas

ANNEX 6: EMPLOYMENT IN SEA-RELATED SECTORS ON NUTS II-LEVEL IN LITHUANIA

Lithuania employs 21 600 persons in Area 1, 6 300 persons in Area 2 and6 600 persons in Area 3


21 6006 300 6 600

21 600

6 300 6 600

0

5 000

10 000

15 000

20 000

25 000


Pers

ons e

mpl

oyed

∑ = 34 500

Lithuania




Employment figures for Malta in all Areas

Employment figures for Malta in all Areas

ANNEX 6: EMPLOYMENT SEA-RELATED SECTORS ON NUTS II-LEVEL IN MALTA

Malta employs 7 600 persons in Area 1, 11 000 persons in Area 2 and1 400 persons in Area 3


7 600

11 000

1 400

0

2 000

4 000

6 000

8 000

10 000

12 000


Pers

ons e

mpl

oyed

Mediterranean Sea

7 600 11 000 1 400

∑ = 20 000

Malta




North

Sea

Employment figures for the Netherlands in all Areas*

Employment figures for the Netherlands in all Areas*

ANNEX 6: EMPLOYMENT IN SEA-RELATED SECTORSON NUTS II-LEVEL IN THE NETHERLANDS

The Netherlands employ 128 100 persons in Area 1, 53 400 persons in Area 2 and 9 000 persons in Area 3

128 100

53 400

9 000

0

20 000

40 000

60 000

80 000

100 000

120 000

140 000


Pers

ons e

mpl

oyed

66 500

15 5001 600

25 00023 4001 700

600 2 300

11 4006 000 1 200

* Annex 4 explains the differences in employment with the Dutch maritime cluster study; in this country map only the most significant regions with regard to employment in Area 1, 2 and/or 3 are shown; hence the sum of employment figures shown in this map is somewhat lower than total employment in Area 1, 2 and/or 3

Source: Policy Research Corporation (2006) – Economic Monitor of the Dutch Maritime Cluster, Information from members of Scheepsbouw Nederland (VNSI and HME), Nationale Havenraad (2005), Eurostat, Tourism Indicators 2005 and LEI (2006)

∑ = 190 500

The Netherlands




SE

Norweg

ian S

ea

Employment figures for Norway in all Areas*

Employment figures for Norway in all Areas*

ANNEX 6: EMPLOYMENT IN SEA-RELATED SECTORS ON NUTS II-LEVEL IN NORWAY

110 000

29 600

16 700

0

20 000

40 000

60 000

80 000

100 000

120 000


Pers

ons e

mpl

oyed

46 100

5 600 4 500

23 3007 500 1 100

26 1005 000 2 700

Norway employs 110 000 persons in Area 1, 29 600 persons in Area 2 and16 700 persons in Area 3


Source: Policy Research, also based on Maritimt Forum (2007) – Maritim Verdiskapingsbok, Statistics Norway, and Houthoff Buruma and Policy Research (2007) – IPR Shipbuilding study and Eurostat

∑ = 156 300

2 900 2 7003 100

7 800 3 0004 100

Norway




DE Warsaw

Baltic SeaEmployment figures for Poland in all

Areas*Employment figures for Poland in all

Areas*

ANNEX 6: EMPLOYMENT IN SEA-RELATED SECTORS ON NUTS II-LEVEL IN POLAND

59 800

5 400 7 100

32 600

4 700 5 000

117 000

10 10019 900

0

20 000

40 000

60 000

80 000

100 000

120 000

140 000


Pers

ons e

mpl

oyed

Poland employs 117 000 persons in Area 1, 10 100 persons in Area 2 and19 900 persons in Area 3



∑ = 147 000

Poland




ANNEX 6: EMPLOYMENT IN SEA-RELATED SECTORS ON NUTS II-LEVEL IN PORTUGAL

Portugal employs 29 000 persons in Area 1, 109 100 persons in Area 2 and33 200 persons in Area 3

Employment figures for Portugal in all Areas*

Employment figures for Portugal in all Areas*

29 000

109 100

33 200

0

20 000

40 000

60 000

80 000

100 000

120 000


Pers

ons e

mpl

oyed

11 600 21 2002 800

3 20019 500

5 500

100

33 5009 800

5 600 9 600 7 900


Source: Policy Research based on Ecotec (2006) – Employment trends in all sectors related to the sea or using sea-resources, BIMCO/ISF (2005) – Manpower 2005 update, Members of Associação das Indústrias Marítimas, Eurostat – Maritime Transport Statistics 2005, Eurostat – Industry, Trade and Services (Annual enterprise statistics) 2005, Eurostat – Tourism indicators 2005, and LEI (2006) – Employment in the fisheries sector

∑ = 171 300

Portugal




Bucharest

ANNEX 6: EMPLOYMENT IN SEA-RELATED SECTORS ON NUTS II-LEVEL IN ROMANIA

Romania employs 80 400 persons in Area 1, 45 600 persons in Area 2 and10 600 persons in Area 3

Employment figures for Romania in all Areas

Employment figures for Romania in all Areas

Source: Policy Research based on Houthoff Buruma and Policy Research (2007) – IPR Shipbuilding study, European Foundation for the improvement of living and working conditions (2008) – Article concerning port workers in Romania, BIMCO/ISF (2005) – Manpower 2005 update, Eurostat – Industry, Trade and Services (Annual enterprise statistics) 2005, Eurostat – Tourism indicators 2005, and United Nations (2004) – Fishery country profile

80 400

45 600

10 600

0

10 000

20 000

30 000

40 000

50 000

60 000

70 000

80 000

90 000


Pers

ons e

mpl

oyed

80 400

45 600

10 600

∑ = 136 600

Romania




Employment figures for Slovenia in all Areas

Employment figures for Slovenia in all Areas

ANNEX 6: EMPLOYMENT IN SEA-RELATED SECTORS ON NUTS II-LEVEL IN SLOVENIA

Slovenia employs 1 700 persons in Area 1, 7 400 persons in Area 2 and600 persons in Area 3


1 700

7 400

600

0

1 000

2 000

3 000

4 000

5 000

6 000

7 000

8 000


Pers

ons e

mpl

oyed

1 700 7 400 600

∑ = 9 700

Slovenia




Madrid

Employment figures for Spain in all Areas*

Employment figures for Spain in all Areas*

ANNEX 6: EMPLOYMENT IN SEA-RELATED SECTORS ON NUTS II-LEVEL IN SPAIN

136 700

652 400

87 300

0

100 000

200 000

300 000

400 000

500 000

600 000

700 000


Pers

ons e

mpl

oyed

14 100

88 500

4 900 28 700

99 700

13 800

6 900

85 200

1 3009 700

95 200

5 700

17 000 6 800

166 2008 200

38 300

5 20018 30039 10045 500 1 500

11 6004 100

Spain employs 136 700 persons in Area 1, 652 400 persons in Area 2 and87 300 persons in Area 3

13 6003 20012 300

* Annex 4 explains the differences in employment with the Spanish maritime cluster study; in this country map only the most significant regions with regard to employment in Area 1, 2 and/or 3 are shown; hence the sum of employment figures shown in this map is somewhat lower than total employment in Area 1, 2 and/or 3

Source: Policy Research based on Ecotec (2006) – Employment trends in all sectors related to the sea or using sea-resources, Cluster Maritimo Español (2005) Quantification and economic impact of the maritime sector, Information of Uninave and Asociación Española de Industrias Auxiliares Marítimas, Puertos del Estado (2005) – Anuario Estadístico, Eurostat – Tourism Indicators 2005, and LEI (2006) – Employment in the fisheries sector

∑ = 876 400

Spain




ANNEX 6: EMPLOYMENT IN SEA-RELATED SECTORS ON NUTS II-LEVEL IN SWEDEN

Sweden employs 48 300 persons in Area 1, 18 200 persons in Area 2 and4 000 persons in Area 3

Employment figures for Sweden in all Areas*

Employment figures for Sweden in all Areas*

9 600 5 700 700

22 5002 400 2 300

48 300

18 200

4 000

0

10 000

20 000

30 000

40 000

50 000

60 000


Pers

ons e

mpl

oyed


Source: Policy Research based on Ecotec (2006) – Employment trends in all sectors related to the sea or using sea-resources, Houthoff Buruma and Policy Research (2007) – IPR Shipbuilding study, BIMCO/ISF (2005) – Manpower 2005 update, Members of Sweden Ocean Industry Group, and Eurostat – Industry, Trade and Services (Annual enterprise statistics) 2005, Eurostat – Tourism indicators 2005, and LEI (2006) – Employment in the fisheries sector

∑ = 70 500

Sweden




Employment figures for United Kingdom in all Areas*

Employment figures for United Kingdom in all Areas*

ANNEX 6: EMPLOYMENT IN SEA-RELATED SECTORSON NUTS II-LEVEL IN UNITED KINGDOM

35 900

3 100 8 100 5 200

13 300

42 900

1 000

8 80029 900

1 30010 400

26 800

500

24 00039 800

400

4 200

48 100

800

21 5005 400 4 700

United Kingdom employs 253 600 persons in Area 1, 347 300 persons in Area 2 and 33 500 persons in Area 3

* Annex 4 explains the differences in employment with the maritime cluster study of UK; in this country map only the most significant regions with regard to employment in Area 1, 2 and/or 3 are shown; hence the sum of employment figures shown in this map is somewhat lower than total employment in Area 1, 2 and/or 3

Source: Policy Research based on Ecotec (2006) – Employment trends in all sectors related to the sea or using sea-resources, SeaVision UK - Statistics, DTI (2001) – The UK marine equipment industry, Eurostat – Maritime Transport 2005, Eurostat – Tourism indicators 2005 and LEI (2006) – Employment in the fisheries sector

∑ = 634 400

13 5002 600

12 700

15 6001002 100

15 80011 600900

13 3004008 100

United Kingdom



253 600

347 300

33 500

0

50 000

100 000

150 000

200 000

250 000

300 000

350 000

400 000


Pers

onse

mpl

oyed


ANNEX 6: EMPLOYMENT IN ALL AREAS ON NUTS II-LEVEL IN LANDLOCKED COUNTRIES

Hungary and Austria have highest employment in Area 1; the Czech Republic has highest employment in Area 3 compared to the other European landlocked countries

* Employment in Area 2 in landlocked countries is achieved in the cruise tourism sector** Employment in Area 3 in landlocked countries is achieved in fish processing and aquacultureSource: Policy Research based on Ecotec (2006) – Employment trends in all sectors related to the sea or using sea-resources, BIMCO/ISF (2005) – Manpower 2005 update, Eurostat – Industry, Trade and Services (Annual enterprise statistics) 2005, and Policy Research based on LEI (2006) – Employment in the fisheries sector

Employment figures for Czech Republic in all Areas

Employment figures for Czech Republic in all Areas

Employment figures for Austria in all Areas

Employment figures for Austria in all Areas

Employment figures for Luxembourg in all AreasEmployment figures for Luxembourg in all Areas

Employment figures for Slovakia in all Areas

Employment figures for Slovakia in all Areas

Employment figures for Hungary in all Areas

Employment figures for Hungary in all Areas

2 000

0

2 300

0

500

1 000

1 500

2 000

2 500

3 000

3 500

4 000


Pers

ons e

mpl

oyed

1 100

0 00

500

1 000

1 500

2 000

2 500

3 000

3 500

4 000


Pers

ons e

mpl

oyed

Area 1: Traditional maritime sectorsArea 2: Coastal (and marine) tourism and recreation*

Area 3: Fisheries**

Area 1: Traditional maritime sectorsArea 2: Coastal (and marine) tourism and recreation*

Area 3: Fisheries**

3 200

200

700

0

500

1 000

1 500

2 000

2 500

3 000

3 500

4 000


Pers

ons e

mpl

oyed

2 300

100

1 200

0

500

1 000

1 500

2 000

2 500

3 000

3 500

4 000


Pers

ons e

mpl

oyed

3 800

100

1 700

0

500

1 000

1 500

2 000

2 500

3 000

3 500

4 000


Pers

ons e

mpl

oyed

Landlocked countries


ANNEX 7: RELEVANT EU POLICY FOR (MARITIME) CLUSTERS

EU policy & initiatives relevant for (maritime) clusters and sectors (non-exhaustive overview):

• 7th Framework Programme for Research and Development• Structural funds• ‘Regions of knowledge’ programme, aiming to strengthen the research potential of European

regions• Framework Programmes• Marine and Maritime Research Strategy• LeaderSHIP 2015• Europe INNOVA: focus on the joint development of new or better tools used by cluster

organisations in support of innovative SMEs• PRO INNO Europe initiative: foster trans-national cooperation between cluster policies at

policy or programme level• Marine Strategy Framework Directive• Communication on Maritime Policy in Member States• PAXIS initiative, aiming at identifying good practice examples and developing tool boxes for

establishing cluster initiatives

Additional information: http://europa.ec.eu/maritimeaffairs and Commission staff working document ‘The concept of cluster policies and their role for competitiveness and innovation: main statistical results and lessons learned’ (COM (2008) 652)

http://europa.ec.eu/maritimeaffairs


ANNEX 7: MAIN TRENDS & POLICIES IN THE NATIONAL MARITIME CLUSTERS IN EUROPE*

Far East attracts maritime companies (mainly service companies)

Implementation of State aid guidelines on maritime transport to provide a favourable tax environment to ship owners

‘Flagging-in’ of shipsCompetition from open-register countries

Among others improving accessibility of port of Antwerp by deepening the River Scheldt (BE), development of terminals Port 2000 at Le Havre and Fos 2XL at Marseille-Fos (FR), development of new terminals on Maasvlakte 2 (NL)

Expand and improve seaports (e.g. BE, FR, GR, IT, NL)

Growth of seaports and worldwide competition for trade

Establishment of organisations that promote the maritime activities to the public

Promotion of the maritime clusterLow awareness of the importance of the maritime sectors

Research on sustainability issues and possible improvementsFocus on sustainable developmentIncreasing awareness and know how of negative external effects on environment

Increase inflow and improve education:– Promote working in the cluster/industry– Establishment of maritime schools/academies and

training facilities– Recruitment of (foreign) labour forces (e.g. NL, NO)– Norway finances recruitment through a foundation that

consists of a share of the taxes of shipping employees

Solve HR-problems by:– Increase inflow by promotion of jobs in the

maritime cluster– Stimulation of maritime education

Recruitment problems, especially in shipping and the offshore industry

Establishment of RDI programmes and subsidies:– Mostly through government programmes (State Aid) (e.g.

DE, DK)– Norway: exclusively private R&D

Stimulation of RDI by companies, sector associations and governments

Increasing focus on innovation, in view of raising competitiveness of EU businesses at global level (especially in manufacturing)

Policy measuresPoliciesTrends

Maritime cluster policies mainly focus on the competitiveness of the clusters through promotion and support for innovation and education

* Trends and policies in the national maritime clusters are based on the trends and policies (+ sources) provided in ’Background country reports’


ANNEX 7: MAIN TRENDS & POLICIES IN EUROPEAN SHIPBUILDING AND MARINE EQUIPMENT

Policy: EC (DG ENTR) focuses on measures aiming at the improvement of competitiveness (strong competition from Asia) and, in particular, support for innovationSector Initiative: EMEC (marine equipment) established an R&D working group (EMECRID), which will regularly publish the sector vision on R&D topics and priorities in a pre-competitive stage (source: EMEC, 2008)

Complex and comprehensive interaction in shipbuilding projects between yards, suppliers, owners, classification societies, universities and other service providers increases chances for the leakage of knowledge; amongst others current difficulties with regard to enforcement of IPR should be overcome

Sector Initiative: EMEC (marine equipment): focus on effective implementation of enforcement legislationSector Initiative: CESA has identified the main contributors to knowledge leaking (source: CESA, 2007)Recommendation: Protect intellectual property rights (IPR) through (source: Houthoff Buruma & PRC (2007):

– Making better use of existing measures– Tackling enforcement and IP-leakage issues

European shipbuilders shift to the production of specialised ships (e.g. cruise, ferry, feeder, dredging) through advanced technological solutions, not through low costs*

Competition from Asian countries, especially in ships that are relatively lesscomplex to buildNon-EU competitors often may rely on advanced state-supported financing instruments

European shipbuilding is focusing on knowledge intensive production

Trends Policies

* See trends in Background Country Reports of Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Norway, the Netherlands and, SpainSources: Leadership 2015, High-level advisory group to the European Commission (2003), website EMEC: www.emec-marine-equipment.org, Dutch Maritime Network(2005) - European Maritime Policy Conference: proceedings: Chapter 12, CESA (2007) – Annual report 2006-2007, Houthoff Buruma & Policy Research Corporation (2007) Shipbuilding IPR study and, Commission staff working document (2007) SEC (2007) 1351

Growing demands because of growth in trade and transport and a shift from congested road transportation to more environmental friendly water-borne means (source: CESA, 2007)

Since 2003, three consecutive years of new order increase (20% volume growth compared to 2005) (source: CESA, 2007); in 2008 prospects are less optimistic due to the price increases of building materials


ANNEX 7: MAIN TRENDS & POLICIES IN EUROPEAN SHIPPING

Flagging out of European fleets; since the 1970s the European fleet faces competition from vessels registered in third countries (source: EC, 2004)

Policy: Each member state has its individual shipping policy based on the State Aid Guidelines on Maritime Transport (latest revision in 2004) which provides the basis for a uniform level playing field; in these guidelines, Member States are allowed tosupport the European maritime industry by means of favourable tax environments (source: EC, 2004)

Complex and time-consuming procedures (lack of internal market on administrative procedures) that limit the potential ofshipping in freight transport

Policy: The Commission is proactive to establish an internal market through simplification of administrative procedures to exploit the potential of maritime transport (source: EC, 2007)

European shipping maintains key role in global transport with a substantial share of 41% of the global merchant fleet (EC, 2007)

Sector initiative: ECSA supports (source: ECSA, 2007):

– Ensuring the potential for growth in Europe through adequate transport capacity

– Ensuring a stable and competitive environment for EU shipping

– Keeping regulations global– Supporting a positive development of shipping in the EU– Taking a proactive environmental approach– Promote the image of shipping of being the safest, most

effective and economical and most environment friendlymode of transport

Growth sector because of continued world trade increase and road congestion

The Commission is proactive to increase the competitiveness of European shipping through the State Aid Guidelines

Source: Commission Communication (2004) – Community guidelines on State aid to maritime transport, Commission staff working document (2007) – Consultation on a European maritime transport space without barriers reinforcing the internal market for intra-European maritime transport, ECSA (2007) – Annual report 2006-2007

Trends Policies


ANNEX 7: TRENDS & POLICIES IN EUROPEAN SEAPORTS AND MARITIME SERVICES (AND INLAND NAVIGATION)

Sector Initiative: European Sea Ports Organisation (ESPO) and the European Federation of Inland Ports (EFIP) have underlined the importance of networks by formalising their cooperation at EU level through a “Platform of European Sea and Inland Ports” (launched on 15 May 2007) (ESPO, 2007)

Sector Initiative: European seaports (ESPO): EU policy framework should focus on (ESPO, 2007):

– Facilitation of development of adequate port capacity– Maritime access and hinterland connections– Fostering provision of competitive and efficient services in ports and

within the transport chain– Stimulation of the wider community responsibilities of ports

Integrating ports in the logistics chain (EC, 2006)European ports are increasingly competing not as individual places that handle ships but as crucial links within the supply chain (source: ESPO, 2007)Supply chain managers base port choice decisions increasingly on reliability and capacity considerations besides pure cost considerations due to capacity shortages in ports (source: ESPO, 2007)

Focus on technologies in enhancing processes and management practices related to port productivity, logistics performance and environmental performance, instead of pure increase in infrastructure (source: ESPO, 2007)

Increasing integration of seaports in logistics chains; focus of seaports more and more on quality improvements

Source: EC (2006) – “Keep Europe moving - Sustainable mobility for our continent”: mid-term review of the European Commission’s 2001 Transport White Paper, ESPO (2007) – Annual report 2006-2007 , EC (2001) – Transport White Paper (2001); legal framework: TEN-T Guidelines (2004)

Policy: The “Motorways of the Sea” concept, i.e. corridors for fast, competitive and efficient short sea transport, aims at introducing new intermodal maritime-based logistic chains in Europe (source: EC, 2001)The Commission will develop an integrated maritime transport strategy around a ‘common European maritime space’ (source: EC, 2006)

The changing logistics environment introduces new challenges (e.g. development of multimodal corridors) for the relations between seaports and inland ports (source: ESPO, 2007)

Maritime services shift to Middle and Far East Companies receive financial incentives from Asian states (e.g. Dubai and Singapore) to relocate

The European port scene is becoming more diverse in terms of the number of ports involved and the scope of port functions and services, leading to more routing options to shippers (source: ESPO, 2007)

Funding and operations of port infrastructure (public vs. private) differ among EU-member states

Trends Policies


ANNEX 7: MAIN TRENDS & POLICIES IN EUROPEAN RECREATIONAL BOATING

Positive prospects for recreational boating although additional focus on R&D seems to be required

Funding and operations of boating-facilities (public vs. private) differ among EU Member States

Sector Initiative: ECNI founded a European Nautical Innovation Centre; aim is to provide information and assistance to companies willing to apply for EU R&D support programmes(ECNI, 2008)

Industry has enjoyed years of steady growth; growth in coming years is estimated at 5 to 6% annually

SMEs represent 98% of all businesses which causes high vulnerability to economic cycles; these businesses lack resources for R&D, which is required when competing with companies from emerging economies

Expansion will continue because:– ‘Baby boomer’ generation will reach retirement age– Increase of wealth among people– Potential in emerging economies

Sector Initiative: ECNI has investigated the impact of nauticalactivities on the environment

Sector Initiative: EURMIG’s policy:– Promote understanding of the sector and provide a

platform for the industry to represent mutual European interests

– Assistance in sustained and transferable research to gain a competitive advantage through increase in productivity and quality

* Source: Dutch Maritime Network (2005) – European Maritime Policy conference: Proceedings: chapter 24** Source: Website of ECNI: www.ecni.org

Trends* Policies**


ANNEX 7: MAIN TRENDS & POLICIES IN EUROPEAN MARITIME WORKS

World Leading European (Dutch & Belgian) companies

Due to capacity constraints seaport development and large maritime projects experience long lead times, causing cost increases and having a negative effect on competition with Asian countries (source: Dutch Maritime Network, 2005)

Sector Initiative: EuDA proposes an international European research initiative into the environmental effects of maritime works (source: Dutch Maritime Network, 2005 and EuDA)

Sector Initiative: Harmonization at EU level and improvements in cost-benefit assessments are highly desirable (source: Dutch Maritime Network, 2005)

European Dredging Association (EuDA) recognizes a shortage of knowledge and understanding of the ecological effects of hydraulic works on the marine environment (source: Dutch Maritime Network, 2005 and EuDA)

According to the EuDA, many models used to make decisions on infrastructure development are incomplete, insufficient and inconsistent (source: Dutch Maritime Network, 2005 and EuDA)

European, mainly Belgian and Dutch, dredging companies operate for a large part in Middle-East and Far-East countries

Source: Dutch Maritime Network (2005) – European Maritime Policy conference (Proceedings: chapter 17), Website of EuDA: http://www.european-dredging.info and, Website of CEDA: www.ceda.org

Sector Initiative: The World Organisation of Dredging Associations published the ‘Hamburg Declaration’ (2004): commitment of members to assist with knowledge and expertise to facilitate economic and ecological sustainability of dredgingand navigation projects (source: CEDA, 2008)

Most dredging activities are carried out in Middle-East and Far-East countries

Trends Policies


ANNEX 7: MAIN TRENDS & POLICIES IN EUROPEAN FISHERIES

Limited financial relations with other maritime sectors because fishery ships are (currently) no longer built (but in exceptional cases)

Precautionary approach to protect and conserve living aquatic resources, and to minimise the impact of fishing activities on marine eco-systems (source: EAPO, 2007)

Sector trend to expand fisheries territory to other continents (e.g. Africa) to avoid European restrictions and regulations

Policy: European Fisheries Policy through the European Fisheries Fund, objectives are (source: EC, 2006):

– Support for common fisheries policy to focus on technical (environment-friendly), economical and social endurance

– Promote a sustainable balance of fish-supply and fleet capacity

– Strengthen the competitiveness of companies and the development of economically viable enterprises

– Protection of environment and natural resources– Encourage sustainable development and improve the

quality of life in areas with activities in the fisheries sector

Policy: In June 2008, the Council of the EU reached an agreement on a temporary package of measures, e.g. financial compensation, to promote restructuring of European fishery (companies) that suffer from the the economic crisis (source: EC, 2008)

Fisheries experience difficult times and are confronted with a structural imbalance between catch possibilities and fleet size

Source: EAPO (2007) – Observations to the Green Paper “Towards a future maritime policy for the union”, EC (2006) – Council Regulation on the European FisheriesFund, No. 1198/2006 and, EC (2008) – Press release European Commission-Fisheries (IP/08/960)

Provide a greater and better knowledge of the actual economic condition of the sector; leading to a better insight into the impact of fisheries on its environment (source: EAPO, 2007)

Trends Policies

Sector (production) in many countries in very bad financial condition due to low volumes per vessel, low prices and high (fuel) costs


ANNEX 7: MAIN TRENDS & POLICIES IN EUROPEAN OFFSHORE SUPPLY

Policy: Sustainable Energy Europe 2005-2008 Campaign* aims to raise public awareness and promote sustainable energy production and use among individuals and organisations, private companies and public authorities, professional and energy agencies, industry associations and NGO’s across Europe

The European Union is very eager to promote alternative energy sources (e.g. offshore and coastal wind energy)

* Sustainable Energy Europe 2005-2008 Campaign and Windskill project are initiatives in the framework of the Intelligent Energy - Europe (2003-2006) programme of the European Commission (DG TREN)

Source: Information on website of DG TREN and, Information on website of Windskill:www.windskill.eu

Trends Policies

Possible depletion of offshore oil and gas resources and price fluctuations increase the need for alternative (sustainable) energy resources (amongst others offshore coastal and wind energy)

Policy: Windskill project* (2006-2009), which is part of the Intelligent Energy Europe programme (DG TREN), aims to:

– Set up an industry-based skills network for the wind energy sector

– Deliver a European industry qualification standard for operational skills in the wind energy sector (on-shore and off-shore)

– Boost the skills capital of the wind energy sector

European offshore oil and gas is mainly extracted in Norway, United Kingdom, France, the Netherlands and Denmark


ANNEX 7: MAIN TRENDS & POLICIES IN EUROPEAN COASTAL TOURISM AND CRUISE SHIPPING

Coastal tourism in the EU is facing increased worldwide competition, whereas cruise tourism is flourishing

Coastal tourism in the EU is facing increased worldwide competition, whereas cruise tourism is flourishing

Policy: European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) supports coastal tourism interventions considerably. The ERDF focuses on product & service diversification, sustainable development and the reduction of tourism seasonality effects (DGIPU, 2008)

Recommendations (DGIPU, 2008)– Integrate coastal tourism interventions within broader frameworks– Develop an integrated approach for the comprehensive management of

interventions falling within different policy fields but aimed at coastal areas

– Promote evaluation and monitoring activities to check the application of the sustainable development principle in coastal tourism

Recommendations: Increasing Port state control and a strengthening of global regulatory regimes may gradually (source: CAB, 2006):

-Enforce a meaningful link between flag states and their ships-Limit the freedom of offshore financial centres-Strengthen the conventions of the IMO and the International Labour

Organisation-Force the industry to cooperate more meaningfully in regional and

environmental development efforts

Remark: Cruise shipping is a valuable source of supplementary income forports but is not the core business and is unlikely to become the major economic driver of a port (source: CAB, 2006)

• European coastal tourism is facing increased competition. Moreover the needs of tourists evolve. The overall effect is a demand for higher quality at the lowest possible price (DGIPU, 2008)

• Mediterranean regions still play a major role in tourism, primarily as bathing destinations (DGIPU, 2008)

• Atlantic and Baltic regions: coastal tourism combines sea-related activities with the natural and cultural heritage of the hinterland (DGIPU, 2008)

• Preservation of traditions and authenticity of local populations is a main concern in the Outermost regions (DGIPU, 2008)

• Increasing concern for the preservation of the natural and cultural heritage of coastal regions (DGIPU, 2008)

• Cost of maintaining basic natural resources for tourism such as beaches and other coastal amenities will increase (ETC, 2006)

Trends Policies

• The world cruise market continues to grow. The market share of European cruise passengers is rising with an 11% share of the global market. The European cruise market has become the world’s second largest destination after the Caribbean (source: CAB, 2006):

• Cruise sector is a European growth industry: between 1995 and 2005 European cruise tourism has increased with 230% to 3.3 million passengers (Source: ECC, 2007)

• Increasing size of cruise ships in European Waters (Source: ECC, 2007)• Average age of cruise passengers is decreasing (source: CAB, 2006)• Cruise line industry is becoming increasingly concentrated due to mergers

and acquisitions (source: CAB, 2006)• Increasing concern for protection against piracy and environmental

pollution (source: CAB, 2006)


ANNEX 8: TRENDS & POLICIES IN THE MARITIME CLUSTER OF SINGAPORE

Components of the maritime

cluster

Companies from various sectors (e.g. shipping agents, cruise-industry, oil-companies) are represented in the Singaporean clusterMaritime Cluster Fund which aims to help, promote and strengthen the maritime cluster in Singapore amounts to € 40 millionPort of Singapore is the core sector of the maritime cluster:

– Singapore is one of the most efficient and one of the largest container ports in the world– Strategic location on the most important seafaring routes within Asia and on the routes to

and from Europe and America (see map)– Strong advantage of the port of Singapore are its low bunkering prices

Organisation and leader firms

Maritime Port Authority (MPA) is facilitator for the maritime cluster in SingaporeSingapore is a governmental controlled state, with state-controlled TEMASEK-holding as operator for, among others, maritime leader firms PSA and NOLMajor leader firms in the Singaporean maritime cluster:

– Singaporean Neptune Orient Line (NOL) with branding name American President Line (APL) is one of the largest container operators in the world (11 000 employees in 55 countries)

– Port of Singapore Authority (PSA) is a global terminal operator with headquarters in Singapore, its mission is to become the maritime centre of the world (5 000 employees in 16 countries)

– In the sector shipbuilding and –repair Keppel Offshore and Marine (one of the world’s largest offshore oil rig builders) is the major firm within Singapore

Trends and support measures

Companies are attracted by financial incentives to locate their headquarters in Singapore (mainly service companies in financing, insurance and law)Mainly blue collar workers are attracted and they receive training within Singapore (in e.g. Singapore Maritime Academy, Integrated Simulation Cenre of Singapore, PSA Institute)

Singapore’s maritime cluster is government-induced, focuses on a highly productive port and, is supported by strong leader firms and education/training

Source: Policy Research Corporation


ANNEX 8: TRENDS & POLICIES IN THE MARITIME CLUSTER OF DUBAI

Current situation (see map 1):– The maritime cluster of Dubai shows many similarities with the cluster of Singapore

– State-controlled society

– Strategic location as transhipment port for intra-Asian trade and trade from and to Europe

– DP World as Dubai’s large global terminal operator

– Maritime service companies (mainly in financing) are situated in Dubai

– Many immigrants for blue collar work

– Part of the port of Dubai consists of a free trade zone where the main industrial companies are located

– Dubai has an integrated sea-air vision to transport cargo combining a strong airline company(Emirates) and a maritime centre

– Dutch and Belgian companies in maritime works (Boskalis, De Nul, Deme and Van Oord) are very active in Dubai because of the large amount of dredging work (islands that are built on sea), having most company-operations located in the Middle East

Ambitions for the future:– Dubai Maritime City (see map 2) will host the whole maritime cluster in Dubai on a new

island to be built by offering top infrastructure, services and regulations; goal is to create an environment that will promote the networking and integration of maritime players

Dubai’s maritime cluster is government-induced and supported by strong leader firms (mainly in maritime service industry) and great ambitions for the future

Source: Policy Research Corporation

1

2


ANNEX 9: ARCHETYPES OF CLUSTER ORGANISATIONSDevelopment of maritime clusters

Cluster organisations can be initiated by the government, by companies and/or sector or by a combination of the two

‘TOP-DOWN’E.g. Germany

‘BOTTOM-UP’E.g. Maritimt Forum in Norway

– Government induced and/or supported– Holistic and cluster wide approach– Focus on long-term strategy and policy:

• Economy (e.g. level playing field and growth)• Education and recruitment• Research, development and innovation• Export• Common interest (e.g. environment and safety)

– Focus on professionalism and cooperation/integration of maritime sectors

– Induced and/or supported by strong leader firms and/or sector associations

– Limited cluster approach based on supporting companies and sector associations

– Focus on short-term benefits:• Rules and regulation• Tax regime• Labour market and job promotion• Innovation project support• Export support

– Focus on operational problems

Cha

ract

eris

tics

Initi

ativ

e

COMBINATIONPLAY

E.g. Dutch Maritime Network


ANNEX 10: CLASSIFICATION OF INQUIRED SEA-RELATED CLUSTER ORGANISATIONS AND THEIR ABBREVIATION

Key maritime cluster organisations in Europe have been inquired

HavenGatewayHaven Gateway Public/Private PartnershipNLDutch Maritime Network

UKSeaVision, Maritime UK and One Voice

SEMaritime Forum

PLPolish Maritime Network Institute

Bottom

-upB

ottom-up and top-dow

nT

op-down

Oslo

S-E (NO)

Haug.-Sunn.

Bergen

London

S-W (UK)

Mersey

S-E (UK)

PACA

Bretagne

Schl.-Hol.

NO2

IT

FR

FI

ES

NO1

DK

DE

MIF

ENMC

Marine South West (UK)

London MaritimeCluster Maritimo EspañaEuropean Network of Maritime Clusters

Maritimt Forum BergenAssociation of Finnish Maritime IndustriesMaritime Industries Forum

Oslo Maritime NetworkMaritimt Forum

Maritimt Forum South East NorwayFederazione del Mare

Maritimt Forum Haugalandet ogSunnhordlandCluster Maritime Français

Maritime Merseyside

Maritime South East (UK)MARUT

Pôle Mer Provence, Alpes, Côte d’Azur

Pôle Mer BretagneDanish Maritime Authority / Maritime Development Centre of Europe

Maritime Cluster in Schleswig-HolsteinBundesministerium für Wirtshaft und TechnologieAquamarina

RegionalNationalEuropean


PT

FR

DE

SE

FI

PL

CZ

AT

IT

SI

GR

SK

HU

RO

BG

ES

MTCY

IE

LU

33

3

3

3

33

3

3

3

3

3

3

2

2

2

2

2

22

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

22

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

11

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

11

1

1

ANNEX 10: REPRESENTATION BY A CLUSTER ORGANISATION IN STAR REGIONS IN THE TRADITIONAL MARITIME SECTORS*

1 Star2 Stars

3 Stars

NoNoYesYesNoYesNoYesYesNoNoYesNoYesYesYesYesYesYesYesNoYesYesYesYesYesYesYesNo

National cluster organisation

be23 Prov. Oost-Vlaanderenmt Maltanl34 Zeelandde50 Bremenbg34 Yugoiztochenuke1 East Yorkshire and Northern Lincolnshirelt Lithuaniano01 Oslo og Akershusnl32 Noord-Hollandbe21 Prov. Antwerpenee00 Estoniade6 Hamburggr30 Attikidef0 Schleswig-Holsteinfr52 Bretagneno04 Agder og Rogalandfi18 Etelä-Suomipl42 Zachodniopomorskieuki1 Inner Londonde80 Mecklenburg-Vorpommernlv Latviafr82 Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azurnl33 Zuid-Hollanddk0 Denmarkfr23 Haute-Normandieno05 Vestlandetitc3 Liguriapl63 Pomorskiero22 Sud-Est

Star regions (Area 1)

No

NoN.A.NoNoNoNo

N.A.YesNoNo

NoNoYesYesYesNo

N.A.Yes

YesYesN.A.Yes

N.A.NoYesNoYesNo

Regional cluster organisation

Most star regions in Europe in terms of employment in the traditional maritime sectors (Area 1) are represented by a national and/or regional maritime cluster organisation

Star-region is represented by national and/or regional cluster organisation

* The presence of cluster organisations in star-regions does not provide evidence for the causality between a star region and the presence of a cluster organisation


ANNEX 10: YEAR OF ESTABLISHMENT OF MARITIME CLUSTER ORGANISATIONS

Regional cluster

1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

After the popularisation of the cluster concept in Porter’s ‘Competitive advantage of nations’ in 1990:

– Most maritime cluster organisations were established– Governments have become more reluctant on developing sector policies

* NO1 is MARUT and NO2 is Maritimt Forum; more information concerning the activities of these clusters is provided in the Background Country Report – NorwaySource: Policy Research Corporation based on questionnaires of maritime cluster organisations

National clusterES

FR

PL

UK-Sea Vision

FINLITSENO2*DK

European cluster

London OsloSchl.-Hol.Bergen Haug.-Sonn.S-E (NO)

S-W (UK)

Mersey

S-E (UK)

Bretagne

AquamarinaENMC

DENO1*

UK-One VoiceUK-Maritime UK

PACA

Haven Gateway

MIF

Waterborne


ANNEX 10: INITIATIVE TO SET UP A MARITIME CLUSTER ORGANISATION CAN BE TAKEN BY GOVERNMENT AND/OR INDUSTRY

Transparency, sound communication and dialogue and the commitment of leading individuals are fundamental in setting up a cluster organisation

Basically it does not matter who take the initiative, as long as some key elements are present:

– Transparency (e.g. through European Cluster Observatory) and communication/dialogue, both horizontally and vertically, on the mission, structure and activities of the cluster organisations

– The presence of leading individuals within the cluster organisation who can raise enthusiasm and set up concrete actions in view of a clear and supported vision

In case government does not take the initiative to set up a cluster organisation or does not provide incentives to do so, industry needs to take up its responsibility if it wishes to set up coordinated actions

Final structure depends on different climate/environment influenced by:– Traditions and history– Cultural differences– Governmental structure and initiative– Driving sectors


ANNEX 10: PRIMARY RATIONALE FOR ESTABLISHING MARITIME CLUSTER ORGANISATIONS

Source: Policy Research Corporation based on questionnaires amongst maritime cluster organisations

Main reasons for establishing a maritime cluster organisation are to increase competi-tiveness, to promote maritime sectors, and to improve coordination within the cluster

PromotionCompetitiveness

Coordination Other (e.g. education, framework)

National cluster organisationsNational cluster organisations Regional cluster organisationsRegional cluster organisations

44%

28%

25%

3%

38%

28%

28%

6%


ANNEX 10: MOST COMMON STRUCTURE OF NATIONAL AND REGIONAL TOP-DOWN AND BOTTOM-UP CLUSTER ORGANISATIONS

National government*

Non-governmental induced cluster

organisation

Regional cluster

organisation(s)Companies National sector

association(s)

Except for national top-down cluster organisations, companies and sector associations are involved as members in the activities of the cluster organisations

Mem

bers

Non-governmental induced cluster

organisation

Companies Sector association(s)

Mem

bersNational cluster

organisationNational cluster

organisationRegional cluster

organisationRegional cluster

organisation

Top

-dow

nT

op-d

own

Bot

tom

-up

Bot

tom

-up

Regional governmental induced organisation

Companies Sector association(s)

Mem

bers

* I.e. Germany and Denmark; the structure of the cluster organisation in Denmark (also a national top-down organisation) is explained on slide 87


ANNEX 10: SEA-RELATED SECTORS REPRESENTED BY NATIONAL MARITIME CLUSTER ORGANISATIONS

Shipping

Shipbuilding

Marine equipment

Seaports

Maritime services


Offshore supply

Navy and coastguard

Inland waterways

Maritime works

UK* France Germany Italy Norway** Netherlands Spain Denmark Poland Sweden Finland

broa

dna

rrow

* All UK maritime sectors (except for marine aggregates which have not explicitly been taken into account in the questionnaires) are represented in one of the cluster programs SeaVision, Maritime UK and One Voice; more detailed information concerning the mission of these cluster programs is provided in the Background Country Report – UK**Membership for both Norwegian maritime cluster organisations MARUT and Maritimt ForumSource: Policy Research Corporation based on questionnaires amongst maritime cluster organisations

Sector is not represented in cluster organisation

Sector has no significant activities in country

Sector is represented in cluster organisation

National cluster organisations indicate that they (are eager to) capture most traditional maritime sectors, although in practice this seems not (yet) the case

2 Shipbuilding includes marine equipment

Considered as related industry

3

4

7

Includes logisticsMay be (partly) included in shipping or services

6 (Partly) included in services

1 Members of One Voice

7

7

4

2

43 61

1

1

5

5 Only member in MARUT


Except for Oslo and London, regional clusters capture almost every sector (from a narrow perspective) in the traditional maritime sectors

Shipping

Shipbuilding

Marine equipment

Seaports

Maritime services


Offshore supply

Navy and coastguard

Inland waterways

Maritime works

London Schleswig-Holstein

Oslo Bergen Haug.-Sunn.

South-East(NO)

South-West(UK)

Mersey South-East(UK)

Bretagne

narr

owbr

oad

Sector is not represented in cluster organisation

Sector has no significant activities in region (note: marine aggregates have not explicitly been taken into account in the questionnaires)

Sector is represented in cluster organisation


ANNEX 10: TRADITIONAL MARITIME SECTORS (AREA 1) REPRESENTED BY REGIONAL MARITIME CLUSTER ORGANISATIONS

PACA HavenGateway


ANNEX 10: (LEVEL OF) RESOURCES OF NATIONAL CLUSTER ORGANISATIONS ARE DETERMINED BY INITIATOR

(Top-down vs. Bottom-up)

National government induced cluster organisations have the largest budgets (mainly public means); bottom-up organisations are mainly financed with private funding

DK DE NL FR SE ES NO2* FI IT UK

€ 54 mln. € 43.4 mln.

€ 1.46 mln.

€ 650 000

€ 423 000

€ 300 000€ 250 000

€ 120 000 € 80 000n.a. n.a.

Top-down Top-down and bottom-up Bottom-up

* NO1 is MARUT and NO2 is Maritimt ForumSource: Policy Research Corporation based on questionnaires amongst maritime cluster organisations

private funding

public funding

Cluster initiative taken by:– Government = top-down– Leader firms/sectors = bottom-up

0

200 000

400 000

600 000

800 000

1 000 000

1 200 000

1 400 000

1 600 000

Bud

get i

n E

UR

> 1 600 000

PL

€ 430 000

NO1*

Danish budget includes financing maritime education system; funding of

cluster organisations in Germany includes budget for RDI-activities


ANNEX 10: MAIN BUDGET COMPONENTS OF NATIONAL MARITIME CLUSTER ORGANISATIONS AS PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL BUDGET

The main budget components of national maritime cluster organisations are projects and studies, policy and framework measures and, data and information sharing

* NO1 is MARUT and NO2 is Maritimt ForumSource: Policy Research Corporation based on questionnaires amongst maritime cluster organisations

n.a.

Publicity/promotion

Meetings/events

Office management

Data and information sharing

Policy and framework measures

Projects/studies

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

DK DE NL FR NO1 SE ES NO2 FI IT PLUK


ANNEX 10: (LEVEL OF) RESOURCES OF REGIONAL CLUSTER ORGANISATIONS ARE DETERMINED BY INITIATOR

(Top-down vs. Bottom-up)

Top-down and/or top-down + bottom-up

Bottom-up

€ 2.5 mln

€ 1.25 million

€ 710 000€ 620 000

€ 300 000

€ 160 000 € 150 000 € 125 000€ 62 500

Regional top-down cluster organisations have the largest budgets (mainly public means); bottom-up organisations are mainly financed with private funding

€ 126 600

Cluster initiative taken by:– Government = top-down– Leader firms/sectors = bottom-up


S-W (UK) Bretagne Mersey S-E (UK) Schl-Hol Haug.-Sunn. Bergen London S-E (NO) Oslo

Bud

get i

n E

UR

0

200 000

400 000

600 000

800 000

1 000 000

1 200 000

1 400 000

1 600 000

> 1 600 000

€ 1.4 million

PACA

private funding

public funding

€ 10 mln€ 2.5 mln

HavenGateway

Maritime cluster organisations in PACA and Bretagne receive additional funding for RDI activities: over a period

of three years app. € 200 million and € 112 million respectively (60% public and 40% private funding)


ANNEX 10: MAIN BUDGET COMPONENTS OF REGIONAL MARITIME CLUSTER ORGANISATIONS AS PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL BUDGET


n.a.

Publicity/promotion

Meetings/events

Office management

Data and information sharing

Policy and framework measures

Projects/studies

The main budget components of regional maritime cluster organisations are projects and studies, policy and framework measures and, data and information sharing

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

HavenGateway

S-W(UK)

PACA Bretagne Mersey S-E (UK) Schl.-Hol.

Haug.-Sonn.

Bergen London S-E (NO) Oslo


ANNEX 10: DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES BETWEEN NATIONAL AND REGIONAL MARITIME CLUSTER ORGANISATIONS

Overview

National and regional cluster organisations differ from each other in their origin, purpose, topics covered and budget, but show similarities in size, scope, cooperation

and statistical monitoring

Origin: Mainly established after 1990 by small group of strong promoters (often located within Shipowner’s offices)Purpose:

– Bottom-up: Generate volume to improve lobbying position– Top-down: Create platform to enhance integrated maritime cluster

policyMain topics covered: Labour, exchange of know-how, innovation and research, image building, environment and, public affairsFinance:

– Bottom-up: Limited funding, basically for management and communi-cations (additional activities often requires additional member funding)

– Top-down: High budgets, mainly for RDI-programsSize:

– Bottom-up: Limited size (2-4 fte)– Top-down: Division of ministry

Scope: Capture almost every traditional maritime sector that is active in the countryCooperation:

– Cluster organisations: European national clusters and regional clusters– Non-cluster organisations: Private companies, sector associations,

government and research institutionsStatistical monitoring: Almost always statistically monitored by external organisation

National maritime cluster organisation Regional maritime cluster organisation

Origin: Mainly established after 2000 by sectoral and thematic groups (of companies) reflecting the regional situations and interestsPurpose:

– Bottom-up: Direct interest of local industry– Top-down: Focus on regional development and innovation

Main topics covered: Innovation and research, exchange of know-how and, business developmentFinance:

– Bottom-up: Limited funding, increasingly depending on project financing

– Top-down: High budget, mainly for regional developmentSize:

– Bottom-up: Limited size (1-2 fte)– Top-down: Part of development agency or technology centre

Scope: Capture almost every traditional maritime sector that is active in the regionCooperation:

– Cluster organisations: national cluster and regional clusters– Non-cluster organisations: Private companies, sector associations,

government and research institutionsStatistical monitoring: Almost always statistically monitored (sometimes by regional cluster organisation itself)

Differences

Similarities


ANNEX 11: MAIN DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES BETWEEN CLUSTER ORGANISATIONS AND SECTOR ASSOCIATIONS


Cluster organisations and sector associations may well complement each other

– Sector associations are mostly member of cluster organisations in order to cooperate on the realisation of common interests

– To emphasize the benefits of partnering up in a cluster organization, it has proven to be useful to cooperate on specific, well-defined topics such as Waterborne and the Maritime Innovation Forum (useful additional fora for cooperation and essential partner organisations for clusters)

Purpose: Enhance the strength and development of the membersCooperation: Cooperate with sector associations, companies, government and research institutionsGeography: European, national and regional level

Scope: Provides a platform for all companies in sectors that are related to each otherMain topics covered: Labour, exchange of know-how, innovation and research, image building, environment and, public affairsOrigin: Mainly established after 1990 by small group of strong promoters (often located within Shipowner’s offices)

Maritime cluster organisation Sector associations

Purpose: Enhance the strength and development of the membersCooperation: Cooperate with sector associations, companies, government and research institutionsGeography: European and national level

Scope: Links all companies and/or associations within a specific sectorMain topics covered: Exchange of know-how and lessons learned, business development, lobbyingOrigin: Mainly established before 1990 by sectoral and thematic groups (of companies)

Differences

Similarities


Economic prosperity is linked to the degree of cluster strength (European Cluster Observatory): regions with a higher rate of employment in industries that belong to strong clusters are generally more prosperous (higher GDP per capita)Innovation:

• Clusters provide a fertile environment for innovation (EC, DG Enterprise and Industry)• Clusters are a vital element of the Lisbon strategy (EC, DG Enterprise and Industry)• Cluster firms benefit from the flows of tacit knowledge and the presence of skilled labour (EC COM(2008)

652)• Cluster firms are more innovative than non-cluster firms (2006 Innobarometer)• Cluster firms register more trademarks (29% vs. 14%) and apply for more patents (29% vs. 12%) (2006

Innobarometer)• Clusters are well aligned with the modern approach of ‘open innovation’ (innovation is created in open

environments rather than by isolated organisations) (EC COM(2008) 652)Specialisation (EC COM(2008) 652) :

• 38% of all European employees work in enterprises that are part of a cluster• Individual cluster categories differ significantly in the level of employment concentration• Europe lags on average behind the US in terms of cluster strength (probably due to the remaining barriers

to cross-regional competition in Europe and differences in entrepreneurial cultures)Outsourcing:

• Cluster firms contract out more research (41% vs. 20%) and carry out less research in-house (44% vs. 53%) (2006 Innobarometer)

ANNEX 12: OVERVIEW OF KEY ASPECTS AND BENEFITS OF CLUSTERING

85% of cluster firms state that a cluster initiative has improved their competitiveness (Cluster Initiative Greenbook, 2003)


ANNEX 12: OVERVIEW OF THE MAIN BENEFITS OF CLUSTER ORGANISATIONS

Benefits of cluster organisations are mainly the increase of efficiency within the cluster, the increase in number of business formations and the higher level of innovation

*,** Sources: Policy Research based upon Europe Innova and Oxford Research (2008) – Cluster policy in Europe, European Commission (2008) – European Cluster Observatory, European Commission (2003) – Cluster initiative Greenbook, European Commission (2006) – Innobarometer 2006

Increase in efficiency

Higher level of innovation

Increase in level of business

formations

11

22

33

Companies can operate with a higher level of efficiency drawing on more specialised assets and suppliers with shorter reaction times than they would be able to in isolation

Increase internal and external communication on maritime cluster through promotion to enhance possibilities to cooperate efficiently

Knowledge spillovers and the close interaction with customers and other companies create more new ideas and provide intense pressure to innovate while the cluster environment lowers the cost of experimenting

Focus in maritime clusters on RDI

Start-ups are more reliant on external suppliers and partners, all of which they find in a cluster, which may reduce the costs of failure as entrepreneurs can fall back on local employment opportunities in the many other companies in the same field

Focus in maritime cluster organisation on education, training and the labour market

Cluster benefits in practice**

– Economic prosperity is linked to the degree of cluster strength

– Cluster firms register more trademarks (29% vs. 14%) and apply for more patents (29% vs. 12%)

– Cluster firms contract out more research (41% vs. 20%) and carry out less research in-house (44% vs. 53%)

– Cluster firms expect improved support services

– 85% of cluster firms state that a cluster initiative has improved their competitiveness

– Cluster firms benefit from the flows of tacit knowledge and the presence of a skilled labour

Cluster benefits in theory*


ANNEX 12: GOOD PRACTICES OF NATIONAL MARITIME CLUSTER ORGANISATIONS BASED UPON MAIN CROSS-SECTOR TRENDS

Cluster organisations focus on promotion, stimulation of education, training and labour market and, improving research, development and innovation (RDI)

Promotion of the maritime cluster

11

22

33

Cluster benefit Main initiatives*

– Promotion campaigns through websites, videos and presentations

– Report on economic importance of the cluster

– Organising promotion events

Almost all sectors are involved in these initiatives

Sector involvement

Focus in maritime cluster organisation on education, training and the labour

market**

Focus in maritime clusters on RDI

– Programs in cooperation with universities and professors

– Recruitment campaigns and fairs

– Platforms to exchange best practices


with leading roles for shipping and shipbuilding

industry

– On (governmental) project basis

– Structural cooperation with RDI-institutes and universities

– Platforms to exchange best practices


with leading roles for shipbuilding, marine

equipment, offshore supply and shipping

Mainly project-based approach

Project-based and structural approach

Project-based approach based upon (high budget)

government support programs and structural approach

Approach


Cluster organisations in the major maritime countries focus on promotion of the maritime cluster and improving education and training

Improvement of education and training

Denmark: A share of the former Shipping Credit Bank has been used to set up the Danish Maritime Fund, which finances ‘World Career’ promotion & recruitment activitiesItaly: Mercantile Academy Genova aims at 100 Deck / Machine OfficersThe Netherlands: Formal platform for education and trainingNorway: Maritime Training Program

– Funded by 20 companies– Mix MBA/maritime topics– 30 - 40 young professionals in 2 years

Norway: Professorship (i.e. individual companies contributing to (10) professors acting as company-ambassadors to increase quality of education and training on maritime topics)United Kingdom: The Maritime Skills Alliance to exchange lessons learned and best practices in training facilities of maritime servicing sectors (e.g. ports, shipping, Navy, recreational boating) and maritime manufacturing sectors (e.g. shipbuilding and marine equipment)

Promotion

Denmark: The Blue Denmark (and the blue movie) is a concept to raise public awareness and to promote working in the Danish maritime clusterFinland: Report on economic impact of the maritime clusterItaly: Report on economic impact of the maritime clusterThe Netherlands: Report on economic impact of the maritime cluster and promotion of maritime jobs and carreersNorway: Foundation Norwegian Maritime Competence (Contribution 500 NOK / employee)

– Maritime Providence– Recruiting Campaign ‘Not For All’

Spain: Report on economic impact of the maritime clusterUnited Kingdom: SeaVision is a partnership of app. 500 companies to upgrade the image and profile of the maritime sectors

ANNEX 12: GOOD PRACTICE-INITIATIVES OF NATIONAL MARITIME CLUSTER ORGANISATIONS BASED UPON MAIN CROSS-SECTOR TRENDS


Cluster organisations in the major maritime countries focus on stimulating research, development and innovation

Stimulation of RDI

Denmark: A share of the former Shipping Credit Bank has been used to set up the Danish Maritime Fund, which finances RDI-institute Maritime Centre of TechnologyDenmark: Innovative projects to sustainably develop the maritime sectors

– Green Ship project: Industry & Universities– Strategic Partnership for Climate Responsibility: Industry & Universities

France: Federal initiative to promote innovative regional sectors (Pôles de Compétitivité)France: Cluster Maritime Français has set up some 18 platforms, synergy groups to discuss various maritime aspects together with partnersGermany: Main goal of cluster organisation is increasing RDI in German maritime-related companies (mainly shipbuilding and marine equipment)Italy: PTNM (National Maritime Technology Platform)

– Integrated approach ‘Project Industry 2015 – Innovation for a Sustainable Mobility’ (budget of € 180 million)– Research on maritime ICT-application– Submission RITMARE, Research Framework Programme for the Sea (budget of € 500 million)

The Netherlands: Formal platform for export and innovationNorway: Change of cluster focus from ‘shipping cluster’ to ‘knowledge hubs’ with attention for the environment

ANNEX 12: GOOD PRACTICE-INITIATIVES OF NATIONAL MARITIME CLUSTER ORGANISATIONS BASED UPON MAIN CROSS-SECTOR TRENDS


ANNEX 12: IN THE DUTCH MARITIME CLUSTER, IN 2005, MORE THAN 30% OF A MARITIME SECTOR’S LABOUR INTAKE COMES FROM THE CLUSTER

Offshore

Maritime works

Fisheries


Marine equipment

Inland navigation

Maritime services

Shipping Seaports

Labour intake within the Dutch maritime clusters indicates the benefits for the whole cluster of improving education and training

Source: Ecorys (2006) – Monitor maritime labour market

10%

25%

10%

25%

10%

10%

15%5%

10%

5% Ship-building

45%

29%

33%

70%

38%

15%

35%

21%

27%64% Intake within sectorIntake between sectors

Navy

unknown

10%


Offshore

Fisheries


Marine equipment

Inland navigation

Maritime services

Shipping Seaports

Labour outflow within the Dutch maritime clusters indicates the benefits for the whole cluster of improving education and training

Source: Ecorys (2006) – Monitor maritime labour market

10%

25%

15%

10%

10%

10% Ship-building

47%

47%

34%

16%

29%

22%

18%

12%

23%42% Outflow within sectorOutflow between sectors

10%

10%

Maritime works

10%

ANNEX 12: IN THE DUTCH MARITIME CLUSTER ALMOST 40% OF A MARITIME SECTOR’S LABOUR OUTFLOW GOES TO THE CLUSTER

Navy

unknown

10%


ANNEX 12: BENEFITS OF A PUBLIC-PRIVATE INTEGRATED MARITIME CLUSTER ORGANISATION AS GOOD PRACTICE

Structure

Public-private integrated cluster organisations capture all relevant maritime stake-holders in order to have well-structured discussions between government and sector

* Sectors that have limited logical links and/or relations with other maritime sectors experience limited cluster benefits

A public-private integrated cluster organisation captures maritime stakeholders with logical links/relations* (i.e. government and sectors represented by trade associations, private persons on personal title and/or companies) as initiator or as member of that organisation (on the basis of equality relations)

Main benefits of a public-private integrated maritime cluster organisation:– Well-structured discussion between government and sector– Cluster-wide approach– Focus on long-term growth and development as well as on (often short-term) sectors’ interests– Ability to create a level playing field (through legislation)– Sector involvement in the evaluation of the cluster organisation (through membership

contribution)– Improved communication (horizontally and vertically)


ANNEX 12: THE STRUCTURE OF A PUBLIC-PRIVATE INTEGRATED MARITIME CLUSTER ORGANISATION

Examples of the Netherlands and Denmark

Public-private integrated cluster organisations as in the Netherlands and Denmark lead to improved cooperation between government and the maritime industry

Denmark

Dutch Maritime Network

Ministry of Transport

Independent representatives of sector associations

Companies

– The Netherlands have a public-private integrated cluster where government and companies can regularly interact through the cluster organisation and sector associations

– Dutch Maritime Network is the cluster organisation– The Ministry of Transport is directly involved in the activities

of the cluster organisation (through financing) – Independent representatives of sectors associations (on

personal title) are members of the cluster organisation

The Netherlands

European Maritime Development Centre

Danish Maritime Authority

Sector associations

Companies

– Denmark has a public-private integrated cluster where government and the sectors can regularly interact through the European Maritime Development Centre

– Danish Maritime Authority is (financially and operationally) leading in the organisation of the cluster

– European Maritime Development Centre acts as a representative of the maritime cluster (single-point-of-entry)


ANNEX 13: THE LINK BETWEEN CLUSTER POLICIES AND SECTOR PERFORMANCE

Three categories of cluster policies (EC COM(2008) 652):• Facilitating policies: create a favourable microeconomic business environment for growth

and innovation (indirect stimulation of the emergence and dynamics of clusters)• Traditional framework policies: industry and SME policies, research and innovation policies,

and regional policies• Development policies: aiming at creating, mobilising or strengthening a particular cluster

category resulting in specific sectoral cluster initiativesCluster policy area is still at an early stage:

• Use of the cluster policy concept started in 1990-1994• Around half of the countries used cluster policy for the first time in the period from 2000

until today• Over 68% of companies working in a cluster-like environment agree that public authorities

have a fundamental or important role to play to support the clusterDifficulty to measure the impact of cluster policies and programmes as most of their effects are only indirect and affected by many other factors => difficult to establish clear causal links between cluster policies and programmes and their (potential) impact

Source: EC, 2008, COM(2008) 652, The concept of clusters and cluster policies and their role for competitiveness and innovation: Main statistical results and lessons learned


ANNEX 14: SWOT-ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL TOP-DOWNINITIATED CLUSTER ORGANISATIONS

WeaknessesStrengths

ThreatsOpportunities

– Focus on long term strategy and policy– Increasing the growth of all sectors within the cluster– Strong focus on RDI– Ability to create a level playing field (through legislation)– High budgets to finance activities– Positively influence common interests (e.g. environment and

legislation)

– Difficult to define to which cluster(s) a sector belongs (e.g. ports: logistics or maritime cluster)

⇒ Not always clear which interests are at stake or how they can be aligned with other (maritime) sector interests

– Continuous balancing between interests of clusterorganisations and sector associations requires constant interaction

⇒ Surplus value of cluster organisations needs to be proved constantly

⇒ Widespread variety of interests leads to a focus on universal, softer themes

– Lack of an integrated cluster approach (several ministries involved without in-depth cooperation)

– Limited sector involvement could lead to suboptimal maritime cluster policy

– Focussing too much on long-term benefits for the maritime sectors may hamper or conflict with the clusters’ companies short term interests

National top-down organisations focus on increasing competitiveness and on strategy of the maritime cluster by balancing sector’s needs

– Increasing cooperation on European level to discuss best practices and lessons learned

– Maritime sectors could take the initiative (or be invited) to establish a single-point-of-entry to increase structural interactions with the government

– Involvement of sector opinion in the structural evaluation of cluster organisation’s activities


ANNEX 14: SWOT-ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL BOTTOM-UPINITIATED CLUSTER ORGANISATIONS

National bottom-up organisations often focus on softer and short-term operational issues from a narrow scope

WeaknessesStrengths

ThreatsOpportunities

– Cluster awareness contributes to enhancing business efficiency and opportunities

– Focus on operational problems– Structural evaluation of the cluster organisations by the

sector (e.g. membership contribution)– Ability to act as single-point-of-entry to the government to

discuss (often short-term) sectors’ interests (e.g. tax and regulation)

– Organisation of events (e.g. to promote working in the cluster)

– Differences in sector interests can lead to a difficult decision-making process within cluster organisations, often resulting in a rather narrow focus on softer themes (e.g. promotion)

– Unbalanced protection of company/sector interests:⇒ Limited cluster approach: in many cases, not all members or

supporting companies and sector (associations) have the same weight and influence within a cluster organisations

⇒ Strong impact of largest contributing members in the decision-making process could lead to an imbalance in the protection of (all) interests

– Limited focus on strategy and long-term growth of the involved sectors and the cluster as a whole

– Too narrow local focus may lead to the suboptimal functioning of a maritime cluster organisation

– Insufficient attention for the role of (relatively) smaller sectors and companies within the maritime cluster

– Increasing cooperation on European level to discuss good practices and lessons learned

– Increase government involvement (and budget) in the cluster organisation to improve mutual understanding and fine-tune policy making

– Focus on longer term maritime sector benefits (strategy and growth)


ANNEX 15: CONTACTED PERSONS

(available on demand)


ANNEX 16: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS– CEDA: Central Dredging Association– CESA: Community of European Shipyards Associations– CMF: Cluster Maritime Français– DG ENTR: Directorate-General Enterprise and Industry (European Commission)– DG MARE: Directorate-General Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (European Commission)– DG TREN: Directorate-General Transport and Energy (European Commission)– ECNI: European Confederation of Nautical Industries– ECSA: European Community Shipowners' Associations– EFIP: European Federation of Inland Ports – EMEC: European Marine Equipment Council– ENMC: European Network of Maritime Cluster– ESPO: European Sea Ports Organisation– EuDA: European Dredging Association– EURMIG: European Union Recreational Marine Industry Group– FOD MOB: Federal public service Mobility and Transport (Belgium)– GICAN: Groupement Industriel des Constructions et Armements Navals– KBRV: Koninklijke Belgische Reders Vereniging (Royal Association of Belgian Shipowners)– KIGM: Polish Chamber of Maritime Commerce– KVNR: Koninklijke Vereniging Nederlandse Reders (Royal Association of Dutch Shipowners)– MARUT: Maritim Utvikling (Maritime Development)– Mer PACA: Mer Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur– MIF: Maritime Industries Forum– NOK: Norwegian Kroner– OLP: Piraeus Port Authority– RDI: Research, Development and Innovation– RITMARE: Italian Research for the Sea– Ro-ro: Roll on – roll off– SMC: Spanish Maritime Cluster (Cluster Maritimo Espanol)


ANNEX 17: LIST OF REFERENCES (1/4)– Adamowitsch, G.W. (2005) – Presentation at Maritimes Industrie Forum 2005 – Association of Finnish Maritime Industries (2003) – The Finnish maritime cluster – Assoporti and Censis (2008) – Analisi dell’ impatto economico e occupazionale dei porti commerciali italiani – La nautica in cifre– BIMCO/ISF (2005) – Manpower 2005 update – Bureau of Statistics Norway – CAB International, Cruise Ship Tourism, 2006 – CESA – Annual Report 2006-2007 – CESA (2008) – Draft version annual report 2007-2008 – Chamber of Shipping (2008) – Annual Report 2007-2008 – Cluster Maritimo Español (2005) – Quantification and economic impact of the maritime sector – Cluster Maritimo Español (2008) – Update of quantification and economic impact of the maritime sector – Danish Maritime Authority (2007) – Fakta om søfart– Departament d’Investigació i Estrategia de Mercats (2007) – Sports and Recreational Boating in Spain – DG MARE – Facts & Figures of countries – Directorate General for Internal Policies of the Union (DGIPU) (2008), The Impact of Tourism on Coastal Areas: Regional

Development Aspects– DTI (2001) – The UK marine equipment industry – Dutch Maritime Network & Maritimt Forum Norway (2006) – Dynamic European Maritime Clusters – Dutch Maritime Network (2005) - European Maritime Policy Conference: proceedings: Chapter 12 – Dutch Maritime Network (2007) – Annual Report 2007 – EAPO (2007) – Observations to the Green Paper “Towards a future maritime policy for the union”– EC (2001) – Transport White Paper (2001); legal framework: TEN-T Guidelines (2004)– EC (2003) – Cluster initiative Greenbook– EC (2006) – Council Regulation on the European Fisheries Fund, No. 1198/2006 European Foundation for the improvement of

living and working conditions (2008) – Article concerning port workers in Romania – EC (2006) – Innobarometer 2006


ANNEX 17: LIST OF REFERENCES (2/4)

– EC (2006) – “Keep Europe moving - Sustainable mobility for our continent”: mid-term review of the European Commission’s 2001 Transport White Paper

– EC (2006) - National Approaches to Maritime Affairs: Background Paper Nr 11 to the Green Paper on a future maritime policy for the Union

– EC (2007) – Commission staff working document (2007) SEC (2007) 1351– EC (2008) – European Cluster Observatory– EC (2008) – Press release European Commission-Fisheries (IP/08/960) – EC (2008) – The concept of clusters and cluster policies and their role for competitiveness and innovation: Main statistical results

and lessons learned – EC (2008) – Towards world-class clusters in the European Union: Implementing the broad-based innovation strategy– Ecorys (2006) – Monitor maritime labour market– Ecotec (2006) – Employment trends in all sectors related to the sea or using sea-resources– ESPO (2007) – Annual report 2006-2007– Europe Innova and Oxford Research (2008) – Cluster policy in Europe– European Cruise Council (2007), Contribution of cruise tourism to the economies of Europe– European Travel Commission (2006), Tourism Trends for Europe– Eurostat – Industry, Trade and Services (Annual enterprise statistics) 2005 – Eurostat – Maritime Transport 2005 – Eurostat – Tourism indicators 2005 – Federazione del Mare (2006) – The third maritime economy report – G.P. Wild and Business Research and Economic Advisors (2007) – Contribution of cruise tourism to the economies of Europe – Gican (2008) – Houthoff Buruma and Policy Research (2007) – IPR Shipbuilding study – KIGM (2008) – KVNR (2006) – De Nederlandse Scheepvaart: Door op vol vermogen



– L’Insee (2006) – Ports Maritimes Autonomes– Leadership 2015, High-level advisory group to the European Commission (2003) – LEI (2006) – Employment in the fisheries sector– Marine Norway (2007) – Maritime Industries Forum (2006) – Facts & figures on the Norwegian Maritime Industry – Maritimt Forum (2007) – Maritim Verdiskapingsbok– Maritimt Forum (2007) – Value creation in the Norwegian Maritime Cluster – Ministry of Economic and Business Affairs (2006) – The Danish Maritime Cluster-An Agenda for Growth – Ministry of Education and Research (2000) – Shipping and marine technology for the 21st century – Nationale Bank van België (2007) – Het economisch belang van de Belgische zeehavens– Nationale Havenraad (2005) – Zeehavengerelateerde werkgelegenheid en toegevoegde waarde– Norwegian Ministry of Trade and Industry (2008) – Piraeus Port Authority (2008) – Pôles de compétitivité (2008) – Policy Research Corporation (2001) – Economic impact of the maritime industries in Europe – Policy Research Corporation (2006) – Economic Monitor of the Dutch Maritime Cluster – Puertos del Estado (2005) – Anuario Estadístico– Questionnaire of Federazione del Mare– Questionnaire of Maritimt Forum and Interviews with Maritimt Forum, Oslo Maritime Network, Menon, Norske Industri, Det

Norske Veritas and Kongsberg – Questionnaire of the Chamber of Shipping and Interviews with Chamber of Shipping, UK Major Ports Group, Brittish Ports

Association, Maritime London, The Baltic Exchange, Society of Maritime Industries, Department for Transport – Research in Germany (2008) – SeaVision UK – Statistics



– UCINA (2007) – United Nations (2004) – Fishery country profile – Vlaamse Havencommissie (2005) – Jaaroverzicht van de Vlaamse Havens 2005 – Vlachos, G. (Greek Merchant Marine Ministry) (2006) – VNSI (2005) – Dutch LeaderSHIP 2015– Wondermar (2002) – Workshop 1 Gdansk: Meaning of RTD for the Polish Maritime Industry – Zentralverband der deutschen Seehafenbetriebe (2005) – Seegüterumschlag ausgewählter Häfen

Weblinks to Country Reports on maritime clusters– Overview http://www.european-network-of-maritime-clusters.eu/publications/4.pdf and http://www.european-network-of-maritime-

clusters.eu/publications/9.pdf– Finland http://www.european-network-of-maritime-clusters.eu/publications/13.pdf– France http://www.european-network-of-maritime-clusters.eu/publications/10.pdf– Italy http://www.european-network-of-maritime-clusters.eu/publications/11.pdf and http://www.european-network-of-maritime-

clusters.eu/publications/14.pdf– Spain http://www.european-network-of-maritime-clusters.eu/publications/15.pdf and http://www.european-network-of-maritime-

clusters.eu/publication/17?c=180– Netherlands/Norway http://www.european-network-of-maritime-clusters.eu/publications/2.pdf– Norway http://www.european-network-of-maritime-clusters.eu/publications/12.pdf and

http://www.regjeringen.no/upload/kilde/fid/rap/2004/0001/ddd/pdfv/220416-rmv_sluttrapport.pdf

http://www.regjeringen.no/upload/kilde/fid/rap/2004/0001/ddd/pdfv/220416-rmv_sluttrapport.pdf

http://www.european-network-of-maritime-clusters.eu/publication/17?c=180

http://www.european-network-of-maritime-clusters.eu/publication/17?c=180

http://www.european-network-of-maritime-clusters.eu/publications/11.pdf











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