Annex 4. Rice Terraces Systems in Subtropical China ...

GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China

Annex 4.

Rice Terraces Systems in Subtropical China

-- Youxi Lianhe Terraces

Location: Youxi County, Fujian Province, China

The People’s Government of Youxi County, Fujian Province

August, 2016


I

SUMMARY INFORMATION

Name/Title of the Agricultural Heritage System (local Name and Translation, if

necessary):

Rice Terraces Systems in Subtropical China

-- Youxi Lianhe Terraces

Recommending/applying organization:

The People’s Government of Youxi County, Fujian Province, P. R. China

Country/location/Site:

Youxi County, Sanming City, Fujian Province, China. Between east longitude

117°48'30" to 118°40' and north latitude 25°50'36" to26°26'30".

Accessibility of the Site to Capital City or Major Cities:

158 km away from the provincial capital Fuzhou City of Fujian Province,

208km away from Fuzhou Changle International Airport, connected with

expressways; electrified high-speed rail like Xiangtang-Putian High-speed Rail

passes through Youxi County; connected with other cities by expressways such as

Fuzhou-Yinchuan Expressway, Xiamen-Shaxian Expressway and Putian-Yanling


II

Expressway as well as 314 Provincial Road.

Approximate Surface Area: 3,425.3 km2, of which the key protection zone Lianhe

Township covers 169.5 km2.

Agro-Ecological Zone: Terrace Farming Zone on Middle and Lower Hills in the

South

Topographic Features: Featured with mountainous regions and hills which cover

about 90% of the total land area.

Climate Type: Subtropical oceanic monsoon climate

Approximate Population: Registered population is 440,300 and permanent resident

population is 35,300 (with the agricultural population of 210,000), in which the

population in the key protection zone is 21,000.

Main Source of Livelihoods: The agricultural income of the whole county amounts

to RMB 4,705 million, accounting for 27.2% of the GDP. That of the key protection

zone Lianhe Township reaches RMB 276 million. More than 90% of Lianhe

people’s food comes from the Lianhe Terrace System.

Ethnicity/Indigenous Population: The Han ethnic group occupies over 99% and

the minority is mainly She ethnic group.

Summary Information of the Agricultural Heritage System:

Youxi Lianhe Terraces of Fujian Province have a long history. It has been over

1,700 years since the Disaster of Yongjia (311 AD) in the Western Jin Dynasty when

people fled from the Central Plain here and brought wasteland into cultivation,

forming the rudiments of terraces. There are clear written records saying that

habitation history of Youxi can be dated back to the Tang Dynasty of over 1,300

years ago. Youxi ancestors reclaimed wasteland into terraces on slopes and finally

created a three-dimensional circular agricultural ecosystem, i.e. water conservation

forest-bamboo forest-village-terrace-combination of terrace and village-river, with

the efforts of several generations. This system provided various foods for local

people, including grains like paddy rice, wheat, peanut and oilseed rape, aquatic


III

animals like loach and carp, meat like duck, chicken and pork as well as bamboo

shoot and wild mushroom growing under the forest system. The terrace ecosystem

had an abundant biodiversity including 672 species of plants, 166 varieties of

animals and 27 kinds of microorganisms. In particular, Lianhe Terraces still reserves

72 varieties of traditional rice such as garnet, Youxi red and cold waterdrop, which

can meet rice cultivation requirements in different altitudes and different seasons.

The farming activities and plants’ aspect change on terraces make Lianhe Terraces

present different landscapes in four seasons. The cultures corresponding to the

agricultural production activities on Lianhe Terraces are also unique: The melodious

Jinshan folk songs is an important way for ancient people to pass on farming

knowledge to their descendants; food culture is also brilliant, such as white kuih,

fresh bamboo shoot, Youxi fumigated duck, full of local flavor; festivals, customs,

worship and taboos in Lianhe Terrace area also reflect the harmonious relationship

between ancient people and the nature, having typical local features.

Youxi Lianhe Terraces are relatively closed, long and narrow, which effectively

withstands the influence of modern agricultural technology. So traditional family

operation is the primary agricultural operation mode of Youxi. Therefore, traditional

agricultural technology and culture are well preserved. However, due to low

comparative profit of agriculture, desolated terraces and outflow of young workforce

are very common here. In addition, the use of modern cultivation pattern such as

pesticide and chemical fertilizer results in that traditional terrace production system

can hardly maintain, and besides, modern informatized life style has penetrated in

and affected the terrace system. All these factors cause the terrace culture system in

danger of vanishing.

To protect Lianhe terrace system, the local government and people have taken a

series of measures: offering a certain subsidy to agricultural producers, encouraging

local people to work on agricultural production and attract young adult labour force

to come back; rewarding farmers that reclaim deserted terraces; signing Agreement

on Cultivating Conventional Paddy Rice and Dry Field Crops between the


IV

government and farmers; accelerating the construction of water conservancy

facilities and irrigation facilities for farmland; carrying out ecological agricultural

cultivation and developing ecological tourism to improve agricultural income.


I

Contents

1 System Features ........................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Food and Livelihood Safety .............................................................................................. 2

1.1.1 Providing Various Foods ........................................................................................ 2

1.1.2 Other Products Provided ........................................................................................ 4

1.1.3 Important Sources of Local Economic Income ...................................................... 4

1.2 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function ............................................................................... 5

1.2.1 Biodiversity ............................................................................................................ 5

1.2.2 Ecosystem Service Function ................................................................................ 10

1.3 Knowledge Hierarchy and Adaptability Technology ...................................................... 12

1.3.1 Traditional Farming Tool ..................................................................................... 12

1.3.2 Compound Planting .............................................................................................. 14

1.3.3 Crop Rotation ....................................................................................................... 15

1.3.4 Multiple Varieties Intercropping .......................................................................... 18

1.3.5 Disease, Insect Pest and Weed Prevention ........................................................... 18

1.3.6 Soil Fertility Maintenance .................................................................................... 19

1.3.7 Knowledge of Airing and Storage ........................................................................ 20

1.3.8 Agricultural Arrangement and Agrometeorological Observation Experience ...... 20

1.3.9 Terrace Landscape Construction Experience ....................................................... 21

1.4 Agricultural Culture, Value System and Social Organization ......................................... 21

1.4.1 Food Culture ........................................................................................................ 21

1.4.2 Folk Songs and Farming Proverbs ....................................................................... 23

1.4.3 Celebrities and Poems .......................................................................................... 24

1.4.4 Main Festivals ...................................................................................................... 27

1.4.5 Customs ................................................................................................................ 33

1.4.6 Worship and Taboo ............................................................................................... 34

1.4.7 Village Regulation and Agreement....................................................................... 35

1.4.8 Folk Handicrafts ................................................................................................... 36

1.4.9 Social Organizations ............................................................................................ 37


II

1.5 Management of Landscape and Land and Water Resources ........................................... 37

1.5.1 Composite Landscape .......................................................................................... 37

1.5.2 Terrace Landscape ................................................................................................ 39

1.5.3 Farmland Landscape ............................................................................................ 39

2. Historical Significance .............................................................................................................. 41

2.1 Historical Origin and Development of Youxi Lianhe Terrace ......................................... 41

2.2 Historical Significance of Youxi Lianhe Terrace ............................................................ 42

2.2.1 Important Elements Comprising the Traditional Chinese Farming Culture ......... 42

2.2.2 Valuable Experiences for China’s Construction of Ecological Agriculture .......... 43

3 Practical Significance ................................................................................................................. 44

3.1 To Guarantee the Food Safety of Local Residents .......................................................... 44

3.2 To Provide Quality and Safe Agricultural Products and to Increase Resident Income ... 44

3.3 To Play an Important Role in Protecting and Inheriting the Local Variety of Crops ...... 45

3.4 To Be Beneficial to Ecological Civilization Construction of Local Agriculture ............. 45

4 Threats and Challenges .............................................................................................................. 47

4.1 Increasing Extreme Weather Results in Uneven Space-Time Distribution of Water

Resources .............................................................................................................................. 47

4.2 Modern Agricultural Technology Brings Impact on the Traditional Farming Methods .. 47

4.3 Young Labor Force Loses Due to Diversities of Livelihoods ......................................... 49

4.4 Traditional Farming Culture Encounters with Inheritance Loss ..................................... 51

5 Protection and Development Measures ...................................................................................... 53

5.1 Adopted Measures ........................................................................................................... 53

5.1.1 Provided Agricultural Subsidy ............................................................................. 53

5.1.2 Set up Mechanism Protecting Traditional Farming Methods ............................... 53

5.1.3 Expanded the Market and Built Brand ................................................................. 54

5.1.4 Developed Leisure Agriculture ............................................................................ 54

5.1.5 Carried out Promotion Campaigns ....................................................................... 55

5.2 Potential and Opportunity ............................................................................................... 56

5.2.1 Lianhe Terrace System Containing Rich Biological Resources ........................... 56

5.2.2 Traditional Farming Methods Ensuring the High Quality of Agricultural


III

Production ..................................................................................................................... 56

5.2.3 High Potentiality of Tourist Resources................................................................. 56

5.2.4 Influence of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems.......................... 57

5.3 Expected Social and Ecological Impacts ........................................................................ 58

5.3.1 Increasing Peasants’ Income and Employment to Enhance Their Happiness ...... 58

5.3.2 Conducive to the Inheritance of Traditional Terrace Farming Technique and

Culture ..................................................................................................................... 59

5.3.3 Conducive to the Maintenance and Promotion of the Good Ecological

Environment of Youxi ................................................................................................... 59

5.3.4 Maintain the Biodiversity and Ecological Functions of the System .................... 59

5.4 Initiative of the Local Government, the State and Other Stakeholders ........................... 60

5.4.1 Youxi County Government ................................................................................... 60

5.4.2 Chinese Government ............................................................................................ 60

6 Dynamic Conservation Plan for GIAHS Selected Site .............................................................. 62

6.1 Conservation and Development Activities Have Been Done .......................................... 62

6.1.1 Establishing a Leading Group for Application for GIAHS .................................. 62

6.1.2 Working on Documentary Videos of Lianhe Terraces with CCTV .................... 62

6.1.3 Carrying out “Three-Product” Certification and Strengthening Product Safety

Check ...................................................................................................................... 62

6.1.4 Promoting Agricultural Informatization and Improving Farmers’ Heritage

Protection Awareness and Industrial Development Ability .......................................... 63

6.1.5 Formulating Government Subsidy System and Boosting the Traditional

Agricultural Production in Terraces .............................................................................. 63

6.1.6 Signing Agreements with Farmers and Propelling the Protection of Agricultural

Crop Varieties ............................................................................................................... 63

6.1.7 Boosting the Status Survey and Scientific Research for Lianhe Terrace Heritage64

6.1.8 Youxi County’s Developing the Lianhe Terrace as Its Tourism Brand ................ 64

6.2 Anticipatory Action ......................................................................................................... 64

6.2.1 Agro-Ecology Protection ...................................................................................... 64

6.2.2 Agricultural Culture Protection ............................................................................ 67


IV

6.2.3 Agricultural Landscape Protection ....................................................................... 69

6.2.4 Eco-Products Development .................................................................................. 72

6.2.5 Eco-Tourism Development .................................................................................. 75

6.3 Measures Against Threats and Expected Effects ............................................................. 78

6.3.1 Diversity of Livelihood Makes Loss of Young Labor for Terraced Fields ........... 78

6.3.2 Impact of Modern Agricultural Technology on Traditional Farming Mode ......... 79

6.3.3 Traditional Agro-Farming Culture Faces Absence of Inheritance ........................ 79

6.3.4 Threat of Extreme Climate to Terraced Field ....................................................... 80

6.4. Fund Raising .................................................................................................................. 81

6.5. Mechanism of Guarantee ............................................................................................... 82

6.5.1 Building of National Organization ....................................................................... 82

6.5.2 Building of County-Township-Village-Level Organization ................................. 82

6.5.3 Building of Local Community Organization ........................................................ 82

References ................................................................................................................................. - 84 -

Appendixes ............................................................................................................................... - 86 -


1

1 System Features

Abundant traditional paddy rice varieties. Lianhe Terraces are 900 meters in

the highest peak and 100 meters in the lowest point, with a perpendicular throw of

over 700 meters. Thus it provides favorable climatic conditions for cultivation and

conservation of different varieties of paddy rice. In the meantime, as Lianhe Terraces

are located at topographically enclosed region, it is seldom exposed to modern

technology and still reserves 72 traditional rice varieties which enrich the global

(national) rice germplasm repository. The typical growing rice varieties include

Garnet red, Youxi red, cold waterdrop, Huzao, Dwarf white, Youxi grain and so on.

Ecological resource utilization pattern. Lianhe terrace people utilize local

natural conditions to create a circular and three-dimensional production system: water

conservation forest-bamboo forest-village-terrace-combination of terrace and

village-river. Besides, they also create composite cropping patterns, such as rice and

potato rotation, rice and melon rotation, rice and vegetable rotation, rice and tobacco

rotation, rice and grass rotation, raising fish in paddies and symbiotic rice and duck.

These agricultural landscape structure and ecological growing patterns can provide

reference for farmers of other regions and significantly promote the improvement of

agricultural environment and food safety.

Cultures that maintain the stability of terrace system. The cultures

corresponding to the agricultural production activities on Lianhe Terraces are also

unique: The melodious Jinshan folk songs also contain a plenty of farming

knowledge; kuih, loach with silk noodles, spiced bamboo shoot and pressed salted

duck which are made of agricultural products growing in the terrace system are full of

local flavor; festivals, customs, worship and taboos in Lianhe terrace area maintain

the harmonious relationship between ancient people and the nature, playing an

enlightening role in helping contemporary people deal with the relationship between

human and nature.


2

1.1 Food and Livelihood Safety

1.1.1 Providing Various Foods

Lianhe Terraces are a comprehensive food production system consisting of water

conservation forest-bamboo forest-village-terrace-combination of terrace and

village-river, providing various foods for people. The black rice, red rice, soybean,

sweet potato, potato, corn, millet, cassava, taro and so on are the main rations of local

people (Figure 1); peanut, oilseed rape, soybean and sasanqua are the main sources of

local oil (Figure 2); asparagus lettuce, Chinese cabbage, sechium edule, melon and

fruit growing in the terrace system provide food materials for local people (Figure 3).

Animals symbiotic with crops in farmland such as livestock like pigs, cows, sheep

and rabbits, poultry like shanma ducks and chickens and their eggs, fish like carps

and loaches as well as shellfish like escargots are the primary sources of food proteins

for local people (Figure 4).

Peanut Sasanqua Soybean

Figure 2 Oil Crops

Asparagus lettuce Chinese cabbage Sechium edule

Figure 3 Common Vegetables in Lianhe Terraces

Black rice Red rice Purple sweet potato

Figure 1 Grain Crops


3

Carp Escargot Loach

Shanma Duck Egg Rabbit

Figure 4 Common Animals and Their Products in Lianhe Terraces

Local people also get food from

forestry, tea garden, orchard and rivers

around the terraces by the way of

collecting or hunting. For example, the

forest system above the terraces provides

lentinus sajor-caju, auricularia auricula-judae

and other mushrooms (Figure 5); the bamboo

forest provides local people with bamboo

shoots all the year round (Figure 6); artificial tea garden, orchard and vegetable

garden provide tea, fruits and so on (Figure 7). These food materials are critical raw

materials of local traditional food, constituting an integral part of local food.

Tea Cumquat Pteridium aquilinum

Figure 7 Food Produced by the Forest System

Lentinus sajor-caju Auricularia auricula-judae

Figure 5 Common Mushrooms

Figure 6 Bamboo Shoots


4

Figure 9 Ancient Pagoda of the Southern

Song Dynasty--Taming Tiger Cligg

1.1.2 Other Products Provided

In history, Lianhe terrace area was scarcely populated yet with many beasts,

facing a severe beast infestation. Additionally, it was necessary to carry out water

retention and storage for the agricultural production, so the tradition of closing

hillsides to facilitate forestation was developed in the history,

which guarantees the abundant plant resources of the forest

ecosystem. There are more than 458 species of plants in the

forests, among which trees are mainly phyllostachys edulis,

gingko, taxus chinensis, styphnolobium japonicum,

cupressaceae, pinus taeda, larix gmelinii and so on. These timbers are common

materials for local houses, handicrafts, bamboo wares like winnowing basket,

vegetable basket, strainer, loach basket, hencoop, basket warmer (Figure 8),

round-bottomed basket, grain dying tent, curtain and other daily supplies.

Apart from providing food and other agricultural products, the farmland

ecosystem also produces many crop straws. The straws of Lianhe terrace ecosystem

mainly come from paddy rice, potato,

bean, tobacco and vegetable, with an

average amount of 20,000 t each year.

Rice straws can be used to make fiber

products and paper as well as used as

the household fuel in remote areas.

1.1.3 Important Sources of Local

Economic Income

Lianhe terrace system is the source of local people’s livelihood. In the

agricultural times, Lianhe Township people depended on the three-dimensional

terrace system to get their necessities of life. As of the modern commodity economy

times, the agricultural production of the terrace system is still an important source of

farmers’ income, though some go out as migrant workers or go into business. The

primary products supplied by the terrace system are agricultural products, forest

Figure 8 Basket Warmer


5

products, aquatic products, animal husbandry products, and the like.

Take Lianhe Township as an example. Considering the output and product value

in 2014, the gross output value of the system’s agricultural products reaches RMB

276 million, with a year-on-year increase of 4.9%. Therein, the agricultural

production value is 187.35 million, increased by 3.3%; the forestry output value is

increased by 6.2% to 49.88 million; the animal husbandry output value is 31.59

million, with an increase of 12.6%; the fishery output value is 1.9 million, with an

increase 3.7%; agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery service output

value is 1.74 million, with an increase of 1.7%. Farmers of Lianhe Township enjoy a

net per capita income of RMB 6,046 which plays an important role in improving

farmers’ living conditions. Other than agriculture, Lianhe Township terraces are

linked together, presenting a magnificent scenery, and there is a time-honored temple

on Taming Tiger Cliff (Figure 9) as well as various kinds of special farming food.

These are all superior tourism resources which attracted 62,000 tourists, 50% more

than that of 2009. Personnel engaged in service industries such as tour guidance,

hostel and restaurant account for 5% of the permanent population, with the per capita

income reaching RMB 1,500. It solves the employment and bread-and-butter issues

of local people to some extent. Moreover, weaved or carved handicrafts with

bamboos and wood in the mountain also bring some profits to local farmers.

1.2 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function

1.2.1 Biodiversity

(1) Agricultural biodiversity

Crop germplasm resources. The traditional rice germplasm resources in

Lianhe terrace area are abundant, and embody Youxi people’s wisdom in seed

selection and breeding. So far, there are 72 varieties of traditional paddy rice reserved

in Lianhe terrace area, which can meet the requirements on rice cultivation in

different altitudes and seasons and ensure the year-round production of Lianhe

terraces. These traditional rice varieties include: garnet, Youxi red, cold waterdrop,


6

huzao, dwarf white, Youxi grain, white jade grain, dark rounded grain and red husk

grain (Figure 10). See Attachment 2-Table 1 for some other varieties.

Garnet Youxi Red Cold Waterdrop

Huzao Dwarf White Youxi Grain

White Jade Grain Dark Rounded Grain Red Dusk Grain

Figure 10 Traditional Paddy Rice Varieties

While preserving a lot of traditional rice varieties, Lianhe Township also

developed 84 kinds of hybrid rice (Attachment 2-Table 2), greatly guaranteeing the

local food safety.

Lianhe Terraces are also rich in other crop germplasm resources. There are 123

varieties of other crops growing in terraces, among which 27 are food grains, 21

oil-bearing crops, 44 vegetables, 4 green manure crops, 7 commercial crops, 10 fruit

trees, and 10 edible mushrooms (Attachment 2-Table 3).

Breeds of raised animals. In the rice farming system, Lianhe Terraces still

retain the rice-animal symbiotic cropping pattern, such as “shrimp farming in paddy”,

“escargot farming in paddy”, “crab farming in paddy”, “fish farming in paddy” and

“dark breeding in paddy”. In general, 12 kinds of animals keep symbiotic with rice,

including 6 kinds of fish like loach, monopterus, grass carp and carp, 3 kinds of


7

shrimps like prawn and macrobrachium, 2 kinds of conches like cipangopaludina

cahayensis and 1 kind of crab: See Attachment 2-Table 3.

In Lianhe terrace ecosystem, there are 35 kinds of livestock and poultry raised

by local people, mainly including 5 breeds of pigs such as Huai pig and Eastern

Fujian spotted pig, 6 breeds of rabbits such as Chinchila rabbit and rex rabbit, 3

breeds of Daiyun goat, 1 breed of dairy cattle, 2 breeds of farm cattle, 3 breeds of

dogs, 7 breeds of chickens like Youxi local chicken and gingko white chicken, 3

breeds of ducks like shanma duck, 3 breeds of geese like lion-head goose and 2

breeds of pigeons.

(2) Relevant species diversity

There are 166 breeds of animals (Attachment 2-Table 5), 672 species of plants

(Attachment 2-Table 4) and 27 strains of common microorganisms (Attachment

2-Table 6) in the forest, village, terrace and rive compound system of Lianhe

Terraces.

Forest sub-ecosystem: There are 458 species of plants, among which 147 are

trees, 72 bushes, 15 woody climbers, 184 herbaceous plants, 18 ferns and 6

bryophytes; 123 breeds of animals, including 49 invertebrates and 74vertebrates both

of which are mainly carnivorous and rodent animals; and 27 strains of common

microorganisms.

Village sub-ecosystem: There are 285 species of plants, including 60 trees, 33

bushes, 149 herbaceous plants, 13 herbaceous climbers, 23 ferns and 7 bryophytes;

63 breeds of animals, including 29 invertebrates and 34 vertebrates; and 7 strains of

common microorganisms.

Stream sub-ecosystem: There are 208 species of plants, including 43 trees, 51

bushes, 8 woody climbers, 12 herbaceous climbers, 73 herbaceous plants, 14 ferns

and 7 bryophytes; and 75 breeds of animals, including 37 vertebrates and 38

invertebrates.


8

Lianhe Terraces are nursing plenty of rare species resources and possessing 2

first-grade state protection plants, i.e. cibotium barometz and taxus chinensis; 7

second-grade protection plants, i.e. phoebe zhennan, cinnamomum camphora,

tsoongiodendron odorum, Fujian phoebe zhennan, gingko, keteleeria fortunei and

Fujian cupressaceae (Figure 12); 3 third-grade protection plants, i.e. coptis

chinensis, mangnolia hypoleuca and magnolia officinalis; 9 Fujian Province-level

protection plants, i.e. Fujian cyclobalanopsis chungii, Fujian michelia, Fujian cerasus

serrulata, keteleeria fortunei, cryptomeria fortunei, podocarpus macrophyllus,

cephalotaxus sinensis, cinnamomum camphora and phyllostachys bambusoides.

In the Lianhe Terraces’ forest sub-ecosystem, there are 5 first-grade state

protection animals, i.e. eryx, boa, hairy-fronted muntjac, clouded leopard and

deinagkistrodon; 12 second-grade state protection animal, i.e. jackal, hoplobatrachus

Taxus chinensis Cibotium barometz

Figure 11 Youxi First-Grade State Protection Plants

Phoebe zhennan Cinnamomum camphora Fujian phoebe zhennan

Keteleeria fortunei Fujian cupressaceae Tsoongiodendron odorum

Figure 12 Second-Grade State Protection Plants


9

tigerinus, aquila fasciata, spilornis, Eurasian sparrowhawk, northern goshawk, black

eagle, greater coucal, common kestrel, otter, macaque and pangolin; 28 third-grade

state protection animals including hedgehog, fejervarya limnocharis, asiatic toad,

sinonatrix annularis, rice paddy snake, trimeresurus, porcupine, wild boar, hedgehog,

etc.; 7 Fujian Province-level protection animals, such as cormorant, Chinese hwamei,

long-eared owl and oriental turtle dove.

Eryx Boa Hairy-fronted muntjac

Clouded leopard Deinagkistrodon Jackal

Hoplobatrachus tigerinus Otter Northern goshawk

Greater coucal Aquila fasciata Eurasian sparrowhawk


10

Little egret Macaque Pangolin

Figure 13 State Protection Animals

1.2.2 Ecosystem Service Function

(1) Water conservation function of woodland and forest

Forest canopy and soil are able to conserve water powerfully and effectively

regulate the spatial and temporal distribution of rainwater. On rainy days, the forest

ecosystem on the top part of the mountain can retain part of the rainwater, which will

decrease the surface runoff and weaken the flood peak of rivers. Meanwhile, in the

dry season, the water conserved by the forest will infiltrate gradually into the terraces

to meet the water demand of terrace crops. The soil of terraces can also conserve

water to some extent and guarantee the water demand of varieties of plants in the

ecosystem. The places where Lianhe terraces locate have an annual mean rainfall of

about 1,600mm, the raining days of about 220d, the longest continuous raining days

of 17- 19d, the non-raining days of 16-20d, and the annual mean evaporation of

1313.4mm. According to the calculation, the water conservation amount of Lianhe

Terraces ecosystem is 439.49×108

m3

(Table 1), effectively guaranteeing the regular

production of local terrace agriculture.

Table 1 Soil Conservation Amount and Water Conservation Amount of Lianhe Terraces

Ecosystem

Item Area

（×104

ha）

Soil conservation amount

（×104 t）

Water conservation amount

（×108 m

3）

Farmland 2.84 108.69 41.73

Garden 2.22 37.53 32.66

Forest 24.85 3,894.13 365.10

Total 29.91 4,040.35 439.49

(2) Water and soil conservation function


11

There are many mountain lands in Youxi County, of which the structure of water

conservation forest－bamboo forest－village－terrace－river has function well in

conserving soil and water. On rainy days, the forests on the top of the mountain and

the aclinic terraces have the function of impounding water and slowing down the

flow velocity of surface runoff, which reduces the erosion influence of rainfall on

slope land and protects the soil and nutrients. According to the calculation, the soil

conservation amount of Lianhe Terraces ecosystem is 4,040.35×104

t (table 1).

(3) Climate regulation function

The forest, terrace crops and varieties of herbaceous plants in Lianhe Terraces

system have the function of regulating climate and purifying air. The forest

sub-ecosystem of Lianhe Terraces, with flourishing forests, has strong function of

fixing carbon, releasing oxygen and increasing the content of aero-anion. The crops

mainly planted in the farmland sub-ecosystem such as grain, oil crops, sugarcane,

tobacco, vegetables, melon and fruit, tea, orchard fruits and greenfeed also have the

function of fixing carbon and releasing oxygen. According to the calculation, the

fixed carbon amount of woods is 1,433.96t and the released oxygen amount 1,055.67t,

and the fixed carbon amount of Lianhe farmland ecosystem is 80,050.87 t and the

released oxygen amount 58,933.16t. As a result, the total amount of fixed carbon of

Lianhe Terraces ecosystem is 81,484.83t and the total amount of released oxygen is

59,988.83t.

Table 2 Fixed Carbon Amount and Released Oxygen Amount of the Crops in Lianhe Terraces

Ecosystem

Item Output (t) Fixed carbon amount (t) Released oxygen amount (t)

Grain 8,656 12,541.58 9,233.07

Oil crops 295 480.85 354.00

Sugarcane 72 36.68 27.00

Tobacco 181 118.01 86.88

Vegetables 31,492 7,699.79 5,668.56

Melon and fruit 1,870 952.53 701.25

Tea 903 5,724.02 4,214.00

Orchard fruits 7,295 11,890.85 8,754.00

Greenfeed 21,798 40,606.56 29,894.40

Total 72,562 80,050.87 58,933.16


12

Besides, Lianhe Terraces compound ecosystem also keeps the stability of local

air temperature and air humidity, that is, it plays a role in lowering temperature in

summer and keeping warm and humid in winter. The stable ecosystem keeps the

stability of local micro-climate environment, which can decrease the occurrences of

extreme whether like rainstorm, gale, drought and flood, and reduce the loss of life

and property.

(4) Control of diseases, pests and weeds

The terrace compound ecosystem, which consists of forests, terraces and villages,

has a complicated landscape structure and abundant biodiversity. As a result, the

incidence of diseases, pests and weeds in forest and farmland is reduced due to

mutual inhibition effect of creature and isolation effect of landscape. Furthermore,

Lianhe Terraces have diverse cropping and breeding patterns such as raising fish in

paddy field, raising ducks in paddy field, raising escargots in paddy field and raising

loaches in paddy field, by which the foraging and action of animals in paddy field can

reduce damage by insects. The compound production patterns also decrease the

application amount of chemical fertilizers and pesticides and improve the health

status of farmland ecosystem.

1.3 Knowledge Hierarchy and Adaptability Technology

1.3.1 Traditional Farming Tool

Terrace rice farming tools is one of the most important indicators for rice

farming skills and developmental level of rice agricultural production, and meanwhile

rice farming tools continuously develop and evolve with constant improvement of

rice farming skills and unceasing development of rice agricultural production. They

are characterized in lightness, convenience, obtaining raw materials locally and

suitability for multiple purposes. The types of main farming tools are shown in Figure

14.


13

Curved-thill plough: a handy tool suitable for ploughing on terrace and flexible for operation,

which can economize on manpower and animal power.

Harrow: used for breaking up

and smoothing out the surface

of the soil after ploughing and

before rice transplanting.

Rotary plough stumping

machine: a farming tool used

for smoothing horse paddy

and pressing grass.

Grass pressing machine: a

farming tool using manpower

to smooth paddy and press

grass.

Qindao: a tool used to clear the

weed on the walls and the ridges

of terrace.

Pizai: also called “double

edged Qindao”, used to clear

the weed on the ridges and

walls.

Yangtong: used to carry rice

seedlings.

Hoe: a tool used to open up

wasteland or dig or loosen the

Pitchfork: a tool for weeding

rice field.

Straw cape: rain gear


14

soil and do other works.

Grain hopper: a traditional

farming tool for rice threshing.

Grain screen: used to wipe

out the debris arising from

threshing.

Chedui: also called

“duichong”, used for hulling

rice.

Tulong: also called “leizi”, used

to obtain brown rice after

hulling rice.

Mortar: a tool used to

processing white kuih or ciba.

Drum windmill: also called

fan, used for removal of skin

and debris of rice and

blighted grain.

Stone mill: used for processing

rice, wheat, beans and other

grains into flour or thick liquid.

Sickle: used for harvesting

grain crops or cutting

succulent forage.

Figure 14 Types of Farming Tools for Lianhe Terrace

1.3.2 Compound Planting

Rice-fish symbiotic technology: Rice-fish symbiotic technology is a successful

mode among Lianhe terrace traditional agricultural production modes. Fish-farming


15

in ditches at the inner edge of ridges, melon planting on shelves above ditches and

bean planting on ridges form a kind of stereoscopic agriculture, which has the

advantages hard to be replaced by modern conventional agriculture. The direct

economic income and comprehensive social benefit of mode of fish-farming in rice

fields is higher than conventional agricultural production. For example, the value of

ecosystem service provided by rice-fish symbiotic paddy ecosystem is higher than

conventional rice mode. The area of fish-farming in rice fields has been changing

with technology strength, soil fertility, chemical pesticide application and other

factors, but this mode still remains alive today. In addition to carp, the rice-fish

symbiotic animals can also be loaches, eels, crucian carps, river snails, clams, crabs

and shrimps etc. (Figure 15).

Shrimp farming in rice field River snail farming in rice

field

Crab farming in rice field

Fish-farming in rice field Loach farming in rice field Duck farming in rice field

Figure 15 Rice-fish (duck, crab) symbiotic system

1.3.3 Crop Rotation

Rice-potato rotation: There are mainly two modes for rice-potato rotation,

early rice-autumn sweet potato and spring sweet potato-late rice. The early rice

planted is the early, mid-maturing rice with the growth period of 115-125 d, which is

sowed and seedling-raised at the end of mid-march, transplanted in mid- and late

April, becomes mature and able to be harvested in mid- and late July; the soil


16

preparation and planting of autumn sweet potatoes is from late Jul to early August,

and their harvest is early and mid-December; for the greenhouse seedling cultivation

of spring sweet potatoes, the soil preparation and planting is from late March to early

April, and their harvest is in late July; and the late rice planted is the early,

mid-maturing rice with the growth period of 110-120 d, which is sowed in mid-July,

transplanted in early August, becomes mature and able to be harvested in early

November.

Rice-melon rotation: Through explorations and practices the people in Lianhe

Township summarize an efficient cultivation technique of watermelon-rice rotation,

which not only effectively overcomes the successive cropping obstacle of watermelon

but also properly controls the occurrence of rice stripe disease. It is a cultivation

mode easy to operate with low investment and high profits. The seedling cultivation

of watermelon starts from mid-January, transplanting is in late February, the first

batch of picking starts from mid-April and ends in mid-May, and the second batch of

picking is in mid- and late June and then, the orchard is cleared; rice is sowed and

seedling-raised on 1-5 of June, rotary tillage on fields starts in late June, then

transplanting is carried out by machine or hand, harvest after mature is in later

October, and ploughing and curing is in November.

Tobacco-rice rotation: Tobacco production is a basic link in the sustainable

development of the whole industry. Its development prospect is directly related to the

quantity guarantee of the sustainable development of the tobacco industry in China

and the quality support of increased market competitiveness. Crop rotation is an

important thing in cropping system and also one of the approaches to combine the

usage and curing of arable land, increase crop yield and improve quality. As

tobacco-rice rotation have the advantages of improving physical and chemical

properties, improving soil fertility and fertilizer efficiency and controlling diseases

and pests etc., it is currently considered as the best cropping system in rice growing

area. Especially in the tobacco-growing area with serious diseases and pests problems,

promotion of tobacco-rice rotation is an efficient measure to realize the constant and

stable increase of tobacco production and ensure the quality of tobacco, and also an


17

important way to solve conflict between tobacco and grain lands, achieve the

sustainable development of tobacco and guarantee the good harvest of both tobacco

and grain.

Rice-grass rotation: Mat grass is a kind of perennial root moor herbaceous

plant, mainly including common rush, Chinese alpine rush, bulrush etc.. Rice-grass

rotation is a bond of integration of farming with animal husbandry, which is

beneficial for the construction of ternary structure of grain, economic plant and

fodder in crop farming system. The addition of link “grass” in paddy cultivation

system opens up an eco-agriculture system connecting soil, grass, grain and livestock,

which is an enduring agricultural form.

Rice-vegetable rotation: The implementation of rice-vegetable rotation has

complementary of advantages for both irrigated land and dry land to increase profits.

The mode of rice and vegetable rotation in Lianhe Township is rich, and there are

mainly four kinds of rotated vegetables: (1) rice-tomato: after harvesting rice, the low

temperature resistant, early-maturing, mature concentrated, high-quality variety of

tomatoes is selected to be seedling-raised in early November and transplanted in the

next mid-February. Generally, they appear on the market in late April and their

harvest ends in early June. Rice is seedling-raised on May 1, transplanted in mid-June

and harvested in early October. (2) rice-cross-winter celery: celery is seedling-raised

in late July. The rice selected is the early-maturing variety, such as Taiwan white rice

etc.. Soil preparation shall be carried out in time after harvest in late September, and

then celery is transplanted into arched greenhouses. The planting spacing is generally

11 cm 11 cm, averagely 750,000 per hectare. After late October, grass carpets are

successively added, celeries are picked in winter and spring, and harvest ends in mid

April. (3) rice-cucumber-spring rape: after the harvest of rice, cucumbers are

seedling-raised in mid-October and transplanted into arched greenhouses when each

of them has four leaves and one stalk, and before and after spring, they appear on the

market in batches. Uprooting spring rapes after their edible portions have been

harvested in the next early May, then the soil is prepared and spring rapes are sowed

for harvest in early June. (4) rice-spinach-potato: after the harvest of rice, spinaches


18

are sowed in early and mid-October, and appear on the market in batches from the

New Year’s Day to around the Spring Festival. Ridges are formed and potatoes are

sowed in later February and early March, and then film-mulched. 1500 kg of seeds

are used per hectare, the ridges formed are 75 cm wide, the planting spacing is 30-35

cm 20 cm, and the harvest starts in late May and early June.

1.3.4 Multiple Varieties Intercropping

Peasants in Lianhe terrace ecosystem advocate multiple varieties intercropping

to take advantage of different biological characteristics of different varieties of crops

and different resource utilization pattern and stress resistance characteristics, establish

multiple varieties intercropping, rice-bean intercropping and other technologies, and

improve the stress resistance of terrace ecosystem, which not only guarantees stable

crop yield, but also greatly reduces the use of pesticide and improves the quality of

agricultural products (Figure 16).

Figure 16 Multiple varieties intercropping

1.3.5 Disease, Insect Pest and Weed Prevention

For the prevention of wheat diseases and pests, soaking seeds in whitewash for

sterilization and wiping scattered and black ears out is commonly used; for the

prevention of sweet potato diseases and pests, resistant improved varieties are mainly

selected, and infected leaves are wiped out once discovered; the ways of preventing

diseases and pests of fruit trees and tea trees are mainly to burn the infected branches,

leaves and roots when clearing the orchard in winter, to properly trim and remove the

egg masses, and also to manually catch and kill longicorn beetles and to protect the

natural enemies of aleyrodid pests (ladybugs, grass bollworms, hoverflies, parasitic

wasp etc.).


19

Rice is generally manually weeded, such as harrowing weeds with pitchfork,

throwing them onto the bank to dry them in the sun, and meanwhile remove the

diseases and pests. In addition, the growth of diseases and pests is controlled by relay

intercropping of animals eating pests and weeds, such as duck breeding,

goose-raising, fish-farming in rice fields, and deinsectization is carried out by

spreading lime, plant ash and China wood oil etc..

1.3.6 Soil Fertility Maintenance

Planting and breeding green manure: milk vetch is a leguminosae astragalus

biennial herbaceous plant, commonly known as safflower seed with high nitrogen

content and good fertility efficiency. In rice producing area, leguminosae green

manure plant used for winter rice planting has high yield. It is not only a kind of

high-quality fodder, but also a good honey fountain in florescence. Milk vetch also

fertilizes the soil after turning over of green manure. Turning plough is generally in

the full-blossom period in later March. Azolla is a kind of great green manure with

high nitrogen fixation ability, high photosynthetic efficiency, extensive adaptability,

rapid propagating and high yield. Currently, the area of rice fields with azolla to

fertilize the soil is gradually increasing. Azolla planting is generally 30 to 40 d after

transplanting rice seedlings, which is combined with “turning azolla” in the second

time of weeding and sunning land during intertillage.

Milk vetch Azolla

Figure 17 Green manure

Straw mulching: peasants in Lianhe terrace has been implementing straw

mulching for long, which is still in use today. It mainly includes ground cutting piles

for mulching the field without tillage, rapid decomposition and high stubble. High

stubble is common for ratoon rice. Duck breeding in ratoon rice fields allows


20

providing grain fodder for ducks while duck feces are a kind of fertilizer source as

well, and moreover, ducks treading on fields is also beneficial for straw

decomposition and soil fertilization.

Application of farmyard manure: peasants in Youxi County always mix the

heaped up and thoroughly decomposed feces of human and livestock with plant ash

and burned soil to use as base fertilizer and additional fertilizer of crops. This

tradition of farmyard manure is also still in use today.

1.3.7 Knowledge of Airing and Storage

Terrain in Youxi is rough. It’s hard to find out a large flat plot, so in every

household, there is a flat ground of about 10 m2 in the yard specially built for airing

the newly harvested rice. For airing rice, the weather with altocumulus translucidus is

preferable. Rice is put on the bamboo curtains in furrow shape for airing, and the

duration of airing rice is from sunrise to sunset. During rice airing, rice is turned over

with shovels or pitchforks made of bamboo or wood every 2-3 h. Rice airing lasts for

around 2-3 d. Then, rice is bit with teeth to judge if rice is dry enough according to

the sound. Next, rice is stored in the bin. Due to the wet and rainy local climate, every

household stores the grain in the loft to prevent moisture and moldiness.

1.3.8 Agricultural Arrangement and Agrometeorological Observation

Experience

On the Tomb-Sweeping Day, pods and taros are planted; on the Winter Solstice,

ploughing is carried out, feces are spread in the fields, and cotton and wheat are

planted; the twelfth lunar month, straw ash is collected for the preparation of

ploughing next year.

If it snows heavily in the first lunar month of the year, this year will have good

harvest; if it often rains in the second lunar month, it is better to plant cotton, bean

and wheat; if it’s sunny on the eighth day of the fourth lunar month, fruit trees will

have good harvest; if there is northwest wind on the Xiazhi, melons, fruits and

vegetables will be damaged by low temperature; if it doesn’t rain on the Liqiu, the

yield of various crops will decrease; and if there is thunder in the ninth lunar month,

the yield of vegetables will decrease.


21

1.3.9 Terrace Landscape Construction Experience

Seen from the construction of landscape, it is an agricultural complex system of

forest (water conservation forest-bamboo forest)-village-terrace from high altitude to

low altitude, and such construction structure contains an abundant knowledge

hierarchy. First, utilizing water resource relying on the natural altitudinal gradient can

provide domestic water for peasant from water source in forest and discharge

peasants’ domestic water into terrace to fertilize the soil; second, the forest distributed

at the highest altitude can reduce landslides, debris flows and other natural disasters

to protect the safety of villages and terraces; and third, such spatial distribution

features is related to the demands for water and heat resources of human life and crop

growth on the one hand, and on the other hand, it is convenient for peasants to go up

the mountain for forest products and materials and go downhill for farming and

picking vegetables.

1.4 Agricultural Culture, Value System and Social

Organization

1.4.1 Food Culture

Youxi Lianhe Township is rich in rice. The main rice varieties are indica rice,

japonica rice and glutinous rice, so local people feed mainly on rice. The foods

processed with varieties of rice are of great local characteristics, such as white kuih

processed with the flour of japonica rice (commonly known as dahe rice, kuih rice),

and turnip kuih made from turnip strips and japonica rice flour; rice wine and red

wine brewed with glutinous rice, ciba made from steamed and mashed glutinous rice,

wormwood kuih made from wormwood and glutinous rice flour; rice vermicelli,

nine-layer kuih, rice gelee and golden kuih made from mashed indica rice (Figure

18).

In addition to the foods made from rice, there are also some foods processed

with wheat and cereals produced on terrace, such as fried “mouse” (a kind of fried

food looks like mouse) and chopsticks noodles processed with wheat (Figure 18),

sweet potato vermicelli made from sweet potatoes and mashed taro processed with


22

betel nut taro (Figure 18). They are also unique Youxi foods. The ways of cooking

these foods came into being after long-term attempt and summary of Youxi people of

thousands of years.

White kuih Turnip kuih Rice wine Red wine

Ciba Wormwood kuih Rice vermicelli Nine-layer kuih

Rice gelee Golden kuih Mashed taro Chopsticks noodles

Figure 18 Special Youxi snacks

The cooking methods of foods are also dainty. In addition to various seasonal

fresh vegetables, meat of livestock and poultry and eggs, another specialty in Youxi is

the cured products by peasant families, such as sauced salty bamboo shoot cured with

fresh bamboo shoot, Youxi dried salted duck and preserved duck sunned and cured

with duck meat, smoked duck (Figure 19), smoked rabbit meat, loach rice vermicelli

made from loach and rice vermicelli (Figure 19), and preserved vegetables and ginger

in vinegar are also of great characteristics of Youxi. Seasonings are also unique, such

as Youxi people’s favorite Chinese scallion and garlic in vinegar. Youxi people also

pay much attention to dietary therapy and healthcare. They often stew meat with

angelica, radix astragali, ginseng, dried radix rehmanniae and other traditional

Chinese medicinal materials to ward off diseases and keep fit, which are typical

nutritious soups, such as grass roots soup stewed with pork and various grass roots

(Figure 19).


23

The raw materials of above special Youxi foods are all produced from Lianhe

terrace system. The raw material of red loach rice vermicelli, red loaches only grow

in a certain field in Lianhe Township, so you can only eat red loach rice vermicelli in

Lianhe Township.

1.4.2 Folk Songs and Farming Proverbs

Local folk song is considered to be an art form which is the most close to life

and composed in the long-term production and life process of the local people. In the

terraces region at the foot of Jinji Mountain

in Lianhe Township, there’re numerous folk

songs being passed down from generation to

generation. The lyrics of those folk songs

contain much information about the local

farming activities. The Song of Farming

Season particularly describes the farming

activities of each month and main crops. In

addition to the Song of Farming Season, the

folk songs like Plowing Song, Figure out

Climate by Solar Terms, Song for Flower

Sauced salty bamboo

shoot

Youxi preserved duck Youxi smoked duck Loach rice vermicelli

Preserved vegetables Ginger in vinegar Garlic in vinegar Grass roots soup

Figure 19 Special Youxi dishes

Figure 20 Collection of folk songs,

farming proverbs and poems


24

Festivals of Twelve Months and Song of Cowherd spreading there also depict the

local farming activities and growing seasons of animals and plants (See Attachment 4)

(See Figure 20).

Farming proverbs are the experience about agricultural production learned

during the production process of local people. The farming proverbs are simple and

rhyming and catchy. The farming proverbs spreading at Lianhe Township quite

comprehensively describe the features of local agriculture. For example, “Home is

home, be it ever so humble” and “The woodcutter knows everything happened in the

mountain” reflect the mountain farming of Lianhe Township; “Cherish the lamp oil

and treasure the farm cattle” indicates the importance of farm cattle to the local

farming activities; “It’s time to sow before and after the Tomb-Sweeping Day” and

“The wheat becomes ripe on the Tomb-Sweeping Day” reflect the farming activities

in different seasons; “Rains is much terrible than the ghosts on the 15th of the seventh

month in lunar calendar” particularly indicates the harms of rain to crops in the

midmonth of the seventh month in lunar calendar at Youxi; and “Have radish in

winter and ginger in summer will keep the doctor away” explains the healthcare

functions of healthy balanced diet to people’s body in different seasons.

1.4.3 Celebrities and Poems

Poem is an artistic way to describe the local natural landscapes and human

activities and the content of it is true to the local affairs. Since the setup of county in

Tang Dynasty, many poets went to Youxi and wrote down poems. For example, Han

Wu, a poet of Tang Dynasty wrote in his poem In Youxi that “The water flows slowly

and the sun is going down, I don’t hear the cluck or barking but singing crow”, which

reflects the sparse population of Youxi. And Zhu Song, a poet of Song Dynasty also

wrote in his poem Get Accommodation at Danxi on the 4th of the Seventh Month that

“The dews reflect the sunlight after sun rising, and the leaves fly with cold breeze.

The rice is becoming ripe and the fragrance of ritual wine is full of the whole village.

The weed at the foot of cattle is wet and the people return the house at dusk. These

simple things are fully of philosophy but I have no one to tell the chaos” describes the


25

Figure 21 Portrait of

Zhu Xi

desirable growth of rice and hard working of the

people in the seventh month in lunar calendar at

Youxi.

Zhu Xi, the famous rationalist Neo-Confucian of

the South Song Dynasty, was born at Youxi.

Therefore, Youxi is called the “County of Zhu Xi’s

Neo-Confucianism”. Zhu Xi was China’s famous

rationalist, philosopher, educator and poet, and also

the representative figure of School of Fujian who

epitomized the thought of Confucianism, and the only

one who is not the student of Confucius but enshrined in the Temple of Confucius

with other eleven sages in the Dacheng Hall. His agronomic thought originated from

Youxi and in return, Youxi’s farming culture was influenced by his thought. Zhu Xi

wrote down many literary works at Youxi and many of which depicting the local

farming activities. His poem Vegetable Garden wrote that “Unknowingly that my life

is so idle. So I do the hoeing to even the soil. I have watered the soil and then check it

while walking.” describes the hoeing at leisure times and the vigorous growth of

vegetables. Zhu Xi also wrote in the poem Raggedly-versed Poem for Continuous

Rain that “I have to complain the too much rains to the God. It just now stopped but

soon pours down. Do you know the hazard of tiger and leopard? The rice has already

died.” reflects that the rice suffered a continuous rain disaster there and the invasion

of tiger and leopard happened frequently. While in his poem Welcome Rain after

Drought, “The rain came at dusk lasted a whole night. I dreamt the cheers for bumper

year. I get up and see the green field and decide to do farming today other than

writing.” it describes the happiness for having a welcome rain after a long drought

and the recovery of land. After Song Dynasty, there were scholars wrote down some

works about farming culture. For example, a poet of Qing Dynasty, Jiao Changfa

depicted the scene that rice seedlings flew with the wind in paddy and the farmers

were ploughing driving the cattle in his poem Small Mountains – Sowing Observation.

In his another poem See Rape Flower during the Walking in Mountain, it goes that


26

“The beautiful sceneries are often seen in the suburbs in spring and the rape flowers

are blooming. A gust of light breeze brings the fragrance of wheat”, it indicates that

the spring oilseed rape and wheat were the common crops of Youxi Terraces. In the

poem Song of Pounding Clothes – Three Poems for Ploughing of Mao Qingshi, a

poet of Qing Dynasty, he wrote that “When the wheat goes ripe, the rice seedlings are

green. The farmers are busy with ploughing. Without the injunction of agricultural

officers, the farmers get up early. The farmer brothers work in cooperation with a due

division of labor and they will keep bending down the whole day. Soon, the paddy

will become green and the falling flowers become withered.” which presents the

cropping system of rotation of wheat the rice and field work of farmers at Youxi.


27

1.4.4 Main Festivals

正月初一

阳历二月

六日左右

春鼓迎春

鞭牛迎春

正月初九天公送春

二月廿七伏虎庙会

阳历四月

六日左右清明节

阳历五月

六日左右立夏

四月初八

天贶节六月六日

耕牛节

七月十五中元节

阳历十一月

七日左右

立秋后第

五个戊日秋社日

立冬节

Figure 22 Main Festivals in Youxi

正月初一 New Year ’ s Day of the Chinese lunar calendar

春鼓迎春 Spring Drums Welcoming the Arrival of Spring

阳历二月六日左右 Around February 6 of the solar calendar

鞭牛迎春 Cattle-Whipping to Welcome Spring

正月初九 The ninth day of the first lunar month

天公送春 Spring Sent by the God

二月廿七 The 27th day of the second lunar month

伏虎庙会 Tiger Subduing Temple Fair

阳历四月六日左右 Around April 6 of the solar calendar


28

清明节 Tomb-Sweeping Day

阳历五月六日左右 Around May 6 of the solar calendar

立夏 Beginning of Summer

四月初八 The 8th day of the fourth lunar month

耕牛节 Farm Cattle Festival

六月六日 The 6th day of the sixth lunar month

天贶节 Heaven Gift Day

七月十五 The 15tht

day of the seventh lunar month

中元节 Hungry Ghost Festival

立秋后第五个戊日 The fifth wu day after the Beginning of Autumn

秋社日 Gnome Worship Day in Autumn

阳历十一月七日左右 Around Nov. 15 of the solar calendar

立冬节 Beginning of Winter Day

Spring Drums Welcoming the Arrival of Spring: The Spring Drum, also

known as “bell and drum”, is popular in Youxi. It can be seen in both large and small

villages. It’s called Spring Drum for it’s played upon the arrival of Spring Festival,

meaning the drum welcoming spring. In villages in Youxi, an ancestral house shall be

equipped with one bass drum and two gongs. People consider the drum as the “heart

of house” and the gong as “gallbladder”. From the first day and the fifth day of the

first lunar month during Spring Festival, each house plays the “Spring Drum” to

welcome the arrival of New Year and pray for peace for the whole year. In case of

large worship ceremonies of each family, the drum is played as a musical instrument

for ceremonies to create atmosphere. There are only three musical instruments for

Spring Drum: one bass drum, one big gong and one small gong. Music of Spring

Drum is simple and there are only three phrases with each having two phrases in

antithesis (the previous one and the next one). Beats of gongs and drums are: ①

Pang, Pang, Beat, Beat, De--, Beat, Beat, Pang, Pang, De--; ② Pang, Beat, Pang,

Beat, De, Beat, Pang, Beat, Pang, De--; ③ Pang, Beat, De--, Beat, Pang, De--. Only

two persons are needed to play them while walking. Hang the bass drum and small

gongs on the front end of a shoulder pole or stick and hang a weight or brick on the


29

tail. One person carries the shoulder pole while, playing while walking, and the other

one plays the bass drum to clear the way.

Cattle-Whipping to Welcome

Spring: Youxi has had the custom of

whipping cattle on the Beginning of

Spring since Tang and Song

dynasties (Figure 23). The event is

held by the authority and has fixed

ceremonies. Mould soil cattle and

Goumang God after the Beginning of

Winter; receive soil cattle and

Goumang God at the etiquette door

of the yamen (government office in

feudal China) in the afternoon before the Beginning of Spring. The cattle-whiping

ceremony officially begins in the morning of the Beginning of Spring. The county

leader wears robes and holds a colorful rod. He reads a “Prayer” facing the soil cattle,

walks around the cattle, and beats the cattle three times with the colorful rod. The

group comes up to beat the cattle into soil with the rod. The children clap and sing a

rhyme, “Whip the cattle’s head to bring good weather for this year. Whip the cattle’s

body to bring wealth and good fortune. Whip the cattle’s tail to bring good health and

a long life.” After the ceremony, the public take some soil home and scatter them in

the field or flowers and trees in the yard, meaning that they welcome spring and get

good fortune.

Spring Sent by the God: The custom of worshiping the god on the ninth day of

the first lunar month in Youxi has been in existence since ancient times without

interruption. The god means the Jade Emperor. The ninth day of the first lunar month

is the Jade Emperor’s birthday which is also called “Jade Emperor’s Birthday”, “Jade

Emperor’s Day” or “God’s Day”. The Jade Emperor worship ceremony in folk

usually begins early in the morning of the ninth day of the first lunar month and lasts

till the sunrise. All family members must fast and take a bath on the ninth day eve

Figure 23 Cattle-whipping to Welcome Spring

Ceremony


30

(the evening of the eighth day) to show solemnity and respect. In the morning, each

household puts a square table in the courtyard before the hall and puts incense,

candles, tea, alcohol and offerings. As people live in suites now, they put incense,

candles and offerings in the balcony. Most offerings are vegetarian food. There are

“five fruits” (orange, tangerine, apple, banana and sugarcane), “six vegetables” (day

lily, agarics, mushroom, flowering cabbage, pea and Tofu), noodles, white cakes and

a live carp. When the time’s right, all family members dress up neatly and offer

incense by order of seniority. They burn gold ingots for the Jade Emperor, set off

firecrackers and release the live carp in the pool or river.

Tomb-Sweeping Day: The weather is fresh and warm during the

Tomb-Sweeping Day. Grass and trees sprout; everything revives. On the

Tomb-Sweeping Day, people go to the field to pick fresh flowers and put them in a

vase in home. Some people hang willow twigs on the door, which is called “willow

hanging” or “spring receiving”. Women go to the mountain to pick green tea and

make a pot of “Qingming Tea”. It’s said that “Qingming Tea can improve eyesight”.

Food for the Tomb-Sweeping Day is “mugwort cakes” or “salty mugwort”. Besides,

People in Youxi will visit and worship the departed relatives’ graves on the

Tomb-Sweeping Day.

Beginning of Summer Day: The Beginning of Summer is the beginning of

summer. It’s an important solar term when the temperature significantly rises, the hot

summer comes, thunderstorms increase, and crops grow fast. On this day, peasants

cook pork in wine sauce and eat it with rice. They eat glutinous rice and rice cakes

stuffed with bamboo shoots, hoping they’ll have an abundant harvest. These foods

give legs strength; it’s called “skeleton building” or “legs strength building”. People

in some villages eat pounded rice cakes stuffed with bamboo shoots and vegetables

which are called “summer cakes”.

Farm Cattle Festival: The 8th

day of the fourth lunar month is the Farm Cattle

Festival. Some villages and towns call it Cattle Birthday (such as Lianhe Township)

and some others say it’s the day when the cattle eat holy peaches (such as Xinyang

County). On this day, peasants don’t let cattle work. They let cattle eat grass in the


31

field early in the morning, hoping cattle get healthy and strong. On this day, people

eat guangbing (scones made from flour); married daughters send salty and sweet

guangbings to her parents. The salty guangbing is crispy and the sweet one is soft; the

latter is called “Zhengdong Scone”. It’s said that eating guangbings on this day can

prevent tooth decay. There are also cases where relatives in neighboring cities

exchange steamed stuffed buns or cakes.

Heaven Gift Day: It falls on the 6th

day of the sixth lunar month. There’s a

saying in Youxi that “goblins dry medicine in the sun on the 6th

day of the sixth lunar

month”. The hot sun is high in the sky with a high temperature and dry air. This

weather is suitable for basking clothes, quilts and books to remove moths and fish

moths. It’s also good for health. The custom of drying clothes and quilts in the sun is

popular in Youxi. Scholars dry books, scripts and paintings, hoping that they don’t get

mildewed or be eaten by moths throughout the year. Therefore, it’s a custom for

people in Youxi to dry clothes and quilts in the sun on this day, and scholars dry

books, scripts and paintings, hoping that they don’t get mildewed or be eaten by

moths throughout the year. By customs, graveclothes and bridal dresses stocked in

home should be basked in the sun on this day, and they can’t be exposed to the sun on

other days. In case a shower falls and wets goblins’ medicine, people will be safe and

sound throughout the year. This day is also the “Fresh Delicacy Tasting Day” of

villages. A saying goes that “Eat new grains on the 6th

day of the sixth lunar month”.

Early rice is just harvested. Mill rice and cook the meal to welcome a harvest year.

Hungry Ghost Festival: People in Youxi call it “Mid-July Days”, i.e. the 15th

day of the seventh lunar month. It’s also known as “Spirit Festival”. It’s originally a

religious festival when people hold a memorial ceremony for souls of ancestors.

People in Youxi pay much attention to “Mid-July Days”, taking the period between

the 1th

day and the 15th

day of the seventh lunar month as “July Festival”. It’s said

that people found shelters in mountains in turbulent days in ancient times. People of

different family names met in adversity and treated each other like relatives. They

celebrated festivals in turn. Therefore, nowadays the date when people celebrate

“July Festival” is different in Youxi. Main events on this day are to worship ancestors


32

Figure 24 Worshiping the Chan master who subdues the tiger

in the ancestral hall and to recall the departed. The date of ancestor worship varies

among different villages and family names. The ancestor worship ceremony may be

held on the 1st day, the 9

th day, the 13

th day, the 14

th day or the 15

th day of the seventh

lunar month. It’s said the soul of the departed ancestors should return home once

during the period, so an ancestor worship ceremony is necessary. People kill ducks,

pound rice cakes and cook salty long-shaped rice cakes when preparing offerings for

the ancestor worship ceremony.

Gnome Worship Day in Autumn: The Gnome Worship Day in Autumn falls on

the fifth wu (the fifth of the ten Heavenly Stems) day after the Beginning of Autumn.

The autumn gnome worship is in relation to the spring gnome worship, among which

the latter celebrates a harvest and the former pray for a harvest. On this day, peasants

meet and worship the gnome to thank him for deigning a bumper year to the world. In

the agricultural society where people “live

at the mercy of the elements”, peasants

worshiped the gnome before the spring

ploughing and after the autumn harvest in

order to pray for and thank “Heaven” and

“Earth” for blessings. In case a relative

passes away before the Gnome Worship

Day in Autumn of that year, people should

choose an auspicious day to worship the

new tomb few days before the Day.

Beginning of Winter: It marks the

beginning of winter and the end of field

work of the year. After the Beginning of

Winter, peasants start to be engaged in

water conservancy capital construction

and other farm work. Eat “winter sticky

rice balls” to celebrate the harvest and stew meat with herbs to “nourish body”.


33

Tiger Subduing Temple Fair: The Tiger Subduing Temple Fair in Lianhe is

held on the 27th

day of the second lunar month every year. It has a history of over 800

years since the Song Dynasty. The temple fair formally begins on the 27th

day of the

second lunar month. In fact, relevant ceremonies begin on the1st day of the second

lunar month, such as fast, getting incense from the Tiger Subduing Temple, and

setting Taoist sites for service by Taoist priests. People pray for protection from tigers,

good weather for crops, an abundant harvest of all crops, peaceful villages and

harmonious towns (Figure 24).

1.4.5 Customs

Youxi has many mountainous regions with small terraces scattering on slopes.

Some fields mare so small that only three or five branches of rice seedlings can be

planted in them. There’s a saying that “a bamboo hat can cover three fields”. Certain

production customs gradually form among people in Youxi under the natural

conditions.

Ground breaking: Choose an auspicious day for ground breaking at the

beginning of a new year, i.e. “breaking the ground” in one’s own field. Hoe the field,

burn incense and offer several strips of white papers to thank the gnome and pray for

a harvest.

The first day of rice transplanting: The planter eats two eggs for breakfast and

each of his families eats one egg as well as vermicelli, wine and dishes. The egg is

called “Egg for Farming”.

Autumn Insertion: The peasant fastens a slip of white paper to the tail of the

bamboo pole and inserts the pole in the field. They also prepare cakes or rice balls

and pork to worship the gnome to pray for a harvest.

Birds and beasts expelling: Set up scarecrows in fields to frighten birds away.

Put bamboo sounders in fields when rice and sweet potatoes are about to ripen to

prevent them from being eaten by wild boars. The bamboo sounder makes rhythmic

sounds by hydraulic power to frighten wild boars away.

Tasting new rice: When eating the first meal of new rice every year, fill a bowl

of new rice to worship the gnome as an expression of gratitude.


34

Return Banquet: People in Youxi were not rich before, and it’s hard to raise

pigs, so they seldom ate meat. When the pig is grown up and butchered, people cook

“duck blood for worship” and send it to neighbors to have a taste. They also prepare a

feast and invite relatives and friend to gather to improve their diets. Most dishes are

made of pork and haslets. They also give some fresh pork to relatives.

1.4.6 Worship and Taboo

(1)Worship

People in Youxi think that the

Jade Emperor is sovereign, so they

hold ceremonies to worship the Jade

Emperor in case of important happy

events such as wedding, birth of

babies, birthday parties and house

moving (Figure 25).

Worship the Chan master

subduing the tiger (Figure 26). The

Tiger Subduing Temple Fair has been

in existence since the Southern Song

Dynasty. The ceremony is very grand.

The main reason is that Youxi was

troubled by tigers in the Song Dynasty.

The Chan master subduing the tiger is

the god who subdues tigers in people’s mind. He solves troubles caused by tigers.

(2) Taboo

“Spring Sent by the God” falls on the 9th

day of the first lunar month. There are

many taboos on this day. People rise up and wash the face. The face-washing water

can’t b poured into the ditch and pitch for fear that it may stain the Jade Emperor’s

face. On this day, people are not allowed to sweep outdoor places; rubbish in the

house can’t be dumped outside. Kids are not allowed to urinate in outdoor places;

Figure 25 Worshiping the Jade Emperor

Figure 26 Tiger Subduing Temple Fair


35

otherwise it’s an offense for the Jade Emperor. Women’s underpants can’t be aired in

open air to avoid contradiction between yin and yang. Peasants are not allowed to

carry night-soil buckets or wash buckets by the pool for fear that it may offend the

Jade Emperor and gods.

On the 1st day and 15

th day of each lunar month and the 24

th day of the fifth

lunar month, people are not allowed to carry urine buckets. Particularly, on the eve of

the 24th

day of the fifth lunar month, the clan leader and the night watchman beat

gongs to notify people, “tomorrow is the 24th

day of the fifth lunar month. Don’t

carry urine buckets lest blasphemy”.

The 10th

day of the first lunar month is the “birthday of ground”. On this day,

people shouldn’t break or dig in ground. The 8th

day of the fourth lunar month is the

“Farm Cattle Festival”, and people shouldn’t let cattle work. Weeding is not allowed

on the Beginning of Autumn Day. Mantis eradicating is not allowed on the Limit of

Heat Day. It means there should be no delay in the farming season.

Timberjacks should keep silence before lumbering on the mountain. The timberjack

cuts a gap on the tree head and begins to fell its upper parts.

1.4.7 Village Regulation and Agreement

Farm work in terraces in Youxi is based on manpower and animal power.

Particularly, people carry rice in the field home during the autumn harvest; the road is

public. Therefore, villages agree on a Road Repairing Day before the autumn harvest.

They remove sundries on both sides of the road and fill grooves on the road so that

the road becomes flat when people carry grains home.

In spring and winter, villager teams organize villagers to voluntarily build and

desilt channels and weed to ensure the availability of agricultural water. Villagers

obey the plan and distribution of production water by the village head. They develop

the spirit of mutual accommodation and prevent disputes on water such as fights. The

team organizes villagers to clean the areas around their houses and main streets of the

village on the 24th

day of the fifth lunar month every year.


36

1.4.8 Folk Handicrafts

People in terraces have long been living in a compound agroecological system

comprising forest, field, village and river. They create many folk crafts using

products produced in the compound system.

Youxi abounds in bamboo. Many farmers in Lianhe terrace can plait handicrafts

using bamboo (Figure 27). Fine products weaved by bamboo are baskets, dustpans,

sieves, bamboo hats, baskets (for gift shoulder pole), summer sleeping mats, dish

covers, etc. There are also daily living equipment like bamboo beds, bamboo chairs,

bamboo tea tables, dish covers, tripod brushes, bamboo brooms and bamboo

chopsticks, and ropes and torches weaved by bamboo skins. These products are

marvelous and exquisite.

Figure 27 Handcrafts Made of Bamboo and Wood

Folk straw products include straw mats made of mat grass and the paillasse and

straw sandals made of rice straws. The most famous straw mats are Xiayang (within

present Xinyang County) straw mat, Sufeng (within present Zhongxian Village)

“Sushe Mat”, Shanlin (within present Zhongxian Village) “Xiping Mat” and Meixian

Ping Village Mat. Straws used to weave straw mats are the wild rock grass growing

by streams or in cliffs or the mat grass artificially planted in ponds. The former is

woven into mats after boiling, heating and drying, and the mat is smooth,

non-absorbent and pollution-free; the latter is split and woven into mats and the mat

is thick and durable.

Rattan-weaved products in Youxi include rattan chairs, rattan cases and rattan

beds. Rattan products, especially those from Guanqian, are durable.

The folk kirigami in Youxi has a long history. There are generally two types of

paper-cut: paper-cut pasted on panes and decoration papers for oblations and gifts.


37

The paper-cut pasted on panes has various patterns including twelve Chinese zodiac

signs, dragon and phoenix, mandarin ducks and a pair of lovebirds, the magpie

announcing good luck, Kylin bringing auspicious signs, plum blossoms welcoming

spring, riches and honor, more children and happiness, auspicious flowers and grass,

as-you-wish and double happiness, etc. Patterns on decoration papers for oblations

and gifts are simple. These papers on inserted in the chicken’s mouth, covered on the

chicken’s back (known as chicken coat in Meixian), wrapped around the chicken’s

feet, or put on oblations like cakes and noodles.

1.4.9 Social Organizations

Farm cattle sharing: There are few fields and large population in Youxi. The per

capita cultivated land is less than 0.067 ha. The farm cattle will be in idle if every

family raises a head of farm cattle. And raising cattle is expensive and

time-consuming. Therefore, it’s usually the case in Lianhe terrace that several

families raise a head of cattle together to reduce the cost and make the most use of

resources.

Mutual help with farm work: Terraces are small and steep and need intensive

labor. It’s hard for the labor force in one family to finishing reaping within the best

harvest time during harvest seasons. Besides, the tradition of mutual help forms due

to different seedling transplanting and ripening times for crops in terraces of different

altitudes. When it’s time for one family to transplant seedlings or reap, other families

whose seedling transplanting and harvest times are not arrived yet will help the

family with farm work. The mutual help tradition ensures the normal operation of

farm work in terraces, harmonious relationships among people in terraces and the

stability of the terrace system.

1.5 Management of Landscape and Land and Water Resources

1.5.1 Composite Landscape

People in Lianhe terrace have been living in the natural environment with

mountain lands for over a thousand years. With their wisdom and efforts of

generations, they create a recyclable three-dimensional production system to ensure


38

people’s livelihood and a healthy and stable living environment. The Lianhe terrace

system is reclaimed near the mountain. The forest for water resource conservation

and bamboo forest are on the mountain top; villages and terraces are on the middle

part of the mountain with villages scattering among terraces; rivers are on the lower

part. A spatial framework of forest for water resource-bamboo

forest-village-terrace-combination of terraces and villages - river conservation is thus

formed from top to bottom (Figure 28). The system has great landscape values and

diverse ecological functions.

Figure 28 Vertical Layout of Lianhe Terrace

In the vertical layout of Lianhe terrace, different landscapes are well-spaced with

clear boundaries. The layout reflects the harmonious environment in which fields and

forests are combined and terraces and villages are combined and shows a rich and

diverse spatial layout for landscapes (Figure 29).

Figure 29 Villages in Terraces


39

1.5.2 Terrace Landscape

Landscape in sequential variation: The composite landscape is diverse in

spatial layout as well as in time (Figure 30). Lianhe terrace presents different views in

four seasons due to the farming and production work and aspect changes of plants,

presenting a beautiful view.

Figure 30 Time Diversity of Lianhe Terrace landscape

Plant landscape in vertical variation: The farming system of paddy fields in

Lianhe terrace is mainly differentiated based on different altitudes. Areas below 400m:

vegetable – rice - winter fallow (or green manure); areas between 400-600m:

middle-season rice - oilseed rape rotation; or plant vegetables, watermelon, corn,

peanut, soybean, green soy bean, pea, tobacco- paddy-vegetables, mushroom, green

soy bean, pea, etc. areas above 600m: middle-season rice- vegetables (mushroom,

potato, green soy bean, pea), middle-season rice - winter fallow (or green manure);

late rice of single season- winter fallow (green manure).

1.5.3 Farmland Landscape

Ecological farming pattern: Lianhe terrace is an artificial ecosystem form long

ago. In winter, farmers irrigate the field to rot residual rice stalks and weeds and plant

azollas and duckweeds to fertilize the field. They also breed sheldrakes. In the spring

ploughing season, they turn over the field and transplant rice seedlings. They also

plant soybeans in field ridges and scatter fries in some paddy fields. Ducks and fishes


40

can effectively reduce weeds in water and plant diseases and insect pests. The well

developed root system of the soybeans in the ridge prevents the paddy field and the

ridge from collapsing even in the rainy season. Nitrogen fixation specific to legume

crops, faeces of ducks and fishes, and fertilizing plants planted in winter increase the

fertility of the paddy field. This traditional agroecological system comprising diverse

plants and animals ensures rice farming civilization lasting for thousands of years.

According to investigation, types and patterns of Lianhe terrace crop rotation include:

rice-potato rotation, rice-melon rotation, rice-vegetables rotation, rice- tobacco

rotation, rice-grass rotation, rice-fish rotation, rice-duck rotation, etc (Figure 31).

Figure 31 Diverse Planting Patterns


41

2. Historical Significance

2.1 Historical Origin and Development of Youxi Lianhe Terrace

According to archaeological materials, three Neolithic settlement sites namely

Meixian Site, Xinqiao Site and Xiyang Site were once discovered within Youxi

County, which proves that humans have settled down in Youxi long before.

According to Records of the Historian, some people of the Yue State went to Fujian

to settle down (Minyue people) in the late of the Western Zhou Dynasty (475 B.C. –

221 A.C.), which promoted the local agricultural development.

According to History of Nine Kingdoms and Jian’ou County Annals, wars broke

out continuously in Central Plains after the “Yongjia Turmoil” (304 A.C). Many

literati and officials sought asylum in Fujian with their families. Most of them went to

the upstream of the Minjiang River and Youxi is one of the important destinations for

migration. During the “Hou Jing’s Rebellion” (548 A.C.), people in Zhejiang

migrated to Fujian to escape from war and brought advanced agricultural

technologies in Central Plains and Zhejiang, accelerating the agricultural

development in Youxi. According to Youxi County Annals, most people in Youxi lived

along streams in mountains. There might be terraces with gentle slopes. The

agriculture is in the stage of extensive operation as a whole.

The population of Youxi continued to increase in the Tang Dynasty (618 A.C.).

Youxi became a county in the 29th

year under the reign of Emperor Xuanzong (741

A.C.). Since the An Lushan Rebellion (755 A.C.), wars broke out continuously in the

north. Many families in the north marched to Fujian to escape from the war. The

population of Youxi increased continuously. In the Tang Dynasty, the agriculture in

Fujian turned to intensive operation from extensive operation, and the agriculture

began to develop on the mountain. According to the Cao’s ancestral spectrum of

Lianhe Township, Youxi, the Cao’s migrated to Ziran Village, the south end of the

south village, Lianhe Township from Shaxian County in the Tang Dynasty. It means

that the Youxi Lianhe terrace was reclaimed at that time, so it has a history of over

1300 years.


42

During the Jingkang Turmoil (1126 A.C.-1127 A.C.) of the late of the Northern

Song to the Southern Song (1127A.C. – 1279 A.C.) and the Yuan Dynasty (1271 A.C.

- 1368 A.C.), people fled to the south due to wars. The population of Fujian rose

rapidly. “Fujian has a large population and few fields. It’s hard to make a living here.”

It means areas in northern Fujian have a large population and few fields. “There are

many mountains and silty fields. People start to farm on mountains. Plants on slopes

and boundary paths of rice fields are everywhere to see in the mountain just like seal

characters”. It shows that the terrace landscape was very popular in Fujian in the

Song Dynasty. The Tiger Subduing Temple in Lianhe was built in the Southern Song

due to troubles caused by tigers. At that time, terraces developed on the mountain in

Lianhe were on a certain scale.

People in Fujian began to move to other provinces and remote areas in the

province due to the large population and few fields in the period of Ming and Qing

Dynasty. According to the family name genealogy of Youxi Lianhe, people moved to

Lianhe and the period is an important stage for the formation of scale of Lianhe

terrace.

In the 20th

century, people in Fujian moved out in large scale twice. However,

according to the family name genealogy of Youxi Lianhe terrace, few families have

moved out from the 20th

century to this day. The area of Lianhe terrace has little

change and the scale of Lianhe terrace is stable.

2.2 Historical Significance of Youxi Lianhe Terrace

2.2.1 Important Elements Comprising the Traditional Chinese Farming Culture

Most ancestors of people in Youxi are Han people who moved to here from

Central Plains, Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces to escape from the war during the

Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Tang and Song dynasties. They brought the

culture and farming techniques of Central Plains, and many cultural customs are still

in good conservation. Lianhe terrace is a type of terrace developed by Han people

themselves as well as the ancient terrace which is preserved by now with the longest

history in Chinese history. The local farming culture is the representative of the


43

excellent Chinese agricultural culture. The tradition farming culture is in good keep

due to inconvenient traffic and less impact from the outside culture. The preservation

of the culture helps to protect the integrity of traditional Chinese farming culture.

Besides, a stable terrace ecosystem ensures human reproduction and the inheritance

and development of culture. Locals still reserve a lot of traditional festivals, etiquette

and customs due to daily terrace farm work, resistance to natural disasters, and the

stability of living conditions in terrace areas and other living environments. These

etiquette and customs play an important role in the inheritance of farming culture and

have special historical and cultural values.

2.2.2 Valuable Experiences for China’s Construction of Ecological Agriculture

The development of Lianhe terrace experiences over 1300 years, during which

people developed the barren mountain into terraces that can bring up locals. With

experience accumulated in many years, they develop and keep the traditional farming

skill which is adapt to local conditions and environmental, including the paddy field

cropping system suitable for terraces in different altitudes, cultivation techniques for

single cropping rice and pollution-free rice, techniques to raise rice seedlings on

upland fields, cultivation techniques for ridges and furrows, cultivation techniques for

regeneration rice, etc. Meanwhile, there are many types of farming patterns for

Lianhe terrace, such as rice-fish co-cropping, rice-duck co-cropping, rice-potato

rotation and rice-grass rotation. The Lianhe terrace also inherits and develops

ecological and environmental field fertilizing techniques, deinsectization techniques,

and animal farming techniques. These farming patterns preserved and inherited fully

reflect the ecological idea of harmony between man and nature and harmony between

nature and nature in terms of conservation of water and soil, water conservation,

climate regulation, disease, insect pest and weed control, nutrient cycling, etc. They

also reflect the ecological value standard for the use of natural laws based on respect

for nature. Therefore, the traditional farming technique of Lianhe terrace provides

valuable experience for China’s construction of ecological agriculture.


44

3 Practical Significance

3.1 To Guarantee the Food Safety of Local Residents

Since Han and Jin Dynasties, Youxi County has been being under a relatively

stable social environment, so the grain yield of terraces is also stable, many outsiders

gradually move in, and the area of terraces is extending continuously. With the

industrialization and urbanization of China, the cultivated area everywhere is

decreasing gradually, and food safety problems are increasingly serious, but the grain

yield of Lianhe Terrace still remains stable, showing its advantages against the impact

of urbanization and industrialization. The good composite agricultural system

structure and the scientific water source management experience of the Youxi Lianhe

Terrace show its capacity to cope with natural disasters. Various plantation structures

and crop varieties are significant to guarantee the food safety and trophic structure

diversity of the local residents.

3.2 To Provide Quality and Safe Agricultural Products and to

Increase Resident Income

Many farming processes of Lianhe Terrace are finished by the traditional

farming methods. Compared with modern farming methods mainly using pesticides

and chemical fertilizers, it uses relatively less pesticides and chemical fertilizers.

However, the naturally remained traditional composite ecological planting skill such

as fish cultivation in rice field and duck breeding in rice field, and deinsectization

ways such as spreading lime and plant ash ensure the food supply and variety for the

local residents and their food health and safety, and play an exemplary role for the

transformation of agriculture relying on pesticides and chemical fertilizers.

Terrace agricultural system often applies the traditional and ecological planting

pattern and has a good basis to develop organic and green agriculture. The beautiful

landscape, featured delicious food, special cultural conventions and clean natural

environment are important tourism resources. The economic income of farmers can


45

be greatly increased by developing green and organic agriculture and tourism

industry.

3.3 To Play an Important Role in Protecting and Inheriting the

Local Variety of Crops

The terrace agro-ecological system includes forests, rice fields and dry lands,

villages and rivers, and various ecological systems contain rich biological diversities,

making sure the reproduction and evolutionary environment for various creatures and

remaining plenty of biological gene resources. In recent decades, with the rapid

popularization of hybrid rice, transgenic technology, etc., the traditional crop variety

was impacted greatly. The traditional crop variety has been on the edge of imminent

danger. Biological diversity, species diversity and crop variety diversity have been

challenged. There are plenty of local rice varieties at the Youxi Lianhe Terrace,

including 72 traditional rice varieties, and many other animals and plants varieties

including shanma duck, Muscovy duck, semi-Muscovy duck, etc. of strong foraging

capacity, as well as many local varieties of livestock breeds, green manure and locally

manufactured pesticides, etc. and all of them are of significant historic cognitive

value.

3.4 To Be Beneficial to Ecological Civilization Construction of

Local Agriculture

In the Report of the 18th

National Congress of the Communist Party of China,

“Wild China” was firstly used as the magnificent target of future ecological

civilization construction. The government work report of the Twelfth National

People's Congress secondly focused on strengthening the ecological civilization

construction and environmental protection and put efforts into promoting green,

cyclic and low-carbon development. All these ideas are excellent opportunities to

protect traditional farming culture and agricultural heritage. The traditional farming

method of Youxi Lianhe Terrace conforms to the development idea of ecological

civilization and green and environmental protection, so it can be used by the Youxi


46

County as the best entry point to carry out agricultural ecological civilization

construction. In accordance with the National Ecological Civilization Construction

Pilot Demonstration County and City Indexes (trial), relevant indexes of county

ecological civilization agricultural construction mainly include that “the proportion of

the planting area of the organic food, green food and nuisance free agricultural

product to main agricultural products shall ≥60%”. In 2013, there were 18 enterprises

producing 21 kinds of nuisance free agricultural products, 11 certified enterprises

producing 21 kinds of green products, 2 enterprises producing 24 kinds of organic

food. Totally, there were 31 enterprises producing 65 kinds of products, covering a

total area of 37,282.2 hectares, with a total yield of 498,828 tons; and their planting

area has reached 51.1%. Therefore, the traditional farming and planting pattern and

planting skill are beneficial to build the agricultural ecological civilization and realize

goals of Youxi County, and to promote the sustainable development of local

agriculture.


47

4 Threats and Challenges

4.1 Increasing Extreme Weather Results in Uneven

Space-Time Distribution of Water Resources

Water resource is an important guarantee for the sustainable development of rice

terraces. Recently, global climate changes and increasing extreme weather resulted in

uneven space-time distribution of water resources. There was no river passing

through the ancient terraces including such five terraces as Lianyun Terrace, Xiayun

Terrace, Yuanshan Terrace, Lianxi Terrace and Dongbian Terrace among Lianhe

Terraces. Their water supply mainly depends on the head-water forest water

conservation above the terrace. There is concentrative precipitation in Youxi County

where is in summer drought from July – August. In the context of global climate

changes, there are more extreme weather events, so the water resource of the terrace

during dry season becomes a great challenge for the development of terraced rice

agriculture. Meanwhile, the water resource management capacity decreases due to the

decreasing farm population and aging trend; and many spring water gaps are

neglected, which has an impact on the water resource demands of terrace agriculture

to some extent.

4.2 Modern Agricultural Technology Brings Impact on the

Traditional Farming Methods

With experience accumulated in many years, the traditional, green and

environmental farming methods suited to local conditions are formed and reserved

for Lianhe Terrace. These traditional farming methods significantly contribute to

protecting the diversities of agricultural production technique and realizing the

sustainable development of Lianhe Terrace. However, with the development of

agricultural modern technology, local farmers begin to plant high-yield hybrid rice

and to use chemical fertilizers and pesticides in order to guarantee the yield of food

crop and accordingly improve economic profit.


48

At Lianhe Township where is the key protective heritage site, many farmers

choose to plant hybrid rice instead of the traditional rice to increase income. At

present, the main rice varieties planted at Lianhe Terrace are stable-yield hybrid rice

varieties such as II Youshen 98, Leyou 94, eII You 315; and only a few of traditional

rice varieties such as Aijiaobai, Baitoupeng, Shiliuhong, and Huhan planted here. It is

easy for hybrid rice planted in large area to result in the loss of the traditional rice,

threats to biological diversity and faster spreading of plant diseases and insect pests

and accordingly to affect the stability of the local rice field ecosystem. In addition,

the amount of chemical fertilizers and pesticides used at Lianhe Township where is

the key protective heritage site is on the increase (Figure 32 and Figure 33). The

application of chemical fertilizers will boost crop production in a short term, but will

weaken the soil fertility of the farming land in a long term and result in non-point

source pollution of the farming land. Meanwhile, the overuse of pesticides will not

only result in decreases in quality of food products but also have an impact on the

stable ecosystem of the rice field.

Figure 32 Change trend of fertilizer amount applied by Lianhe Township

As per physical quantity

As per reduced scalar

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013


49

Figure 33 Change trend of fertilizer amount applied by Lianhe Township

4.3 Young Labor Force Loses Due to Diversities of

Livelihoods

Influenced by modern civilization and a new way of life, the young of Youxi

County is unwilling to work on rice farming work with great labor intensity and

complex management. Planting rice by traditional methods requires plenty of labors

to finish rice field preparation, seed sprouting, field treatment, levelling field, rice

transplanting and levelling, weeding, releasing water, harvesting, drying rice and

other manual works which are of great labor intensity and high labor cost. With the

reduction of farm population year by year, the labor cost is increasingly higher,

resulting in increasingly higher cost of planting rice by traditional methods. It is

concluded and analyzed by the calculation of the planting cost of rice per hectare of

the Dongbian Terrace at Lianhe Township that: the input for the rice per hectare in

2014 was 25,362 Yuan, including labor cost 21,450 Yuan which accounts for 84.58%

of the total input, while the output only 22,500 Yuan, so the profit from planting rice

is minus (Table 3).

Table 3 Cost accounting of rice per hectare of Dongbian Terrace at Lianhe Township

Item Category Quantity Unit Total (Yuan) Proportion (%)

Input Seed 9 kg 360

1.42


50

Labor 214.5 d 21450 84.58

Fertilizer 2022 kg 2040.75 8.05

Film 10.5 kg 146.25 0.58

Disinsection 60 times 1140 4.49

Transportation

expense 750 kg 225 0.89

Total 25362 100.00

Output Harvesting 7500 kg 22500 /

The input of using traditional methods to plant rice is higher than its output,

resulting in the reduction of rice planting area. In 2013, the rice planting area of

Youxi County accounted for 29.57% of the total planting area of crops, decreasing by

2.22% compared to the rice planting area in 2009 (Figure 34). Moreover, the local

young is unwilling to work on rice farming work with great labor intensity, complex

management and less profits. It is found according to the survey on the age structure

of labors of Lianhe Township, Youxi County working on agricultural production that

60% of them are older than 50, and only 3% of them are younger than 30 (Figure 35).

Therefore, those who grasps the traditional farming methods are often the aged. In

addition, as the increase of planting cost, the traditional agricultural production is

nearly unprofitable (Figure 36), so plenty of rural population gradually moves to

cities and towns, and accordingly the population of young rural migrant worker is

markedly increased. The loss of young rural labors results in difficulties in the

inheritance and development of the traditional terraced-farming technology.

29

30

31

32

33

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

%

Figure 34 Change of rice planting area proportion to the crop planting area of Youxi County

from 2009-2013


51

Figure 35 Age structure percentage of labors of Lianhe Township, Youxi County working on

agricultural production

Figure 36 Agricultural income sources of Lianhe Township, Youxi County in 2014

4.4 Traditional Farming Culture Encounters with Inheritance

Loss

Lianhe Terrace possesses with farming culture and custom with regional features,

including traditional stories, folk songs, farmer’s proverbs, traditional technique skills,

traditional costume manufacturing skills, etc. As parts of traditional Chinese cultures,

such intangible cultural heritages are of significant historical value. However,

influenced by modern civilization and the new way of life, the younger generations

Older than 50

Younger than 30

30 - 50 years

Migrant working

Agriculture

Stockbreeding


52

are unwilling to undertake the rice farming work with great labor intensity and

complex management, so the traditional agricultural culture knowledge and its

maintenance are under threat. The local government or non-governmental

organization did not organize local primary and secondary school students to learn

traditional farming culture nor conduct relevant practices. Therefore, the traditional

culture and customs can only exude charisma of ancient culture on the aged, while

cultural discontinuity appears on the younger generation. Such isolated physical form

as terrace and farming skills will be dull without the intangible cultural heritages they

bear. How to inherit and develop the agricultural culture for a long time, namely the

inheritance of farming culture is a major problem at present.


53

5 Protection and Development Measures

5.1Adopted Measures

5.1.1 Provided Agricultural Subsidy

To encourage local residents to carry out agricultural production and attract the

young labor force to return to the hometown, Lianhe Township Government provided

some subsidies to agricultural workers according to the standard of 22,500 Yuan per

hectare since 2012. To encourage second ploughing of the deserted terrace, Lianhe

Township Government provided a subsidy of 15,000 Yuan per hectare for the farms

who secondly plough the deserted terrace in recent three years; and 30,000 Yuan per

hectare for the farms who secondly plough the terrace which is deserted for a long

time. The enthusiasm of farmers of Lianhe Township to plant food has increased

under the encouragement of the government. From 2013 to 2014, there were 37.33

hectares of secondly ploughed deserted terrace; and 12 new food planting rich and

influential families. To increase the planting area of traditional crops, the government

provided a subsidy of 11,250 Yuan per hectare and 1 kg seeds for free for the farmers

who plant traditional varieties. The purchase price of 50 kg traditional rice varieties is

100 – 200 Yuan higher than that given by local grain supply center.

5.1.2 Set up Mechanism Protecting Traditional Farming Methods

To improve the planning area of traditional crop varieties, Lianhe Township

Government signed the Agreement of Planting Conventional Rice and Field Crop in

Rice Field through negotiation with the farmers of Dongbian Village of Lianhe

Township, to require them to plant 16 conventional rice varieties and 5 field crops in

the rice field of Dongbian Village (Lindou Area). In 2013, the government prepared

the Scheme for Implementation of the Reclamation of Deserted Field at the Core Area

of Lianhe Terrace (Y. L. Z. Z. [2013] No. 96). According to the Scheme, the

government firstly confirmed and made registration for the terrace areas and their

owners of the Lianxi Village, Dongbian Village, Lianyun Village and Yunshan Village,

confirmed the site and area of the deserted fields and prepared subsidy standards for

the reclamation of these deserted fields; secondly put forward a scheme for the


54

irrigation ditch of the Lianxi Village, Dongbian Village, Lianyun Village and Yunshan

Village to repair 21 ditches with a total length of 7,700 meters, and put into a fund of

580,000 Yuan; and finally encouraged villagers to transfer land orderly, to develop

such traditional ecological planting-breeding coupled mode as breeding winkles and

loach in rice field.

5.1.3 Expanded the Market and Built Brand

Lianhe Township Government started intensifying the agricultural investment

innovation, introduced Fujian Shen Jia Organic Agricultural Science and Technology

Development Co., Ltd. to Dongbian Cooperation to promote the planting of organic

and green products; secondly, signed a cooperation intent with Shanghai Nongyi

Information Technology Co., Ltd. to improve products’ price by the direct selling of

agricultural products; thirdly, introduced two Taobao Shops of Alibaba to expand the

distribution channel of local products; and fourthly, collected the tourism logo (Figure

37) of Lianhe Terrace throughout the nation and made logo registration to improve

the popularity of local agricultural products.

Figure 37 Tourism logo of Lianhe Terrace

5.1.4 Developed Leisure Agriculture

With the boosting of popularity of Lianhe Terrace, the government started to

develop such leisure agricultures as photography, sight-seeing and rural tourism. At

present, Youxi County is under the construction of cultural leisure industry, sets up

the visiting spot of ancient relics, such as Fuhu Rock; photography locations of five

terraces such as Dongbian, Yunshan and Lianyun Terrace; seven special rural home


55

inns distributed at Lianyun Village, Yunshan Village and Lianhe Town, etc. as well as

the large-scale leisure areas covering an area of 20 hectares like Yunshan Village

Leisure Agricultural Area. The development of the industry greatly expands the

tourism market of Lianhe Terrace where receives obviously more and more tourists,

bringing economic profits to local residents to some extent.

During year 2009 to 2014, the number of tourists to Lianhe Terrace was on the

rise year by year, and the tourist receipts increased to 62,000 persons in 2014 from

39,000 persons in 2009. As of 2014, the tourist quantity was increased over 50%

(Table 4) compared with that of 2009. At present, there are 5% of total population of

the Township working on agricultural industry (tourism), about 560 persons. With the

development of leisure agriculture, some farmers of Lianhe Township become

tourism workers to provide farming culture heritage tourism with corresponding

services such as guide, accommodation, and catering, and their per capita income

reaches 1500 Yuan.

Table 4 Tourist receipts of Lianhe Terrace over the years

Years 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Tourist receipts (104 persons) 3.9 4.2 4.3 4.5 5.1 6.2

Growth rate (%) - 7.7 2.4 4.7 13.3 21.6

5.1.5 Carried out Promotion Campaigns

To apply for globally important agricultural heritage systems and protect the

traditional farming culture of Youxi Lianhe Terrace, Youxi Bureau of Culture

Broadcasting positively promoted the knowledge of traditional farming culture to

local residents by means of tablet inscription, scroll, propaganda, etc.; conducted

external propagation by means of online promoting and collecting the ecological

protection logo of Lianhe Terrace, and improving the popularity of Lianhe Terrace.

To promote the important agricultural cultural heritage Lianhe Terrace, Lianhe

Township specially created a website and weibo to promote their special agricultural

products; built an exhibition room for the traditional appliances and tools for Lianhe

Terrace and prepared a promotion pamphlets Five Charm Terraces of China – Lianhe

Terrace.


56

5.2 Potential and Opportunity

5.2.1 Lianhe Terrace System Containing Rich Biological Resources

There are very rich biological resources except for rice the main the main

agricultural product in the water conservation forest-bamboo forest-rice field system

of Lianhe Terrace; oil-producing tung seed, camellia seed, resin and couch grass in

the forest system; bamboo shoots and bamboo in the bamboo forest system; and rice,

duck, fish, winkle, balk soybean variety, etc. in the rice field system. Therefore,

Lianhe Terrace system contains rich agricultural biological resources and has huge

excavation and development potential.

5.2.2 Traditional Farming Methods Ensuring the High Quality of Agricultural

Production

Lianhe Terrace is remained the green environmental traditional farming skills

suited to the actual condition. The soil fertility is enhanced by means of breeding

duckweed, azolla and water lettuce; and the weeds are eliminated by breeding duck,

fish and shrimp in the rice field. Such traditional farming methods not only protect

the ecological environment of the Terrace but also guarantee the yield of the

agricultural products, laying good foundation for further applying for organic and

green products.

In overseas and domestic markets, the demands of green ecological products

which have no harm to environment and human health increasingly increase with the

changes of the consumption and values of consumers. The price of ecological

agricultural products are 20% - 30% higher than that of ordinary ones due to their

high cost and low yield. The planting pattern of the traditional farming skills makes

the products meet the requirements of ecological products, therefore the agricultural

products of Lianhe Terrace are of a higher market potential.

5.2.3 High Potentiality of Tourist Resources

Youxi County is rich in natural resources with a convenient geographic location

and beautiful scenery. Major natural scenic spots in Youxi are: Provincial Nature

Reserve Jiufu Mountain, Tianhu Scenic Spot, East Lake Scenic Area, Fujian Lake


57

Scenic Spot, Mingshan Lake Resort, Longmenchang Ancient Ginkgo Population in

Zhongxian, Lianhe Terrace, Pillow Mountain, Fuhu Rock, Inverted Rock, Mount

Penglai, Baiyan Mountain, Xiufeng Mountain, etc.; major cultural scenic spots are:

Zhuxi’s Former Residence (Shenlang Camphor Park), Guifeng Ancient Dwellings in

Yangzhong, Lu Xingbang’s Former Residence in Shuangli, Houfeng Ancient

Architecture in Xibin, Xihua Scholar Town in Zhongxian, Houshandu Dwellings in

Xicheng, County Goldfish Well, White Crane Tower, Confucian Temple, Lucky Star

Tower, Matsu Temple, Buddhist Temple, Cloud Pavilion, Double Pavilions, Lingyuan

Temple, Fuming Palace, etc.

Among the tourist resources of Youxi County, the regional culture and tourist

resources of Lianhe Terrace are special and abundant, including 5 ancient terrace

landscapes inlcuding Liannan terrace, Dongbian terrace, Lianyun terrace, Yunshan

terrace and Xiayun terrace, and 5 scenic spots with natural scenery and cultural

landscape as major including Jinji Mountain, Alter Rock, Longmenchang Ancient

Ginkgo Population in Zhongxian, Jiufu Mountain and Pillow Mountain, also

including ancient folk activities handed down originated form terrace cultivation such

as “Cattle God Worship Ceremony” and “Crouching Tiger Monk Worship Ceremony”,

and Healthy green food culture, such as kumquat, edible fungi and pearl dried

bamboo shoots.

Youxi County is surrounded by developed economy cities which provide

adequate tourist sources from Sanming, Nanping, Putian and Xiamen to lay an

economic foundation for Youxi County and Lianhe Terrace sight-seeing agriculture

tourism. Moreover, the whole tourist areas in west coast of the Straits and other

domestic tourist source markets with Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta as

major are also the potential markets of Youxi County and Lianhe Terrace. On the

premise of undamaging terrace natural landscape environment, the development of

tourism can also bring some profits to local farmers.

5.2.4 Influence of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems

The protection project of the globally important agricultural heritage systems

(GIAHS) attracts more and more countries to join in, and the multi-function values


58

and GIAHS brand of the agricultural cultural heritage have been certified by the

international society. The government of China paid more attention to and gave many

supports for GIAHS. In 2013, the Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of

China set up the national important agricultural heritage system (NIAHS), drawing

much attention to agricultural cultural heritage brand at home, promoting the market

value of relevant products, expanding the international markets for relevant products

of GIAHS and providing an important opportunity to attract internal investment.

Youxi Lianhe Terraces in Fujian have entered the directory of the first batch of China

important agricultural cultural heritage system, which will have a positive and

long-term influence on the protection and inheritance of traditional farming skills for

terrace as well as the development of relevant industries.

The application of “Youxi Lianhe Terraces in Fujian” for globally important

agricultural heritage systems will further promote its popularity. It can also present

the public with detailed traditional farming patterns in Youxi Lianhe Terraces in a

nature-harmonious way and the advantage of heritage systems to human. The

government departments will pay more attention to the promotion of Lianhe Terrace,

which will create huge opportunities for the protection and inheritance of traditional

farming patterns in Youxi Lianhe Terraces and the development of relevant industries.

5.3 Expected Social and Ecological Impacts

5.3.1 Increasing Peasants’ Income and Employment to Enhance Their

Happiness

The success of the application for GIAHS will greatly enhance the popularity of

Lianhe Terraces in Fujian, which will be of higher market value and attract more

enterprises to invest in and develop the rich biological resources in the terrace system

so as to greatly extend the industry chain of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry

and fishery, to create more employment positions and to solve the employment of

considerable numbers of people. The comprehensive development and utilization of

rich biological resources will greatly enhance the income of local peasants. Besides,

the exploitation and development of tourism will bring high profits to local peasants.


59

The increase of income will enhance the living standard of local peasants, thereby

improving their happiness.

5.3.2 Conducive to the Inheritance of Traditional Terrace Farming Technique

and Culture

During the application for GIHAS, through various forms of publicity and

activities, the local people will significantly improve their cognition rate of traditional

farming technique and culture of Lianhe Terraces. Through conducting general

investigations and excavation on the traditional farming culture of Lianhe Terraces,

the local people will have a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the

traditional terrace farming technique and culture, as well as a sense of pride and

belonging. In addition, the income increase after the success of the application for

GIHAS will make more local young people feel proud of owning the traditional

terrace farming technique and culture, enabling them to voluntarily work on

agricultural production. In this way, the traditional farming technique and culture will

be inherited.

5.3.3 Conducive to the Maintenance and Promotion of the Good Ecological

Environment of Youxi

After the success of application, based on continued popularization of the

traditional farming technique, the construction of more green and organic bases will

be applied, and green organic circular agriculture will be cultivated and developed so

as to effectively reduce the use of fertilizer and pesticide, to enhance the cyclic

utilization of agricultural waste, to make the production method of Lianhe Terraces

further obey the natural laws, and to maintain and promote the good ecological

environment of Youxi.

5.3.4 Maintain the Biodiversity and Ecological Functions of the System

Lianhe Terraces in Fujian not only are the sources of important economic crops

and livelihood for peasants, but also play a decisive role in protecting local natural

environment and biodiversity and maintaining ecosystem balance. For instance,

paddy fields play a role in preserving the soil and water of sloping fields in mountain

areas, and form an ecosystem peculiar to paddy fields. Such an ecosystem provides a


60

habitat for various creatures. The forests and bamboo forests above the paddy fields

play a significant role in maintaining ecological balance and protecting biodiversity.

5.4 Initiative of the Local Government, the State and Other

Stakeholders

5.4.1 Youxi County Government

A leading group for the protection and development of GIAHS has been

established in Youxi County, and the group has implemented a series of protective

measures for the agricultural ecosystem protection of Lianhe Terraces. The

Agricultural Bureau of Youxi County has developed a protection scheme for second

plowing of terraces, traditional crop planting and farming methods, popularized

planting and breeding techniques, guided the cultivation of planting and breeding

cooperatives, expanded the agricultural products market and carried out the

introduction of agricultural enterprises, the certification of green products, the

trademark registration of agricultural products, etc. The Finance Bureau of Youxi

County has given financial support for the second plowing of farmland and the

planting and promotion of traditional crops. The Housing and Construction Bureau of

Youxi County has guided the renovation of village appearance. The Administration of

Culture, Radio, Film & TV of Youxi County is responsible for the construction of the

agricultural museum and the excavation and integration of terrace culture.

5.4.2 Chinese Government

China has a long history of agricultural civilization. In the process of long-term

production practice, peasants have been seeking for the production modes applicable

to different national conditions, thereby creating a brilliant agricultural heritage.

Since the establishment of the New China in 1949, the CPC and the Chinese

government always attach great importance to exploring and inheriting the

agricultural heritage of our motherland. Supported by leaders of relevant departments,

the Research Laboratory for Chinese Agricultural Heritages was established, and the

earliest academic journals of the agricultural history subject, i.e., the Collection of

Studies on Agricultural Heritages and the Collection of Studies on Agricultural


61

History were founded as well. The establishment of a specialized agency for

agricultural heritages marks that our agricultural heritage studies have entered a new

stage, and creates unprecedented advantages for China’s agricultural heritage studies.

It plays a positive role in exchanging academic research results and propelling

agricultural heritage studies. Starting from this point, under the strong support of

relevant departments of the Chinese government, China has carried out a series of

studies and protection practices on agricultural heritages.

In recent years, the Chinese government and relevant departments have attached

more importance to the protection and inheritance of agricultural heritages. The 18th

National Congress of the CPC proposed that we should “construct an inheriting

system for splendid traditional culture and carry forward Chinese excellent traditional

culture”. At the Central Conference on Rural Work, Xi Jinping, President of the PRC

said, “Farming culture is a precious treasure of Chinese agriculture, and an important

part of Chinese culture. We not only shouldn’t abandon it, but also should continue to

carry forward it.” In 2009, China National Tourism Administration (CNTA) started to

propel the rural tourism-oriented poverty alleviation in the mountain areas of

poverty-stricken counties of China. In 2012, the Ministry of Agriculture officially

launched the excavation and protection of Chinese important agricultural heritages. In

April 2014, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the PRC, the

Ministry of Culture, the State Administration of Cultural Heritage and the Ministry of

Finance put forward a plan of spending 3 years in providing basic protection, basic

production & living conditions, a basic safety guarantee of disaster prevention and a

basic protection & control mechanism for the cultural heritage of villages listed in

Chinese Traditional Villages so as to gradually enhance the comprehensive capacity

of protecting and developing traditional villages. The high attention paid by the

Chinese government and relevant departments provides a good opportunity for the

development of agricultural heritage work of the Lianhe Terraces in Youxi County.


62

6 Dynamic Conservation Plan for GIAHS Selected Site

6.1 Conservation and Development Activities Have Been Done

6.1.1 Establishing a Leading Group for Application for GIAHS

The Party Committee and the government of Youxi County established a leading

group for application for GIAHS, and set a specialized office. The Secretary of the

Party Committee served as the group leader, responsible for the publicity,

organization and promotion work in respect of the application and protection of

Youxi Lianhe Terraces. In addition, the group leader also takes an active part in

relevant agricultural heritage exchange activities and training classes, and vigorously

promotes and popularizes Lianhe terraces by internet, radio and other media.

6.1.2 Working on Documentary Videos of Lianhe Terraces with CCTV

In 2014 and 2015, Youxi invited CCTV-7 twice for field filming of the

documentary video “Important Chinese Agricultural Heritage – Lianhe Terraces” and

the promotion videos for application for GIAHS so as to further raise the popularity

of terraces.

6.1.3 Carrying out “Three-Product” Certification and Strengthening Product

Safety Check

From 2010 to 2015, 32 enterprises including 121 products won the

“Three-Product” Certification. Thereinto, 14 enterprises were certified with 19

pollution-free agricultural products, the certified area of 35,900 mu and output of

15,800 tons; 15 enterprises were certified with 25 green food products, the certified

area of 10,300 mu and output of 13,400 tons; 3 enterprises were certified with 77

organic food products, the certified area of 380.2 ha and output of 286.8 ha. Spot

check was irregularly conducted for supermarket, farmer’s market and vegetable

fields. Some manufacturing enterprises, farmers’ professional cooperatives and main

bases were equipped with rapid pesticide residue detector and self-disciplined

detection was carried out for agricultural products.


63

6.1.4 Promoting Agricultural Informatization and Improving Farmers’ Heritage

Protection Awareness and Industrial Development Ability

The county established 12316 Three-Rural Comprehensive Information Service

Platform, developed a modern information channel to serve the “Three-Rural” and

established an internet website with dedicated IP (www.yxny155.net). There are 251

village jointly-running points and 152 rural information staffs, forming a “trinity”

service mode of 12316 Agricultural Service Hotline. Farmers can get video

consultation, agricultural training, information service, application service and expert

guidance through free hotline, touch self-service terminal, PC self-service terminal

and expert terminal and Mobile-phone Agriculture Service will offer. It’s aimed at

improving farmers’ value consciousness for agricultural cultures, the awareness of

carrying out organic production and the capability of industrial development in the

way of agricultural informatization.

6.1.5 Formulating Government Subsidy System and Boosting the Traditional

Agricultural Production in Terraces

Since 2012, in order to encourage local residents to carry out agricultural

production and attract young adults to come back the Lianhe Township Government

has provided subsidies for agricultural producers, in accordance with the standard of

22,500 yuan for each hectare. To encourage the reclamation of deserted terraces, it

has subsidized 15,000 yuan for each hectare of reclaimed deserted terraces in past 3

years, and 30,000 yuan for each hectare of reclaimed terraces that have been deserted

for a long time.

6.1.6 Signing Agreements with Farmers and Propelling the Protection of

Agricultural Crop Varieties

By consulting with the farmer households of Dongbian Village of Lianhe

Township, the township government signed the Agreement on Cultivating

Conventional Paddy Rice and Dry Field Crops with them, requiring cultivating 16

varieties of rice in the paddies and 5 varieties of Dongbian Village (Lindou District).


64

6.1.7 Boosting the status survey and scientific research for Lianhe Terrace

Heritage

Experts of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and

Forestry University and Fujian Normal University carry out a long-term research and

experiment of rice breeding, composite agricultural production and ratooning rice

cultivation by taking the Lianhe Terrace of Youxi County, Fujian Province as their

research base. Their work lays a significant scientific foundation for the protection of

Lainhe Terrace Agricultural Culture Heritage and the industrial development, and

improves the scientific supporting ability of the Lainhe Terrace Agricultural Culture

Heritage.

6.1.8 Youxi County’s developing the Lianhe Terrace as its tourism brand

Since 2010, the Youxi County Government has made a tourism development

plan and an overall plan for tourism areas, and has planned the terrace of Lianhe

Township as the major area. The plan covers the ancient terrace and ancient temples

of five areas in Lianhe Township, laying an important foundation for developing

tourism and protecting terrace.

6.2. Anticipatory Action

6.2.1 Agro-ecology Protection

(1) Objectives

Short-term objectives (2015-2017): The decrease trend of agricultural

biodiversity is controlled; 72 varieties of traditional rice don’t decrease and the

cropping area is expanded by 10%; the cropping types of symbiotic cropping pattern

restore to some extent and the cropping area is increased by 20% in 2015; village

sanitation and farmland environment quality are improved and forest ecosystem

structure remains stable.

Medium-term objectives (2018-2020): The agricultural biodiversity remains

stable; the cropping area of 72 varieties of traditional rice is 40% more than that of

2015; the economy, village sanitation and farmland environment quality are improved

and the forest ecosystem structure remains stable.


65

Long-term objectives (2021-2025): The agricultural biodiversity maintains

stability; the cropping area of 72 varieties of traditional rice is 80% more than that of

2015 and makes contributions to the cultivation of new varieties; the traditional

composite operation mode becomes a major way for the increase of farmers’ income,

and becomes an agricultural feature of Youxi County; villages within the key

protection region are neat and clean, the farmland environment quality reaches the

organic standard and the forest ecosystem structure is stable.

(2) Protection content

Traditional rice varieties, national protection animals and plants, traditional

germplasm resources; structure and functions of complex ecosystem such as rice-fish,

rice-duck and rice-escargot; rural ecological environment, resource utilization pattern

and traditional agricultural production mode.

(3) Action plan

Media publicity. Expand the popularity of Lianhe Terrace Agricultural Culture

Heritage and the importance to protect it. The key objects of publicity and education

are leading cadres and peasant households in the protection zone.

Responsible department: Publicity Department, Administration of Culture,

Radio, Film & TV

Implementation time: 2015-2025

General investigation. Environmental quality status of water source, soil,

atmosphere, etc. of Lianhe Terrace System Heritage Site; crop variety; livestock

breed; usage amount and proportion of farm manure and chemical fertilizer; usage

and proportion of biological disinsection and pesticide; ecological environment of

farmland and resource consumption, etc. A database shall be established for the

general investigation results, and technical analysis and evaluation shall be conducted

for relevant data.

Responsible department: Agricultural Bureau, Environmental Protection Agency


Monitoring operation. Heritage project sites that have been included in the

experiment scope shall be listed for protection; the responsible person, cultivated crop


66

variety, amount or output of aquatic product like duck and escargots as well as the use

amount of farm manure or chemical fertilizer shall be determined. For this part of

terraces, it’s required to conduct soil and water quality monitoring as well as total

quantity control of chemical fertilizer and pesticide. Destructive operation and

construction shall be prohibited around the protection zone and specific punitive

measures shall be formulated.

Responsible department: Agricultural Bureau, Leading Group of Agricultural

Culture Heritage Protection


Environmental management. It’s required to conduct environment

management for villages within the protection zone and encourage the development

of courtyard economy. Household garbage shall be disposed intensively so as to

reduce the pollution and visual impact of garbage dump. Besides, sewage treatment

shall be attached importance.

Responsible department: Village Committee, Environmental Protection Bureau,

Agricultural Bureau


Creating water conservation forest. It’s required to delimit the scope of water

conservation forest and protect peak, valley and mountain ridge of the heritage site;

formulate conservation regulations and prohibit excavation of mountain and

vegetation deterioration, etc.

Responsible department: Forestry Bureau, Land and Resources Bureau


Restricting the exploitation of mineral resources. In the planning period, a

certain restriction shall be imposed on the exploitation and utilization of resources

mainly in core area of heritage site and periphery protection zone as well as major

drinking water source protection zone. Mineral resource exploitation that may have

unrecoverable impact on ecological environment shall be prohibited.

Responsible department: Land and Resources Bureau, Bureau of Mines



67

Developing sanitary production. It’s required to comprehensively popularize

water-saving and excrement-removing technology for livestock breeding and

combine organic fertilizer production and bio-gas treatment to realize waste recycling.

Besides, it’s required to develop the agriculture-animal husbandry-forestry combined

ecological agricultural mode, comprehensively prohibit straw and waste incineration

and carry out domestic sewage treatment so as to achieve household garbage

reclamation and reduction and lay a foundation for ecological environment

protection.

Responsible department: Agricultural Bureau, Light Industry Bureau, Bureau of

Animal Husbandry


Traditional crop resource protection. It’s required to formulate specific

subsidy standards for cultivating traditional crops. Global agricultural culture heritage

brands shall be created to look for high-end customers for quality products (crop,

aquatic product, chicken, duck and sheep, etc.) in these heritage sites in the way of

website marketing and reservation. Thus local people will obtain high added value of

products so that their enthusiasm will be aroused to protect traditional crop resources.

Responsible department: Agricultural Bureau, Finance Bureau


Rare plant resource protection. Governments at all levels shall jointly guide

the development and encourage farmers to cultivate rare plants through establishing

germplasm repository, garden and wild plant introduction. In the meantime, they are

supposed to develop flowering plant, ornamental plant, medicinal plant, food plant

and other plants with high economic value, and conserve rare plant resources.

Responsible department: Agricultural Bureau, Finance Bureau


6.2.2 Agricultural Culture Protection

(1) Objectives

Short-term objectives (2015-2017): 80% primary and secondary school

students know important traditional festivals and their origins; folk songs, farmer’s


68

proverbs and ancient poetry are collected and compiled into books; there are definite

inheritors for weaving, carving and paper cut arts and 80% primary and secondary

school students know these arts.

Medium-term objectives (2018-2020): Traditional festivals, folk songs,

farmer’s proverbs and ancient poetry are introduced into the primary and secondary

school classes of Youxi County; weaving, carving and paper cut arts become an

integral part of the primary and secondary school art courses.

Long-term objectives (2021-2025): Traditional festivals, folk songs, farmer’s

proverbs and ancient poetry become a familiar knowledge of primary and secondary

school students; weaving, carving and paper cut arts have stable inheritors and

traditional artworks become residents’ daily consumer products.


Local characteristic food culture; local folk songs and farmer’s proverbs;

traditional bamboo weaving and straw plaiting crafts; traditional carving art;

traditional folk paper cut art; traditional festivals and customs; ancient literature

related to agriculture in Youxi County.

(3) Action plan

Collecting and compiling folk songs, ballads and farmer’s proverbs. It’s

suggested to solicit folk songs, farmer’s proverbs, ballads, fairy tales and legends

with award in the county, and offer graded awards to providers based on the degree of

authenticity and rareness of provided content.

Responsible department: Administration of Culture, Radio, Film & TV


Agriculture-related archaeological survey. General survey, registration and

grading shall be conducted for material cultures such as agriculture-related traditional

architecture, antiques, and traditional farm implements within the entire county.

Responsible department: Administration of Culture, Radio, Film & TV


Compiling traditional culture textbooks suitable for primary and secondary

school students. It’s required to compile a set of traditional culture textbooks suitable


69

for senior high school, middle school and primary school students, which record fairy

tales and legends, traditional festivals, folk songs, farmer’s proverbs, ballads, ancient

poetry and handcrafts of Youxi County.

Responsible department: Education Bureau, Administration of Culture, Radio,

Film & TV


Offering traditional culture courses. The primary and secondary schools are

required to offer Youxi traditional culture courses, one lesson each week and the

course shall be included in the final examination.

Responsible department: Education Bureau


Celebrating the Fuhu Festival and Plowing Festival. In the key protection

zone Lianhe Township, the Fuhu Festival and Plowing Festival will be held once a

year and will be publicized as an important tourism experience.

Responsible department: Tourism Administration, Lianhe Township


Media publicity. Youxi traditional culture shall be publicized at least twice a

year on province-level media or above. Traditional food, Zhu Xi Culture and Fuhu

Culture shall be attached importance to.

Responsible department: Tourism Administration


Determining heritors of traditional crafts. It’s required to hold county-level

contests of traditional artworks and hire famous experts to select inheritors of

traditional culture through appreciating the technological level and knowledge of

artworks, and grant the inheritors certificates.

Responsible department: Administration of Culture, Radio, Film & TV, Tourism

Administration


6.2.3 Agricultural Landscape Protection

(1) Objectives


70

Short-term objectives (2015-2017): Terraced agricultural landscape,

agricultural culture landscape and traditional village landscape with high aesthetic

and ecological value are well reserved; a comprehensive agricultural landscape

database is marked and established; about 5 demonstration plots for agricultural

landscape protection are constructed; tourist facilities of the same or similar local

styles are constructed while traditional architecture is well protected.

Medium-term objectives (2018-2020): On the basis that traditional agriculture

landscape is protected, the influence of agricultural landscape on tourism economy

increase enhances obviously; peasant households and relevant enterprises develop an

awareness of agricultural landscape originality, and take active part in agricultural

landscape design; Youxi Terraced Agricultural Landscape becomes a demonstration

base for China’s agricultural landscape protection and originality; a special

sightseeing pedestrian street is constructed for visiting the terrace landscape.

Long-term objectives (2021-2025): Tourism resources such as Mount Golden

Cock, bamboo forest landscape of Mount Ox Horn, tourism town along Danxi River

and Fuhu Cliff successfully apply for the National 4A Scenic Spot; Youxi Lianhe

Terraces become famous creative terraced agricultural landscape in China; Youxi

traditional architecture has become the main style of architectural complex in the

protection zone.


Periphery ecological landscape around Lianhe Terraces including forest system,

village system, road system, irrigation system, etc.; terrace landscape including

traditional cultivation landscape, composite cultivation and breeding landscape,

terraced three-dimensional landscape; traditional village landscape including village

layout, traditional ancient architecture, ancient bridge, etc.

(3) Action plan

Strengthening supervision on land utilization. Farmland shall not be left

deserted and the land use shall not be changed casually.

Main responsible department: Land and Resources Bureau



71

Designing farmland landscape. Peasant households cooperate with tourism

companies to beautify terrace landscape on the basis of protecting the diversity of

traditional crops, through planting green manure crops like azolla and duckweed or

planting ornamental crops like rape flower and buckwheat.

Main responsible department: Tourism Administration


Terrace surveying. A detailed surveying shall be conducted to the land use

status of Lianhe terraces and large-scale landscape pattern drawing and planning map

shall thus be made for future protection and restoration.

Main responsible department: Land and Resources Bureau


Terrace monitoring. It’s required to conduct timely monitoring on the change

of Lianhe terrace landscape and impose strict control on unharmonious landscape

construction especially modern high-rise real estate, and tear down illegal buildings.

Main responsible department: Township Government, Tourism Administration


Scenic spot monitoring. It’s required to carry out timely monitoring on the

ecological environment of Mount Golden Cock, Fuhu Cliff and bamboo forest

landscape of Mount Ox Horn around terraces, and to well conduct greening,

beautifying and fire-prevention work.

Main responsible department: Forestry Bureau, Tourism Adminstration


Tourist facility construction. Timely restoration shall be carried out in

accordance with damage situation of traditional architecture. Tourist facilities of the

same or similar style shall be constructed on the basis of reserving original landscape.

The viewing deck shall be paved with rubbles, and primitive-color bamboo shall be

used to make rails, bridges and signposts, thus ensuring the harmony of landscapes.

Main responsible department: Tourism Administration, Housing and

Construction Bureau



72

Road pavement in scenic spot. The road pavement in scenic spot is centered on

construction of turn-out belt. Road widening may be taken into consideration in the

medium and long term.

Main responsible department: Housing and Construction Bureau, Traffic

Management Bureau


6.2.4 Eco-Products Development

(1) Objectives

Short-term objectives (2015-2017): Trademark patent of Lianhe terrace

eco-products is applied, thus creating famous brands concerning rice, cereal, wild

mushroom and bamboo wares, and then market promotion shall be carried out; the

organic, green and pollution-free certification is conducted for the agricultural

products produced by paddy symbiotic system; about 4 enterprises engaged in

processing ecological agricultural products and over 6 highly processed agricultural

products are introduced in; a traceable and regulatory platform for the quality safety

of agricultural products is established and the complete coverage of quality safety

traceability of agricultural products is achieved in the whole township.

Medium-term objectives (2018-2020): Based on the short-term development of

ecological agriculture, it’s required to continue developing the organic and green

production bases of special agricultural products; assistance is constantly given to

entrepreneurs engaged in processing grains and other local specialties, and the

agricultural economic benefit is increased by 60% on the basis of that by the end of

2017 through expanding the industrial chain.

Long-term objectives (2021-2025): Products related to the terrace system are

radiated to other regions of the province and peripheral provinces such as Guangdong

and Zhejiang. Eco-products is continuously promoted; innovative grain-bamboo ware

and local specialty-agricultural and sideline product industrial chain is constantly

developed, which brings remarkable economic benefit and forms a certain market

influence. The product price reaches 3 times more than the present price via combing

the tourism development to carry out linkage promotion and marketing of Lianhe


73

terrace eco-products.

(2) Development content

Youxi eco-product development covers: brand building, eco-products

certification, processing, quality and safety traceability of agricultural products,

industrial chain extension, market development, etc. Importance shall be attached to

the development of products in paddy symbiotic system (raising escargots, ducks and

fishes in paddy field), edible mushrooms, bamboo and wood products (bamboo

carving and bamboo artworks) and the production and processing of local specialties.

Farms’ production and enterprises’ large-scale processing are the main development

pattern of Lianhe terrace eco-products.

(3) Action plan

Trademark registration：Register the “Lianhe Terraces” trademark for relevant

paddy rice, aquatic products and local specialties.

Main responsible department: Industrial and Commercial Administration,

Agricultural Bureau

Implementation term: 2015-2017

Product certification: Organic certification, green product certification and

free-pollution agricultural certification shall be applied for the agricultural products

produced from Lianhe terraces. The “Three-Product” certification reaches 100%,

including 60% of organic and green paddy rice certification; the “Three-Product”

certification of soybean and peanut reaches 100%, and that of livestock, poultry and

fish products reaches 60%.

Main responsible department: Environmental Protection Bureau, Agricultural

Bureau


Industrial chain extension: It’s required to continue promoting edible

mushrooms growing in straws, enrich the production types of edible mushrooms, and

develop the bamboo handicraft products. The straws used in growing edible

mushrooms reach 10% of the output of that year.

Main responsible department: Agricultural Bureau, Forestry Bureau


74


Deep-processing and R&D of products: Emphasis shall be laid on the

introduction of enterprises engaged in grain and oil processing, mushroom processing,

poultry meat processing and bamboo shoot processing, and assistance shall be offered

to these enterprises to be provincial and municipal leading enterprises. Besides, it’s

also suggested to focus on developing the high-value-added products such as organic

and green clean rice, rice bran oil and high-value-added functional rice noodles; and

to develop products with high additional value, like edible mushrooms, snacks made

of poultry meat, bamboo juice, peanut soil and soybean soil.

Main responsible department: China Merchants Group, Development and

Reform Bureau and relevant enterprises


Quality and safety traceability of agricultural products: It’s required to

gradually set up the quality and safety traceability system for agricultural products

and establish the “quality and safety traceability and regulatory platform of

agricultural products”. The pilot demonstration of traceability is required to carry out

in industries regarding grain, edible mushroom and livestock, as well as leading

enterprises, cooperatives and family farms of Lianhe Township. The node’s

information of production, transportation and processing of the agricultural products

shall be interconnected through modern information technology like QR code so as to

realize the quality control of crop products and animal products from production to

the table.

Main responsible department: Bureau of Quality Supervision


Market promotion: It’s required to conduct multi-level and multi-angle

promotion for various products through mass media like television, radio, newspaper,

magazine, and actively participate in exhibitions and promotional activities of

different agricultural products; to develop the Lianhe terrace eco-products from

various channels, continue to intensify the market promotion, and increase the

additional value of eco-products in virtue of brand effect so as to meet the economic


75

demand of terraces farmers. Besides, cultural creative products shall be constantly

launched thus to improve the market influence of Lianhe terrace eco-products by

virtue of tourism industry.

Main responsible department: Agricultural Bureau, Administration of Cultural,

Radio, Film & TV and tourism sectors


6.2.5 Eco-Tourism Development

(1) Objectives

Short-term objectives (2015-2017): In accordance with the spatial distribution

of the major scenic spots and resources in Youxi, it’s required to design the theme

tourism route and spatial layout, and integrate the terrace tourism into the tourism

plan of Youxi County; to improve the reception and commodity consciousness of

local farmers through publicity and training; to clarify the maximum capacity of

tourism reception, establish tourist number monitoring system and realize a

substantial increase of tourists within the available capacity.

Medium-term objectives (2018-2020): The tourism infrastructure and service

system are gradually improved, and the elements like terrace, paddy rice and local

specialty are gradually infused into the tourism; farmers’ positivity and initiative

towards tourism development is constantly improved; informatization brings

convenient services to tourists, and the sustainable growth of reception income within

the available capacity is realized. Tourism participation rate of local farmers reaches

over 15% and over 40% tourism income is guaranteed for farmers.

Long-term objectives(2021-2025): The terrace-themed tourism products

become more diversified and the Lianhe Terrace Brand is created; artistic products

containing more traditional characteristics of Lianhe Township and personalized

tourism products are developed and launched by combing cultural creative industry;

chain operation is realized in tourist destinations; the tourism participation rate of

local farmers reaches over 40%; tourism promotion is continuously popularized in the

early warning and control range of tourism and the steady growth of tourism income

is achieved.


76

(2) Development content

The green ecological tourism development of Lianhe Terraces include tourism

plan, number of tourist reception, design of tourism route, construction and retrofit of

tourism reception facilities, design of tourism products, interpretation and instructions

of tourism, community participation in tourism, income analysis, creative utilization

of tourism resources, industry integration, etc.

(3) Action plan

Trademark registration：Register the “Lianhe Terraces” trademark for relevant

paddy rice, aquatic products and local specialties.

Main responsible department: Industrial and Commercial Administration,

Agricultural Bureau


Tourism plan: Terrace tourism shall be incorporated into the overall tourism

development plan in Youxi County, and included in the major tourist publicity

materials, and the introduction to such programs as terrace tourism, leisure holiday,

further study and photography shall be added; centering on the tourism theme of

agricultural heritage of Lianhe Terraces, the spatial structure form with “One Axis,

Six Areas” can be divided according to respective functions. “One Axis ” refers to the

arterial road connecting several terrace areas, and “Six Areas” are respectively

tourism comprehensive service area, Dongbian terrace tourism area, Lianyun terrace

tourism area, Yunshan terrace tourism area, Xiayun terrace tourism area, Lianxi

terrace tourism area (see Figure 5 in attachment). It’s required to clarify the daily

reception number according to the routes and establish tourist number monitoring

system.

Main responsible department: Tourist Administration


Layout of scenic spots: A Terrace Culture Experience Center can be set up in

Lianyun Village and a small Heritage Site Museum can be established on the basis of

ancient residential buildings, and Agricultural Heritage Site Experience Center and

Education Base shall be developed around the terraces. Surrounding houses shall be


77

repaired or rebuilt selectively, and a Tourist Service Center shall be established

through informatization means and visualization technology to display and sell the

terrace specialties and related crafts. A certain area in terrace tourism areas in

Dongbian, Lianyun, Yunshan, Xiayun or Lianxi (see Figure 6 in attachment) can be

selected to recover traditional cropping patterns such as traditional agricultural

products, raising escargots, ducks and fish in paddy field , and meanwhile the

environment shall be regulated thus making them become unique display areas of

traditional terrace culture. Photography bases of terraced agricultural culture shall be

constructed respectively in Bazaotou and Lianyun Village. Some observation decks

shall be set up at the main routes around the terraces, which can bring convenience to

photography lovers and tourists, including 3 observation decks in Dongbian Village,

3 in Yunshan Village, 2 in Xiayun Village and 3 in Lianyun Village.



Tourist routes: Route for one-day trip: Fuhu Cliff — Lianxi Terrace —

Dongbian Terrace — Yunshan Terrace — Lianyun Terrace — Xiayun Terrace. Routes

for two-day trips: (1) Lianhe Terrace on the first day; the birthplace of Zhu

Xi—ancient ginkgo community on the second day; (2) Fuhu Cliff—Lian Herrace on

the first day; Guifeng Village—Tangchuan Grand Canyon. The promotion of terrace

tourism is combined with the foregoing scenic spots, helping tourists form an overall

cognition.



Project application: Leisure agriculture demonstration site is applied to the

State Ministry of Agriculture. A terrace tourism resort with the area of 2 hm2 is

constructed at the previous dairy farm in Dongbian Village.

Main responsible department: Agriculture Bureau, Housing and Construction

Bureau


Facilities construction: A Tourism Information Center shall be set up on the


78

basis of the farm houses in Lianyun Village and the related buildings and roads shall

be repaired. The tourist area and experience center of terrace culture shall be formed.

Main responsible department: Tourism Administration, Housing and

Construction Bureau


Tourism product development: Based on the agricultural products at the Lianhe

Terraces, it’s required to continuously develop the tourism products like small

package rice, grains, edible mushrooms, dried bamboo shoots, bamboo crafts and

local specialty.

Main responsible department: Tourism Administration, Agriculture Bureau


Tourist interpretation and training: It’s required to develop the tourist

interpretation system with unique features of traditional villages and terraces.

Commentator’s interpretation shall highlight the local characteristics. The crucial

value of the agricultural heritage of Lianhe Terraces shall be highlighted in the

interpretation contents thus improving tourists’ cognitive level. The interpretation

training shall be conducted for local farmers, especially for the terrace famers.



Action Plan Schedule see Attachment 5.

6.3. Measures Against Threats and Expected Effects

6.3.1 Diversity of Livelihood Makes Loss of Young Labor for Terraced Fields

Affected by modern civilization and new life style, the young people of Youxi

County are reluctant to work on the job of paddy field cultivation, which is of high

labor intensity and complex management. The yearly diminishing labor population

and increasingly high labor expenses lead to the yearly increasing cost of cultivating

paddy with traditional method. According to the accounting and analyzing on cost of

rice planting per hectare of the terrace in the east of Lianhe Township, in 2014, the

input for rice planting per hectare of the terrace in the east of Lianhe Township was


79

25,362 yuan, 21,450 of which was labor charge, accounting for 84.58% of the total

input; while the output was 22,500 yuan only and the economic benefit of rice

planting was negative.

Countermeasures and expected effect: Carry out planting subsidy policy and

reclamation subsidy to incentivize people to plant rice; change conventional

production pattern to vigorously develop ecological agriculture and sightseeing

agriculture and increase agricultural income; quicken development of single farmer’s

production toward cooperative; strengthen the demonstration and pushing role of

science-technology demonstration park, demonstration base and village. The said

measures will diverse the income of farmers cultivating terraces in Youxi County and

increase the comparative profit, so as to attract the backflow of labor force for

diversified agricultural cultivation.

6.3.2 Impact of Modern Agricultural Technology on Traditional Farming Mode

With the development of modern agricultural technologies, the local farmers, to

guarantee the yield of food crop for the purpose of increasing economic benefit, start

planting high-yield hybrid rice and using chemical fertilizers and pesticides. At

Lianhe Township, which is located in the key heritage conservation area, many

farmers choose to plant hybrid rice other than traditional rice for increasing income.

Countermeasures and expected effect: Create “Three Grades” agriculture to

increase the economic income of agricultural yield per unit and regulate and control

market price and carry out of subsidy policies of the government over terraced field

system to guarantee the successful transition of Lianhe Terraces toward green and

organic and ecological production. It is expected that the said measures will promote

and guarantee the development of ecological agriculture of terrace and make Youxi’s

safe agricultural products the national well-known brand within 5 years.

6.3.3 Traditional Agro-Farming Culture Faces Absence of Inheritance

Affected by modern civilization and new life style, the young generation is

reluctant to work on the job of paddy field cultivation, which is of high labor intensity

and complex management. Thus, the traditional agricultural culture knowledge and

its maintenance system are on the hazard. The local government or non-governmental


80

organization has never organized the local primary and secondary school students to

learn traditional agro-farming culture or conducted relevant practical activities.

Therefore, the charm of traditional culture and customs can only be carried forward

by the aged and in the young generation, the crisis of cultural fault occurs.

Countermeasures and expected effect: Compile local cultural texts of Youxi,

and hold Youxi folk art festival and Youxi folk custom festival, open agro-farming

culture course and folk art course in primary and secondary school. It is expected that

the primary and secondary school students could master the essence of Youxi

agro-farming culture little by little and have the awareness and sense of pride of

protecting their own agro-farming culture through five years’ effort.

6.3.4 Threat of Extreme Climate to Terraced Field

In recent years, the global climate change and frequent occurrence of extreme

climate lead to the spatial and temporal maldistribution of water resource. The

precipitation in Youxi County is concentrative and the summer drought often happens

in July and August. Under the condition of global climate change, the occurrence rate

of extreme climate such as drought increases and the water source demanded by

terrace in dry season becomes one of the challenges of agricultural development of

terraced filed rice crop. Meanwhile, due to the reduction of farming population and

trend of population aging, the water resource management ability goes down and

many mountain spring mouths gradually fall into disuse and those may exert a certain

influence on the demand of water source for terrace agriculture.

Countermeasures and expected effect: Increase input to agricultural irrigation

facility and construction of forest for water resource conservation over the terrace,

assign conservation area of forest for water resource conservation and formulate rules

and regulations of protection and management to punish the one for his act of

damaging the forest for water resource conservation, open science popularization

training class specific to farmers and strength ecological environment education to

the primary and secondary school students. It is expected that the people’s awareness

of ecological protection gets strengthened remarkably and the unintentional act of

sabotage would disappear within 5 years and 10 years later, the ability of terrace to


81

adapt to the climate change would get enhanced.

6.4. Fund Raising

The protection given to agricultural heritage needs financial support. The

government and people of the heritage site should set up multiple channels to raise

fund, so as to guarantee the progress of the cultural heritage protection work. The

main ways of financing are as follows:

(1) International donation: Make use of the brand of heritage and extensive

publicity to enhance the overseas compatriots’ affection to their hometown and

investment willingness for raising offshore funds.

(2) Corporate financing: Invite investment for the landscape and culture that

have significant value of tourism development and traditional food and products that

have economic value.

(3) Special fund: Apply for special fund for protection to international monetary

fund and national departments related to agriculture, tourism, national territory and

housing and urban-rural development.

(4) Apply for development according to the national strategic plan: Get the

support of national funds by taking advantage of the strategic plan of “One Belt and

One Road” and setting up agricultural-heritage-related projects.

(5) Support from policies for old revolutionary base area: Youxi is an old

revolutionary base area, which could get the financial support through the preferential

support policies of the State for old revolutionary base areas.

(6) Scientific research: Cooperate with research institutes to take the Lianhe

Terraces of Youxi as research object to apply for national scientific research project

and get financial support.

(7) Combine with the project relating to construction of beautiful village: The

State requires the governments at all levels to provide special funds for construction

of beautiful village, so the agricultural heritage protection could make full use of such

fund to reinforce the heritage protection whilst promoting rural construction.


82

6.5. Mechanism of Guarantee

6.5.1 Building of National Organization

Bureau of Township Enterprises of Ministry of Agriculture of the PRC and the

Department of International Cooperation have specially set up a division to take

charge of the application and evaluation and supervision and administration of

China’s significant agricultural heritage and globally important agricultural heritage

and established a special fund to support the work of agricultural heritage protection.

And they also set up two committees of experts consisting of 27 members in total as

technical support. The Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Science and

Technology also give full attention and support to the application for world heritage

of Terraced Field at Lianhe Township, Youxi County. The State should also continue

to strengthen the building of department for macro organization, control and

management of agriculture heritage, guide and publicize agricultural heritage

protection and make the work carried out smoothly.

6.5.2 Building of County-Township-Village-Level Organization

Strengthen the building of county-township-village-level organization and work

together to establish the committee of agricultural heritage protection, which mainly

consists of the secretary and deputy secretary of county CPC committee and

leadership from the agricultural bureau, tourist administration and the governments of

all townships, to ensure the smooth implementation of program of agricultural

heritage protection and take charge of the management and implementation of

international and national projects. The proposed committee shall have the executive

office, which takes charge of the execution of missions of the committee with full

authority. The office should be seated in the county agricultural bureau for the

convenience of implementation of work. The district and township government

should establish corresponding divisions to cooperate with their work.

6.5.3 Building of Local Community Organization

Establish village committee that is governed by the villagers in the community

to increase the community residents’ understanding to protection work and their


83

participation enthusiasm and achieve community co-management, making the

agricultural heritage protection carried out smoothly in the concrete process of

implementation; establish farmer-enterprise cooperation council to provide a platform

for communication and cooperation talk on cooperation between the farmers and

enterprises and, promote their cooperation for the purpose of protecting agricultural

heritage via development and utilization of resources.


- 84 -

References

[1] Compilation Committee of Youxi County Annals (edit). Youxi County Annals [M].

Fuzhou: Fujian Provincial Map Publishing House. 1989.

[2] Editorial Committee of Fauna of China. Fauna of China [M]. Beijing: Chinese

Journal of Zoology. 2004. 6.

[3] Editorial Committee of Flora of Fujian. Flora of Fujian [M]. Fujian: Fujian

Science & Technology Publishing House. 1982.4.

[4] Kumar BM, Nair PKR, The Enigma of Tropical. Homegardens: A time-Tasted

Example of Sustainable Agroforestry. Springer. 2006.

[5] Mendez VE, Lok R and Somarriba E. Interdisciplinary Analysis of Homegardens

in Nicaragu: Micro-Zonation, Plant Use and Socio-Economic Importance,

Agroforestry Systems. 2001, 51:85-96.

[6] Costanza R, d’ Arge R, de Groot R, et al. The Value of the World’s Ecosystem

Services and Natural Capital. Nature, 1997, 387: 253-260.

[7] MaryJane, D, Parviz, K. Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems:

A Shared Vision of Agricultural, Ecological and Traditional Societal Sustainability [J].

Resources Science, 2009, 31(6): 905-913.

[8] Min QW , Sun YH, Cheng SK, et al. Primary Study on the Features and

Development of GIAHS’s Tourism Resources [J]. Economic Geography, 2007,

27(5):856-859.

[9] Cao ZHI. The Evolution of Man – Tiger Relation in Fujian Area and Its Social

Response [J]. Nankai Journal (Philosophy and Social Science Edition), 2013(4):

98-109.

[10] Wang L. On the Conflicts and Regulations between Population and Land of

Fujian in the Song Dynasty [J]. Ancient and Modern Agriculture, 2011(1): 54-62.

[11] Xu XW. On the Population Problem of Fujian in the Yuan Dynasty [J]. Fujian

Tribune (Literature, History and Philosophy Edition), 1998(6): 73-77.

[12] Wu SD. Study on the Population of Fujian in the Song Dynasty [J]. Journal of

Chinese Historical Studies, 1995(2): 50-58.

[13] Xu WB, Zhong XF. On Ecological Evolution and Tiger Disasters of Fujian in the

Ming and Qing Dynasties [J]. Fujian Tribune (Humanities and Social Sciences

Edition), 2013(6): 104-110.


- 85 -

[14] Lin TS. A Textual Research on Population Migration of Fujian Province [J]. The

Journal of Chinese Social and Economic History, 2003(2): 7-20.


- 86 -

Appendixes

1: Location of Lianhe Terrace in Youxi County

Figure 1: Geographic position of Youxi County, Fujian, China


- 87 -

Figure 2: Core area of Lianhe Terrace in Youxi County, Fujian province

Key protection

region of heritage site

General protection

region of heritage site


- 88 -

2: List of agricultural biodiversity in Lianhe Terrace

Table 1: List of Traditional Rice Varieties Planted in Lianhe Terrace

Serial

number Scientific Name

Serial


1 Oryza sativa ‘Huzao’ 37 Oryza sativa ‘Shangdongbai’

2 Oryza sativa ‘Youmangdadong’ 38 Oryza sativa ‘Fenlongzao’

3 Oryza sativa ‘Yezhuti’ 39 Oryza sativa ‘Huakebai’

4 Oryza sativa ‘Hongzaonuo’ 40 Oryza sativa ‘Hongkoubai’

5 Oryza sativa ‘Baikeshu’ 41 Oryza sativa ‘Hiyuezao’

6 Oryza sativa ‘Huangzhishu’ 42 Oryza sativa ‘Jinhong’

7 Oryza sativa ‘Nongken58’ 43 Oryza sativa ‘Zhuhong’

8 Oryza sativa ‘Yaziai’ 44 Oryza sativa ‘Milaxuan’

9 Oryza sativa ‘Aijiaotangzhu’ 45 Oryza sativa ‘Kuilixuan’

10 Oryza sativa ‘Younong’ 46 Oryza sativa ‘Kuifu3hao’

11 Oryza sativa ‘Youcao’ 47 Oryza sativa ‘Hongyun33

12 Oryza sativa ‘Zhaiyeqing’ 48 Oryza sativa ‘474’

13 Oryza sativa ‘Keqing3hao’ 49 Oryza sativa ‘7944’

14 Oryza sativa ‘Guangchangai’ 50 Oryza sativa ‘Shenghong16’

15 Oryza sativa ‘Tieguai’ 51 Oryza sativa ‘77175’

16 Oryza sativa ‘Guangjie No.9’ 52 Oryza sativa ‘78130’

17 Oryza sativa ‘Erjiuai’ 53 Oryza sativa ‘Aijiaonantehao’

18 Oryza sativa ‘Qingxiaojinzao’ 54 Oryza sativa ‘Nuogu’

19 Oryza sativa ‘Zhenzhuai’ 55 Oryza sativa ‘Gutianbai’

20 Oryza sativa ‘Decaihao’ 56 Oryza sativa ‘Huangzhu’

21 Oryza sativa ‘Shajing’ 57 Oryza sativa ‘Red Dusk Grain’

22 Oryza sativa ‘White Jade Grain’ 58 Oryza sativa ‘Gaojiaochi’

23 Oryza sativa ‘Garnet red’ 59 Oryza sativa ‘Chimi’

24 Oryza sativa ‘Baitoulian’ 60 Oryza sativa ‘Youxiyuhe’

25 Oryza sativa ‘Cold waterdrop’ 61 Oryza sativa ‘Dikoushanhe’

26 Oryza sativa ‘Lengshuinuo’ 62 Oryza sativa ‘Nanpinghongmizai’

27 Oryza sativa ‘Youxi Grain’ 63 Oryza sativa ‘Taijiang No.1’

28 Oryza sativa ‘Hongqushu’ 64 Oryza sativa ‘Minhan No.1’

29 Oryza sativa ‘Heimi’ 65 Oryza sativa ‘Minhan No.11’

30 Oryza sativa ‘Dwarf white’ 66 Oryza sativa ‘Minhan No.4’

31 Oryza sativa ‘Dark Rounded

Grain’ 67 Oryza sativa ‘Minhan No.2’

32 Oryza sativa ‘Yangbainuo’ 68 Oryza sativa ‘Hanzao No.3’

33 Oryza sativa ‘Hongmizai’ 69 Oryza sativa ‘Tuoronghannuo’

34 Oryza sativa ‘Youxi red’ 70 Oryza sativa ‘Bazza ludao’

35 Oryza sativa ‘Yezhupao’ 71 Oryza sativa ‘Shaxianshu’

36 Oryza sativa ‘Kegu’ 72 Oryza sativa ‘Guicao’


- 89 -

Table 2: List of Hybrid Rice Varieties Planted in Lianhe Terrace

Serial


Serial


73 Oryza sativa ‘You I 66’ 115 Oryza sativa ‘T55yoou 627’

74 Oryza sativa ‘Xinxiangyou80’ 116 Oryza sativa ‘Gangyou164’

75 Oryza sativa ‘T you 537’ 117 Oryza sativa’ IIyou 3301’

76 Oryza sativa ’ II you 129’ 118 Oryza sativa ‘neiyouhang 148’

77 Oryza sativa ‘Teyou 009’ 119 Oryza sativa ‘Ⅱyou 673’

78 Oryza sativa ‘Jinyou 07’ 120 Oryza sativa ‘E II you315’

79 Oryza sativa ‘JinfuⅠyou150’ 121 Oryza sativa’ IIyou516’

80 ‘Oryza sativa ‘Teyou 716’ 122 Oryza sativa ‘Tianyou 3301’

81 Oryza sativa ‘Jinyou 1398’ 123 Oryza sativa’Ⅱyou 6019’

82 Oryza sativa ‘YouⅠ028’ 124 Oryza sativa ‘Tianyou No.10’

83 Oryza sativa ‘Zhongyou 2115’ 125 Oryza sativa ‘Ⅱyouming 118’

84 Oryza sativa ‘Minfengyou 3301’ 126 Oryza sativa ‘Teyou 103’

85 Oryza sativa ‘Xianyou 161’ 127 Oryza sativa ‘II youshun 98’

86 Oryza sativa ‘Xinxiangyou 80’ 128 Oryza sativa ‘Liangyou 3773’

87 Oryza sativa ‘Jinliangyou No.4’ 129 Oryza sativa ‘Liangyouhang

No.2’

88 Oryza sativa ‘Quanzhen No.10’ 130 Oryza sativa ‘Liangyou 1019’

89 Oryza sativa ‘Jiafuzhan’ 131 Oryza sativa ‘Donglian No.5’

90 Oryza sativa ‘Jiazao1hao’ 132 Oryza sativa ‘II you 356’

91 Oryza sativa ‘Dongnan 201’ 133 Oryza sativa ‘Teyou 180’

92 Oryza sativa ‘Zhangjiazao No.1’ 134 Oryza sativa ‘Guyou 5138’

93 Oryza sativa ‘Dyouduoxi No.1’ 135 Oryza sativa ‘Tianyou 3229’

94 Oryza sativa ‘Dyou 527’ 136 Oryza sativa ‘Guangyouming

118’

95 Oryza sativa ‘Teyouhang No.1’ 137 Oryza sativa ‘II you 039’

96 Oryza sativa ‘Ⅱyoufu819’ 138 Oryza sativa ‘Guyou 3301’

97 Oryza sativa ‘Ⅱyouhang No.1’ 139 Oryza sativa ‘Jinnong 2 you 3’

98 Oryza sativa VⅡyou183’ 140 Oryza sativa ‘Qiuyou 125’

99 Oryza sativa ‘Ⅱyou1273’ 141 Oryza sativa ‘Guyou 769’

100 Oryza sativa ‘Teyou 671’ 142 Oryza sativa ‘Jiangyouming 62’

101 Oryza sativa ‘Dqibaoyou 527’ 143 Oryza sativa ‘Teyou 923’

102 Oryza sativa ‘Ⅱyouhang148’ 144 Oryza sativa ‘Dyou 68’

103 Oryza sativa ‘Ⅱyou936’ 145 Oryza sativa ‘Guyou 527’

104 Oryza sativa ‘Dou No.6’ 146 Oryza sativa ‘Ⅱyou 131’

105 Oryza sativa ‘Ⅱyou 536’ 147 Oryza sativa ‘Yueyou 9113’

106 Oryza sativa ‘Teyou 627’ 148 Oryza sativa ‘Leyou 94’

107 Oryza sativa ‘Gangyou 527’ 149 Oryza sativa ‘Vyou No.6’

108 Oryza sativa ‘Ⅱyou3229’ 150 Oryza sativa ‘V youhongtian’


- 90 -

109 Oryza sativa ‘Luxiangyou 1256’ 151 Oryza sativa

‘Siyouhongtiangu’

110 Oryza sativa ‘Ⅱyou339’ 152 Oryza sativa ‘Siyou 30’

111 Oryza sativa ‘Dyou 368’ 153 Oryza sativa ‘Siyou Indonesia

aishu’

112 Oryza sativa ‘Ⅱyouming118’ 154 Oryza sativa ‘Xianyou 63’

113 Oryza sativa ‘Teyou 103’ 155 Oryza sativa ‘Siyou No.6 '

114 Oryza sativa ‘Chuanyou No.12’ 156 Oryza sativa ‘Xianyou No.6’


- 91 -

Table 3: List of Other Agricultural Living Species in Lianhe Terrace

Serial number Scientific Name Classifiction

1 Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. Invertebrates

2 Monopterus albus. Invertebrates

3 Ctenopharyngodon idellus. Invertebrates

4 Cyprinus carpio. Invertebrates

5 Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. Invertebrates

6 Aristichthys nobilis Richardson. Invertebrates

7 Fenneropenaeus chinensis. Invertebrates

8 Freshwater shrimps. Invertebrates

9 E.carinicauda. Invertebrates

10 Cipangopaludina cahayensis. Invertebrates

11 Rivalaria auriculata (Martens) Invertebrates

12 Freshwater crab. Invertebrates

13 Sus domesticus ‘Tai hu’ Vertebrate

14 Sus domesticus ‘Minbeihua’. Vertebrate

15 Sus domesticus ‘Huai’ . Vertebrate

16 Sus domesticus ‘Er yuan’. Vertebrate

17 Sus domesticus ‘Chang white’. Vertebrate

18 Leporidae sinensis. Vertebrate

19 Leporidae brachyurus. Vertebrate

20 Oryctolagus cuniculus. Vertebrate

21 Leporidae saxatilis. Vertebrate

22 Leporidae ‘Belgian’. Vertebrate

23 Leporidae ‘New Zealand white’. Vertebrate

24 Capra ‘Dai yun’. Vertebrate

25 Capra ‘Nanjiang yellow’. Vertebrate

26 Capra ‘Boer’. Vertebrate

27 Holstein cows. Vertebrate

28 Bubalus bubalus. Vertebrate

29 Canis lupus ‘Youxi’. Vertebrate

30 Canis lupus familiaris . Vertebrate

31 Wolfhound. Vertebrate

32 Gallus domestiaus ‘Youxi’. Vertebrate

33 Gallus domestiaus ‘Yinxing white’. Vertebrate

34 Gallus domestiaus ‘Fuzhou rong quan’. Vertebrate

35 Gallus domestiaus ‘Shanghaijinshan’. Vertebrate

36 Gallus domestiaus ‘Red pineapple’. Vertebrate

37 Gallus domestiaus ‘Isa brown’. Vertebrate

38 Gallus domestiaus ‘San huang’. Vertebrate

39 Tadorna ‘Shanma’. Vertebrate

40 Melanitta ‘Banfan’ . Vertebrate

41 Melanitta ‘Fan’. Vertebrate

42 Cygnus ‘Shitou’. Vertebrate


- 92 -

43 Cygnus ‘Chinese’. Vertebrate

44 Cygnus ‘Changle’. Vertebrate

45 Columba ‘Wang’. Vertebrate

46 Columba ‘Xin’. Vertebrate

47 Dioscorea ‘Jinshan 57’. Food crops

48 Dioscorea ‘Fuzhu 75-55’. Food crops

49 Dioscorea ‘Tuodujinshan 57’. Food crops

50 Dioscorea ‘Yanshu5hao’. Food crops

51 Solanum ’Kexin No.1’. Food crops

52 Solanum ‘Kexin No.2’. Food crops



55 Solanum ‘Kexin No.11’ Food crops

56 Solanum ‘Zhongshu No. 3’ Food crops

57 Solanum ‘Qingshu No.4 ’ Food crops

58 Solanum ‘Zheng shu No.5’ Food crops

59 Solanum ‘Netherlands 14’. Food crops

60 Solanum ‘Zaodabai’. Food crops

61 Solanum ‘Canada red ya’. Food crops

62 Solanum ‘American red skin’. Food crops

63 Solanum ‘Virus-free’. Food crops

64 Zea mays ‘Danyu 13’ Food crops

65 Zea mays ‘Yedan No.1’ Food crops

66 Zea mays ‘Baiding No.1’ Food crops

67 Zea mays ‘Shuitian No.1’ Food crops

68 Zea mays ‘Aotianluno No.1’ Food crops

69 Zea mays ‘Shunuo No.1’ Food crops

70 Zea mays ‘Zhenuo No.1’ Food crops

71 Zea mays ‘Minzinuo78-1’. Food crops

72 Zea mays ‘Minnuo 98-1’. Food crops

73 Zea mays ‘Minzinuo No.1’ Food crops

74 Glycine max ‘Pudou 8008’ Oil crops

75 Glycine max ‘American yellow’. Oil crops

76 Glycine max ‘Zhechun No.2’ Oil crops

77 Glycine max ‘Zhechun No.3’ Oil crops

78 Glycine max ‘Gengqing 82’. Oil crops

79 Glycine max ‘Chi’. Oil crops

80 Glycine max ‘He’. Oil crops

81 Glycine max ‘Guanyingshui’. Oil crops

82 Helicteres angustifolia Linn. Oil crops

83 Helicteres viscida Blume. Oil crops

84 Arachis ‘Xiaoliuqiu’. Oil crops

85 Arachis ‘Baisha1016’. Oil crops

86 Arachis ‘Baisha 18792’ Oil crops

http://base.sp2000.cn/colchina_c13/search_results.php?search_string=Dioscorea+esculenta



http://base.sp2000.cn/colchina_c13/search_results.php?search_string=Zea+mays

http://base.sp2000.cn/colchina_c13/search_results.php?search_string=Glycine+max



http://base.sp2000.cn/colchina_c13/search_results.php?search_string=Arachis+hypogaea


- 93 -

87 Arachis ‘Yueyou169’ Oil crops

88 Brassica ‘Fuyou No.4’. Oil crops

89 Manihot esculenta crantz. Oil crops

90 Brassica ‘Huanan8641’. Oil crops

91 Helianthus annuus ‘Xiangyang’ Oil crops

92 Helianthus annuus’ Huafenxian zi’ Oil crops

93 Camellia oleifera. Oil crops

94 C.meiocarpa. Oil crops

95 Camellia oleifera ‘Youxian’ Oil crops

96 Anneslea fragrans Wall. Oil crops

97 Tephrosia ionophlebia. Vegetable crops

98 Phaseolus vulgaris Linn. Vegetable crops

99 Lablab purpureus （Linn.） Sweet. Vegetable crops

100 Vicia faba L. Vegetable crops

101 Pisum sativum var. saccharatum. Vegetable crops

102 Vigna unguiculata. Vegetable crops

103 Lathyrusodoratus L. Vegetable crops

104 Phaseolus vulgaris ‘Qing dao’. Vegetable crops

105 Adenanthera pavonina Linn. var. microsperma. Vegetable crops

106 Zingiber officinale ‘Taiwan’. Vegetable crops

107 Capsicum annuum L. Vegetable crops

108 Capsicum annuum ‘Xiao mi’. Vegetable crops

109 Asparagus officinalis. Vegetable crops

110 Lactuca sativa L.var. angustanaIrish. Vegetable crops

111 Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schoot. Vegetable crops

112 Sechium edule. Vegetable crops

113 Luffa cylindrical. Vegetable crops

114 Lagenaria siceraria（Molina） Standl. Vegetable crops

115 Cucumis sativus Linn. Vegetable crops

116 Cucurbita moschata (Duch. ex Lam.) Duch. ex Poiret. Vegetable crops

117 Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. Vegetable crops

118 Balsam pear. Vegetable crops

119 Cleome gynandra ‘Qing nong qing’. Vegetable crops

120 Cleome gynandra ‘Lv xiu qing’. Vegetable crops

121 Solanum melongena. Vegetable crops

122 Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Vegetable crops

123 Allium fistulosum. Vegetable crops

124 Allium cepa. Vegetable crops

125 Allium sativum ‘Zipi’. Vegetable crops

126 A. tuberosum Rottl. ex Spreng. Vegetable crops

127 Spinacia oleracea L. Vegetable crops

128 Brassica oleracea var. capitata. Vegetable crops

129 Brassica pekinensis

‘Aijiaonai’. Vegetable crops

http://base.sp2000.cn/colchina_c13/search_results.php?search_string=Brassica+campestris

http://base.sp2000.cn/colchina_c13/search_results.php?search_string=Brassica+campestris

http://base.sp2000.cn/colchina_c13/search_results.php?search_string=Cleome+gynandra

http://base.sp2000.cn/colchina_c13/search_results.php?search_string=Cleome+gynandra

http://base.sp2000.cn/colchina_c13/search_results.php?search_string=Brassica+pekinensis


- 94 -

130 Brassica chinensis ‘Xing hua’. Vegetable crops

131 Amaranthus tricolor L. Vegetable crops

132 Capsella bursa-pastoris. Vegetable crops

133 Apium graveolens Linn. Vegetable crops

134 Raphanus sativus. Vegetable crops

135 Daucus carota. Vegetable crops

136 Zizania latifolia (Griseb.) Stapf. Vegetable crops

137 Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Vegetable crops

138 Sonchus brachyotus D C. Vegetable crops

139 Brassica oleracea L. Vegetable crops

140 Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. Vegetable crops

141 Astragalus sinicus ‘minzi No.1’ Vegetable crops




145 Saccharum officinarum

‘tang’. Economic crops

146 Saccharum officinarum ‘Guo’. Economic crops

147 Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich. Economic crops

148 Corchorus capsularis L. Economic crops

149 Juncus effusus L. Economic crops

150 Camellia japonica L. Economic crops

151 Nicotiana tabacum. Economic crops

152 Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. cv. Shatian Yu. Fruit crops

153 Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck cv. Guanxi-miyou. Fruit crops

154 Citrus grandis ‘Candler’. Fruit crops

155 Citrus L .’Youxi’ . Fruit crops

156 Citrussinensis (L.) Osbeck. Fruit crops

157 Fortunella margarita (Lour. ) Swingle. Fruit crops

158 Kaempferia galanga. Fruit crops

159 Prunus salicina ‘furong’. Fruit crops

160 Vitis vinifera. Fruit crops

161 Eriobotry japonica. Fruit crops

162 Mushrooms. Edible fungus

163 Dictyophora indusiata. Edible fungus

164 Agaricus blazei murrill. Edible fungus

165 Agrocybe aegirit ‘Chaxin3hao’. Edible fungus

166 Ganoderma Lucidum ‘Chi No.6’ Edible fungus

167 Antrodia camphorata ‘yuan No. 8’ Edible fungus

168 Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr.) Singer. Edible fungus

169 Lentinus edodes ‘L66’. Edible fungus

170 Lentinus edodes ‘L26’. Edible fungus

http://base.sp2000.cn/colchina_c13/search_results.php?search_string=Raphanus+sativus

http://base.sp2000.cn/colchina_c13/search_results.php?search_string=Kaempferia+galanga


- 95 -

3: List of plant in Lianhe Terrace

Table 4: List of Plant in Lianhe Terrace

Serial

numbe

r

Family Genus Species Distribution area

1 Haloragidaceae Myriophyllum. Myriophyllum

verticillatum Terraces/Stream

2 Bryaceae Rhodobryum Rhodobryum

roseum

Forest / Village

/Terraces/Stream

3 Pottiaceae Tortula Hedw Tortula sinensis (C.

Muell.) Broth.

Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

4 Funariaceae Funaria Funaria

hygrometrica Forest/Village /Stream

5 Hypnaceae Hypnum Hypnum

plumaeforme

Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

6 Sphagnaceae Sphagnum Sphagnum

cymbifolium. Forest/Village /Stream

7 Marchantiaceae Marchantia Marchantia

polymorpha L.

Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

8 Mniaceae Plagiomnium Plagiomnium

cuspidatum Forest/Village

9 Lycopodiaceae Lycopodiastrun

Holub.

Lycopodium

casuarinoides. Forest/Village

10 Equisetaceae Equisetum Hippochaete

hiemale L.

Forest/Terraces/Villag

e /Stream

11 Dicksoniaceae Cibotium Cibotium barometz Forest

12 Pteridaceae Pteris L. Pteris semipinnata

L. Forest/Village /Stream

13 Pteridaceae Pteris L. Pteris multifida Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

14 Pteridaceae Pteris L. Pteris ensiformis

Burm. Forest/Village /Stream

15 Davalliaceae Nephrolepis Nephrolepis

cordifolia L.


e /Stream

16 Davalliaceae Humata Humata tyermannii Forest/Village /Stream

17 Lygodiaceae Lygodium Sw. Lygodium

japonicum T.


e /Stream

18 Drynariaceae Drynaria. Drynaria roosii. Forest/Terraces/Villag

e /Stream

19 Thelypteridaceae Parathelypteris Parathelypteris

glanduligera Forest/Village /Stream

20 Angiopteridaceae Angiopteris Angiopteris

fokiensis H. Forest


- 96 -

21 Dryopteridaceae Cyrtomium Presl. Cyrtomium

balansae C. Forest

22 Polypodiaceae Microsorum Microsorum

fortunei T. Forest/Village /Stream

23 Polypodiaceae Pyrrosia Mirbel. Pyrrosia lingua T. Forest/Village /Stream

24 Polypodiaceae Colysis C. Presl. Colysis ellipiica T. Forest/Village

25 Polypodiaceae Lepisorus (J. Sm.)

Ching.

Lepisorus

thunbergianus Forest/Village

26 Aspleniaceae Asplenium Asplenium

trichomanes L. Forest/Village

27 Adiantaceae Adiantum L. Adiantum

capillusveneris L. Forest/Village /Stream

28 Blechnaceae Blechnum L. Blechnum orientale

L. Forest/Village

29 Gleicheniaceae Hicriopteris Hicriopteris glauca. Forest

30 Gleicheniaceae Hicriopteris Diplopterygium

chinense Forest

31 Gleicheniaceae Dicranopteris

Bernh.

Dicranopteris

dichotoma Forest/Village /Stream

32 Selaginellaceae Selaginella Selaginella

moellendorffii Forest/Village


uncinata Forest/Village /Stream


kransiana Forest/Village


doederleinii Forest/Village


nipponica F. Forest/Village

37 Cycasaceae Cycas Linn. Cycas revoluta

Thunb. Village /Stream

38 Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba L. Forest/Terraces/Villag

e /Stream

39 Pinaceae Keteleeria Keteleeria fortunei Forest

40 Pinaceae Keteleeria Kteleeria cyclolepis

Flous. Forest

41 Pinaceae Pinus Linn. Pinus massoniana

Lamb. Forest

42 Pinaceae Pinus Linn. Pinus taiwanensis

Hayata. Forest

43 Pinaceae Pinus Linn. Pinus palustris

Mill. Forest

44 Pinaceae Pinus Linn. Pinus taeda L. Forest

45 Pinaceae Pinus Linn. Pinus elliottii. Forest


- 97 -

46 Pinaceae Pinus Linn. Pinus pinaster Ait. Forest

47 Taxodiaceae Cryptomeria

C.fortunei

Hooibrenk.ex Otto

et Dietr.

Forest/Village

48 Taxodiaceae Taxodium Taxodium

ascendens. Village /Stream

49 Taxodiaceae Cunninghamia Cunninghamia

lanceolata Forest/Village

50 Cupressaceae Cupressus Cupressus funebris

Endl. Village

51 Cupressaceae Sabina Sabina chinensis Village

52 Cupressaceae Juniperus Juniperus

formosana Hayata. Village

53 Cupressaceae Fokienia Fokienia hodginsii Village /Terraces

54 Cupressaceae Platyladus Platycladus

orientalis Village

55 Cephalotaxaceae Cephalotaxus Cephalotaxus

fortunei Hook. Forest/Village /Stream

56 Taxaceae Taxus Linn. Taxus chinensis Forest/Village

57 Taxaceae Torreya Arn. Torreya grandis Forest/Village

58 Taxaceae Taxus Linn. Taxus mairei S. Forest/Village

59 Gnetaceae Lind

L. Gnetum L.

Gnetum parvifolium

W. Forest

60 Magnoliaceae Magnolia Magnolia officinalis

R. Forest

61 Magnoliaceae Magnolia Magnolia

officinalis. Forest


grandiflora L. Village /Stream

63 Magnoliaceae Magnolia Magnolia liliiflora

Desr. Village


soulangeana S. Stream

65 Magnoliaceae Tsoongiodendron

Chun. Michelia odora Forest

66 Magnoliaceae Michelia Linn. Michelia velutina Village /Stream

67 Magnoliaceae Michelia Linn. Michelia figo Forest/Village /Stream

68 Magnoliaceae Michelia Linn. Michelia chapensis

Dandy. Forest

69 Magnoliaceae Michelia Linn. Michelia fujianensis Forest

70 Magnoliaceae Michelia Linn. Michelia maudiae

Dunn.


e /Stream

71 Magnoliaceae Michelia Linn. Manglietia fordiana Forest

72 Magnoliaceae Michelia Linn. M.foveolata Merr.et Forest


- 98 -

Dandy.

73 Campanulaceae Codonopsis Wall. Codonopsis

pilosula Forest

74 Gentianaceae Gentiana (Tourn.)

L. Gentiana scabra B. Forest

75 Gentianaceae Gentiana (Tourn.)

L. Gentiana davidii F. Forest

76 Magnoliaceae Illicium Linn. Illicium verum

Hook.f. Forest/Village

77 Magnoliaceae Illicium Linn. Illicium henryi Forest

78 Magnoliaceae Illicium Linn.

Illicium

lanceolatum

A.C.Smith.

Forest

79 Schisandraceae Schisandra

Michx.

Kadsura

longipedunculata

Finet.

Forest

80 Annonaceae Fissistigma Griff. Fissistigma

uonicum Forest


glaucescens Forest


oldhamii Forest

83 Lauraceae Cinnamomum Cinnamomum

camphora Forest/Village /Stream


burmanni Forest/Village /Stream


subavenium Miq Forest/Village /Stream


austrosinense Forest/Village

87 Lauraceae Machilus Machilus thunbergii

Sieb.et Zucc. Forest/Village

88 Lauraceae Phoebe Nees. Phoebe bournei Forest

89 Lauraceae Neolitsea Merr. Neolitsea aurata Forest

90 Lauraceae Neolitsea Merr. Neolitsea aurata Forest

91 Lauraceae Litsea Litsea cubeba Forest

92 Lauraceae Litsea Lisrea subcoriacea

Yang. Forest

93 Lauraceae Litsea Litsea

greenmaniana Forest

94 Lauraceae Litsea Litsea elongata Forest

95 Lauraceae Lindera Thunb. Lindera megaphylla

Hemsl. Forest

96 Lauraceae Lindera Thunb. Lindera glauca Forest


- 99 -

97 Lauraceae Lindera Thunb. Lindera

angustifolia Cheng. Forest

98 Lauraceae Lindera Thunb. Lindera nacusua Forest

99 Lauraceae Lindera Thunb. Lindera communis

Hemsl. Forest

100 Lauraceae Lindera Thunb. Lindera aggregata Forest

101 Lauraceae Lindera Thunb. Lindera megaphylla

Hemsl. Forest

102 Violaceae Viola L. Viola philippica

Car. Terraces/Stream

103 Rosaceae Spiraea Spiraea japonica L.

f. Forest

104 Rosaceae Spiraea Spiraea prunifolia

Sieb. Forest

105 Rosaceae Rosa L. Rosa laevigata

Michx.


e /Stream

106 Rosaceae Rosa L. Rosa chinensis

Jacq. Village /Stream

107 Rosaceae Rubus L. Rubus innominatus

S．Moors. Forest

108 Rosaceae Rubus L. Rubus rosaefolius

Smith. Forest/Village

109 Rosaceae Rubus L. Rubus coreanus

Miq. Terraces

110 Rosaceae Rubus L. Rubus parvifolius

L. Terraces/Village

111 Rosaceae Rubus L. Rubus columellaris

Tutcher. Forest/Village

112 Rosaceae Rubus L. Rubus

corchorifolius L. Forest

113 Rosaceae Rubus L. Rubus swinhoei Forest

114 Rosaceae Rubus L. Rubus chroosepalus

Focke. Forest

115 Rosaceae Rubus L. Rubus hanceanus

Ktze. Forest

116 Rosaceae Rubus L. Rubus lambertianus Forest

117 Rosaceae Rubus L. Rubus irenaeus Forest

118 Rosaceae Rubus L. Rubus buergeri

Miq. Forest

119 Rosaceae Cerasus Prunus phaeosticta. Forest

120 Rosaceae Laurocerasus Laurocerasus

zippeliana Forest/Village /Stream

121 Rosaceae Cerasus Prunus spinulosa S. Forest

122 Rosaceae Cerasus Cerasus Forest

http://base.sp2000.cn/colchina_c13/search_results.php?search_string=Cerasus+pogonostyla+var.+obovata


- 100 -

pogonostyla var.

obovata

123 Rosaceae Cerasus Prunus

campanulata Forest

124 Rosaceae Prunus Prunus salicina

Lindl. Village

125 Rosaceae Prunus Prunus Cerasifera

Ehrhar Rehd. Village /Stream

126 Rosaceae Rubus L. Rubus idaeus Forest/Stream

127 Rosaceae Armeniaca Armeniaca mume S. Village

128 Rosaceae Photinia Lindl. Photinia

davidsoniae Forest

129 Rosaceae Amygdalus L. Amygdalus persica

L. Village /Stream

130 Rosaceae Photinia Lindl. Photinia prunifolia

L. Forest

131 Rosaceae Photinia Lindl. Photinia serrulata

L. Village /Stream

132 Rosaceae Photinia Lindl. Photinia glabra. Forest

133 Rosaceae Photinia Lindl. Photinia parvifolia

S. Forest/Village

134 Rosaceae Eriobotrya Lindl. Eriobotrya japonica

L. Village /Stream

135 Rosaceae Rhaphiolepis Raphiolepis

ferruginea M. Forest

136 Rosaceae Rhaphiolepis Rhaphiolepis indica

L. Forest

137 Rosaceae Pygeum L. Pygeum topengii Forest

138 Rosaceae Pyrus Pyrus serotina Village

139 Rosaceae Pyrus Pyrus calleryana D. Village

140 Rosaceae Malus Malus hupehensis

R. Village /Stream

141 Rosaceae Chimonanthus Chimonanthus

praecox L. Village /Stream

142 Rosaceae Cydonia Cydonia oblonga Forest

143 Droseraceae Drosera L. Drosera. Forest

144 Droseraceae Drosera L. Drosera pelata Forest

145 Leguminosae Cassia Senna surattensis Forest/Stream

146 Leguminosae Cassia Cassia obtusifolia Forest/Stream

147 Leguminosae Bauhinia Bauhinia

championii Forest/Village

148 Leguminosae Acacia Mill. Acacia confuse Forest

149 Leguminosae Mimosa Linn. Mimosa pudica

Linn. Forest/Village


- 101 -

150 Leguminosae Albizia Durazz. Albizia kalkora Forest

151 Leguminosae Crotalaria Linn. Crotalaria pallida

Ait.


e /Stream

152 Leguminosae Mucuna Adans. Mucuna Evergreen. Forest/Terraces/Villag

e /Stream

153 Leguminosae Desmodium Desv. Desmodium

heterocarpon


e /Stream

154 Leguminosae Desmodium Desv. Desmodium

racemosum Thunb.


e /Stream

155 Leguminosae Lespedeza Michx. Lespedeza bicolor

Turcz. Forest

156 Leguminosae Lespedeza Michx. Lespedeza formosa Forest

157 Leguminosae Dalbergia Linn. Dalbergia hupeana

Hance. Forest

158 Leguminosae Vicia Vicia sepium Linn. Terraces/Village

/Stream

159 Leguminosae Pueraria Pueraria lobata Forest/Village

160 Leguminosae Derris Derris fordii Oliv. Forest

161 Leguminosae Millettia Millettia dielsiana

Harms. Forest

162 Leguminosae Vigna Savi. Vigna unguiculata Terraces/Village

163 Leguminosae Pisum Pisum sativum L. Terraces/Village

164 Leguminosae Glycine Willd. Glycine max Terraces/Village

165 Leguminosae Vicia Vicia faba L. Terraces/Village

166 Leguminosae Lablab Lablab purpureus Terraces/Village

167 Leguminosae Pisum Pisum sativum Terraces/Village

168 Leguminosae Vigna Savi. Vigna radiata Terraces/Village

169 Leguminosae Adenanthera Adenanthera

pavonina Terraces/Village

170 Leguminosae Arachis Arachis duranensis Forest/Terraces/Villag

e /Stream

171 Leguminosae Arachis Arachis hypogaea

Linn. Terraces/Village

172 Leguminosae Phaseolus L. Phaseolus vulgaris

L. Terraces/Village

173 Papilionoideae Ormosia G. Ormosia henryi

Prain.

Terraces/Village

/Stream

174 Papilionoideae Dalbergia Linn. Dalbergia hancei

Benth. Forest

175 Potamogetonacea

e Potamogeton

Potamogeton

franchetii

Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

176 Guttiferae Hypericum Linn. Hypericum

japonicum. Forest/Stream

177 Guttiferae Garcinia Garcinia Forest


- 102 -

oblongifolia

Champ.

178 Saxifragaceae Hydrangea L. Hydrangea chungii

Rehd. Forest/Village

179 Saxifragaceae Hydrangea L.

Hydrangea

macrophylla

(Thunb.) Ser.

Forest/Village

180 Saxifragaceae Hydrangea L. H.lingii Hoo. Forest

181 Saxifragaceae Hydrangea L. Hydrangea

paniculata S. Forest

182 Saxifragaceae Itea Itea chinensis

Hook. Forest

183 Styracaceae Styrax Linn.

Styrax

odoratissimus

Champ.

Forest

184 Styracaceae Styrax Linn. Styrax confuses Forest

185 Styracaceae Styrax Linn. Styrax dasyanthus

Perk. Forest

186 Styracaceae Styrax Linn. Styrax faberi Forest

187 Styracaceae Styrax Linn. Styrax tonkinensis Forest

188 Styracaceae Styrax Linn. Styrax suberifolius

Hook. Forest

189 Symplocaceae Symplocos Symplocos

sumuntia Forest


tetragona Chen. Forest


setchuensis Brand. Forest


chinensis Forest

193 Symplocaceae Symplocos

Symplocos

paniculata（Thunb.）

Miq.

Forest

194 Symplocaceae Symplocos Symplocos stellaris

Brand. Forest

195 Symplocaceae Symplocos

Symplocos

wikstroemiifolia

Hayata.

Forest


mollifolia Dunn. Forest


lancifolia Sieb. Forest

198 Alangiaceae Alangium Alangium

platanifolium Sieb. Forest


- 103 -

199 Alangiaceae Alangium. Alangium chinense

(Lour．)Harms

Forest/Terraces/Strea

m

200 Alangiaceae Alangium. Alangium kurzii

Craib Forest/Terraces

201 Altingiaceae Lindl Semiliquidambar Emiliquidambar

caudata Chang.


e

202 Altingiaceae Lindl Semiliquidambar Liquidambar

formosana Hance.


e /Stream

203 Araliaceae Aralia Linn. Aralia spinifolia

Merr. Forest

204 Araliaceae Aralia Linn. Aralia decaisneana

Hance. Forest

205 Araliaceae Aralia Linn. Aralia dasyphylla

Miq. Forest

206 Araliaceae Schefflera

Schefflera

octophylla (Lour.)

Harms.

Forest

207 Araliaceae Heteropanax

Seem.

Heteropanax

fragrans Forest/Village

208 Caprifoliaceae Lonicera Linn. Lonicera japonica

Thunb.

Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

209 Caprifoliaceae Lonicera Linn. Lonicera

hypoglauca Miq. Forest

210 Caprifoliaceae Lonicera Linn. Lonicera

rhytidophylla. Forest

211 Caprifoliaceae Viburnum Linn. Viburnum

sempervirens K. Forest

212 Caprifoliaceae Viburnum Linn. Viburnum erosum

Thunb. Forest

213 Caprifoliaceae Viburnum Linn. Viburnum

luzonicum Rolfe. Forest

214 Caprifoliaceae Viburnum Linn. Viburnum fordiae

Hance. Forest

215 Hamamelidaceae Loropetalum

Loropetalum

chinensis (R. Br.)

Oliv.

Forest/Village /Stream

216 Hamamelidaceae Loropetalum Loropetalum

chinense Forest/Village /Stream

217 Hamamelidaceae Altingia Altingia chinensis Forest

218 Hamamelidaceae Distylium Sieb. Distylium

myricoides Hemsl. Forest

219 Platanaceae Platanus Platanus acerifolia

Willd. Forest

220 Daphniphyllaceae Daphniphyllum . Daphniphyllum Forest


- 104 -

macropodum Miq.

221 Cucurbitaceae Trichosanthes

Linn.

Trichosanthes

kirilowii Maxim. Terraces/Village

222 Cucurbitaceae Cucumis Cucumis sativus


223 Cucurbitaceae Citrullus Citrullus lanatus Terraces/Village

224 Cucurbitaceae Cucumis Cucumis melo L. Terraces/Village

225 Cucurbitaceae Luffa Mill. Luffa cylindrical Terraces/Village

226 Cucurbitaceae Benincasa Benincasa hispida

Thunb. Terraces/Village

227 Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita Linn. Cucurbita moschata Terraces/Village

228 Cucurbitaceae Lagenaria Ser. Lagenaria siceraria Terraces/Village

229 Cucurbitaceae Sechium Sechium edule Terraces/Village

230 Begoniaceae Begonia Cut/leaved Begonia Forest/Village

231 Begoniaceae Begonia

Begonia

fimbristipula

Hance.

Forest

232 Salicaceae Salix L. S.babylonica L. Village /Stream

233 Brassicaceae Brassica Brassica pekinensis Terraces/Village

234 Brassicaceae Brassica Brassica chinensis Terraces/Village

235 Brassicaceae Capsella Capsella

bursa/pastoris Terraces/Village

236 Brassicaceae Brassica Brassica oleracea

L. Terraces/Village

237 Brassicaceae Brassica Brassica oleracea

L. Terraces/Village

238 Brassicaceae Brassica Brassica campestris

L. Terraces/Village

239 Brassicaceae Raphanus Raphanus sativus L Terraces/Village

240 Brassicaceae Lepidium L. Lepidium apetalum Forest/Terraces/Villag

e /Stream

241 Brassicaceae Rorippa Rorippa indica Forest/Terraces/Villag

e /Stream

242 Brassicaceae Rorippa Rorippa indica Forest/Terraces/Villag

e /Stream

243 Myricaceae Myrica L. Myrica rubra

(Lour.) S. Forest/Village

244 Betulaceae Betula. Betula luminifera

H. Forest

245 Fagaceae Cyclobalanopsis

Oerst.

Cyclobalanopsis

glauca(Thunb.)

Oerst.

Forest


Oerst.

Fagus

longipetiolata. Forest


- 105 -


Oerst.

Cyclobalanopsis

gracilis Rehd. Forest


Oerst.

Cyclobalanopsis

chungii Metc. Forest


Oerst.

Cyclobalanopsis

myrsinifolia

(Blume) Oersted.

Forest

250 Fagaceae Castanea Castanea

mollissima Forest

251 Fagaceae Castanea Castanea henryi

(Skam) Rehd. Forest

252 Fagaceae Castanopsis

Castanopsis

carlesii(Hemsl.)

Hay.

Forest

253 Fagaceae Castanopsis

Castanopsis

sclerophylla(Lindl.)

Schott.

Forest

254 Fagaceae Castanea Castanea seguinii

Dode. Forest

255 Fagaceae Castanopsis Castanopsis faberi

Hance. Forest

256 Fagaceae Castanopsis Castanopsis fordii

Hanc. Forest

257 Fagaceae Castanopsis Castanopsis

kawakamii Hay. Forest

258 Fagaceae Castanopsis Castanopsis eyrei

(Champ.) Tutch. Forest

259 Fagaceae Castanopsis Castanopsis

megaphylla Hu. Forest

260 Fagaceae Quercus

Lithocarpus

uvarifolius (Hance)

Rehd.

Forest


Lithocarpus

amygdalifolius

(Skan) Hayata.

Forest

262 壳斗科

Fagaceae

栎属

Quercus

榄叶石栎

Lithocarpus

oleaefolius A.

Forest

263 Fagaceae Quercus Lithocarpus glaber

(Thunb.) Nakai. Forest

264 Fagaceae Quercus Lithocarpus

harlandii Rehd. Forest

265 Fagaceae Quercus Quercus acutissima

Carruth. Forest


- 106 -

266 Fagaceae Quercus Quercus chenii

Nakai. Forest


Quercus

phillyraeoides

A.Gary.

Forest

268 Chenopodiaceae Spinacia L. Spinacia oleracea

L. Terraces/Village

269 Chenopodiaceae Kochia Kochia scoparia. Village /Stream

270 Amaranthaceae Achyranthes L. Achyranthes

longifolia Forest/Village /Stream

271 Amaranthaceae Achyranthes L. Achyranthes

bidentata Blume. Forest/Village /Stream

272 Amaranthaceae Celosia L. Celosia argentea L. Terraces/Village

/Stream

273 Amaranthaceae Celosia L. Celosia cristata L. Village /Stream

274 Amaranthaceae Portulaca L. Portulaca oleracea

L.

Forest/Terraces/Strea

m

275 Amaranthaceae Amaranthus Amaranthus

retroflexus. Forest


tricolor L. Terraces


spinosus Terraces/Village

278 Amaranthaceae Portulaca L. Portulaca

grandiflora

Terraces/Village

/Stream

279 Amaranthaceae Alternanthera

Forsk.

Alternanthera

Philoxeroides

（Mart.）Griseb.

Terraces/Village

/Stream

280 Caryophyllaceae Endarachne. Malachium

aquaticum L．

Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

281 Juglandaceae Platycarya Platycarya

strobilacea Sieb. Forest

282 Casuarinaceae Casuarina Casuarina glauca

Sieber. Forest

283 Ulmaceae Ulmus L. Ulmus parvifolia

Jacq. Forest/Terraces

284 Ulmaceae Trema Lour. Trema angustifolia

(Planch.) Bl. Forest/Village

285 Ulmaceae Trema Lour. Trema cannabina

Lour. Forest

286 Ulmaceae Trema cannabina

Lour.

Trema dielsiana

Hand. Forest

287 Ulmaceae Celtis L. Celtis julianae

Schneid. Forest


- 107 -

288 Moraceae Morus Linn. Morus alba L. Forest/Terraces/Villag

e /Stream

289 Moraceae Morus Linn. Morus australis

Poir.


e /Stream

290 Moraceae Broussonetia L. Broussonetia

papyrifera Linn.


e /Stream

291 Moraceae Broussonetia L. Broussonetia

kaempferi Sieb. Forest

292 Moraceae Artocarpus Forst . Artocarpus

hypargyreus Hance. Forest

293 Moraceae Ficus Linn. Ficus concinna

Miq. Forest/Village

294 Moraceae Ficus Linn. Ficus microcarpa

Linn. Forest/Village /Stream

295 Moraceae Ficus Linn. Ficus erecta Thunb. Forest

296 Moraceae Ficus Linn. Ficus variolosa

Lindl. Forest

297 Moraceae Ficus Linn. Ficus heteromorpha

Hemsl. Forest

298 Moraceae Ficus Linn. Ficus hirta Vahl. Forest/Village /Stream

299 Moraceae Ficus Linn. Ficus pumila Linn. Forest/Village /Stream

300 Moraceae Ficus Linn. Ficus sarmentosa Forest

301 Moraceae Cudrania Trec. Cudrania

tricuspidata Carr. Forest/Village

302 Urticaceae Boehmeria Boehmeria

nivea(L.) Gaudich.

Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

303 Urticaceae Boehmeria Boehmeria gracilis

C.

Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

304 Urticaceae Oreocnide Oreocnide

frutescenssp

Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

305 Urticaceae Elatostema Elatostema

umbellatum

Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

306 Urticaceae Pouzolzia Pouzolzia zeylanica Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

307 Urticaceae Pilea Lindl. Pilea pumila. Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

308 Urticaceae Pilea Lindl. Pilea sinofasciata Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

309 Eucommiaceae Eucommia Oliv E. ulmoides Oliv. Forest

310 Capparaceae Capparis C.acutifolia Sweet. Forest

311 Polygalaceae Polygala L. P.fallax Hemsl. Forest

312 Polygalaceae Polygala L. Polygala fallax

Hemsl. Forest

313 Tiliaceae Tilia L. T.tuan Szyszyl. Forest/Village


- 108 -

314 Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus Elaeocarpus

decipiens Hemsl. Forest

315 Elaeocarpaceae Sloanea Linn. Sloanea sinensis Forest

316 Commelinaceae Pollia Pollia japonica

Thunb. Village

317 Pontederiaceae

Kunth. Eichhornia

Eichhornia

crassipes.

Terraces/Village

/Stream

318 Pontederiaceae

Kunth. Monochoria

Monochoria

korsakowii

Terraces/Village

/Stream

319 Sterculiaceae Reevesia Reevesia pycnantha

Linn. Forest

320 Malvaceae Hibiscus Zhu. Hibiscus syriacus

Linn. Village /Stream

321 Malvaceae Urena Linn. Urena procumbens

Linn. Forest

322 Malvaceae Urena Linn. Urena lobata Linn. Forest

323 Euphorbiaceae Glochidion T. Glochidion

puberum L. Forest/Village

324 Euphorbiaceae Vernicia Lour.

Vernicia

fordii(Hemsl.) Airy

Shaw.

Forest/Village

325 Euphorbiaceae Mallotus Lour. Mallotus lianus

Croiz. Forest

326 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia L.

B.

japonicas(Thunb)

Muell/Arg. var.

floccosus Hwang.

Forest

327 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia L. Euphorbia hirta Terraces/Village

/Stream

328 Euphorbiaceae Mallotus Lour. Mallotus repandus

(Willd.) Muell. Forest

329 Euphorbiaceae Sapium Sapium sebiferum

(L.) Roxb.

Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

330 Euphorbiaceae Sapium

Sapium

atrobadiomaculatu

m Metc.

Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

331 Euphorbiaceae Mallotus Lour. Mallotus

philippensis Forest

332 Euphorbiaceae Bischofia Bischofia polycarpa Forest

333 Euphorbiaceae Breynia Breynia fruticosa Forest

334 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia L. Euphorbia

pulcherrima Willd. Village /Stream

335 Euphorbiaceae Acalypha L. Acalypha minima

H. Keng.

Terraces/Village

/Stream


- 109 -

336 Theaceae Camellia L. C.octopetala Hu. Forest

337 Theaceae Camellia L.

Camlliagrijsii

Hamce.

Forest

338 Theaceae Camellia L. Camellia edithae

Hance. Forest

339 Theaceae Camellia L. Camellia japonica

L.


e

340 Theaceae Tutcheria Tutcheria

symplocifolia Merr. Forest

341 Theaceae Adinandra Adinandra millettii

Hook. Forest

342 Actinidiaceae Actinidia Actinidia lanceolata

Dunn. Forest

343 Actinidiaceae Actinidia Actinidia

hemsleyana. Forest

344 Ericaceae Rhododendron L. Rhododendron

championiae Hook. Forest/Village /Stream


latoucheae Franch. Forest


mariesii Hemsl. Forest/Village /Stream


seniavinii Maxim. Forest

348 Ericaceae Lyonia Nutt. Lyonia ovalifolia Forest/Terraces

349 Primulaceae Lysimachia Lysimachia

christinae Hance. Forest/Terraces

350 Primulaceae Lysimachia Lysimachia

fukienensis Forest/Terraces

351 Vacciniaceae Vaccinium Vaccinium carlesii

Dunn. Forest

352 Vacciniaceae Vaccinium Vaccinium

trichocladum Merr. Forest

353 Myrtaceae Melaleuca L. Melaleuca

leucadendron L. Village /Stream

354 Myrtaceae Rhodomyrtus Rhodomyrtus

tomentosa Forest

355 Myrtaceae Syzygium Syzygium

buxifolium Hook. Forest

356 Myrtaceae Syzygium

Syzygium

austrosinense

Chang.

Forest

357 Myrtaceae Psidium Linn. Psidium guajava

Linn. Forest


- 110 -

358 Trapaceae Trapa L. Trapa bicornis Stream

359 Melastomataceae Melastoma L. Melastoma

dodecandrum Lour. Forest

360 Melastomataceae Melastoma L. Melastoma

intermedium Dunn. Forest

361 Melastomataceae Bredia Bredia sinensis Forest

362 Melastomataceae Phyllagathis Bl. Phyllagathis fordii

Hance. Forest

363 Melastomataceae Blastus Lour. Blastus apricus

Hand. Forest/Village

364 Melastomataceae Blastus Lour.

Blastus

cochinchinensis

Lour.

Forest/Village

365 Aquifoliaceae Ilex L. Ilex chinensis Sims. Forest

366 Aquifoliaceae Ilex L. Ilex kwangtungensis

Merr. Forest

367 Aquifoliaceae Ilex L. Ilex pedunculosa

Miq. Forest

368 Aquifoliaceae Ilex L. Ilex formosana Forest

369 Aquifoliaceae Ilex L. Ilex elmerrilliana S. Forest

370 Aquifoliaceae Ilex L. Ilex ficoidea Hemsl. Forest

371 Aquifoliaceae Ilex L. Chinese holly Forest

372 Aquifoliaceae Ilex L. Ilex hylonoma Hu. Forest

373 Celastraceae Euonymus Euonymus

hederaceus Champ. Forest

374 Celastraceae Celastrus L. Celastrus gemmatus

Loes. Forest

375 Celastraceae Celastrus L.

Celastrus

oblanceifolius

Wang.

Forest

376 Celastraceae Celastrus L. Celastrus

paniculatus Willd. Forest

377 Rhamnaceae Rhamnus L. Rhamnus crenata

Sieb.


e /Stream

378 Rhamnaceae Rhamnus L. Rhamnus

napalensis Wall. Forest/Village

379 Rhamnaceae Hovenia Thunb. Hovenia acerba

Lindl. Forest

380 Vitaceae Vitis L． Vitis chungii Metc. Forest/Village

381 Vitaceae Vitis L． Vitis heyneana

Roem. Forest/Village

382 Vitaceae Vitis L． Vitis angustifolia

Benth. Village

383 Vitaceae Vitis L． Vitis vinifera. Village


- 111 -

384 Vitaceae Parthenocissus

Planch.

Parthenocissus

heterophylla (Bl.)

Merr.

Forest/Village /Stream

385 Vitaceae Parthenocissus

Planch.

Parthenocissus

laetevirens Rehd. Village /Stream

386 Vitaceae Ampelopsis

Michx.

Ampelopsis

brevipedunculata

（Maxim.）Trautv.

Forest

387 Vitaceae Ampelopsis

Michx.

Ampelopsis

delavayana

(Franch.) Planch.

Forest

388 Myrsinaceae Ardisia Ardisia japonica

（Thunb）Blume. Forest

389 Myrsinaceae Ardisia Ardisia

quinquegona Bl. Forest

390 Myrsinaceae Maesa Forsk. Maesa montana A. Forest

391 Ebenaceae Diospyros Linn.

Diospyros

cathayensis

Steward.

Forest/Village

392 Ebenaceae Diospyros Linn. Diospyros

rhombifolia Hemsl. Forest/Village


morrisiana Hance. Forest/Village


kakisilvestris Forest/Village

395 Rutaceae Citrus L. C.medicina L. Forest

396 Rutaceae Randia Clausena excavate

Burm. Forest/Village

397 Rutaceae Evodia J. Evodia lepta

Spreng. Forest

398 Rutaceae Toddalia A. Juss. Toddalia asiatica

(L.) Lam. Forest

399 Rutaceae Zanthoxylum Zanthoxylum

armatum Forest

400 Rutaceae Zanthoxylum L. Zanthorulum

nitidum Roxb. Forest

401 Rutaceae Zanthoxylum L. Z.simulans Hance. Forest

402 Rutaceae Citrus L. Citrus sinensis

Osbeck. Village /Terraces

403 Rutaceae Citrus L. Citrus reticulata Village /Terraces

404 Rutaceae Citrus L. Citrus maxima Village

405 Umbelliferae Daucus L. Daucus carota Terraces/Village

406 Umbelliferae Chaerophyllum

L.

Apium graveolens



- 112 -

407 Umbelliferae Coriandrum L. Coriandrum

sativum L. Terraces/Village

408 Umbelliferae Angelica L. Angelica pubescens

Maxim. Forest

409 Umbelliferae Torilis Adans. Torilis scabra Terraces/Village

/Stream

410 Burseraceae Canarium Canarium album Village /Stream

411 Oxalidaceae Oxalis Oxalis corniculata

L.

Terraces/Village

/Stream

412 Meliaceae Melia Linn. Melia azedarach

Linn.


e /Stream

413 Sapindaceae Dimocarpus Helicia formosana Village

414 Sapindaceae Litchi Litchi chinensis

Sonn. Village

415 Sapindaceae Meliosma spp. Meliosma rhoifolia

Maxim. Forest

416 Sapindaceae Meliosma spp. Meliosma rigida Forest

417 Anacardiaceae Mangifera L. Mangifera indica L. Village /Stream

418 Aceraceae Acer Linn. Acer palmatum

Thunb.


e /Stream

419 Aceraceae Acer Linn. Acer confertifolium

Merr. Forest

420 Aceraceae Acer Linn. Acer oliverianum Village

421 Aceraceae Acer Linn. Acer cordatum Pax. Forest

422 Aceraceae Toxicodendron Toxicodenddron

sylvestre Sieb. Village

423 Aceraceae Spondias L. Spondias lakonensis

Pierre. Forest

424 Staphyleaceae Euscaphis Sieb. Euscaphis japonica Forest

425 Buddlejaceae Buddleja Linn. Buddleja

lindleyana. Forest/Stream

426 Oleaceae Laurus L. Laurus nobilis Village /Stream

427 Oleaceae Jasminum Linn. Jasminum

yunnanense Jien. Village /Stream

428 Oleaceae Ligustrum Linn. Ligustrum lucidum Village /Stream

429 Oleaceae Ligustrum Linn. Ligustrum sinense

Lour. Stream

430 Oleaceae Jasminum Linn. Jasminum sambac

(L.) Ait. Forest/Village /Stream

431 Apocynaceae Ecdysanthera Ecdysanthera rosea Forest

432 Apocynaceae Trachelospermum

Lem.

Trachelospermum

axillare Forest/Village /Stream


Lem.

Trachelospermum

jasminoides Forest/Village /Stream


- 113 -


Lem.

Trachelospermum

gracilipes Hook.f. Forest/Village /Stream

435 Apocynaceae Nerium Nerium indicum Forest/Village /Stream

436 Asclepiadaceae Cynanchum Linn. Cynanchum

glaucescens Forest

437 Verbenaceae Vitex. Vitex negundo Linn. Forest

438 Rubiaceae Galium Linn. Galium aparine

Linn. Terraces/Stream

439 Rubiaceae Adina Salisb. Adina pilulifera Terraces/Village

/Stream

440 Rubiaceae Uncaria Schreber. Uncaria tomentosa Forest

441 Rubiaceae Mussaenda Linn. Mussaenda

esquirolli Levl. Forest

442 Rubiaceae Psychotria Linn. Psychotria rubra Forest

443 Rubiaceae Lasianthus Lasianthus wallichii Forest

444 Rubiaceae Paederia Linn. Paederia scandens Forest/Village

445 Rubiaceae Hedyotis Linn. Hedyotis

chrysotricha Forest

446 Verbenaceae Vitex. Vitex negundo Linn. Forest

447 Verbenaceae

Lantana

montevidensis

Briq.

Lantana camara L. Village /Stream

448 Verbenaceae Callicarpa L. Callicarpa

bodinieri Levl. Forest

449 Verbenaceae Callicarpa L. Callicarpa

longissima


e /Stream

450 Verbenaceae Premna Premna

microphylla Forest

451 Verbenaceae Vitex Vitex quinata Forest

452 Verbenaceae Clerodendrum Clerodendrum

canescens Forest


bungei Forest


cyrtophyllum Turcz. Forest


japonicum Forest

456 Ranunculaceae Clematis L. Clematis uncinata Terraces/Stream

457 Ranunculaceae Clematis L. Clematis armandii Terraces/Village

458 Ranunculaceae Coptis Salisb. Coptis chinensis

Franch. Forest

459 Ranunculaceae Clematis L. Clematis chinensis Forest

460 Ranunculaceae Ranunculus L. Ranunculus

japonicus Thunb. Terraces/Stream


- 114 -

461 Ranunculaceae Ranunculus L. Ranunculus

sceleratus L.

Terraces/Village

/Stream

462 Ranunculaceae Paeonia P.suffruticosa Andr Terraces/Stream

463 Nelumbonaceae Nelumbo

Nelumbo nucifera

G.

.

464 Saururaceae Houttuynia

Thunb. Houttuynia cordata.

Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

465 Lardizabalaceae Akebia Decne. Akebia quinata Forest

466 Lardizabalaceae Akebia Decne.

Akebia

quinata (Houtt.)

Decne.

Forest

467 Menispermaceae Cocculus Cocculus

orbiculatus Forest

468 Menispermaceae Stephania Stephania

cepharantha

Terraces/Village

/Stream

469 Menispermaceae Stephania Stephania tetrandra Terraces/Village

/Stream

470 Berberidaceae Mahonia Nuttall. Mahonia fortunei Forest

471 Berberidaceae Epimedium Linn. Epimedium

brevicornu Maxim. Forest

472 Polygonaceae Polygonum L. Polygonum

hydropiper Terraces/Stream


maackianum Regel. Terraces/Stream


chinensis Terraces/Stream

475 Polygonaceae Reynoutria Houtt. Reynoutria

japonica Houtt.


e

476 Polygonaceae Fallopia Adans. Fallopia multiflora Terraces/Stream


perfoliatum L.

Terraces/Village

/Stream

478 Lythraceae Lagerstroemia L. Lagerstroemia limii

Merr. Forest

479 Lythraceae Lagerstroemia L. Lagerstroemia

speciosa Pers. Village /Stream

480 Lythraceae Cuphea P. Cuphea

hyssopifolia Forest

481 Lythraceae Lagerstroemia L. Lagerstroemia

indica L. Forest/Village /Stream

482 Lythraceae Rotala Linn. Rotala indices Terraces/Village

/Stream

483 Asteraceae Bidens Bidens pilosa L. Terraces/Village

/Stream

http://base.sp2000.cn/colchina_c13/search_results.php?search_string=Houttuynia+cordata


- 115 -

484 Asteraceae Senecio L. Senecio scandens

Buch.


e /Stream

485 Asteraceae Artemisia Linn. Artemisia argyi H. Forest/TerracesVillage

/Stream

486 Asteraceae Xanthium L. Xanthium sibiricum Forest/Village /Stream

487 Asteraceae Lactuca L. Lactuca sativa Terraces/Village

488 Asteraceae Lactuca L. Lactuca sativa L. Terraces/Village

489 Asteraceae Sonchus Sonchus brachyotus Terraces/Village

490 Asteraceae Zinnia Zinnia elegans

Jacq. Village /Stream

491 Asteraceae Helianthus Helianthus annuus Village /Stream

492 Asteraceae Youngia Youngia japonica Forest/Terraces/Villag

e /Stream

493 Asteraceae Emilia Cass. Emilia sonchifolia Forest/Terraces/Villag

e /Stream

494 Asteraceae Taraxacum F. Taraxacum

mongolicum Hand.


e /Stream

495 Asteraceae Crassocephalum Crassocephalum

crepidioides

Terraces/Village

/Stream

496 Asteraceae Erigeron Erigeron annuus Terraces/Village

/Stream

497 Asteraceae Conyza Conyza canadensis Terraces/Village

/Stream

498 Asteraceae Hemistepta Hemistepta lyrata Village /Stream

499 Asteraceae Eupatorium Chromolaena

odorata

Terraces/Village

/Stream

500 Asteraceae Gnaphalium Gnaphalium affine

D. Don.

Terraces/Village

/Stream

501 Solanaceae Solanum L. Solanum melongena Terraces/Village

502 Solanaceae Lycianthes Lycianthes biflora Forest/Terraces/Villag

e /Stream

503 Solanaceae Datura Linn. Datura stramonium

Linn. Forest/Village

504 Solanaceae Capsicum L. Capsicum annuum

L. Village /Terraces

505 Solanaceae Solanum L. Solanum tuberosum Village /Terraces

506 Solanaceae Capsicum L. Capsicum

frutescens L. Village /Terraces

507 Solanaceae Solanum L. Lycopersicon

esculentum Mill. Village /Terraces

508 Solanaceae Petunia Juss. Petunia hybrida

Vilm.

Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

509 Solanaceae Solanum L. Solanum nigrum L. Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream


- 116 -

510 Solanaceae Solanum L. Solanum

americanum

Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

511 Solanaceae Atropa L. Atropa belladonna

L. Forest

512 Convolvulaceae Cuscuta Cuscuta chinensis Forest

513 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea Linn. Dioscorea

esculenta Village /Terraces

514 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea Linn. Ipomoea aquatic

Forsk. Village /Terraces

515 Convolvulaceae Pharbitis Choisy. Pharbitis nil (L.)

Choisy.

Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

516 Convolvulaceae Calystegia Calystegia

hederacea Terraces/Village

517 Convolvulaceae Convolvulus Convolvulus

arvensis L. Terraces

518 Convolvulaceae Calystegia Calystegia sepium Terraces

519 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea Linn. Ipomoea quamoclit Terraces/Village

/Stream

520 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea Linn. Ipomoea fistulosa

Mart. Forest/Village

521 Lamiaceae Clinopodium Clinopodium

chinense B.

Terraces/Village

/Stream

522 Lamiaceae Prunella Prunella vulgaris L. Forest

523 Lamiaceae Mentha Mentha haplocalyx

Briq.

Terraces/Village

/Stream

524 Lamiaceae Agastache C. Agastache rugosa

F.

Terraces/Village

/Stream

525 Lamiaceae Leonurus Linn. Leonurus artemisia

L.


e /Stream

526 Lamiaceae Perilla L. Perilla frutescens

L.


e /Stream

527 Lamiaceae Ajuga Ajuga reptans Forest/Terraces/Villag

e /Stream

528 Lamiaceae Lamium Lamium

amplexicaule L. Terraces/Village

529 Lamiaceae Glechoma Linn. Glechoma

longituba Forest

530 Lamiaceae Scutellaria Scutellaria indica

Linn.

Terraces/Village

/Stream

531 Lamiaceae Rabdosia Rabdosia serra Terraces/Village

/Stream

532 Lamiaceae Salvia Linn. Salvia splendens Village /Stream

533 Boraginaceae Cordia L. Cordia dichotoma Forest/Village

534 Boraginaceae Carmona Carmona Forest


- 117 -

microphylla

535 Plantaginaceae Plantago L. Plantago asiatica Forest/Terraces/Villag

e /Stream

536 Scrophulariaceae Mazus miguelii. Mazus japonicus T. Village

/Terraces/Stream

537 Scrophulariaceae Paulownia Sieb. Paulownia fortunei Village

538 Scrophulariaceae Paulownia Sieb. Paulownia

kawakamii Village

539 Scrophulariaceae Paulownia Sieb. Paulownia

kawakamii Village

540 Acanthaceae Peristrophe Peristrophe

japonica Thunb.

Forest/Village

Terraces/Stream

541 Acanthaceae Gendarussa Grendarussa

valgaris

Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

542 Acanthaceae Andrographis Andrographis

paniculata Burm.

Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

543 Acanthaceae Peristrophe Peristrophe

baphica Terraces/Village

544 Musaceae Musa Musa balbisiana

Colla. Forest/Village

545 Musaceae Musa Musa nana Lour. Forest/Village

546 Cannaceae Canna L. Canna indica L. Village

547 Alismataceae Alisma Linn. Alisma

plantago/aquatica Terraces/Stream

548 Alismataceae Sagittaria L. Sagittaria

sagittifolia Terraces/Stream

549 Alismataceae Sagittaria L. Sagittaria trifolia Terraces/Stream

550 Alismataceae Heleocharis Eleocharis dulcis Terraces

551 Palmae Livistona R. Livistona chinensis Village /Stream

552 Palmae Rhapis Linn. Rhapis excelsa Village /Stream

553 Palmae Washingtonia Washingtonia

filifera Village /Stream

554 Araceae Amorphophallus Amorphophallus

konjac Forest

555 Araceae Arisaema Mart. Pinellia pedatisecta

Schott. Forest

556 Araceae Arisaema Mart. Arisaema

erubescens W. Forest

557 Araceae Alocasia Alocasia

macrorrhiza Stream

558 Araceae Pinellia Ten. Pinellia ternate Forest

559 Araceae Colocasia Colocasia esculenta

L. Village /Terraces

560 Lemnaceae Lemna L. Lemna minor L Terraces/Stream


- 118 -

561 Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea Dioscorea opposite Forest

562 Pink Marsilea L. Marsilea

quadrifolia L. Terraces/Stream

563 Cyperaceae Kyllinga Rottb. Kyllinga

monocephala Rottb. Terraces/Stream

564 Cyperaceae Cyperus Linn. Cyperus difformis

L．

Terraces/Village

/Stream

565 Cyperaceae Cyperus Linn. Cyperus iria Terraces/Village

/Stream

566 Cyperaceae Juncellus Griseb. Juncellus serotinus Terraces/Village

/Stream

567 Cyperaceae Kyllinga Rottb. Kyllinga brevifolia

Rottb.

Terraces/Village

/Stream

568 Cyperaceae Pycreus Pycreus

polystachyus Rottb.

Terraces/Village

/Stream

569 Cyperaceae Scirpus Linn. Scirpus validus

Vahl. Terraces/Stream

570 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Bambusa lapidea Forest/Village

571 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Bambusa ventricosa Forest

572 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Bambusa rigida Forest

573 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Bambusa vulgaris Forest

574 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Bambusa

pervariabilis Forest


longispiculata Forest

576 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Bambusa multiplex Forest/Village

577 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Bambusa multiplex Forest

578 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Bambusa multiplex Forest


pachinensis. Forest


remotiflora Forest

581 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Bambusa surrecta Forest


cerosissima Forest

583 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Bambusa chungii Forest

584 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Bambusa textilis Forest

585 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Bambusa textilis Forest


guangxiensis Forest

587 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Bambusa papillata Forest

588 Gramineae Thyrsostachys

Gamble.

Thyrsostachys

siamensis Forest

589 Gramineae Dendrocalamopsis Dendrocalamopsis Forest/Village


- 119 -

. oldhami

590 Gramineae Dendrocalamopsis

.

Dendrocalamopsis

basihirsuta Forest


.

Dendrocalamopsis

beecheyana Forest


.

Dendrocalamus

latiflorus Forest


. D.minor Forest

594 Gramineae Indocalamus

Nakai.

Indocalamus

tessellatus Forest


Nakai.

Indocalamus

decorus Forest


Nakai.

Indocalamus

latifolius Forest


Nakai. I.victorialis Forest/Stream

598 Gramineae Phyllostachys Phyllostachys

viridis Forest/Village


makinoi Forest

600 Gramineae Phyllostachys Phyllostachys aurea Forest


meyeri Forest

602 Gramineae Phyllostachys Phyllostachys nuda Forest


glauca Forest


iridescens Forest

605 Gramineae Phyllostachys Phyllostachys vivax Forest


heterocycla Forest


heterocycla Forest/Village /Stream


heterocycla Forest/Village /Stream


kwangsiensis Forest


makinoi Forest


incarnate Forest


platyglossa Forest


- 120 -


bambussoides Forest


viridiglaucescens Forest


aureosulcata Forest


varioauriculata Forest

617 Gramineae Phyllostachys Phyllostachys nigra Forest

618 Gramineae Phyllostachys Phyllostachy

srubicunda Forest


rivalis Forest

620 Gramineae Gelidocalamus

Wen. G.stellatus Forest

621 Gramineae Chimonobambusa

Makino.

Chimonobambusa

marmoreal Forest

622 Gramineae Pleioblastus P.maculatus Forest

623 Gramineae Pleioblastus Pleioblastus

amarus Forest


altiligulatus Forest

625 Gramineae Pleioblastus P. maculosoides Forest

626 Gramineae Pleioblastus P.solidus Forest


sanmingensis Forest

628 Gramineae Pseudosasa P.cantori Forest

629 Gramineae Pseudosasa P.orthotropa Forest

630 Gramineae Pseudosasa P.amabilis Forest

631 Gramineae Pseudosasa Pseudosasa

guanxianensis Forest

632 Gramineae Sinobambusa

Makino.

Sinobambusa

seminude Forest


Makino.

Sinobambusa

tootsik Forest


Makino.

Sinobambusa

tootsik Forest


Makino.

Sinobambusa

intermedia Forest

636 Gramineae Acidosasa C. Acidosasa edulis Forest

637 Gramineae Oligostachyum. Oligostachyum

scabriflorum Forest


Makino.

Sinobambusa

tootsik Forest


- 121 -

639 Gramineae Alopecrus L. Alopecurus

aequalis Sobol. Terraces/Village

640 Gramineae Cynodon Cynodon dactylon Forest/Terraces/Villag

e /Stream

641 Gramineae Pennisetum Pennisetum

alopecuroides.

Terraces/Village

/Stream

642 Gramineae Eleusine E leusine indica. Terraces/Village

/Stream

643 Gramineae Setaria Beauv. Setaria viridis. Terraces/Village

/Stream

644 Gramineae Avena Avena fatua L. Terraces/Village

/Stream

645 Gramineae Digitaria Digitaria

sanguinalis. Terraces/Village

646 Gramineae Arthraxon. Arthraxon hispidus. Terraces/Stream

647 Gramineae Miscanthus. Miscanthus

floridulu.


e /Stream

648 Gramineae Lophatherum. Herba Loophatheri. Terraces/Village

/Stream

649 Gramineae Setaria Beauv. Setaria plicata. Forest/Terraces/Villag

e /Stream

650 Gramineae Setaria Beauv. Setaria palmifolia. Forest/Terraces/Villag

e /Stream

651 Gramineae Imperata Cyr. Imperata

cylindrica.


e /Stream

652 Gramineae Phragmites

Adans.

Phragmites

australis (Cav.)

Trin. ex Steud

Terraces

653 Gramineae Coix Linn. Coix lacrymajobi L. Terraces/Village

/Stream

654 Gramineae Zea Zea mays Terraces/Village

655 Gramineae Oryza Oryza sativa Terraces

656 Gramineae Paspalum Paspalum

scrobiculatum Linn. Terraces/Village

657 Gramineae Panicum Panicum repens L. Forest/Terraces/Villag

e /Stream

658 Gramineae Poa

Poa annua L.

Terraces/Village

/Stream

659 Gramineae Zizania Zizania latifolia Terraces/Stream

660 Zingiberaceae Alpinia Alpinia zerumbet. Forest/Village /Stream

661 Zingiberaceae Alpinia Alpinia japonica

Thunb. Forest

662 Liliaceae Smilax L. Smilax china L. Forest

663 Liliaceae Polygonatum Polygonatum Forest


- 122 -

sibiricum

664 Liliaceae Smilax L. S.glabra Roxb. Forest

665 Liliaceae Lilium L. Lilium brownii Forest

666 Liliaceae Paris Linn. Paris polyphylla Forest

667 Liliaceae Allium Allium fistulosum Terraces/Village

668 Liliaceae Allium Allium cepa Terraces/Village

669 Liliaceae Allium Allium sativum L. Terraces/Village

670 Liliaceae Allium Allium chrysanthum Terraces/Village

671 Stemonaceae Angiospermae Stemona sessilifolia Forest

672 Amaryllidaceae Lycoris Herb. Shorttube Lycoris. Terraces/Village

/Stream


- 123 -

Table 5: Animals Farmed in Lianhe Terrace

Serial

number Family Species Destribution

Protection

level

1 Palaemonidae. Freshwater shrimps. Terraces/Stream

2 Palaemonidae. E.carinicauda. Terraces/Stream

3 Penaeidae. Fenneropenaeus chinensis. Terraces/Stream

4 Unionidae. A. woodiana woodiana. Stream

5 Unionidae. Plicata. Stream

6 Unionidae. Anodonta

woodianawoodiana. Stream

7 Limacidae. Agriolimax agrestis Linn. Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

8 Viviparidae. Auriculata. Terraces/Stream

9 Viviparidae. Cipangopaludina

cahayensis. Terraces/Stream

10 Aillpullaridae. Pomacea canaliculata. Terraces/Stream

11 Pomatiopsidae. Oncomelania hupensis

Gredler. Terraces/Stream

12 Bradybaenidae. Bradybaena kiangsinensis. Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

13 Achatinidae. Achatina fulica. Forest/Village /Stream

14 Lumbricidae. Lumbricus terrestris Linn. Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

15 Haplotaxidae. Haplotaxis gordioides. Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

16 Nipponica. Whitmania pigra Whitman. Terraces/Stream

17 Araneidae. Nephila clavata L. Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

18 Apidae. Apis cerana cerana

Fabricius.

Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

19 Apidae. Apis melliferaligustica

Spinola.

Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

20 Apidae. Vespa. Forest/Village /Terraces

21 Vespidae. Paper wasp. Forest/Terraces

22 Papilionidae. Troides Helena. Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

23 Papilionidae. Atrophaneura horishana. Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

24 Papilionidae. Byasa alcinous. Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

25 Papilionidae. Byasa Mencius. Forest/Village


- 124 -

/Terraces/Stream

26 Papilionidae. Graphium doson. Forest/Terraces/Stream

27 Papilionidae. Ehana elwesi. Forest

28 Papilionidae. Paranticopsis macareus. Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

29 Pieridae. Catopsilia Pomona. Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

30 Pieridae. Colias croceu. Forest/Village /Terraces

31 Psychodidae. Psychodidae. Forest/Village

32 Staphylinidae. Rove beetle. Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

33 Chrysopidae. Sympetrum Croceolum. Forest/Terraces

34 Cordulegasteridae. Chlorogomphus papilio

Ris.

Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

35 Cordulegasteridae. Anotogaster sieboldii. Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

36 Aeshnoidea. Aeshna mixt. Forest/Village

37 Macromiidae. Epophthalmia elegans. Forest/Terraces

38 Coenagrionidae. Agriocnemis femina. Forest/Village /Terraces

39 Coenagrionidae. Cercion plagiosum. Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

40 Cicadidae. Oncotumpana maculicollis. Forest/Village /Terraces

41 Cicadidae. Cryptotympana atrata

Fabricius. Forest/Village /Terraces

42 Cicadidae. Platypleura kaempferi. Forest/Village

43 Cicadidae. Cryptotympana atrata

Fabricius. Forest/Village

44 Gryllidae. Acheta domesticus. Village /Stream

45 Gryllidae. Gryllus chinensis. Forest/Village

46 Gryllidae. Loxoblemmus doenitzi. Forest/Village

47 Gryllidae. Gryllodes sigillatus. Forest/Village /Terraces

48 Acrididae. Locustamigratora. Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

49 Acrididae. Epacromiusspp. Forest/Terraces/Stream

50 Acrididae. Oedaleusspp. Forest/Terraces

51 Acrididae. Omocestusspp. Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

52 Acrididae. Atractomorpha sinensis

Bol. Forest/Terraces/Stream

53 Lucanidae. Stag beetle. Forest/Terraces

54 Scolopendridae. Scolopendra subspinipes. Forest/Village /Terraces


- 125 -

55 Kronopolites

Svenhedini. Spirobolus bungii.

Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

56 Kronopolites

Svenhedini. Spirobolus bungii Brandt. Forest/Village

57 Paratenosera. Mantis. Forest/Village /Terraces

58 Phasmatidae. Gongy10pus adyposus

Brunner.

Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

59 Cerambycidae. Cerambycidae. Forest

60 Tettigoniidae. Longhorned grasshoppers. Forest/Terraces

61 Coccinellidae. Rodolia rufopilosa Muls. Terraces/Stream

62 Coccinellidae. Coccinella septempunctata. Terraces

63 Pyrrhocoridae. Pantatomidae. Terraces

64 Curculionidae. Cyrtotracjelus longimanus. Terraces/Village

65 Siluridae. Silurus asotus. Terraces/Stream

66 Bagridae. Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. Terraces/Stream

67 Channidae. Channa argus. Terraces/Stream

68 Cyprinidae. Carassius auratus. Terraces/Stream

69 Cyprinidae. Mylopharyngodonpiceus. Terraces

70 Cyprinidae. Ctenopharyngodonidellus. Terraces

71 Nemipteridae. Sinocyclocheilusgrahami. Terraces/Stream

72 Cobitidae. Misgurnusanguillicaudatus. Terraces/Stream

73 Clariidae. Clariasfuscus. Terraces

74 Anguilla japonica. Anguilla japonica. Terraces/Stream

75 Sciaenidae. Nibeaalbeflora Stream

76 Trichiuridae. Trichiurushaumela. Stream

77 Channidae. Channa asiatica. Stream

78 Cichlidae. Tilapia. Terraces/Stream

79 Ranidae. Rana catesbeiana. Forest/Terraces

80 Ranidae. Rana schmackeri. Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

81 Ranidae. Quasipaa spinosa. Forest

82 Ranidae. Rana limnocharis Boie. Forest/Terraces Class Ⅲ

National

83 Ranidae. Rana guentheri. Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

84 Ranidae. Rana rugulosa. Forest/Village /Terraces Class Ⅱ

National

85 Ranidae. Rana plancyi. Forest/Terraces

86 Bufonidae. Bufo Melanostictus

Schneider.

Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

87 Bufonidae. Bufo gargarizans. Forest/Village Class Ⅲ


- 126 -

/Terraces/Stream National

88 Bufonidae. Toad. Forest/Village

89 Microhylidds. Microhyla onata. Forest/Village /Stream

90 Rhacophoridae. Dennysi. Forest

91 Hylidae. Hylachinensis. Forest/Stream

92 Viperidae. Gloydius brevicaudus. Forest Class Ⅲ

National

93 Viperidae. Medoggreenpitviper. Forest Class Ⅲ

National

94 Viperidae. Deinagkistrodon . Forest Class Ⅲ

National

95 Boidae. Python molurus. Forest Class I

National

96 Boidae. Python molurus molurus. Forest Class I

National

97 Boidae. Eryx. Forest Class I

National

98 Colubridae. Sinonatrix annularis. Terraces/Stream Class Ⅲ

National

99 Colubridae. Enhydris plumbea. Terraces/Stream Class Ⅲ

National

100 Colubridae. Red/backed rat/snake. Terraces/Stream

101 Colubridae. Elaphe carinata. Terraces/Stream Class Ⅲ

National

102 Elapidae. Bungarus multicinctus. Forest Class Ⅲ

National

103 Elapidae. Kelloggi. Forest Class Ⅲ

National

104 Elapidae. Ophiophagus Hannah. Forest Class Ⅲ

National

105 Elapidae. Naja atra. Forest Class Ⅲ

National

106 Gekkonidae. Ko japonicus Dumeril. Forest/Terraces

107 Gekkonidae. Pogona vitticeps. Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

108 Trionychidae. Trionyx sinensis. Stream Class Ⅲ

National

109 Emydidae. Chinemys reevesii. Stream

110 Corvidae. Pica pica. Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

Class Ⅲ

National

111 Corvidae. Corvus macrorhynchos. Forest/Village /Terraces

112 Muscicapidae. Leucodioptron canorus. Forest/Terraces Fujian


- 127 -

113 Sturnidae. Acridotheres cristatellus. Forest/Terraces Class Ⅲ

National

114 Hirundinidae. Hirundo rustica. Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

115 Oriolidea. Oriolus chinensis. Forest

116 Phasianidae. Francolinus pintadeanus. Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

117 Phasianidae. Phasianus colchicus. Forest Class Ⅲ

National

118 Columbidae. Oena capensis. Forest/Terraces

119 Columbidae. Columba. Forest/Village /Terraces

120 Columbidae. Streptopelia turtur. Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

121 Columbidae. Streptopelia orientalis. Forest Fujian

122 Alcedinidae. Alcedo atthis. Forest/Village /Terraces

123 Picidae. Piculus. Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream

124 Anatidae. Anatinae. Village /Terraces/Stream

125 Anatidae. Anser cygnoides orientalis. Village /Terraces/Stream

126 Anatidae. Anser anser. Forest/Village /Terraces Class Ⅲ

National

127 Strigidae. Bubo bubo. Forest/Village

/Terraces/Stream Fujian

128 Strigidae. Glaucidium. Forest/Terraces Fujian

129 Strigidae. Asio flammeus. Forest

130 Strigidae. Asio otus. Forest Fujian

131 Accipitridae. Aquila fasciata. Forest/Terraces Class Ⅱ

National

132 Accipitridae. Spilornis cheela. Forest Class Ⅱ

National

133 Accipitridae. Accipiter nisus. Forest/Terraces Class Ⅱ

National

134 Accipitridae. Accipiter. Forest/Terraces Class Ⅱ

National

135 Accipitridae. Ictinaetus malayensis. Forest Class Ⅱ

National

136 Centropdidae. Centropus sinensis

Stephens. Forest

Class Ⅱ

National

137 Ardeidae. Ardea purpurea. Forest/Village /Terraces Class Ⅲ

National

138 Ardeidae. Little Egret. Forest/Stream Class Ⅲ

National


- 128 -

139 Ardeidae. Ardea cinerea. Forest/Terraces/Stream Class Ⅲ

National

140 Falconidae. Falco tinnunculus. Forest Class Ⅱ

National

141 Hystricidae. Hystrix hodgsoni. Forest/Terraces Class Ⅲ

National

142 Suidae. Sus scrofa. Forest/Terraces Class Ⅲ

National

143 Suidae. Sus scrofa domestica. Village

144 Mustelidae. Mustela sibirica. Forest Class Ⅲ

National

145 Mustelidae. Lutra lutra. Stream Class Ⅱ

National

146 Felidae. Felinae. Village

147 Cervidae. Muntiacus crinifrons. Village Class I

National

148 Cervidae. Muntiacus reevesi. Forest Class Ⅲ

National

149 Erinaceidae. Heterothermic. Forest Class Ⅲ

National

150 Sciuridae. Callosciurus erythraeus. Forest Class Ⅲ

National

151 Sciuridae. Dremomys perny. Forest

152 Circetidae. Nesokia. Village

153 Leporidae. L.sinensis. Forest/Terraces Class Ⅲ

National

154 Cercopithecidae. Macaca mulatta. Forest Class Ⅱ

National

155 Ranidae. Rana

nigromaculataHallowell. Forest/Terraces

Class Ⅲ

National

156 Ranidae. Quasipaa spinosa. Forest/Terraces/Stream

157 Emydidae. Mauremys mutica. Stream Fujian

158 Viperidae. Green bamboo snake. Forest

159 Phalacrocoracidae. Phalacrocorax carbo. Forest/Terraces Fujian

160 Felidae. Neofelis nebulosa. Forest Class I

National

161 Canidae. Cuon alpinus. Forest Class Ⅱ

National

162 Canidae. Canis lupus familiaris. Village

163 Limacidae. Agriolimax agrestis. Forest/Village /Terraces

164 Manidae. Manis. Forest Class Ⅱ

National


- 129 -

165 Phasianidae. Coturnix coturnix. Forest/Village /Terraces

166 Circetidae. Microtinae. Forest/Terraces/Village


- 130 -

Table 6: List of Microorganism in Lianhe Terrace

Serial

number Family Genus Species

Destribution

area

1 Phallaceae. Dictyophora. Dictyophora indusiata. Forest/Terraces

2 Hericiaceae Hericium Hericium erinaceus. Forest

3 Tricholomataceae. Tricholoma. Tricholoma matsutake. Forest/Terraces

4 Auriculariales. Auricularia. Auricularia auricular. Forest/Village

5 Omphalotaceae. Lentinus. Lentinus edodes . Village

/Terraces

6 Pluteaceae. Volvariella. Volvariella volvacea . Village

/Terraces

7 Tremellaceae. Tremella. T remella. Forest/Village

/Terraces

8 Russulaceae. Russula. Russula cyanoxantha . Forest

9 Russulaceae. Russula. Russula fotens Pedrs .Fr. Forest

10 Russulaceae. Russula. Russula vinosa Lin. Forest

11 Bolbitiaceae. Agrocybe. Agrocybe aegirit. Forest/Terraces

12 Russulaceae. Russula. Russula cyanoxantha . Forest

13 Russulaceae. Lactarius. Lactarius deliciosus. Forest/Village

/Terraces

14 Agaricaceae. Agaricus. Agaricus campestris. Forest/Terraces

15 Marasmiaceae. Flammulina. Flammulina velutipes. Forest/Terraces

16 Marasmiaceae. Marasmius. Marasmius oreades. Forest/Village

17 Pleurotaceae. Agaricochaete. Pleurotus sajorcaju. Forest/Terraces

18 Tricholomataceae. Isoptericola. Termitornyces

albuminosus.

Forest

19 Boletaceae. Boletus Boletus. Chalciporus Forest

20 Pleurotaceae. Agaricochaete. Pleurotus ostreatus . Forest/Terraces

21 Auriculariaceae. Auricularia. Auricularia polytricha . Forest/Village

22 Tremellaceae. Tremella. T remella. Forest/Terraces

23 Polyporaceae. Ganoderma. Ganoderma Lucidum

Karst.

Forest/Terraces

24 Ganodermataceae. Ganoderma. Ganodermasinensis. Forest/Terraces

25 Geastraceae. Lycoperdon

polymorphum.

Pisolithus tinctorius . Forest

26 Tricholomataceae. Oudemansiella. Collybiaradìcata. Forest

27 Polyporaceae. Antrodia Antrodia camphorata. Forest


- 131 -

4: Folk Songs of Lianhe Terraces

Song of Farming Seasons

The Beginning of Spring comes in the 1st lunar month, time to welcome gods and Buddhas and

remove silt.

Collect manure for production; and widen ditches in case rain comes.

Use hoes to ram the earth; and check various seeds.

Add more solid manure to wheat fields; weed out wheat straw and loosen soil.

The Waking of Insects comes in the 2nd

lunar month, time to work on spring plowing and

production.

Seize the farming season; centers on turning the soil when deep plowing.

Sow the precocious coarse cereal seeds; don’t delay in soaking seeds of early season rice.

The Tomb-Sweeping Day comes in the 3rd

lunar month, time to transplant seedlings of continuous

cropping early rice.

Ditches are preferably 1 inch higher; fields are preferably 80%~90% full of water.

Select high-quality wheat seeds; harvest oilseed rape on the Grain Rain.

Do farm work according to solar terms; never delay in sowing late rice.

The Beginning of Summer comes in the 4th lunar month, time to transplant seedlings of

mid-season rice.

Seize the time to harvest wheat; be careful in “4 Fine” and “4 Quick” assignments.

To be adequately fed, vigorously promote early sweet potatoes.

The transplanting of single cropping rice is on the Lesser Fullness; both people and livestock are

busy.

Grain in Ear comes in the 5th

lunar month; never delay in rice transplanting.

Rice seedling lines straightly in big field, while shapes as heart-like flowers in small field.

Then plant late millet and maize; and work hard to plant late sweet potatoes.

The Summer Solstice comes after Grain in Ear, time to weed the mid-season rice fields.

Dog days come in the 6th

lunar month, time to conduct thorough field management.

Do the weeding before the Slight Heat; do the weeding twice on the Great Heat.

Seize the time for summer harvesting and sowing; remember to select improved varieties.

Spread manure after harvesting early rice; never neglect drought control.


- 132 -

The Beginning of Autumn comes in the 7th lunar month, time to harvest mi-season rice.

Rush to plant autumn soybeans; add manure to late rice and do the weeding again.

Pay attention to the days around the Limit of Heat; prevent mice from eating cereal.

Seize the time to repair field ridges, from edges to walls and do well weeding.

White Dew comes in the 8th lunar month when osmanthus flowers bloom, time for flowering of

rice.

Protect harvest while preventing disasters; split field edges and open a way.

Harvest crops after the Autumnal Equinox; prepare sacks and bamboo sieves.

Prepare check aprons and grain hoppers; bear everything in mind.

The Cold Dew comes in the 9th lunar month; massively harvest late rice.

Remember winter harvest; strive to harvest every grain.

Harvest gently while thrashing vigorously; pave double layers even on fields.

As the Frost's Descent passes, it’s time to harvest leaf mustard and turnips.

The Beginning of Winter comes in the 10th lunar month, time for the harvest climax of late rice.

Straw not only is good fertilizer, but also can be used as firewood.

Sow wheat as the Light Snow comes; ensure income increase in the next year.

It’s also important to repair water conservancy facilities in winter; carefully manage the rotten

paddy fields.

The Great Snow comes in the 11th lunar month; never leave rice roots to the next year.

Give priority to dig and destroy rice roots; put efforts to collect manure in winter.

The Winter Solstice comes after the Great Snow, time to cut weeds and burn logging residue.

Do winter plowing early for it may not be so cold; both people and farm cattle dare go to the field.

The end of the year comes in the 12th lunar month; find more sidelines to enjoy the Spring

Festival.

It becomes extreme cold as the Slight/Great Cold come; focus on wheat field management.

Second fertilizing and first manuring, better before the Beginning of Spring.

Don’t neglect backlogs of farm work; combine production with the Spring Festival.

Sung by: Yu Yajin

Collected by: Qiu Shanshi


- 133 -

Song of Plowing

Start plowing in the 1st lunar month; remove the autumn & winter silt before the 15

th day.

Celebrate from day to night in the whole 15th day, plan to work from the 16

th day.Start plowing in

the 2nd

lunar month as the Waking of Insects comes; everyone shall hoe the fields.

Sow seeds while plowing; soak rice seeds and do the threshing.

Start plowing in the 3rd

lunar month as the Tomb-sweeping Day comes; start sowing early to

obtain better harvest.

Pods and potatoes haven’t been planted yet; start planting vegetables in the guarden.

Start plowing in the 4th lunar month as the Beginning of Summer comes; pray plowing may bring

hope.

Hold the rammer with both hands in prayer position; hope God will bless us with a bumper

harvest.

Start plowing on the Grain in Ear of the 5th lunar month; weed grow wild under sunny day.

The fields haven’t been tilled after Grain in Ear; there’ll be no grain in case of further delay.

It’s hot to plow in the 6th lunar month; carry tea before going out.

A load of tea canisters, rice baskets and dung, it’s hard to carry for the way is too far.

Start plowing in the 7th lunar month and clean up the understory of bamboo forest; do the weeding

again in the field with sweeping weeds grow on the wall.

After all the field wall work is done for winter, one can play leisurely and leave worry

behind.Starts plowing in the 8th lunar month as osmanthus flowers bloom; timely cut the weeds on

field ridges.

Dry the fields as early as possible, for the re-dried straw is easier to burn.

Start plowing in the 9th lunar month as the Double Ninth Festival comes; store rice in a barn after

harvesting and drying it in the sun.

Harvest a few more loads of rice on every field; more rice can be borrowed by friend tomorrow.

Some rice has been harvested in the 10th lunar month; it is the time to pay land rent.

One thing should be keep in mind ,worship the Earth God is the time.

Start plowing in the 11th lunar month as the Winter Solstice comes; it’s time to plant cotton and

wheat.


- 134 -

Lead oxen to till the field while collecting wheat and dung; it needs a large group.

It’s time for collecting straw ash when plowing in the 12th lunar month; store it in a shed of

manure.

The straw ash collected is so conspicuous, conducive to the plowing in the next year.

Prediction by the 24 Solar Terms

1st Lunar Month

The surroundings are preferably dark on the first morning of a year, for a heavy snow in

succession often heralds an abundant year.

Once the sun comes out on the Beginning of Spring, peasants may effortlessly plow fields.

2nd

Lunar Month

There’ll be as much rice as mud once it thunders on the Waking of Insects; and there’ll be fewer

patients if it rains on the Spring Equinox.

Once continuous heavy rain appear in the mid-month, cotton, beans and wheat can be planted

everywhere.

3rd

Lunar Month

If there’s both rain and strong wind on the 1st day, the whole village may be tortured by plague.

If the wind blows from the south on the Tomb-sweeping Day, it must herald a bumper harvest.

4th

Lunar Month

If there’s an east wind on the Beginning of Summer, there’ll be fewer people getting ill.

If it thunders on the Jiazi / Gengchen day, there must be a plague of locusts.

5th

Lunar Month

If it rains on the Dragon-Boat Festival, it heralds a bumper harvest year, so does it if it thunders on

the Grain in Ear.

If the wind blows from the northwest on the Summer Solstice, the output of fruits and vegetables

may reduce.

6th

Lunar Month

If the dog days are extremely hot, the cereal field may not produce grain.

If no disaster occurs at the moment, it must indicate heavy snows of 3 winters.


- 135 -

7th

Lunar Month

It’ll be worrisome if there’s no rain on the Beginning of Autumn, for the output of crops may

reduce by half.

If it rains heavily on the Limit of Heat, it’ll be hard to harvest crops even they are matured.

8th

Lunar Month

If there’re many white dews on the Autumnal Equinox, songs for celebrating the harvest of late

rice may be heard everywhere.

There’s preferably no thunder or lightning, which may result in rising price of rice in winter.

9th

Lunar Month

It’s harmful to peasants if the frost appears on the 1st day; the whole winter will be sunny if there’s

no rain on the Double Ninth Festival.

People are susceptible to illness if there’s red mist in the mid-month; the rice of vegetables may

rise if there’s thunder in autumn.

10th

Lunar Month

There’s preferably no “Ren day” on the Beginning of Winter, or the efforts in the fields will be in

vain in the next year.

If the day is “Renzi”, civilians may suffer from disasters or diseases.

11th

Lunar Month

There’ll be lots of thieves if the west wind blows on the 2nd

day, and there may be a severe

disaster if a heavy snow comes as well.

If it’s a fine day on the Winter Solstice, there must be favorable weathers in the next year.

12th

Lunar Month

Domestic animals may be dead if the east wind blows on the 1st day, and it may be a drought year

if a heavy snow falls.

If it’s a fine day, tell the peasants to rest assured.

Song for Flowers in Four Seasons

Peach blossom brings a good start in lunar January;

Aegiceras corniculatum blossoms and sprouts in lunar February.

Wild flowers grow all over the mountains and plains in lunar March;


- 136 -

Azalea makes the world fragrant in lunar April.

Pomegranate flower helps you decrease internal heat in lunar May;

Orchid is as beautiful as the bride in lunar June.

Chinese redbud is flourishing in lunar July;

Sweet osmanthus sends forth a delicate fragrance in lunar August.

Chrysanthemum smiles in lunar September;

Lotus pops its head above water in lunar October.

Camellia forebodes the frost and snow in lunar November;

Plum welcomes the coming of New Year in lunar December.

Song for Pasturing Cattle

At the beginning of lunar January, I’ve made the plan to nourish the bone of cattle.

I must go to pasture cattle no matter what weather is; I prefer to be a farmer next year.

In February, it’s cold and sleets, making my body icy cold.

I don’t care my cold body, but worry about my cattle on the cold mountain.

In March, the weather becomes warm, and I take both adult and young cattle to the mountain.

Even if when it rains, I would go to check whether my cattle are safe.

In April, I have to plough, and I always regret for getting up late.

Last year, I didn’t done enough, so I must work harder this year.

In May, Dragon Boat Festival comes. I can see cattle everywhere.

They come and go and provide us with milk.

In June, the weather gets hot. All cattle like playing around water.

They enjoy the cool there from dawn to night and I would call them to have food in the morning.

In July, the autumn comes. I take them to the harvest fields.

Though pasturing cattle is not an easy job, there is much interest in it.

In August, it’s the harvest season. But I’m sad seldom people like pasturing cattle.

Even pasturing cattle is a little laborious, but every trade has its master.

In September, it’s the beginning of winter. I go out to collect grass for cattle to spend the winter.

I’m told that cattle should eat full on mountain, because the winter is somewhat long.

In November, the winter solstice comes. I feel sad for pasturing cattle.


- 137 -

Since others could have a good sleep, but I have to get up in the early morning.

In December, the New Year is coming. But I have to continue taking care of my cattle.

Listening to the sound of firework, I’m still sitting in Jianguanlin to pasture cattle.


- 138 -

5: Plan for Tourism and Action Schedule

Figure 3: Tourism Resource Distribution Map of Youxi County


- 139 -

Figure 4: Overall Plan for Cultural Tourism of Agriculture

Agricultural heritage experience tourism

Zhu Xi Culture tourism

Experience tourism in traditional villages


- 140 -

Figure 5: Scenic Spots Distribution of Lianhe Terraces

Lianyun Village Xiayun Village Yunshan Village

Dongbian Village Lianhe Village Lianxi Village

Liandong Village Liannan Village “Nine Areas”

Tourism Integrated Service Area

Xiayun Terraces Tourism Area

Lianyun Terraces Tourism Area

Yunshan Terraces Tourism Area

Dongbian Terraces Tourism Area

Lianhe Terraces Tourism Area

Lianxi Terraces Tourism Area

Liannan Terraces Tourism Area

Liandong Terraces Tourism Area


- 141 -

Figure 6: Future Agricultural Layout of Lianhe Terraces

Traditional rural landscape of Lianyun Village

Conservation area for farming landscape of terraces

Jinji Mountain Landscape Reserve

Traditional rural landscape of Yunshan Village

Traditional rural landscape of Bazaotou Village

Traditional rural landscape of Dongbian Village

Conservation area for farming landscape of terraces

Fuhu Cliff Landscape Reserve


- 142 -

Table 7: Schedule of Action Plan

Category Plan of action Responsible

department

Duration of

implementation

Agricultural

ecological

protection

Media publicity, popularity of Lianhe

Terraces and the importance of protecting

it

Publicity

Department and

Bureau of Culture

and Broadcasting,

Television, Press

and Publication

2015-2017

General Survey on eco-environmental

quality of the heritage site

Agricultural

Bureau and

Environmental

Protection Agency

2015-2017

Supervise the plot of heritage program and

work out clear punitive measures

Agricultural

Bureau and

Leading Group for

Protection of

Agricultural

Heritage

2015-2017

Governance to the environment of villages

in the conservation area

Village

Committee,

Environmental

Protection Agency

and Agricultural

Bureau

2015-2017

Build and protect the forest for

conservation of water supply

Forestry Bureau

and Land and

Resources Bureau

2018-2020

Restrict the exploitation of mineral

resources around the heritage site

Land and

Resources Bureau

and Bureau of

Mines

2018-2020

Develop ecological agriculture and

enhance the level of clean production

Agricultural

Bureau, Bureau of

Light Industry and

Bureau of Animal

Husbandry

2018-2025

Promote the increase of farmer’s income

via multiple ways to protect traditional

crops resources

Agricultural

Bureau and

Bureau of Finance

2015-2025

Protect rare plant resources

Agricultural

Bureau and

Bureau of Finance

2015-2025


- 143 -

Farming

culture

protection

Collect and compile local folk songs,

ballads and farming proverbs

Bureau of Culture

and Broadcasting,

Television, Press

and Publication

2015-2017

General survey on cultural relics relating

to agriculture

Bureau of Culture

and Broadcasting,

Television, Press

and Publication

2015-2017

Compile traditional culture books about

Youxi for primary and secondary school

students

Education Bureau

and Bureau of

Culture and

Broadcasting,

Television, Press

and Publication

2015-2017

Open traditional culture course Education Bureau 2018-2025

Hold Fuhu Festival and Rice

Transplanting Festival

Tourist

Administration

and Lianhe

Township

2018-2025

Media publicity Tourist

Administration 2018-2025

Affirm inheritor of traditional handicraft

Education Bureau

and Bureau of

Culture and

Broadcasting,

Television, Press

and Publication

and Tourist

Administration

2018-2020

Agricultural

landscape

protection

Strengthen supervision over land

utilization

Land and

Resources Bureau 2015-2015

Design landscape of farmland Tourist


Terraces surveying and mapping Land and

Resources Bureau 2015-2017

Supervision over terraces

Township

Government and

Tourist

Administration

2015-2025

Supervision over scenic spots

Forestry Bureau

and Tourist

Administration

2015-2025


- 144 -

Construction of travelling facilities

Bureau of

Housing and

Urban-Rural

Development and

Department of

Transportation

2015-2025

Road pavement of scenic spot

Bureau of

Housing and

Urban-Rural

Development and

Department of

Transportation

2015-2025

Development

of ecological

products

Trademark registration of “Lianhe

Terrace”

Agricultural

Bureau 2015-2017

Certification of “Three Grades”: All types

of rice got certificated, and 60% of organic

and green rice of which got certificated; all

types of soybeans and peanuts got

certificated; 60% of domestic animals,

poultry and fishery products got

certificated.

Environmental

Protection Agency

and Agricultural

Bureau

2015-2025

Production of edible mushrooms: Go on

promoting the edible mushrooms produced

by straw; increase categories of edible

mushrooms and the consumption of straws

reaches 10% of the yield of the year.

Agricultural

Bureau

2015-2025

Bamboo and wood products: develop the

manufacturing of bamboo and wood

crafts.

Forestry Bureau 2015-2025

Bring in enterprises: mainly bring in the

enterprises involving further processing of

grain and oil, fungus processing, poultry

meat processing and bamboo shoot

processing.

Investment

Promotion Bureau

and Development

and Reform

Bureau

2015-2025

Product developing: mainly develop clean

rice, rice bran oil and functional rice flour

with high-added value deriving from the

organic and green rice; develop edible

mushrooms, snacks made by poultry meat,

bamboo shoot juices, peanuts and

soybeans and other products with

high-added value.

Development and

Reform Bureau

and relevant

enterprises

2015-2025

Establishment of traceability system for

quality safety of agricultural products:

Bureau of Quality

Supervision 2015-2025


- 145 -

establish the “platform for quality safety

traceability and supervision of agricultural

products”.

Product publicity: Take an active part in

various agricultural products exhibition

and promotion activities via television,

broadcasting, newspaper and magazines.

Forestry Bureau

and Education

Bureau and

Bureau of Culture

and Broadcasting,

Television, Press

and Publication

2015-2025

Ecological

tourism

development

Tourism planning: Spatially divide Lianhe

Terraces into the spatial structure of “one

shaft and six areas” according to the

themes of agricultural heritage tourism.

Tourist


Confirmation of number of tourist

reception and establishment of monitoring

system: Conform the daily number of

tourist reception and establish a system for

monitoring the number of tourist

according to the setting of route and

carrying capacity of terraces.

Tourist


Experience center of terrace culture:

establish experience center of terrace

culture at Lianyun Village.

Tourist


Small museum of heritage site: establish

small museum of heritage site at Lianyun

Village in combination with the old folk

houses.

Tourist


Visitor center: Choose folk houses in

every town and township of Lianhe

Terrace to have them repaired or

reconstructed for establishing the visitor

center.

Tourist


Exhibition area for traditional terrace

culture: recover the varieties of traditional

agricultural products, and traditional

planting ways like field snails, duck and

fish feeding in rice paddy and make

environment improvement at the same

time.

Tourist


Photography base for terrace farming

culture: establish photography base for

terrace farming culture at Bazaotou

Village and Lianyun Village separately.

Tourist



- 146 -

Viewing deck: set up several viewing

decks along the travelling route of terrace.

3 of which are located at Dongbian

Village; 3 are located at Yunshan Village,

2 are located at Xiayun Village and 3 are

located at Lianyun Village.

Tourist


Travelling route of terraces: Route for

one-day tour: Fuhu Cliff – Lianxi Terraces

– Dongbian Terraces – Yunshan Terraces

– Lianyun Terraces – Xiayun Terraces.

Route for two-day tour: (1) Lianhe

Terraces on the first day and the birthplace

of Zhu xi on the second day - ancient

ginkgo community, etc. (2) Fuhu

Cliff–Lianhe Terraces on the first day;

Guifeng Village for Tangchuan Canyon on

the second day.

Tourist


Project application: apply for

demonstration spot of leisure agriculture to

Ministry of Agriculture.

Agricultural

Bureau 2018-2020

Terrace tourism resort: construct a 2km2

large terrace tourism resort at the dairy

farm at Dongbian Village.

Tourist

Administration

and Bureau of

Housing and

Urban-Rural

Development

2018-2020

Facilities construction: set up a tourist

information center on the foundation of

farm house at Lianyun Village and build

up and repair relevant buildings and roads.

Tourist

Administration

and Bureau of

Housing and

Urban-Rural

Development

2015-2020

Development of tourism products:

continue to develop fine and small

packaged rice, cereal, edible mushrooms,

dried bamboo shoots, bamboo crafts, local

specialty in combination with the local

agricultural products of Lianhe Terraces.

Tourist

Administration

and Agricultural

Bureau

2015-2020

Tourism interpretation: develop tourism

interpretation system featured by

traditional villages and terraces.

Tourist


Touring training: give interpretation

training to local farmers, especially the

farmers engaged in terraces cultivation.

Tourist



- 147 -

Annex 4. Rice Terraces Systems in Subtropical China ...

Documents

Transcript of Annex 4. Rice Terraces Systems in Subtropical China ...