Unit 7Cities and Urban Land Use

annexation central business district central place theory gentrification ghetto greenbelts megacity megalopolis peripheral model MSA (metropolitan & micropolitan) primate city public housing redliningsector model slum smart growth sprawl Squatter suburb underclassurban decay urban renewal zone in transition zoning ordinance

BAV- Search “AP Human Geography Urbanization” to locate these terms using your device. Finish for HW if you don’t finish in class.

Cities are everywhere

Is a continuous development that contains a central city, many nearby cities, towns and suburbs. Physical cities may be separated by less developed landscapes. But they may be part of a larger urban landscape.

Physical City

Focuses on how cities function, their internal systems and structures, and the external influences on them.

Two sub-fields of urban geography are:◦ The study of systems of cities-where located, and why they are

there. An external view of cities Current and historic distribution of cities Functions of cities Reasons for differential growth among cities.

◦ The study of internal cities Land use, racial and ethnic segregation, architectural styles, types of

intracity transportation, cycles of construction and development. Makes use of quantitative data-census data Qualitative data-narrative accounts and field studies

Urban Geography

process by which cities grow. has 2 dimensions:◦An increase in the # of ppl living in cities.◦An increase in the % of ppl living in cities.

Urbanization

Nucleated-one or more clear core areas. People who live in them work in non-agricultural jobs.

City and town describe nucleated settlements that perform multiple residential and non residential functions.◦ Towns are smaller and less complex than cities but still have the

nuclear business concentrations.◦Cities may be surrounded by suburbs-areas also nucleated, use

much land space for residences of people who work in or near cities.

◦ Suburbs are separated from the central city by political boundaries.

What is an urban area?

Percent living in urban areas. More developed countries have higher % in urban areas.

70% of USA lives in urbanized areas◦ 30% in central cities◦ 40% surrounding

jurisdictions

Urbanized area

Cities with 3 million or more

70= Student Participated in Quick Write but does not demonstrate knowledge of the topic.

85= Student demonstrates limited knowledge on the topic.

100= Student is on the right track and demonstrates knowledge of the topic.

Grading Rubric for Pass out of Class

An MSA includes the following:1. An urbanized area with a population of at least 50,000.2. The county within which the city is located.3. Adjacent counties with a high population density and a large percentage of residents working in the central city’s county.

Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)

Urbanized area between 10,000 and 50,000.

The county in which it is found and adjacent counties tied to the city

Micropolitan Statistical Area

Megalopolis

Adjacent MSA’s overlap. A county between two central cities may send large

number of commuters to jobs in each. Megalopolis-Greek word meaning “Great City”

Bowash Corridor

Megalopolis

Hamlet-cluster of farmer’s houses with a few basic services.

Village-smallest urban settlement. Several dozen services more specialized than a hamlet.

Town-has more specialized function. May have a bank, post office, hospital, schools. Towns have a hinterland-smaller villages or hamlets economically dependent on it.

City-large population, functional specialization. Well defined central business district.

Megalopolis-multiple cities that have grown together.

Urban Hierarchy-from smallest to largest

Luis Wirth defined a city as a permanent settlement that has three characteristics that create living experiences for urban residents that are different from residents in rural areas.◦ Large size◦High density◦ Social heterogeneity

Social Characteristics of Urban Areas

Residents can know only a small percentage of each other.

Know persons through work, living arrangements and daily routines.

Come into contact with many people but does not know them well.

In contrast-◦ People in rural areas know almost everyone that lives nearby◦Know a great deal about neighbors

1. Large Size

Highly specialized jobs, which allows a large number of people to live in one place.

Each person plays a specific role or performs a specific task which allows the urban area to function smoothly.

High density causes people to compete for space, causing social problems-one group dominates others.

Higher prices for property and rent Further distinguishing between rich and poor.

2. High Density

People with diverse backgrounds Anonymity, uncomfortable with all knowing neighbors. Attract persons with unusual occupations only

available in urban areas. Sexual orientations unacceptable in rural areas. Cultural interests fed by museums, theaters. People tend to be lonely and isolated feeling those

around them are indifferent and uncaring.

3. Social heterogeneity

Cities appear in response to human needs and activities.

A cities geography is important in determining growth.

A city may establish itself as a center of culture, arts, shipping, industry.

Systems of Cities

It is hard to imagine the world without cities. Humans appeared 100,000 ago. No permanent settlements appeared for 90,000 years. The Neolithic(Agricultural) Revolution caused people to form

permanent settlements. These settlements were small and simple. Southeast Asia 3,000 BCE changed things as large scale farming and

irrigation caused agricultural societies to become more complex. Inequality of wealth caused some houses and landholdings to become

larger than others. Specialization of jobs began and some stayed farmers while others

became crafts people, priests and government officials. Government buildings appeared.

Origin and Evolution of Cities

4,000 to 2,000 BCE is called the Formative Era for both the development of states and urbanization.

The more complex settlements grew, the need for central authority increased.

States-organized territories under governments appeared. ◦ Tigris/Euphrates River(Mesopotamia)◦ Indus River(South Asia)◦ East Asian Rivers(China)◦Agean Sea(Greeks)

The Role of Government

Organized focus of the state.◦Agriculture planned and controlled to generate a flow of food.◦Governments collected taxes, walls around cities to protect

from outside invaders.◦ Sites chosen near farmland, water, trade routes, defensibility.◦ Less accessible, more isolated places were at a disadvantage.

◦A group of urban elite controlled the resources and lives of others.

Function and Location of Ancient Cities

Functions of cities included:◦Centers of power-headquarters of early heads of state.◦Religious centers-priests, temples and shrines located in cities.◦ Economic centers-markets for trade, wealthy merchants, land

and livestock owners, traders operating and living in urban areas.

◦ Educational centers-city residents included teachers and philosophers to educate the urban elite.

Function and Location of Ancient Cities

City

City-states-self-governing communities that included the nearby countryside.

Greeks◦Athens-first city to reach 100,000 in population.◦Urban empire included large parts of the interior of Europe

along with Mediterranean shores. Phoenicians-SW Africa Romans

The cities were connected by a network of land and sea routes.

Urbanization and Mediterranean

Huang River and its tributaries.

Han Dynasty as large as the Roman Empire.

Urban Growth in China

Medieval, Preindustrial and Industrial World Cities

The largest settlements were centers of government, church and markets.

Roads connected to hinterlands. Most cities were surrounded by walls. Streets were narrow and winding. Occupational groups were clustered together. Ethnicity defined communities and sought to keep out

people who differed from themselves. “ghetto” first described the segregation of Jews in

Venice.

Medieval cities

Urban centers for culture. Mark Jefferson named them: Primate Cities –larger

in other cities in the area and representing national culture.◦Kyoto-old Japan◦ Paris-French culture◦London-all that is English.

Preindustrial Cities.

Mercantile City-where trade became central to the city design.◦No matter where the city was located, it’s central square was

fronted by government and religious buildings, housing for the rich.

◦ Streets leading to the square were arteries of commerce, lined with shops that specialized in products brought by the trade routes.

Preindustrial Cities

Industrial Revolution Cities

Created the Manufacturing City◦ Factories attracted workers from rural areas. In some countries

tenements were constructed for worker housing.◦Broad, straight boulevards to accommodate the flow of

commercial traffic, eventually cars.◦Developers divided cities into regular sized lots as land was a

commodity to be bought and sold.◦ Some cities retained their historic square, others lost

organization.◦ Problems of sanitation, overcrowding, pollution and dissaray.

Industrial Revolution

¾ of people in developed countries live in cities.

Urbanization in the USA◦ 1800-5% urbanized----1950-20%

Migration urban to rural has increased in less developed countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America.◦ By 2000, 32 of the 48 cities with populations over 5 million were in less

developed nations.

All countries have in common:◦ The proportion of people living in cities is rising.◦ Cities themselves are large and growing.

Rural to Urban Migration andUrban Growth

1. Tokyo-Yokohama, Japan - 33,200,0002. New York, United States - 17,800,0003. Sao Paulo, Brazil - 17,700,0004. Seoul-Incheon, South Korea - 17,500,0005. Mexico City, Mexico - 17,400,0006. Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto, Japan - 16,425,0007. Manila, Philippines - 14,750,0008. Mumbai, India (formerly Bombay) - 14,350,0009. Jakarta, Indonesia - 14,250,00010. Lagos, Nigeria - 13,400,00011. Kolkata, India (formerly Calcutta) - 12,700,00012. Delhi, India - 12,300,00013. Cairo, Egypt - 12,200,000

14. Los Angeles, United States - 11,789,00015. Buenos Aires, Argentina - 11,200,00016. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - 10,800,00017. Moscow, Russia - 10,500,00018. Shanghai, China - 10,000,00019. Karachi, Pakistan - 9,800,00020. Paris, France - 9,645,00021. Nagoya, Japan - 9,000,000 (tie)21. Istanbul, Turkey - 9,000,000 (tie)23. Beijing, China - 8,614,00024. Chicago, United States - 8,308,00025. London, United Kingdom - 8,278,00026. Shenzhen, China - 8,000,000

World’s 26 Largest Cities

In the place of great manufacturing cities are modern world cities that have become centers of business, consumer and public sectors.

World Cities and Megacities

First tier-London, NYC, Tokyo Second tier-Chicago, LA, Washington,

DC. ,Brussels, Frankfurt, Paris, Zurich, Sao Paulo, Singapore.

Third Tier-Bangkok, Bombay, Hong Kong, Manila, Osaka, Seoul, Taipei, Buenos Aires, Caracas, Mexico City, Rio de Janeiro, Johannesburg.

Tiers of cities

These tiers are based on centrality of these services to the city: Business, consumer and public services.◦Business-corporate offices and support staff, financial services

of banks, insurance companies. Stock exchanges, convergence of transportation networks.

◦Consumer-more wealthy live in cities. Entertainment and cultural offerings.

◦ Public-national or international seats of power. NYC-United Nations, Brussels-EU headquarters.

Tiers of Cities.

Coined by the United Nations in the 1970’s for cities over 10 million.

House new arrivals in overpopulated apartment buildings, tenements or slums.

Shantytowns have grown up around many. Lack of zoning allows the very wealthy to live next to

the very poor.

Megacities

Urban centers are functionally connected to other cities and to rural areas.◦ Transportation centers-major routes converge.◦ Special function cities-engaged in manufacturing, mining, or

recreation.◦Central places-provide goods and services for the surrounding

areas. ◦Cities carry out activities that are necessary simply to support

itself.

Functions of Cities

Export activities-produce goods and services for outside the city. They are the basic sector of the city’s economy.

Non-basic or service sector- produce goods or services for the residents of he city itself.

Base ratio-ration between workers employed in basic and non basic sector. The larger the city the larger the ratio of non-basic workers.◦Multiplier effect-new basic sector employment is

accompanied by a larger share of non-basic workers. Decreasing the ratio of basic to non-basic workers.

The economic base of cities

Economic base

Retail◦ High end shops◦ Retail services such as

malls, grocery stores◦ Business services

High cost of land◦ Tokyo-$500 million/sq acre◦ Intensive land use◦ skyscrapers

Excluded activities◦ Declining manufacturing◦ Lack of residents

CBD-Downtown

Charleston

Father of modern Geography

Classified cities in the USA into three types according to function.◦Manufacturing dominated

cities in the Northeast.◦Retail centers scattered

across the country.◦Diversified cities with

multiple functions.

1943-Chauncy Harris

Areas outside the city that are affected by it.

How big an area, depends on the city.

The urban hierarchy is at work.

Urban Influence Zones

1. Sail-Wagon Epoch (1790-1830)-trade took ships across the ocean or along shorelines, wagons overland. Technologies determined job opportunities of people that came to work in cities.

2. Iron-Horse Epoch (1830-1870)-railroad technology changed the nature of trade and employment.

3. Street-Rail Epoch(1870-1920)-the steel industry transformed urban America and job opportunities of workers.

4. Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920’s-1960’s)-internal combustion engine came to dominate life styles, employment opportunities and the economic base of cities.

John Borchert (1967)-Stages in the Evolution of a City

Two theories of settlement geography or patterns of settlement on the earth’s surface.◦Rank-size rule.◦Christaller’s Central Place Theory

Models of Urban Systems

Rank size ordering describes patterns of urban sizes in complex economies where urbanization is well established.

Tells us that the nth largest city will be 1/n the size of the larges city.◦ Example the 2nd largest city will be ½ the size of the first

largest city.◦ In some countries the primate city so dominates that no other

cities fit the rank size order.

Rank Size Rule

Views urban settlements as centers for distribution of economic goods and services to the surrounding nonurban populations.

Central Place Theory

Walter Christaller Germany in 1933.

Several Assumptions:◦No topographic barriers◦No difference in farm productivity◦An evenly dispersed farm population◦ People with similar lifestyles and incomes.◦Differing thresholds, or minimum number of consumers necessary

to support different products(lower threshold for inexpensive items, higher threshold for expensive items.) 1) threshold -- the minimum market needed to bring a firm or city

selling goods and services into existence and to keep it in business 2) range -- the average maximum distance people will travel to

purchase goods and services ◦ Purchase of goods and services at the nearest center.

Central Place Theory

Basis of the theory

The landscape is divided into non-competing market areas. Each individual urban center and its merchants has a sales monopoly.

The market areas for a series of hexagons, with no area un-serviced and no area with equal service from two centers.

The central place is the center of he hexagon, it will supply all the goods and services to consumers in the area.

The size of the market area of a central place is based on the number of goods and services offered.

Within each hexagon, or around its edges, lie smaller hexagons with central places that serve smaller areas.◦ This creates a hierarchy of hexagons or central places providing lower

order services.

Central Place Theory

Towns of the same size are evenly spaced apart because they are the center of the like-sized market areas. Larger towns will be farther apart than smaller towns because their market area is larger.

Towns are part of an interdependent system. If a central place is eliminated, the entire system readjusts altering the spatial pattern.

Two conclusions

Conclusions

The conclusions apply widely to differing areas of the world. ◦They describe agricultural areas particularly

well.◦Where cities are multi-functional, the model

is less applicable. But still can accurately describe special-

function as well as transportation based cities.

Geographers analyze the internal land spaces of cities and the various uses that it serves.

Cities are often arranged in similar ways, allowing geographers to develop models of urban land use.

The models are influenced by:◦Accessibility◦High cost of accessible space◦ Transportation◦ Societal and cultural needs.

Internal Cities

Accessibility◦ Functions of cities be fulfilled in spaces accessible to its

inhabitants. Ex. High density housing within walking distance of workers during the Industrial Revolution.

High cost of accessible space◦ The cost of land ↑ as available land↓◦Mass transportation allowed the amount of useable space to

grow.◦ Population density pushes the cost of land and other

commodities higher.

Internal cities

Transportation◦ Lines of transportation determine the growth of a city.◦ Land with highest accessibility is the most desirable and

generally the most expensive. Societal and cultural needs.◦ Economic competition determines land use.◦ Some highly desirable land is usually set aside for parks,

schools, libraries. Look at Central Park in NYC

Internal Cities

Three different models developed to explain land use within cities.

The 3 models were all developed in Chicago, with flat land and only Lake Michigan to disrupt the landscape.

The three models:◦Concentric Zone◦ Sector◦Multiple Nuclei Models

Models of Urban Land Use

Created in 1923 Sociologist EW Burgess It views cities growing

outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings.

Concentric Zone Model

Concentric Zones

Concentric Zones

Zone 1-CBD, nonresident activities, property costs↑. Zone 2-Zone in transition, light industry, housing for

poor, services in transition between CBD and residential areas in outer zones. Housing formerly occupied by the wealthy, who have moved farther out. Industry in Zone 2 are too large to fit into Zone 1, owners seeking cheaper land.

Zone 3-working class homes, modest older homes on smaller lots. Housing is less expensive than outer rings.

Zone 4-homes are larger and more expensive. Middle class single family homes or high rent apartments. These persons choose location and afford high cost of transportation to the CBD.

Zone 5-commuter zone, farthest from CBD. Beyond continuous built up area. People live in small villages where they spend leisure and sleep hours and commute to the CBD.

Concentric Zones

Indianapolisconcentric

Concentric Zone

Burgesses model is dynamic. Invasion and succession explains the changes to the

model.◦ Poorer inhabitants drive wealthy farther out from the center of

the city.

Sector ModelHomer Hoyt1939Land Economist

Cities develop in a series of sectors. Sectors develop by environmental factors or by chance. As cities grow, activities expand outward like a wedge. Once an area is established for industry, other industry

will cluster around it. Wealthy areas attract wealthy. Middle class live next to

wealthy.

Sector Model

Sector Model

Multiple Nuclei ModelC. D. Harris and E. L. UllmanDeveloped in 1945

Harris and Ullman Explains that large cities develop by spreading from

several nodes of growth, not just one. Individual nodes have special functions This model explains that incompatible land use activities

do not cluster in the same location. Nodes influence the type of development that occurs

around them. This model explains then clusters come into contact,

incompatible land uses will develop along juncture lines.

Multiple Nuclei Model

Multiple Nuclei Model

All 3 models help explain not only land use, but the different social characteristics of people living in areas of a city.

These models may be used along with census information.

Census tracts-division of urban land areas in the USA. ◦Approximately 5,000 people◦Correspond to neighborhood boundaries.

Summary

North American Cities follow this model. Created by Chauncy Harris-created the multiple nuclei

model. Strong desire for suburban living◦ Families with children◦Amenities◦More space, play and protection than city

Peripheral Model

Peripheral Model

Chicago

Density gradient-Density change in an Urban area.

Sprawl-progressiveSpread of Development over theLandscape.

Cleveland

Progressive spread of development over the landscape.

Greenbelts-rings of open space can fight urban development. London is an example.

Urban Sprawl

Development

Encourage spatial segregation. Prevents mixed land uses within the same district. This is a form of suburban segregation.◦Vertical segregation is replaced by territorial segregation.

◦ Legally requirements such as lot size, prohibition of apartments, prevent many low income families from living in the suburbs.

Zoning Ordinances

Urban redevelopment◦Revitalization of downtown areas

Gentrification-middle class people drawn to renovated areas.

◦ Expensive condos replacing low income housing.◦ Poor even further displaced.

New public housing with less population density.

Smart growth◦ Produce a pattern of controlled development.◦ Protect rural lands for agriculture, wildlife and recreation◦Urban growth areas designated by the local governments.

Planning for growth

Social Area Analysis-puts together information from census tracts to create an overall picture of how various types of people are distributed within a broader area, like a city.◦ Social groups influenced by the size and value of available

housing.

Patterns of class, age, gender, race and ethnicity

Social class◦ Low number of people per room=high social class

Age/marital status◦Younger families live farther from CBD

Gender◦ Increasing number of 1 parent families-78% of one parent

families are headed by women.◦ Feminization of poverty-increasing proportion of the poor who

are women. Rely heavily on public transportation and live closer to or in CBD’s.

Patterns of class, age, gender, race and ethnicity

Race and ethnicity-◦ Tendency for ethnic and racial groups to cluster together.◦Many black Americans and Latinos live in undesirable

neighborhoods “ghettos” with dilapidated housing, high crime rates and inadequate schools.

◦ Social and economic barriers to move are high◦Redlining-It describes the practice of marking a red line on a

map to delineate the area where banks would not invest; later the term was applied to discrimination against a particular group of people (usually by race or sex) no matter the geography.

Patterns of class, age, gender, race and ethnicity

Ghettoization

Forced segregation limits residential choices, ethnic or racial minorities may be confined to older, low-cost housing areas typically close to the city center.

Patterns of ghettoization have differed by region

Early South-alleys and back streets, nearby white communities where jobs were.

Classic south-newly freed black slaves, poor quality houses on undesirable land. Spatial and social segregation from white neighborhoods.

Early northern-in cities competed with other groups for living space. High density housing on the margins of the CBD.

Classic northern-low rent housing surrounding CBD. Overcrowding leads to crime.

Ghettoization

Transportation and InfrastructureCities and Urban Land Used

Refers to all the facilities that support basic economic activities to such a degree that a city cannot function without them.

Transportation impacts the demographic layout and function including:◦Motor vehicles

About ¼ of city land allocated to roads and parking lots.

◦ Public transportation Busses, rail, subway

Infrastructure

Public Transportation

How do worldwide cities compare to American cities?

Comparative Urbanization

European Cities◦Wealthy live close to town◦ Small yards if any, parks are popular◦Wealthy have weekend homes.◦ European suburbs are centers for crime, violence, drug dealing.◦ Suburb residents are often immigrants from Africa or Asia who

face discrimination or prejudice in larger society.

Comparative Urbanization

Latin American Cities◦ Faster growth today◦CBD main focus of business, employment and entertainment.◦ Socioeconomic levels and housing decrease in quality as

distance from the center city increases.◦Disamenity sector is a relatively stable slum area that radiates

from the central market to the outermost zone of periphery squatter settlements that consist of high density shantytowns.

Comparative Urbanization

Layout of Latin American City

Squatter settlement it is considered as a residential area in an urban locality inhabited by the very poor who have no access to tenured land of their own, and hence "squat" on vacant land, either private or public.

Squatter Settlement

Asian Cities◦ Founded and developed by Europeans, follow European model

of spatial arrangement.◦Asia’s urban growth is explosive

African Cities◦Northern Africa-Islamic influence, mosque in the center,

marketplace or bazaar.◦ Southern Africa-Western due to colonization by Europe.

Comparative Urbanization

Underclass-inner city residents who are trapped in an unending cycle of economic and social problems.◦ Lack of job skills◦Homeless◦ Poverty◦Crime◦Racial Segregation◦Annexation –legally adding land to the city

Inner city Social Problems

How the price and demand for real estate changes as the distance from the Central Business District (CBD) increases. It states that different land users will compete with one another for land close to the city centre.

Bid Rent theory