ANNEX 3 to the Commission Staff Working Document ... · Information on the Groundwater Threshold...

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ANNEX 3

to the Commission Staff Working Document accompanying the Report from the Commission in accordance with Article 3.7 of the Groundwater Directive

2006/118/EC on the establishment of groundwater threshold values

Information on the Groundwater Threshold Values of the Member States

PRELIMINARY REMARKS

This Annex provides a summary of the information provided by each Member State on the establishment of groundwater threshold values in accordance with Article 3 and Annex I and II of the Groundwater Directive 2006/118/EC (GWD). These Member State Annexes follow the same outline. The information below explains the approach taken.

GENERAL COMMENTS

Throughout the Annex, a dash '-' in a table means 'not provided'.

The following acronyms have been used in the tables:

GWB: groundwater body

MS: Member State

RBD: River Basin District

TV: threshold value

FACTS AND FIGURES

This section presents a list of the river basin districts the number of water bodies and a map showing the River Basin Districts. The numbers of the groundwater bodies and the maps showing the RBDs were taken from the respective Annexes of the Article 8 report under the WFD. These figures were initially taken from the 2005 reports on Article 5 WFD and were then consulted with the Member States in January 2009. The maps are based on WISE, January 2009.

BRIEF SUMMARY

This section presents a brief summary of the number of substances where threshold values have been established, whether substances of GWD Annex II Part B have been considered and the main level where TVs have been established.

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SUMMARY INFORMATION ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF GROUNDWATER THRESHOLD VALUES

Methodology for TV establishment

Member States were requested to give a brief description of the methodology for TV establishment considering the way the procedure set out in Annex II Part A of the GWD has been followed (in particular the types of TVs e.g. for protecting drinking water use, protecting aquatic and/or terrestrial ecosystems, saltwater intrusion etc.)

Relationship between threshold values and background levels for naturally occurring substances

A summary of the relationship between threshold values and background levels for naturally occurring substances was requested.

Relationship between TVs and environmental (EQ) objectives and other standards

A summary of the relationship between TVs and environmental (EQ) objectives and other standards for water protection that exist at national, Community or international level was requested.

GROUNDWATER THRESHOLD VALUES

The tables present the groundwater threshold values established in each Member State. The level of TV establishment is given as well as the respective RBDs. Furthermore, the numbers of GWBs at risk and of poor status due to these parameters/substances for which TVs have been established are given.

Parameters/substances: The first 10 parameters/substances in the table refer to the GWD Annex II Part B substances which have to be considered at the establishment of TVs. These substances are highlighted with dark grey color.

Threshold value(s): Either one value is given or a range of values

Unit: unit of the threshold value

Level of TV establishment: Member State / international RBD / national (part of) RBD / GWB or group of GWBs)

RBD code: codes of the RBDs according to the WISE nomenclature

GWB at risk: number of GWBs at risk due to the parameter/substance

GWB at poor status: number of GWBs of poor status due to the parameter/substance

FURTHER INFORMATION

The web links provided to further information are given in this section.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

ANNEX 3................................................................................................................................... 1

Information on the Groundwater Threshold Values of the Member States ............................... 1

TABLE OF CONTENT ............................................................................................................. 3

Member State: AUSTRIA.......................................................................................................... 4

Member State: BELGIUM......................................................................................................... 7

Member State: BULGARIA..................................................................................................... 11

Member State: CYPRUS.......................................................................................................... 14

Member State: CZECH REPUBLIC........................................................................................ 16

Member State: DENMARK..................................................................................................... 19

Member State: ESTONIA ........................................................................................................ 21

Member State: FINLAND........................................................................................................ 23

Member State: FRANCE ......................................................................................................... 27

Member State: GERMANY..................................................................................................... 30

Member State: GREECE.......................................................................................................... 33

Member State: HUNGARY ..................................................................................................... 35

Member State: IRELAND........................................................................................................ 37

Member State: ITALY ............................................................................................................. 40

Member State: LATVIA .......................................................................................................... 43

Member State: LITHUANIA ................................................................................................... 45

Member State: LUXEMBOURG............................................................................................. 47

Member State: MALTA........................................................................................................... 49

Member State: THE NETHERLANDS ................................................................................... 51

Member State: POLAND......................................................................................................... 54

Member State: PORTUGAL.................................................................................................... 57

Member State: ROMANIA ...................................................................................................... 59

Member State: SLOVAK REPUBLIK .................................................................................... 63

Member State: SLOVENIA ..................................................................................................... 65

Member State: SPAIN.............................................................................................................. 67

Member State: SWEDEN......................................................................................................... 71

Member State: UNITED KINGDOM ...................................................................................... 73

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Member State: AUSTRIA

FACTS AND FIGURES

Austria has a population of 8.3 million (Eurostat, 2007) and an area of 83,851 km². Austria is situated in three international river basins: Danube, Rhine and Elbe.

River basin districts and number of water bodies

River Basin District

Surface (km2)

% National territory

Number of groundwater

bodies*

Danube 80565 96 128

Rhine 2365 3 7

Elbe 921 1 1

Austria 83851 100 136

Note: *…including groups of groundwater bodies (127 of 136 are shallow and 9 are deep groundwater bodies or groups of groundwater bodies).

BRIEF SUMMARY

In Austria TVs have been set for 21 substances (incl. nitrate). Nine of them are Annex II substances. For all Annex II substances TVs have been established - Trichloroethylene and Tetrachloroethylene are considered as sum parameter. For pesticides the quality standards according to Annex I GWD are applied. The main level of TV establishment is “Member State”.



In the Austrian water law the main principle for groundwater protection is that groundwater can be used as drinking water. In this respect, the establishment of threshold values is based on the drinking water standards from the drinking water directive (DWD) in order to protect drinking water use.

The minimum list of pollutants set out in Annex II Part B has been considered as well as the interference between groundwater and dependent aquatic and/or terrestrial ecosystems. In Austria no such ecosystem is endangered due to groundwater and there is no kind of intrusion endangering the good status of GWBs. In order to consider the need for protection of dependent terrestrial ecosystems, a threshold value for Orthophosphate has been established.

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A country wide assessment of natural background level for each groundwater body and for a considerable list of substances is available including an indication of areas with considerable higher concentrations (hot spots). These natural background levels are considered in the status assessment procedure.


All TVs are linked to the national drinking water standards except for orthophosphate. The TV for orthophosphate is based on the existing national decree on groundwater threshold values. This value is linked to orthophosphate in surface waters which is the limiting factor in Austria for eutrophication. For nitrates a threshold value of 45 mg/l has been established.


Parameters/ Substances

Threshold value(s) Unit

Level of TV establishment RBD code

GWB at risk

GWB at poor

status

Arsenic 10 µg/l Member State no no

Cadmium 5 µg/l Member State no no

Lead 10 µg/l Member State no no

Mercury 1 µg/l Member State no no

Ammonium 0.5 mg/l Member State no no

Chloride 200 mg/l Member State no no

Sulphate 250 mg/l Member State no no

Sum of Trichloroethylene & Tetrachloroethylene 10 µg/l Member State no no

Conductivity 2500 µS/cm* Member State no no

Benzol 1 µg/l Member State no no

Boron 1 mg/l Member State no no

Chromium (total) 50 µg/l Member State no no

1,2-Dichloroethane 3 µg/l Member State no no

Copper 2 mg/l Member State no no

Nickel 20 µg/l Member State no no

Nitrate 45 mg/l Member State 5 4

Nitrite 0.1 mg/l Member State no no

Trihalomethane (total) 30 µg/l Member State no no

PAHs (Benzo(a)pyrene, Fluoranthene, Benzo(b)fluoranthene, Benzo(k)fluoranthene, Benzo(ghi)perylene, Indeno(1,2,3cd)pyrene)

0.1 µg/l Member State no no

Hydrocarbons (total) 0.1 mg/l Member State no no

Orthophosphate 0.3 mg/l Member State no no

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Threshold value(s) Unit

Level of TV establishment RBD code

GWB at risk

GWB at poor

status

Pesticides 0.1 µg/l Member State 4 no

Pesticides (total) 0.5 µg/l Member State no no

Note: * at 20°C

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Member State: BELGIUM

FACTS AND FIGURES

Belgium has a population of 10.6 million (Eurostat, 2007) and an area of 30,735 km2. Belgium is situated in four international river basins: Scheldt, Meuse, Rhine and Seine.



Surface (km2)



bodies

Scheldt

o Flemish region 11991 39 32

o Walloon region 3745 12 10

o Brussels region 162 0.5 5

o Coastal waters 137 0.5 -

Meuse

o Walloon region 12255 40 21

o Flemish region 1596 5 10

Rhine 769 2.5 2

Seine 80 0.3 0

Belgium 30735 100 80

BRIEF SUMMARY

In Belgium TVs have been set for 20 substances. For all ten substances of Annex II, TVs have been established. For nitrate the quality standard according to Annex I GWD is applied. The main level of TV establishment is groundwater bodies.



Brussels Capital Region: The threshold values were derived for each groundwater body to protect all associated receptors as well as aquatic ecosystems and dependant terrestrial ecosystems and to satisfy all uses of water specifically defined for each groundwater body.

For the groundwater bodies in contact with aquatic ecosystems, the environmental quality standards for surface water (directive on environmental quality standards for surface water quality standards in the field of water policy) and the norms in use in the Brussels area were considered for the establishment of threshold values.

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The drinking water standards and indicator parameters (Directive 98/83/EC) were retained for groundwater bodies for drinking water uses and expert values were considered for parameters in relation with industrial uses of water.

The most stringent standards were selected for each groundwater body.

TVs were established for all parameters in Annex II Part B excluding conductivity and for one additional parameter (Nickel).

The threshold values were determined for dissolved fraction for cadmium, lead and mercury for the groundwater bodies in contact with aquatic ecosystems. The threshold values were determined for total fraction for cadmium, lead and mercury for the other groundwater bodies and for arsenic.

Flemish Region: The methodology for the establishment of TV's is based on the relationship between background levels and quality standards. For the definition of the background values, the methodology of the BRIDGE-project was applied.

1) if the background value is lower than the quality standard: the TV is equal to the average of both values

2) if the background value is higher than the quality standard: the TV is equal to the background value

The quality standards, and therefore indirectly the TV's, are partly based on the standards for drinking water or mineral waters and source waters (Cl, Ba, B), the limit between fresh and brackish water (conductivity), clean-up values for groundwater (Cu, Zn, As, Ni, Pb) and expert judgment.

TV's were defined for all parameters of part B of Annex II, excluding Tri- and tetrachloroethylene (no identified risk) and mercury (no identified contamination on GWB-scale). TV's were also defined for 5 additional parameters (potassium, fluoride, zinc, nickel and phosphate). No specific threshold values are given to the parameters of Annex I. The defined quality standards for nitrates and pesticides are maintained, but can be seen as equal to predefined global threshold values.

Walloon Region: In Wallonia, TVs were established at the regional level (except for nitrates). They were derived from the application of the SEQ-ESO method (see references below) for the evaluation of the quality of groundwater. This application revealed that drinking water use was the most relevant criterion for assessing groundwater chemical status. This was also judged as the best way to assure that a good quality status of any GWB could be evaluated in a representative manner by using existing monitoring points (these points are distributed between water supply and non water supply ones). TVs were established for all parameters of Annex II Part B (excluding conductivity not relevant here) plus 7 additional parameters (Antimony, Chromium, Copper, 2,6-dichlorobenzamide, Nickel, Total Phosphorus and Zinc) that could become a concern for GWB's good status somewhere.


Brussels Capital Region: The natural background levels of the groundwater bodies were not taken into account in the established threshold values.

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Flemish Region: As explained above, natural background values were taken into account for defining the TV's.

Walloon Region: No background level had to be taken into account for the establishment of TVs, considering present geochemical knowledge. Anyway, it was left opened to adapt the TVs of the following parameters: Arsenic, Nickel, Sulphates.


Brussels Capital Region: The established threshold values meet the EQ objectives for surface waters and the existing norms existing in the Brussels area for water protection.

Flemish Region: As said above, the quality standards, and therefore indirectly the TV's, are partly based on the standards for drinking water or mineral waters and source waters (Cl, Ba, B), the limit between fresh and brackish water (Ec), clean-up values for groundwater (Cu, Zn, As, Ni, Pb) and expert judgment

Walloon Region: As said above, TVs are tuned with national drinking water standards, adding specific values for several parameters like 2,6-dichlorobenzamide, Total Phosphorus and Zinc (parameters not ruled by drinking standards). Anyway, in case of necessity (e.g. more stringent objectives with respect to the good status of associated surface water), more stringent values (closer to EQS) have to be checked at representative points (for instance springs highly contributing to surface water or points inside the aquifer for which a reliable estimate of the attenuation and dilution can be done). This last applies for Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Mercury, Nitrates (restricted to a few GWBs), Total Phosphorus and Zinc.



Threshold value(s)(or

range) Unit Level of TV

establishment RBD code GWB at

risk

GWB at poor

status

Arsenic 10-20 µg/l GWB

BESchelde_VL, BEMaas_VL,

BE_Escaut_BR, Wallonia

4 4

Cadmium 1-5 µg/l GWB



no no

Lead 7.2-15 µg/l GWB



no no

Mercury 0.07-1 µg/l GWB BE_Escaut_BR,

Wallonia no no

Ammonium 0.3-3.9 mg/l GWB



14 13

Chloride 142-245 mg/l GWB



4 4

Sulphate 160-450 mg/l GWB BESchelde_VL,

BEMaas_VL, BE_Escaut_BR,

8 7

10





risk

GWB at poor

status Wallonia

Trichloroethylene 10 µg/l GWB BE_Escaut_BR, Wallonia 1 no

Tetrachloroethylene 10 µg/l GWB BE_Escaut_BR, Wallonia 1 no

Conductivity 1020-1750 µS/cm GWB BESchelde_VL,

BEMaas_VL 7 7

Potassium 8-31 mg/l GWB BESchelde_VL,

BEMaas_VL 16 16

Nickel 20-60 µg/l GWB



6 5

Zinc 200-375 µg/l GWB BESchelde_VL,

BEMaas_VL, Wallonia

5 4

Phosphate 0.7-3.2 mg/l GWB BESchelde_VL, BEMaas_VL 5 5

Phosphorus (total, as P2O5) 1.15 mg/l GWB Wallonia no

Fluoride 2.5-7 mg/l GWB BESchelde_VL 5 5

Antimony 5 µg/l GWB Wallonia no no

Chromium 50 µg/l GWB Wallonia no no

Copper 100 µg/l GWB Wallonia 1 no

2,6-Dichlorobenzamide 0.2 µg/l GWB Wallonia 2 no

Nitrate 50 mg/l GWB

BESchelde_VL, BEMaas_VL

BE_Rhin_RW, BE_Meuse_RW

18 18

Pesticides incl. metabolites (11 parameters measured)

0.1 µg/l GWB BESchelde_VL, BEMaas_VL 19 19

FURTHER INFORMATION

- http://environnement.wallonie.be/de/eso/atlas/#5.4 - see doc 'PublicationCOSTanglais_seqeso' in annex

- additional information:

The established threshold values doesn’t take into account the dilution and attenuation factors of the concentration of pollutant and their bioindicator between the recharge zone of groundwater and aquatic and dependant terrestrial ecosystems.

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Member State: BULGARIA

FACTS AND FIGURES

Bulgaria has a population of 7.7 million (Eurostat, 2007) and an area of 111,071 km2. Three of the four Bulgarian river basin districts are international (Danube, East Aegean and West Aegean).



Surface (km2)



bodies

Danube 42836 39 48

East Aegean 35230 32 48

Black Sea 21040 19 43

West Aegean 11965 11 39

Bulgaria 111071 100 178

BRIEF SUMMARY

In Bulgaria TVs have been set for 19 substances. All of the Annex II substances have been considered, for 8 of them TVs were established, for 2 substances (trichloroethylene & tetrachloroethylene) no TVs were established due to no risk identified. For nitrate the quality standard according to Annex I GWD is applied. The main levels of TV establishment are “groundwater body” and “river basin district”.



TVs are defined on the level of GWBs. For determination of TVs are used: Guidances: 1. "Common methodology for determination of threshold values of underground waters"; 24.08.2007. 2. "Chemical status of underground waters" - 03.11.2007 by WG C - underground waters to EK. National legal documents: 1. Quality standard (QS) - appendix 1 to Regulation 2/2007 for exploration, use and protection of groundwaters; 2. "Regulation No 9 for quality of waters, intended for drinking water purposes; Available documents on "Geology and geophysics" to National Geological Fund: 1."Final report for the results on realization of geological task - Preparation of hydrogeochemical map of Bulgaria in М 1:200 000, year 1992. 2. "Assessment of natural hydrochemical background of groundwaters in Bulgaria, 1993." There are two types of TVs: TVs for protecting drinking water use and TVs derived because of naturally occurring substances.

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Threshold values = background levels for naturally occurring substances Cl, SO4 and parameter EC. This case occur in the BSBD (Black Sea Basin District) - code BG2000


TVs are tested according to fig.4 "Common methodology for defining the threshold values of groundwater" 24.08.2007. They are defined considering the following criteria: 1.For groundwater bodies which are used exclusively as drinking water supplies background values are compared with quality standards in Annex 1 from Directive 2. If a background value is lower than the most fixed value of a given parameter then the threshold value is equal to the most fixed value. 3. If a background value is higher than the most fixed value then the threshold value is equal to background value +epsilon (10%); 4.For groundwater bodies for which there are no defined background values we accept the threshold values of the parameters from the initial analyses carried out when the sites were established.






risk

GWB at poor

status

Arsenic 10 µg/l RBD BG3000 1 no

Cadmium 5 µg/l RBD BG3000 no no

Lead 10 µg/l RBD BG3000 no no

Mercury 1 µg/l RBD BG3000 no no

Ammonium 0,5 mg/l GWB, RBD BG1000 BG2000 BG3000 9 2

Chloride 218-781.9 mg/l GWB, RBD BG1000 BG2000 BG3000 4 3

Sulphate 152.2-651 mg/l GWB, RBD BG1000 BG2000 BG3000 10 2

Trichloroethylene no* no no

Tetrachloroethylene no* - -

Conductivity 2000-3550 µS/cm GWB, RBD BG1000 BG2000 BG3000 1 4

Nitrate 50 mg/l GWB, RBD BG1000 BG2000 BG3000 31 15

Nitrite 0,5 mg/l GWB, RBD BG1000 BG3000 2 no

Iron 0,2 mg/l GWB, RBD BG1000 BG2000 BG3000 12 5

Orthophosphate 0,5 mg/l GWB, RBD BG1000 BG2000 BG3000 12 3

Manganese 0,05 mg/l GWB, RBD BG1000 11 11

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risk

GWB at poor

status BG2000 BG3000

Copper 2 mg/l GWB BG1000 1 no

Zinc 5 mg/l GWB BG1000 1 no

Sodium 200 mg/l GWB BG2000 1 1

Magnesium 80 mg/l GWB, RBD BG2000 BG3000 1 1

Calcium 150 mg/l RBD BG3000 2 no

Chromium 0,05 mg/l RBD BG3000 no no

Hardness 12 mg/∑qv/l RBD BG3000 2 no

Note: * no risk

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Member State: CYPRUS

FACTS AND FIGURES

Cyprus has a population of 0.78 million (Eurostat, 2007) and an area of 11,015 km2. Cyprus comprises one River Basin District.



Surface (km2)



bodies

Cyprus 11015 100 19

Cyprus 11015 100 19

BRIEF SUMMARY

In Cyprus TVs have been set for all 10 substances of the Annex II. For nitrate and pesticides the quality standards according to Annex I GWD are applied. The main levels of TV establishment are “groundwater body” and “river basin district”.



TVs were established after evaluating historic and recent data with a basic consideration on water use(s). Drinking water standards have been adapted in most cases for all parameters with the exception of aquifers where Conductivity, SO4, and Cl background values are higher than TVs. For these cases, the threshold values were set based on irrigation usage criteria since these aquifers are used only for meeting irrigation needs.


In most cases the drinking water standards have been adapted as TVs for all parameters with the exception of Conductivity, SO4, and Cl. Naturally occurring substances are in most drinking water supplying aquifers below TVs. A limited exception does, however, occur when it comes to Arsenic in one of the drinking water supplying aquifers. The above incident is under investigation whether it is a result of naturally occurring substances.

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There are three gypsum aquifers that have high levels of the parameters SO4, Cl and Electrical Conductivity. This is due to the geological formations of the aquifers. For those aquifers the TVs are set according to the naturally occurring levels.


In most cases the drinking water standards have been adapted as TVs. With the exception of Conductivity, SO4, and Cl, naturally occurring substances are in most aquifers below TVs. Some limited exceptions do, however, occur in priority substances in some aquifers.



Threshold value (or



risk

GWB at poor

status

Arsenic 10 µg/l GWB CY001 - -

Cadmium 5 µg/l GWB CY001 - -

Lead 10 µg/l GWB CY001 - -

Mercury 1 µg/l GWB CY001 - -

Ammonium 0,5 mg/l GWB CY001 - 1

Chloride 250-3000 mg/l GWB CY001 yes 7

Sulphate 250-3000 mg/l GWB CY001 yes 3

Sum of Trichloroethylene & Tetrachloroethylene 10 µg/l GWB CY001 - -

Conductivity 2500-7000 µS/cm GWB CY001 yes 5

Nitrate 50 mg/l RBD CY001 yes -

Pesticides 0,1 µg/l RBD CY001 no -

Pesticides (total) 0,5 µg/l RBD CY001 no -

FURTHER INFORMATION

Following the re-evaluation of all recent data, Cyprus has established threshold values for all above parameters in every aquifer. With the exception of Chlorides, Sulfates and Conductivity that a range of values were determined, for all other parameters the drinking water standards were adapted as TVs. In addition, the number of groundwater bodies that are of poor status due to these parameters, have been identified and are reported in the above table.

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Member State: CZECH REPUBLIC

FACTS AND FIGURES

The Czech Republic has a population of 10.3 million (Eurostat, 2007) and an area of 78,867 km2. The Czech Republic is situated in three international river basins: Elbe, Danube and Oder.



Surface (km2)



bodies

Elbe 49933 63 97

Danube 21688 28 40

Odra 7246 9 24

Czech Republic 78867 100 161

BRIEF SUMMARY

In the Czech Republic TVs have been set for 35 substances. All of the Annex II substances have been considered, for 9 of them TVs were established, for conductivity there was no TV established as it is reported to be not relevant. For nitrate the quality standard according to Annex I GWD is applied. The main level of TV establishment is “Member State”.



TVs were established for 35 groundwater pollutants or indicators of pollution. They contain all parameters from the Minimum list of GWD and other substances, which have made bodies of groundwater being at risk. The parameters can be classified as selected metals and priority or hazardous substances. TVs were established at the national level and took into account usage criteria as drinking water limits. Environmental criteria for associated aquatic and dependent terrestrial ecosystems were not established for the first river basin management plans, because no surface water body or terrestrial ecosystem has been identified as at risk.

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Background levels were calculated for natural occurring metals and sulphates as the 95th percentile of concentrations monitored during 2000 - 2005 in the national groundwater monitoring network.


TVs for man-made synthetic substances were equal to drinking water standards. In other cases the comparison of background level to the drinking water limit was used. When the 95th percentile was lower than the drinking water limit, the percentile was set out as a TV (for metals). Only if the natural background level was identified as significantly high compared to drinking water standard in some part of the body of groundwater and if there were not known the significant anthropogenic sources of pollution in the Czech Republic, TV was equal to the background level (for sulphates).



Threshold value (or



risk

GWB at poor

status

Arsenic 0,01 mg/l Member State 12 11

Cadmium 0,0005 mg/l Member State 42 34

Lead 0,005 mg/l Member State 41 36

Mercury 0,0002 mg/l Member State 18 17

Ammonium 0,5 mg/l Member State 57 45

Chloride 200 mg/l Member State 61 48

Sulphate 400 mg/l Member State 64 50

Trichloroethylene 10 µg/l Member State 3 3

Tetrachloroethylene 10 µg/l Member State 48 41

Conductivity no* - -

Acid capacity to pH 4.5** 0,2 mmol/l Member State 24 20

Alachlor 0,1 µg/l Member State no no

Aldrin 0,03 µg/l Member State no no

Aluminium 0,2 mg/l Member State 1 no

Atrazine 0,1 µg/l Member State 13 13

Benzene 1 µg/l Member State 49 45

Benzo(a)pyrene 0,01 µg/l Member State 58 49

Benzo(b)fluoranthene 0,1 µg/l Member State 36 31

Benzo(g,h,i)perylene 0,1 µg/l Member State 33 29

Benzo(k)fluoranthene 0,1 µg/l Member State 34 29

Bicarbonates 10 mg/l Member State 7 5

Desethylatrazine 0,1 µg/l Member State 12 11

Dieldrin 0,03 µg/l Member State no no

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Threshold value (or



risk

GWB at poor

status

Endrin 0,1 µg/l Member State no no

Fluoranthene 0,1 µg/l Member State 32 29

Hexachlorobenzene 0,1 µg/l Member State no no

Hydrogen cyanide 0,05 mg/l Member State 2 2

Chlorpyrifos 0,1 µg/l Member State no no

Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 0,1 µg/l Member State 33 29

Isodrin 0,1 µg/l Member State no no

Isoproturon 0,1 µg/l Member State no no

Naphthalene 0,1 µg/l Member State 28 25

Nitrite 0,5 mg/l Member State 34 23

p,p-DDT 0,1 µg/l Member State 3 1

Pentachlorobenzene 0,1 µg/l Member State no no

Simazine 0,1 µg/l Member State 3 2

Trifluralin 0,1 µg/l Member State no no

Note: * not relevant ** TV is required as minimum

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Member State: DENMARK

FACTS AND FIGURES

Denmark has a population of 5.5 million (Eurostat, 2007) and an area of 43,321 km2. Denmark shares one river basin district with Germany.



Surface (km2)



bodies

Jutland and Funen 32263 74 267

Zealand 9362 22 103

International 1101 3 7

Bornholm 595 1 6

Denmark 43321 100 383

BRIEF SUMMARY

The draft river management plans are not yet ready to be published and therefore the threshold values have not been provided.


In general, threshold values will be established along the guidelines in GWD, Annex II, Part A. The overriding concern when setting threshold values according to legitimate uses of groundwater in Denmark will be the use of groundwater as the basis for our drinking water supply, which furthermore is characterised by little or no treatment before distribution to consumers. Since it is not generally possible to establish threshold values based on the interrelationship with surface waters or terrestrial ecosystems, due to limitations in knowledge of both state and processes, values generally will be set on the basis of the limit values for drinking water according to the Drinking Water Directive in the first generation river basin management plan.


In accordance with the relevant CIS-guideline documents (on Status Compliance and Trends), Denmark will set threshold values in such a way that threshold values reflect elevated levels of naturally occurring substances in groundwater. With reference to Fig. 3, we have ensured that if criteria values for groundwater use are below background levels, the threshold values equal background levels. If background levels are below usage criteria values, the threshold values are set on the basis of the strictest criteria value.

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Threshold values for polluting substances will be calculated, where relevant, on the basis of the Directive on environmental quality standards (2008/105/EC). For other polluting substances for which environmental quality standards are established in a national statutory order, threshold values will be derived from these.



Threshold value (or



risk

GWB at poor

status

Arsenic

Cadmium

Lead

Mercury

Ammonium

Chloride

Sulphate

Trichloroethylene

Tetrachloroethylene

Conductivity

21

Member State: ESTONIA

FACTS AND FIGURES

Estonia has a population of 1.3 million (Eurostat, 2007) and an area of 43,860 km2. Estonia includes two international river basins: East Estonia and Gauja.



Surface (km2)



bodies

West Estonia 23478 64 10

East Estonia 19047 34 14

Gauja 1335 2 2

Estonia 43860 100 26

BRIEF SUMMARY

In the Estonia TVs have been set for 6 substances. Only chloride and sulphate of the Annex II substances have been considered, for all the rest of the Annex II substances no TVs were established. TVs for those 6 substances are based on the data from the long-time groundwater monitoring program in Estonia. No other substances from the Annex II were found in Estonian groundwater, therefore no TVs were defined. The main level of TV establishment is “groundwater body”.



In establishment of threshold values Estonia has been taking into account regulation of the Minister of Social Affairs of 02.01.2003 No 1 for the parameters that are responsible for the groundwater bodies being at risk. Polluted groundwater impact on groundwater dependent terrestrial ecosystems is not with substantial extent. In polluted groundwater areas action has been taken case by case, using for evaluating the situation by the regulation of Minister of the Environment of 02.04.2004 No 12. Therefore, it is not necessary taking into account extending groundwater in polluted soils as belonging to groundwater body.

22


For sulphate average concentration in sixth groundwater bodies is 135 mg/l by the monitoring data, background level is between 15-70 mg/l. In Cambrian-Vendian Gdov aquifer natural concentration of chloride is between 250-350 mg/l. Average monitoring results shows 285 mg/l. Established threshold value will be 350 mg/l. In Cambrian-Vendian aquifer concentration of chlorides is between 100-200 mg/l. Average monitoring results shows 132 mg/l. Established threshold value will be 250 mg/l.


Establishment of threshold values is associated with the following regulations: 1) Minister of Social Affairs of 02.01.2003 No 1 "Quality and control requirements for surface and groundwater intended for the water supply"; 2) Minister of the Environment No 12 of 02.04.2004 "Maximum Limits for Hazardous Substances in Soil and Groundwater"



Threshold value (or



risk

GWB at poor

status

Arsenic no*

Cadmium no*

Lead no*

Mercury no*

Ammonium no*

Chloride 250-350 mg/l GWB EE1, EE2 yes no

Sulphate 250 mg/l GWB EE2 yes 1

Trichloroethylene no*

Tetrachloroethylene no*

Conductivity No

Mono basic phenols 1 µg/l GWB EE2 yes 1

Petroleum products 20 µg/l GWB EE1, EE2 yes 1

Benzene 1 µg/l GWB EE1, EE2 yes 1

PAHs 0.1 µg/l GWB EE1, EE2 yes 1

Note: *… substances were not found in Estonian groundwaters

FURTHER INFORMATION

Regulation of the Minister of Social Affairs of 02.01.2003 No 1 "Quality and control requirements for surface and groundwater intended for the water supply" (link: https://www.riigiteataja.ee/ert/act.jsp?id=237268). Regulation of the Minister of the Environment No 12 of 02.04.2004 "Maximum Limits for Hazardous Substances in Soil and Groundwater" (link: https://www.riigiteataja.ee/ert/act.jsp?id=961568).

23

Member State: FINLAND

FACTS AND FIGURES

Finland has a population of 5.3 million (Eurostat, 2007) and an area of 370,807 km2 (including coastal waterbodies).



Surface (km2) 1)



bodies

Kokemäenjoki-Archipelago Sea-Bothnian Sea

83357 22 1006

Oulujoki-Iijoki 68084 18 551

Vuoksi 58158 16 692

Kemijoki 54850 15 314

Kymijoki-Gulf of Finland 57074 15 908

Teno-, Näätämö- and Paatsjoki (Finnish part)

25566 7 24

Tornionjoki (Finnish part) 14587 4 108

Aland islands 9131 2 5

Finland 370807 100 3608

Notes: According to the Finnish authorities, the number of water bodies is preliminary and will be reviewed by March 2010.

BRIEF SUMMARY

In Finland TVs have been set for 42 substances. Eight of them are Annex II substances. For all Annex II substances, except conductivity, TVs have been established - Trichloroethylene and Tetrachloroethylene are considered as sum parameter. There was no reason given for not taking conductivity into account. For pesticides and nitrate the quality standards according to Annex I GWD are applied. The main level of TV establishment is “Member State”.



The proposal for the national threshold values has been done by the Finnish Environment Institute. The national threshold values have been used for assigning the risk groundwater bodies and for the preliminary status classification. The TVs have been established by a government degree, which comes into force in the 1st of June, 2009. For each selected substance the strictest existing criteria value (CV) were considered. The proposed threshold values would protect all receptors including the most vulnerable ones. In practice mainly drinking water standards have been used for CVs. Also the natural background level (NBL)

24

has been considered. For the NBL have been used the results of long term monitoring in pristine aquifers. Also groundwater quality data from other mapping and research projects have been used as background information. Most of the cases the TV for groundwater have been proposed to be ½ of the standard set for drinking water.


For mercury, cadmium, chromium, copper and zinc NBL has been used as the main criteria for the TV. For these substances the TV has been set by using the monitoring results from pristine groundwater bodies (the 90 percentiles) and multiplied the NBL 90% with 2. TV= NBL (90persentile) x 2.


Relationship between TVs and other standards for organic substances

substance used criteria

- Benzene

- Benzo(a)pyrene

- ∑Benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene

- ∑Trichloroethylene and Tetrachloroethylene

- 1,2-dichloroethane

- Chloroform

- ∑Tri-, tetra- and pentachlorophenol

Standard for drinking water, requirement x 0,5

- Toluene

- Ethyl benzene

- Xylene (∑orto-, meta- ja paraxylene)

- Naphthalene

- Trichlorobenzene (∑1,2,3-, 1,2,4- and 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene)

- Monochlorophenols

- Dichlorophenols

- MTBE (Methyl tert-butyl ether)

-TAME (tert-amyl methyl ether)

Lowest odour or taste limit value x 0,5

- Anthracene

- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) (∑ congeners 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153 ja 180)

- Pentachlorobenzene

- Hexachlorobenzene

- Oil fractions (C10-40)

Threshold values for groundwater used in risk assessment for contaminated soil sites x 0,5

- 1,2 -dichloroethene

- Dichloromethane (DCM) methylene chloride

- Vinyl chloride

- Carbon tetrachloride

Drinking water guideline values set by WHO x 0,5

- Chlorobenzene Maximal concentrations (annual arithmetic average) in surface water used as raw water for drinking water

25

- 1,2 –dichlorobenzene

- 1,4 -dichlorobenzene

production, inland

Relationship between TVs and other standards for inorganic substances

substance used criteria

- Mercury

- Cadmium

- Chromium

- Copper

- Zink

TV = 2 x NBL (90- percentile)

- Cobalt Threshold values for groundwater used in assessment for contaminated soil sites x 0,5

- Lead

- Nickel

- Antimony

- Arsenic

- Ammonium NH4 (as Ammonium) or Ammonium (as nitrogen)

Standard for drinking water, requirement or Standard for drinking water, guideline value x 0,5

- Chloride

- Sulphate Guidance value for chloride in national legislation (to prevent corrosio)



Threshold value (or



risk

GWB at poor

status

Arsenic 5 µg/l Member State 12 4

Cadmium 0.4 µg/l Member State 1 1

Lead 5 µg/l Member State 11 5

Mercury 0.06 µg/l Member State no 1

Ammonium 0.25 mg/l Member State 18 1



Sum of Trichloroethylene and Tetrachloroethylene 5 µg/l Member State 21 18

Conductivity - -

Nitrate 50 mg/l Member State 22 3

Pesticides 0.1 µg/l Member State 38 19

Pesticides (total) 0.5 µg/l Member State 16 12

PAHs (DW-D: Benzo(b)fluoranthene, Benzo(k)fluoranthene, Benzo(ghi)perylene, Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene

0.05 µg/l Member State 3 2

Sum of tri-, tetra- and pentachlorophenol 5 µg/l Member State 4 3

26


Threshold value (or



risk

GWB at poor

status

1,2-Dichlorobenzene 0.3 µg/l Member State no no

1,2-Dichloroethene 25 µg/l Member State 2 2

1,2-Dichloroethane 1.5 µg/l Member State no 1

1,4-Dichlorobenzene 0.1 µg/l Member State no no

Ammonium (as nitrogen) 0.2 mg/l Member State 1 2

Anthracene 60 µg/l Member State 1 1

Antimony 2.5 µg/l Member State n no

Benzene 0.5 µg/l Member State 9 8

Benzo(a)pyrene 0.005 µg/l Member State 1 1

Carbon tetrachloride 2 µg/l Member State no no

Chlorobenzene 3 µg/l Member State no no

Trichloromethane 100 µg/l Member State no no

Chromium 10 µg/l Member State 5 2

Cobalt 2 µg/l Member State 3 2

Copper 20 µg/l Member State 3 2

Dichloromethane 10 µg/l Member State no no

Dichlorophenol 2.7 µg/l Member State 1 1

Ethylbenzene 1 µg/l Member State 6 5

Hexachlorobenzene 0.024 µg/l Member State no no

Monochlorophenols 0.05 µg/l Member State no no

MTBE 7.5 µg/l Member State 24 14

Naphthalene 1.3 µg/l Member State 2 2

Nickel 10 µg/l Member State 12 6

Oil fractions (C10-40) 50 µg/l Member State 3 no

Pentachlorobenzene 1.2 µg/l Member State no no

PCBs (sum of 7 congeners: 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, 180)

0.015 µg/l Member State 1 no

TAME 60 µg/l Member State 5 3

Toluene 12 µg/l Member State 6 5

Trichlorobenzenes* 2.5 µg/l Member State no no

Vinyl Chloride** 0.15 µg/l Member State 1 2

Xylene 10 µg/l Member State 6 3

Zinc 60 µg/l Member State 4 4

* (∑1,2,3-, 1,2,4- and 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene)

** (∑orto-, meta- ja paraxylene)

FURTHER INFORMATION

http://www.ymparisto.fi/default.asp?contentid=307542&lan=fi&clan=fi

27

Member State: FRANCE

FACTS AND FIGURES

France has a population of 63.4 million (Eurostat 2007) and an area of 642,767 km2. France shares with neighbouring countries seven international river basins: Rhone, Adour Garonne, Seine, Rhine, Scheldt, Meuse and Sambre.



Surface (km2)



bodies

Loire 156490 24 143

Rhone 120427 19 180

Adour Garonne 116475 18 105

Seine 93991 15 53

Guyane 90000 14 12

Rhine 23653 4 15

Scheldt 18738 3 16

Corsica 8713 1 9

Meuse 7787 1 11

Reunion 2512 0.4 2

Guadeloupe 1780 0.3 6

Martinique 1102 0.2 6

Sambre 1099 0.2 2

France 642767 100 560

Note: The Sambre is part of the Meuse international river basin district.

BRIEF SUMMARY

In France TVs have been set for 33 substances. All Annex II substances have been considered, but for cadmium, lead and conductivity no TVs were set due to no risk. For pesticides and nitrate the quality standards according to Annex I GWD are applied. The main level of TV establishment is “Member State”.



Threshold values have only be derived for parameters at risk. For Annex II Part A substances, studies are available to justify that some parameters are not considered as being at risk (either because concentrations are not significant, either because they results from high natural background levels). Regarding other parameters, the methodology follows the CIS guidance

28

document n°18 recommendations. In other words, threshold values are based on drinking water standards and, assuming that significant contribution of groundwater to the surface water pollutant load is proven, environmental threshold values.


For substances which may occur both naturally and/or as a result of human activities, the situation in France is such that there is never a double origin. Either the substance is completely natural in a given GWB, either it is completely the result of human activities. For this reason, no TV has been defined and reported for completely natural substances (despite some very high concentrations). For substances which entirely result from human activities, the TV is based on DWS.


The general approach is as follows: if a significant contribution of the groundwater body to the surface water pollutant load is proven, then the TV is set at the GWB level and takes into consideration EQS (in particular Directive 2008/105/EC ones). If attenuation and dilution conditions are known, the EQS is adapted. In practical, the level of knowledge is often insufficient to determine whether groundwater really contributes to more than 50% of the surface water pollution. Moreover, no information on attenuation and dilution factors exists. Consequently, these factors have not been used and for a large majority of GWB, TVs correspond to drinking water standards.



Threshold value (or



risk

GWB at poor

status

Arsenic 10 µg/l Member State FRH, FRD no 3

Cadmium no* no no

Lead no* no no

Mercury 1 µg/l Member State FRH no 1

Ammonium 0.5 mg/l Member State FRH no 2

Chloride 200–250 mg/l Member State,

GWB FRC, FRL 4 -

Sulphate 250 mg/l Member State FRC 1 1

Trichloroethylene 10 µg/l Member State FRC, FRH, FRD 7 5

Tetrachloroethylene 10 µg/l Member State FRC, FRH, FRD, FRL 8 7

Conductivity no* no no

Iron 200 µg/l Member State FRH no 6

Benzo(a)pyrene 0.01 µg/l Member State FRH no 1

Manganese 50 µg/l Member State FRH no 3

Sum of Trichloroethylene and Tetrachloroethylene 10 µg/l Member State FRH, FRD no 9

29


Threshold value (or



risk

GWB at poor

status

Antimony 5 µg/l Member State FRH no 3

Benzene 1 µg/l Member State FRH, FRD 3 1

Toluene 700 µg/l Member State FRD 4 no

Xylene 500 µg/l Member State FRD 3 no

Ethylbenzene 300 µg/l Member State FRD 1 no

1,2-Dichlorobenzene 1000 µg/l Member State FRD 1 no

1,4-Dichlorobenzene 300 µg/l Member State FRD 1 no

Carbon tetrachloride 4 µg/l Member State FRD 4 no

1,2-Dichloroethane 3 µg/l Member State FRH, FRD 1 2

1,1-Dichloroethane 30 µg/l Member State FRD 3 no

1,1,1-Trichloroethane 200 µg/l RBD FRD 3 no

Dichloromethane 20 µg/l Member State FRD 3 no

1,1-Dichloroethene 30 µg/l RBD FRD 3 1

1,2-Dichloroethene 50 µg/l Member State FRD 4 1

1,2-Dichloropropane 40 µg/l Member State FRD 1 1

Trihalomethane (total) 100 µg/l Member State FRD 2 no


0.1 µg/l Member State FRD 6 no

PCB** 0.5 µg/l RBD FRD 1 no

Chromium (total) 50 µg/l Member State FRD 2 no

Aluminium 200 µg/l Member State FRD 3 2

Nickel 20 µg/l Member State FRD 1 no

Vinyl Chloride 0.5 µg/l Member State FRD 2 2

Note: *no risk. ** PCB 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, 180

30

Member State: GERMANY

FACTS AND FIGURES

Germany has a population of 82.3 million (Eurostat 2007) and an area of 358 622 km2. Germany shares with neighbouring countries six international river basins: Rhine, Elbe, Danube, Ems, Oder and Meuse. All river basin districts except one (Eider) span across two or more "Länder" (federal states).

River Basin Districts and number of water bodies


Surface (km2)



bodies

Rhine 102809 29 432

Elbe 97175 27 217

Danube 56295 16 49

Weser 49000 14 167

Ems 15008 4 40

Warnow/Peene 13645 4 38

Oder 9756 3 19

Schlei/Trave 6184 2 19

Eider 4757 1 23

Meuse 3993 1 32

Germany 358622 100 1036

BRIEF SUMMARY

In Germany TVs have been set for 18 substances. Nine of them are Annex II substances. For all Annex II substances TVs have been established - Trichloroethylene and Tetrachloroethylene are considered as sum parameter. The levels of TV establishment are “Member State”, “administrative region” and “groundwater body”.



The German methodology for deriving threshold values for groundwater follows the concept of so-called insignificance thresholds. This takes into account health protection requirements as well as requirements for protection of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem. The threshold values derived apply in principle to all groundwater bodies. The complex and time-consuming approach of deriving individual threshold values for each individual body of groundwater can therefore be dispensed with.

31

The methodology to derive threshold values is based on scientific knowledge and considers the geological and hydro-geological conditions of Germany as a whole. The derivation is primarily based on human-toxicological and ecotoxicological aspects. This essentially uses standards already laid down in EU directives and values agreed in EU bodies). In the case of human toxicology, the limit values of the EU Directive on water for human consumption are taken into consideration, unless they are distribution-related. If there are no such values, values are derived on the basis of this directive. In this case, decisive criteria include especially odour, taste and colour. For ecotoxicology several comparable data sources are used in the following order for the derivation of threshold values:

Firstly and unchanged, legally binding ecotoxicological environmental quality standards for aquatic biotic communities of surface waters are taken as a starting point. These include in particular environmental quality standards for classifying the chemical status of surface waters, Directive 76/464 (Water pollution by discharges of certain dangerous substances), and standards for priority substances. These are not adopted if the background levels or suspended matter content of the surface water are important for deriving the environmental quality standard. According to current knowledge, it seems justifiable to have recourse to assessment results for surface water ecosystems. Groundwater organisms react rather more sensitively, as they have no possibilities for escape and the contaminants usually have more time to influence their surroundings, due to the low flow rate of the groundwater.

If there are no environmental quality standards laid down in law, PNEC values are used. These have been derived according to the latest knowledge and according to stringent EU-wide uniform and transparent principles (Technical Guidance Documents); they have been reviewed by a large number of experts in accordance with the provisions of European chemicals legislation and then accepted on publication of the final "risk assessment report".

If European set targets do not exist either, the MPC or MPA values of a Dutch report are taken as a basis for the threshold values, using the same statistical extrapolation method as that also used in deriving the PNEC.

Threshold values are always laid down according to the lower values of the human-toxicological and ecotoxicological derivation. Moreover, a bottom limit of 0.01µg/l should be introduced for organic, non-natural substances for which very low values are obtained due to the ecotoxicological derivation type, unless there are concrete test results justifying a lower value. As in each case the stricter value is used as threshold value, this methodology protects all receptors covered by the Water Framework Directive and the Groundwater Directive.


Threshold values are always laid down according to the lower values of the human-toxicological and ecotoxicological derivation. As this value can be below the geogenic concentrations in groundwater, for example in the case of heavy metals, the threshold value will be assessed on the basis of the background level (TV = BL). In such cases the value is only applied for that specific groundwater body.


see above

32



Threshold value (or



risk

GWB at poor

status

Arsenic 10-12 µg/l Member State, GWB 2 9

Cadmium 0.5 - 1.0 µg/l Member State, GWB 8 11

Lead 7-9 µg/l Member State, GWB 2 4

Mercury 0.2 - 0.3 µg/l Member State, GWB 2 2

Ammonium 0.5 - 52 mg/l Member State, GWB 74 61

Chloride 250 - 12300 mg/l Member State, GWB 22 14

Sulphate 240 - 812 mg/l Member State, GWB 66 32

Sum of Trichloroethylene and Tetrachloroethylene 10 µg/l Member State 3 11

Conductivity 485-3465 µS/cm GWB no no

Nickel 14 µg/l administrative region

DE2000,DE3000,DE4000,DE7000 14 9

PAHs 0.2 µg/l administrative region 1 1

Volatile halogenated hydrocarbons (VHH) 20 µg/l administrative

region DE2000,DE3000,DE4000,DE7000 16 2

Hydrocarbons 100 µg/l administrative region 1 1

Alkalised benzene 20 µg/l administrative region 2 2

MTBE 15 µg/l administrative region 1 1

Phenol 8 µg/l administrative region 1 1

Chlorinated phenol 1 µg/l administrative region 1 1

Chlorinated benzene 1 µg/l administrative region 1 1

FURTHER INFORMATION

http://www.lawa.de/pub/kostenlos/gw/GFS-Report.pdf

33

Member State: GREECE

FACTS AND FIGURES

Greece has a population of 11.2 million and an area of 131,966 km2. Greece shares the following five international river basins with neighbouring countries: Western Macedonia, Thrace, Central Macedonia, Epirus and Eastern Macedonia



Surface (km2)



bodies

Western Macedonia (09) 13440 10 16

Thessalia (08) 13377 10 21

Eastern Sterea Ellada (07) 12341 9 25

Thrace (12) 11177 8 8

Central Macedonia (10) 10390 8 12

Western Sterea Ellada (04) 10199 8 14

Epirus (05) 10026 8 17

Aegean Islands (14) 9104 7 37

Eastern Peloponnese (03) 8477 6 21

Crete (13) 8336 6 15

Northern Peloponnese (02) 7310 6 14

Western Peloponnese (01) 7301 6 19

Eastern Macedonia (11) 7281 6 12

Attica (06) 3207 2 10

Greece 131966 100 241

BRIEF SUMMARY



34





Threshold value (or



risk

GWB at poor

status

Arsenic

Cadmium

Lead

Mercury

Ammonium

Chloride

Sulphate

Trichloroethylene

Tetrachloroethylene

Conductivity

35

Member State: HUNGARY

FACTS AND FIGURES

Hungary has a population of 10 million (Eurostat, 2007) and an area of 93,030 km2. Hungary is entirely situated within the Danube international river basin.



Surface (km2)



bodies

Danube 93030 100 185 (113)

Hungary 93030 100 185 (113)

Note: The number of GWB’s together with the deep GWBs is 185 from which 113 GWBs have got direct recharge from precipitation (shallow and karstic GWBs).

BRIEF SUMMARY

In Hungary TVs have been set for 6 substances (incl. nitrate). Five of them are Annex II substances. For arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury and chloride no TVs have been established due to no significant pressure. For pesticides the quality standards according to Annex I GWD are applied. The main level of TV establishment is “Member State” and “groundwater body”.



TVs were established by following the guidelines given in Annex II Part A of the GWD. Substances considered in the TV establishment are those listed in part B of GWD, as well as nitrate, pesticides. The TV of a given component for a water body was determined by taking into account:

- the 90% percentile value (NBL) of the available chemical data of non-polluted objects of a given water body (NBL was established for nitrate, ammonium, conductivity, sulphate)

- the geology and the hydrodynamics of the water body

- Quality Standards (EQSsurfacewater and DWS) of the given substance.

In case of water bodies, where both EQSsurfacewater and DWS are applicable (e. g. for nitrate), TVs were established considering the more stringent criteria (i. e. EQSsurfacewater).

EQSsurfacewater is applicable only in case of karstic water bodies feeding surface waters for example by springs.

36

In case of trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene the DWS, for pesticides the GW-QS was taken into account.


For those GWBs where the NBL was higher than the DWS due to natural hydro-geological reasons, the TVs for ammonium, SO4 and conductivity were defined by taking into account these higher values, as described in Guidance Document No. 18.


To achieve EQ objectives in cold karstic GWBs with springs TV for nitrate were defined conform to EQSsurfacewater (25 mg/l). For other groundwater bodies nitrate TV equals DWS. In case of sulphate and conductivity TVs can be higher than the quality standard, considering the geology or hydro geological regime of the water bodies.



Threshold value (or



risk

GWB at poor

status

Arsenic no* no no

Cadmium no* no no

Lead no* no no

Mercury no* no no

Ammonium 0.5-5 mg/l GWB HU1000 2 4

Chloride no* no no

Sulphate 250-600 mg/l GWB HU1000 no 2

Trichloroethylene 10 µg/l Member State HU1000 no 2

Tetrachloroethylene 10 µg/l Member State HU1000 no 1

Conductivity 2500-5000 µS/cm GWB HU1000 no 1

Nitrate 25-50 mg/l GWB HU1000 3 43

Pesticides 0.1 µg/l Member State HU1000 7 1

Pesticides (total) 0.5 µg/l Member State HU1000 no no

* no significant pressure

37

Member State: IRELAND

FACTS AND FIGURES

Ireland has a population of 4.3 million (Eurostat, 2007) and an area of 83,714 km2. The Republic of Ireland shares with Northern Ireland three international river basins districts: Shannon, North Western and Neagh Bann.



Surface (km2)



bodies

Shannon 19450 23 242

South Eastern 13941 17 151

Western 16952 20 105

South Western 15076 18 84

North Western 9661 12 72

Eastern 6657 8 75

Neagh Bann 1977 2 28

Ireland 83714 100 757

BRIEF SUMMARY

In Ireland TVs have been set for 40 substances (incl. nitrate and pesticides). Nine of them are Annex II substances. For all Annex II substances TVs have been established - Trichloroethylene and Tetrachloroethylene are considered as sum parameter. The main level of TV establishment is “Member State”.



TVs are in general based on drinking water standards as Drinking Water is the main use of groundwater. Additional TVs for conductivity and chloride for the saline intrusions test are derived from a background chemistry study undertaken in Ireland. Additional TVs for Ammonium and Molybdate Reactive Phosphorus are derived from surface water EQS.


A background chemistry study has recently been undertaken in Ireland. Where the background concentrations are higher than TVs, the background concentration has been taken account for classification.

38


Surface water EQS have been considered for parameters that have caused a surface water body to be at less than good status. These EQS have been assigned to groundwater bodies associated with failing surface water bodies (with the test taking into account groundwater contribution to rivers). 75% of relevant Drinking Water Standards have been used to derive the remaining Threshold Values.



Threshold value (or



risk

GWB at poor

status

Arsenic 7.5 µg/l Member State 7 2

Cadmium 3.75 µg/l Member State 12 no

Lead 18.75 µg/l Member State 4 3

Mercury 0.75 µg/l Member State 2 2

Ammonium* 65 - 175 µg/l N Member State 21 3

Chloride 24 - 187.5 mg/l Member State 6 no

Sulphate 187.5 mg/l Member State no no

Conductivity 800 - 1875 µS/cm Member State 2 no

Sum of Trichloroethylene and Tetrachloroethylene 7.5 µg/l Member State 10 2

Molybdate Reactive Phosphorus (as P) 35 µg/l Member State 210 102

Nitrite 375 µg/l Member State 7 no

Nitrate 37.5 mg/l Member State 216 2

Sodium 150 mg/l Member State 1 no

Boron 750 µg/l Member State no no

Chromium 37.5 µg/l Member State 11 no

Nickel 15 µg/l Member State 19 8

Copper 1500 µg/l Member State no no

Aluminium 150 µg/l Member State 1 no

Cyanide 37.5 µg/l Member State no no

Atrazine 0.075 µg/l Member State 3 no

Simazine 0.075 µg/l Member State 3 no

MCPA 0.075 µg/l Member State no no

Lindane 0.075 µg/l Member State no no

Diuron 0.075 µg/l Member State no no

4,4 - DDT 0.075 µg/l Member State no no

Dieldrin 0.075 µg/l Member State no no

Cypermethrin 0.075 µg/l Member State no no

Bentazone 0.075 µg/l Member State no no

Glyphosate 0.075 µg/l Member State no no

Chlortoluron 0.075 µg/l Member State no no

Mecoprop 0.075 µg/l Member State 1 no

39


Threshold value (or



risk

GWB at poor

status

Isoproturon 0.075 µg/l Member State no no

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2-4 D 0.075 µg/l Member State no no

Pesticides (total) 0.375 µg/l Member State 8 no

1,2-Dichloroethane 2.25 µg/l Member State 1 no

Vinyl Chloride 0.375 µg/l Member State no no

Benzene 0.75 µg/l Member State 12 3

Benzo(a)pyrene 7.5 ng/l Member State no no

PAHs 0.075 µg/l Member State 9 1

Trihalomethane (total) 75 µg/l Member State 12 no

Note: * set as N-NH4 (1 NH4-N = 1.287 NH4)

40

Member State: ITALY

FACTS AND FIGURES

Italy has a population of 59 million (Eurostat, 2007) and an area of 304,392 km2. Italy shares two international river basins with neighbouring countries: Po Basin and Eastern Alps.



Surface (km2)



bodies

Po Basin 70700 23 145

Southern Appenines 68200 22 164

Eastern Alps 39385 13 113

Northern Appenines 38206 13 183

Middle Appenines 35800 12 91

Sicily 25707 8 73

Sardinia 24000 8 37

Serchio 1600 0.5 8

Italy 304392 100 814

BRIEF SUMMARY

In Italy TVs have been set for 53 substances. For all Annex II substances TVs have been established. For pesticides and nitrate the quality standards according to Annex I GWD are applied. The main level of TV establishment is “Member State”.



The TVs have been derived at national level. The methodology used for the TVs establishment has been based mainly on the toxicological risk for human health due to drinking water consumption; the values derived for several substances are protective also for the aquatic organisms. For some substances (the substances of the list of priority of the WFD), in case of interaction with surface water bodies and dependant terrestrial ecosystems, also the ecotoxicological risk has been considered and the TVs are equal to the EQS defined in the "EQS Directive" 2008/105/EC; in this last case dilution and attenuation factors can be applied at local level. As for the substances that have been considered at national level, it is not possible, at the moment, to quantify the number of Groundwater bodies at risk and those in poor status. This kind of information will be available in the next months, as the implementation of GWD proceeds, and within 2009; nevertheless the data available at the

41

Italian Ministry of Environment confirm that all the substances selected have been detected in some Italian areas at concentrations that may be responsible for GWBs being at risk.


In groundwater bodies where the presence of naturally occurring substances (metals and other parameters) is scientifically proven with background levels higher than the relevant threshold values established at national level, such background levels represent the threshold values to be taken into account for the definition of the good chemical status.


In case of interaction with surface water bodies the TVs established correspond to the EQS included in the "EQS Directive" 2008/105/EC for surface water bodies.



Threshold value (or



risk

GWB at poor

status

Arsenic 10 µg/l Member State yes yes

Cadmium1) 0.08 - 5 µg/l Member State yes -

Lead2) 7.2 - 10 µg/l Member State yes -

Mercury3) 0.03 - 1 µg/l Member State yes -

Ammonium 500 µg/l Member State yes yes

Chloride 250 mg/l Member State yes yes

Sulphate 250 mg/l Member State yes yes

Trichloroethylene 1.5 µg/l Member State yes yes

Tetrachloroethylene 1.1 µg/l Member State yes yes

Conductivity 2500 µS/cm Member State yes yes

Antimony 5 µg/l Member State yes -

Chromium (total) 50 µg/l Member State yes -

Chromium VI 5 µg/l Member State yes yes

Nickel 20 µg/l Member State yes yes

Selenium 10 µg/l Member State yes yes

Vanadium 50 µg/l Member State yes -

Boron 1000 µg/l Member State yes yes

Cyanide 50 µg/l Member State yes -

Fluoride 1500 µg/l Member State yes yes

Nitrite 500 µg/l Member State yes yes

Benzene 1 µg/l Member State yes yes

Ethylbenzene 50 µg/l Member State yes -

Toluene 15 µg/l Member State yes -

Xylene (-para) 10 µg/l Member State yes -

Benzo(a)pyrene 0.01 µg/l Member State yes -

42


Threshold value (or



risk

GWB at poor

status

Benzo(b)fluoranthene4) 0.1 µg/l Member State yes -

Benzo(k)fluoranthene 0.05 µg/l Member State yes -

Benzo(g,h,i)perylene5) 0.01 µg/l Member State yes -

Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene 0.01 µg/l Member State yes -

Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 0.1 µg/l Member State yes -

Trichloromethane 0.15 µg/l Member State yes yes

Vinyl chloride 0.5 µg/l Member State yes -

1,2-Dichloroethane 3 µg/l Member State yes yes

Hexachlorobutadiene6) 0.05 - 0.15 µg/l Member State yes -

1,2-Dichloroethene 60 µg/l Member State yes -

Dibromochlorometane 0.13 µg/l Member State yes yes

Bromodichlorometane 0.17 µg/l Member State yes yes

Nitrobenzene 3.5 µg/l Member State yes -

Chlorobenzene 40 µg/l Member State yes -

1,4-Dichlorobenzene 0.5 µg/l Member State yes -

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 190 µg/l Member State yes -

Trichlorobenzenes7) 0.4 µg/l Member State yes -

Pentachlorobenzene8) 0.007 - 5 µg/l Member State yes -

Hexachlorobenzene9) 0.005 - 0.01 µg/l Member State yes -

Aldrin 0.03 µg/l Member State yes -

Hexachlorocyclohexane-beta 10) 0.02 - 0.1 µg/l Member State yes -

DDT, DDD, DDE11) 0.01 - 0.1 µg/l Member State yes -

Dieldrin 0.03 µg/l Member State yes -

Sum (aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, isodrin)12) 0.01 µg/l Member State yes -

Sum PCDD, PCDF 0.000004 µg/l Member State yes -

PCB 0.01 µg/l Member State yes -

Hydrocarbons (total) 350 µg/l Member State yes -

Pesticides 0.1 µg/l Member State yes yes

Nitrate 50 mg/l Member State yes yes

1) GW 5.0 / 0.08 - 0.09 - 0.15 - 0.25 linked to surface water, depending on water hardness

2) GW 10 / 7.2 linked to surface water


4) 0.03 refers to the sum of benzo (b) and benzo (k) fluor-anthene

5) 0.002 refers to the sum of benzo (g,h,i,) perylene and indeno (1,2,3-c,d) pyrene

6) GW 0.15 / 0.05 linked to surface water

7) linked to surface water


9) GW 0.01 / 0.005 linked to surface water

10) GW 0.1 / 0.02 linked to surface water, refers to the sum of hexachlorocyclohexanes

11) GW 0.1 / DDT total: 0.025; p,p DDT: 0.01 linked to surface water

12) 0.01 linked to surface water

43

Member State: LATVIA

FACTS AND FIGURES

Latvia has a population of 2.3 million (Eurostat, 2007) and an area of 64,586 km2. Latvia is situated in four international river basins: Daugava, Venta, Gauja and Lielupe



Surface (km2)



bodies 1

Daugava 27062 42 6

Venta 15625 24 8

Gauja 13050 20 4

Lielupe 8849 14 3

Latvia 64586 100 16

Note: 1) Groundwater bodies extend across the borders of the river basin districts, therefore their total number is not equal to the sum of groundwater bodies in each river basin district.

BRIEF SUMMARY

In Latvia TVs have been set for 10 substances (incl. nitrate). All Annex II substances have been considered - Trichloroethylene and Tetrachloroethylene are considered as sum parameter - but not for all of them TVs have been established. For mercury no TV was established, because there is no risk, sulphate has a high natural background and for conductivity no TV was established because there is already a TV for chloride. For pesticides the quality standards according to Annex I GWD are applied. The levels of TV establishment are “groundwater body” and “Member State”.



Threshold values (TVs) were determined based on hydro-geological characteristics including information on background levels and water balance. Also the actual data on groundwater pollution and anthropogenic impact were taken in account for establishing of TVs.

TVs for Nitrates and Pesticides were established according to the GWD ANNEX I, and it’s fixed irrespective of local conditions.

44


All TVs were established higher than background levels for naturally occurring substances, eliminating Ammonium and BTEX, where TVs are equal to the background levels.


TVs for Chloride, Trichloroethylene+Tetrachloroethylene, Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, Trichloromethane and 1,2-Dichloroethane were set stronger than water quality standards, as theses TVs indicate the deterioration of groundwater.

TVs for Ammonium and BTEX were set lower than water quality standard, because within the limits of object of risks it background level.



Threshold value (or



risk

GWB at poor

status 3

Arsenic 0.007 mg/l GWB, RBD LVDUBA 2 0

Cadmium 0.002 mg/l GWB, RBD LVDUBA 2 0

Lead 0.006 mg/l GWB, RBD LVDUBA 2 0

Mercury no* - -

Ammonium1) 0.5–0.8 mg/l GWB, RBD LVDUBA 2 0

Chloride 130–190 mg/l GWB, RBD LVDUBA

LVVUBA 3 0

Sulphate no** - -

Sum of Trichloroethylene and Tetrachloroethylene 0.005 mg/l GWB, RBD LVDUBA 2 0

Conductivity no*** - -

Nitrate2) 11 mg/l GWB, RBD LVDUBA 2 0

Pesticides 0.0001 mg/l GWB, RBD 0 0

BTEX 0.01 mg/l GWB, RBD LVDUBA 2 0

Trichloromethane 0.006 mg/l GWB, RBD LVDUBA 2 0

1,2-Dichloroethane 0.0015 mg/l GWB, RBD LVDUBA 2 0

* no risk

** high natural background

*** TV for Cl

1) set as N-NH4 (1 NH4-N = 1.287 NH4)

2) set as N-NO3 (1 NO3-N = 4.4286 NO3)

3) “At risk” are only rather small parts of several GWBs, no GWB on the whole is regarded as being at risk. Therefore their chemical status is not poor

45

Member State: LITHUANIA

FACTS AND FIGURES

Lithuania has a population of 3.4 million (Eurostat, 2007) and an area of 65,300 km2. Lithuania is situated in four international river basins: Nemunas, Lielupe, Venta and Daugava.



Surface (km2)



bodies

Nemunas 48203 74 12

Lielupe 8949 14 5

Venta 6278 10 1

Daugava 1870 3 2

Lithuania 65300 100 20

BRIEF SUMMARY

In Lithuania TVs have been set for 8 substances. All Annex II substances have been considered - Trichloroethylene and Tetrachloroethylene are considered as sum parameter. For conductivity no TV was established because sulphate and chloride were considered as indicators of saline water intrusion. The main level of TV establishment is “Member State”.



In Lithuania TV were derived applying 3 different criteria:

For part of GWBs used for drinking water supply - usage criteria (Hygienic norm (drinking water standard), lower value of TV range); for Cl, SO4 usage criteria and background values for hydrochemical anomalies, NH4 - background values;

For part of GWBs where interaction with terrestrial ecosystems and surface water occur - environmental criteria EQ (Upper value of TV's range) are relevant.


Sulphates and chlorides are naturally occurring substances which worsen groundwater quality in some limited regions of Lithuania. Detailed analysis of hydrochemical anomalies revealed that transit zone between good and poor groundwater (as drinking water) quality is very

46

narrow. Area of anomalies delineated based on background TVs do not differ significantly from those on TV from drinking water standard.


TVs correspond to drinking water standard (Hygienic norm HN 24:2003) for groundwater from the main GWB aquifers used for public water supply and to Environmental standard (EQ) for shallow part of GWB within entire country.



Threshold value (or



risk

GWB at poor

status

Arsenic 10 µg/l Member State no no

Cadmium 5.0-6.0 µg/l Member State no no

Lead 25.0-75.0 µg/l Member State no no

Mercury 1 µg/l Member State no no

Ammonium 3 mg/l Member State no no

Chloride 250-350 mg/l Member State, GWB 1 no

Sulphate 250-500 mg/l Member State, GWB 4 no

Sum of Trichloroethylene and Tetrachloroethylene 10-40 µg/l Member State no no

Conductivity no* - -

Nitrate 50 mg/l Member State no no

Sum of pesticides Member State no no

Note: * according GWD Annex II footnote 1, SO4 and Cl considered as indicators

FURTHER INFORMATION

Use of pesticides in Lithuania is low. Analysis of pesticides in groundwater monitoring stations located in arable lands and big orchards reveals that pesticides are rarely found in shallow groundwater in concentrations higher than the detection limit and do not pose risk for chemical status of groundwater bodies as diffuse source of pollution.

Prevailing concentrations of nitrates in shallow groundwater falls to the range of 0.5– 15.5 mg/l. Maximum concentrations are monitored close to urban areas and in intensively cultivated arable lands. The groundwater standard for nitrates are exceeded in 2 % of sites from national (surveillance) monitoring.

47

Member State: LUXEMBOURG

FACTS AND FIGURES

Luxembourg has a population of 0.5 million (Eurostat, 2007) and an area of 2,586 km2. Luxembourg is situated in two international river basins: Rhine and Meuse.



Surface (km2)

% national territory


bodies

Rhine 2567 99,3 4

Meuse 19 0,7 1

Luxembourg 2586 100 5

BRIEF SUMMARY

In Luxembourg TVs have been set for 9 substances. All Annex II substances have been considered - Trichloroethylene and Tetrachloroethylene are considered as sum parameter. For conductivity no TV was established due to no risk identified. For nitrate and pesticides the quality standards according to Annex I GWD are applied. The main level of TV establishment is “member state”.



TV and parameter were established by evaluation of the following existing background information:

- Characterization of GW-quality and hydrogeological settings of GW-catchment areas. According to the National Legislation every Drinking Water Operator has to establish a study of these areas (dossier technique) and circumscribe protection zones,

- Research studies on the groundwater quality on a national level (ChemRisk, Spring, Spatial Monitoring, GeoSout). These studies were specially focused on pesticides and natural occurring substances;

- GW and SW observation network (réseau de surveillance) managed by l'"Administration de la gestion de l'eau".

- Historical hydrogeological data managed by "Service Geologique" (National Geological Survey).

48

These background information permitted to focus on TV related to drinking water quality (especially nitrates and pesticides). In 1 GWB the presence of naturally occurring substances is of importance.

TVs were cross-checked with the values of other RBD members (Rhine, Moselle).


Chloride and sulphate concentrations are relatively high in the Trias GWB which has led consider drinking water quality for these TV.


The upper limit of TV is orientated on the national drinking water standards, fixed in the "Règlement grand-ducal du 07/10/2002 destinées à la consommation humaine". Evaluation and cross-checking with the TV fixed by the other members of the Rhine and Meuse RBD (transboundary GWB)



Threshold value (or



risk

GWB at poor

status

Arsenic 10 µg/l RBD LU2000 no -

Cadmium 1 µg/l RBD LU2000 no -

Lead 10 µg/l RBD LU2000 no -

Mercury 1 µg/l RBD LU2000 no -

Ammonium 0.5 mg/l RBD LU2000 no -

Chloride 250 mg/l Member State, GWB no -

Sulphate 250 mg/l Member State, GWB no -

Sum of Trichloroethylene and Tetrachloroethylene 10 µg/l RBD LU2000 no -

Conductivity no* LU2000 - -

Nitrate 50 mg/l RBD LU2000 2 2

Pesticides 0.1 µg/l RBD LU2000 2 2

Pesticides (total) 0.5 µg/l RBD LU2000 2 2

Note: * no risk

FURTHER INFORMATION

http://www.eau.public.lu/,

http://gis.eau.etat.lu/,

49

Member State: MALTA

FACTS AND FIGURES

Malta has a population of 400,000 and an area of 399 km2 (including coastal waters). Malta comprises one river basin district



Surface (km2)



bodies

Malta 399 100 16

Malta 399 100 16

BRIEF SUMMARY

In Malta TVs have been set for 11 substances. All Annex II substances have been considered, but not for all TVs were set. For six Annex II substances TVs have been established; for four substances no TVs have been established and no reason was given for not establishing TVs. The level of TV establishment is River Basin District which is the Member State and the groundwater body.



The considerations identified in the procedure set out in Annex II Part A were utilized in the process leading up to the establishment of Threshold Values in the Maltese RBD. The Threshold value determination process was thus based on historical and current groundwater quality data with due consideration being given to usage and environmental criteria of the respective groundwater bodies. The main usage criteria considered included potable water standards and irrigation water standards, whilst environmental considerations were mainly centered around issues related to marine intrusion.


Where background levels exceeded the criteria value for the most vulnerable receptor (which in the two groundwater bodies in question was identified as potable water), the TV was set at the background level; else the TV was set at a defined percentage of the Criteria Value, the percentage being defined on the basis of the risk posed by the particular parameter to the non-achievement of good status, and the chemical/toxicological properties of the particular pollutant.

50


The procedure for the determination of Threshold Values mainly considered water quality standards related to potable water and 'good' irrigation water standards. The latter were mainly taken into consideration in those groundwater bodies which are not utilized for the abstraction of water intended for human consumption and were identified as being highly impacted by human activities.



Threshold value (or



risk

GWB at poor

status

Arsenic 0.75-5 µg/l GWB No No

Cadmium No

Lead 5 µg/l RBD MTMalta No No

Mercury No

Ammonium 0.25 mg/l RBD MTMalta No No

Chloride 1 210–1000 mg/l GWB Yes Yes

Sulphate 160–475 mg/l GWB Yes Yes

Trichloroethylene No

Tetrachloroethylene No

Conductivity 2 2000–3000 µS/cm GWB Yes Yes

Sodium 3 160–450 mg/l GWB Yes Yes

Boron 0.5–1 mg/l GWB No No

Copper 1 mg/l RBD MTMalta No No

Zinc 3 mg/l RBD MTMalta No No

Fluoride 1.5–2.75 mg/l GWB No No

Note: 1) TV's derived for usage criteria range between 210 and 500mg/l; whilst TV's derived for environmental criteria (marine intrusion) range between 400 and 1000mg/l 2) TV's derived for usage criteria range between 2000 and 3000uS/cm; whilst TV's derived for environmental criteria (marine intrusion) range between 2000 and 4000uS/cm 3) TV were derived for usage criteria only

FURTHER INFORMATION

Document soon to be published on MRA website: http://www.mra.org.mt

51

Member State: THE NETHERLANDS

FACTS AND FIGURES

The Netherlands has a population of 16.4 million (Eurostat, 2007) and an area of ca. 41,800 km2. The Netherlands are situated in four international river basins: Rhine, Meuse, Scheldt and Ems.



Surface (km2)



bodies

Rhine 28500 68 11

Meuse 7500 18 5

Scheldt 3200 8 5

Ems 2600 6 2

Netherlands 41800 100 23

BRIEF SUMMARY

In the Netherlands TVs have been set for 6 substances. All Annex II substances have been considered, but not for all TVs were set:

• for mercury, trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene no TVs were established due to no problem identified at the level of groundwater bodies,

• for ammonium there is no problem in groundwater from anthropogenic origin;

• for sulphate and conductivity the reason for not setting a TV is that saline intrusions are already covered by the TV for Chloride.

These substances will be reconsidered in the characterization in 2013.

For nitrate and pesticides the quality standards according to Annex I GWD are applied. The main level of TV establishment is “groundwater body”.



The methodology for TV establishment is briefly described in Guidance No. 18 on Groundwater Status and Trend Assessment, European Communities, 2009, ISBN 978-92-79-11374-1, ISSN 1725-1087.

Case Study 2: Establishment of threshold values in the Netherlands

52









Threshold value (or



risk

GWB at poor

status

Arsenic 1.5 - 22.5 µg/l GWB NLEM, NLMS, NLRN, NLSC no 2

Cadmium 0.53 µg/l GWB NLEM, NLMS, NLRN, NLSC no no

Lead 11.1 µg/l GWB NLEM, NLMS, NLRN, NLSC no no

Mercury no* - -

Ammonium no** - -

Chloride 141 -690 mg/l GWB

NLEM, NLMS, NLRN, NLSC

(GWB with saline

groundwater are excluded)

no 2

Sulphate no*** - -

Trichloroethylene no* - -


Conductivity no*** - -

Nickel 30 µg/l GWB NLEM, NLMS, NLRN, NLSC - 1

Nitrate 50 mg/l GWB NLEM, NLMS, NLRN, NLSC yes 2

Pesticides 0.1 µg/l GWB NLEM, NLMS, NLRN, NLSC yes 2

Phosphorus (total) 0 - 7.4 µg/l GWB NLEM, NLMS, NLRN, NLSC - 2

Note: * no problem, ** no anthropogenic origin, *** saline intrusions are already covered by the TV for Chloride

53

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:

The delineation of the GWBs during the characterization (Art. 5 WFD) differs from the present delineation that is used for the first RBMP.

In the first characterization the focus was especially on nutrients and pesticides, because these are expected to be the biggest issues on groundwater body level. The substances that have a TV, but a ‘no’ in the table for the question ‘GWB at risk’ were identified as a problem after the characterization in 2005.

54

Member State: POLAND

FACTS AND FIGURES

Poland has a population of 38.5 million and an area of 312,788 km2. Poland comprises ten international river basins: Vistula, Oder, Pregola, Nemunas, Danube, Dniestr, Elbe, Jarft, Swieza and Ucker.



Surface (km2)



bodies

Vistula 183560 59

Oder 118003 38

Pregola 7486 2

Nemunas 2523 1

Danube 380 0.1

Dniestr 243 0.08

Elbe 226 0.07

Jarft 207 0.03

Swieza 154 0.05

Ucker 6 0.002

Poland 312788 100 160

Note: The number of groundwater bodies in each river basin district is not available.

BRIEF SUMMARY

In Poland TVs have been set for 52 substances. For all Annex II substances TVs have been established. For nitrate and pesticides the quality standards according to Annex I GWD are applied. The main level of TV establishment is “Member State”.



There is a five degree scale of classification of physicochemical properties of ground waters used in Poland according to the Regulation of the Minister of Environment form 23.07.2008 (Dz.U.08.143.896). Threshold values (TVs) for particular substances are common for whole country. TVs for the class 3 according to the Regulation are between good and poor chemical status of ground water bodies (GWB). While defining the TVs information on background levels, disorders in actual or potential well-grounded methods of use of ground water or their functions, in particular relevant water treatment regime meant for consumption especially those with very high background level (i.e. Fe, Mn, As) were considered. The origins of the pollutants, their toxicology and dispersion tendency, their persistence and their bioaccumulation potential were also taken in account. Human being is treated as a main receptor. Therefore the risk connected to those noxious substances for health has a

55

fundamental importance. The TVs were also determined for substances which are not menacing, but can be good indicators of anthropogenic changes.


The information on background levels was used to make an estimation of chemical status of GWB. In case of geogenic (natural) hydrogeochemical anomalies which are higher than the TVs, it was said that chemical status of GWB is good. In case when higher values were caused by anthropological determinant, GWB was classified as a poor chemical status.


Environmental role of ground water has been mainly taken into account during establishing the TVs. In particular interaction of GW with water and land groundwater dependent ecosystems was important. The estimation is approximate, because the reference of load from GW to the load carried by the surface water and/or supplying GDE was insufficiently identified.



Threshold value (or



risk

GWB at poor

status

Arsenic 0.02 mg/l Member State 8 1

Cadmium 0.005 mg/l Member State 5 no

Lead 0.1 mg/l Member State no no

Mercury 0.001 mg/l Member State no no

Ammonium 1.5 mgNH4/l Member State 40 8



Trichloroethylene 0.05 mg/l Member State - -

Tetrachloroethylene 0.05 mg/l Member State - -

Conductivity 2500 µS/cm Member State 12 2

pH 6.5 - 9.5 [-] Member State 23 no

TOC 10 mg/l Member State 23 1

Temperature 16 oC Member State 16 no

DOX <0.5 mgO2/l Member State no no

Aluminium 0.2 mgAl/l Member State 4 1

Antimony 0.005 mgSb/l Member State no no

Barium 0.7 mgBa/l Member State 7 3

Beryllium 0.1 mgBe/l Member State - -

Bicarbonates 500 mgHCO3/l Member State 17 4

Boron 1 mgB/l Member State 18 3

Calcium 200 mgCa/l Member State 10 1

56


Threshold value (or



risk

GWB at poor

status

Chromium 0.05 mgCr/l Member State 2 1

Cobalt 0.2 mgCo/l Member State no no

Copper 0.2 mgCu/l Member State 1 no

Cyanide 0.05 mgCN/l Member State - -

Fluoride 1.5 mgF/l Member State 14 1

Iron 5 mgFe/l Member State 56 1

Magnesium 100 mgMg/l Member State 5 no

Manganese 1 mgMn/l Member State 23 3

Molybdenum 0.02 mgMo/l Member State 4 no

Nickel 0.02 mgNi/l Member State 9 1

Nitrate 50 mgNO3/l Member State 27 3

Nitrite 0.5 mgNO2/l Member State 6 no

Phosphorus (total) 1 mgPO4/l Member State 4 2

Potassium 15 mgK/l Member State 38 2

Selenium 0.01 mgSe/l Member State 4 1

Silver 0.1 mgAg/l Member State no no

Sodium 200 mgNa/l Member State 22 3

Thallium 0.02 mgTl/l Member State - -

Tin 0.2 mgSn/l Member State - -

Titanium 0.1 mgTi/l Member State 1 no

Uranium 0.03 mgU/l Member State - -

Vanadium 0.05 mgV/l Member State 2 no

Zinc 1 mgZn/l Member State 20 1

AOX 0.06 mgCl/l Member State - -

Benzo(a)pyrene 0.00003 mg/l Member State - -

Benzene 0.01 mg/l Member State - -

BTEX 0.1 mg/l Member State - -

Phenol 0.01 mg/l Member State - -

Petroleum hydrocarbons 0.3 mg/l Member State - -

Pesticides 0.0001 mg/l Member State - -

Pesticides (total) 0.0005 mg/l Member State - -

PAHs 0.0003 mg/l Member State - -

Surfactants-anionic 0.5 mg/l Member State - -

Surfactants-anionic and nonionic 0.5 mg/l Member State - -

57

Member State: PORTUGAL

FACTS AND FIGURES

Portugal has a population of 10.6 million (Eurostat, 2007) and an area of 109,480 km2. Portugal shares four international river basins with Spain: Tagus and Western Basins, Douro, Guadiana, and Minho and Lima



Surface (km2)



bodies

Tagus 25665 23 12

Douro 19219 18 3

Vouga, Mondego, Lis and Western Basins

16981 16 30

Sado and Mira 12149 11 8

Guadiana 11611 11 9

Azores 10047 9 54

Algarve Basins 5511 5 23

Cavado, Ave and Leca 3584 3 4

Minho and Lima 2465 2 2

Madeira 2248 2 4

Portugal 109480 100 149

BRIEF SUMMARY

In Portugal all Annex II substances have been considered, but no TVs were established due to no risk identified. TVs for the Annex II substances will be established by the end of 2009.


No TVs established due to no risk identified. PT is about to establish TVs for the parameters of GWD but the work will only be finished in the end of 2009.


58





Threshold value (or



risk

GWB at poor

status

Arsenic no*

Cadmium no*

Lead no*

Mercury no*

Ammonium no*

Chloride no*

Sulphate no*

Trichloroethylene no*

Tetrachloroethylene no*

Conductivity no*

Note: * no risk

59

Member State: ROMANIA

FACTS AND FIGURES

Romania has a population of 21.6 million and an area of 238,391 km2. Romania is situated entirely within the Danube international river basin.



Surface (km2)



bodies

Danube 238391 100 142

Romania 238391 100 142

BRIEF SUMMARY

In Romania TVs have been set for 9 substances. All Annex II substances TVs have been considered, but not for all TVs have been established. For trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene no TVs have been set, because there is no risk identified. Conductivity has no TV due to already existing TVs for Cl and SO4. For nitrate the quality standards according to Annex I GWD are applied. The main level of TV establishment is “groundwater body”.



As a first step, the natural background levels were derived following a detailed national methodology based on EU guidance document “Groundwater Chemical Status and Threshold Values, version 2.0 (25-10-07)” and on BRIDGE project recommendations. For each groundwater body an EXCEL Database was created, containing the results of all available chemical analyses from the monitored wells, chronological ordered (quality database) and technical data obtained from the wells construction (extended database). In order to establish natural background levels and threshold values in Romania, 81432 chemical reports for 5023 wells and 36 springs, from the period 1961–2007, were considered.

The quality database was filtered by calculating errors in ion-balance for all samples and statistical parameters, and also using correlation between sum of anions and measured conductivity. All samples identified as not reliable were removed, as follows:

- samples with ionic balance not correct (error >10 %); - samples with unknown depth;

60

- samples not adequate with the aquifer typology; - samples with NaCl concentration >1000 mg.

After this, the time series for each parameter were transformed in median values and the wells with anthropogenic inputs were excluded in two steps using the following criteria:

- wells with Cl > 200 mg/l - wells with NO3 > 10 mg/l

Background levels (BL) were calculated as the 90 percentile of the parametric values in the remaining wells. Where applying “chlorides” and “nitrates” criteria less than 20 wells remained, BL were calculated as the 50 percentile in all the wells (without applying “chlorides” and “nitrates” criteria). Where chlorides concentrations are naturally high (salt diapires presence, lagunar conditions of sedimentation), only "nitrates" criteria were used for the exclusion of the anthropogenic influenced wells, and the results were verified by calculating the 50 percentile in all the wells.

Obtained BL for each groundwater body were analyzed and validated considering lithological and hydrogeological characteristics of the aquifers.

Threshold values (TV) were established comparing BL with the drinking water and surface water quality standards. In Romania the drinking water standard is the Law no.458/2002 on drinking water quality, amended by Law no.311/2004, entirely transposing Drinking Water Directive 98/83/EC. The standard for surface water quality is the Ministerial Order no. 161/2006 for the approval of the “Norms on quality classification of surface waters in order to establish the water bodies’ status". Having in mind that hydraulic connections between groundwater and surface waters were not enough studied, Annex II.A of GWD provisions, and groundwater relevant uses, the maximum allowable concentrations(CMA) provided by the Law no.458/2002 were chosen as reference values for comparison.

Following, two cases were registered:

- NBL< CMA, where TV was established as having the same value as CMA;

- NBL > CMA, where TV was established using the small addition referred to at page 23 of European Guidance on Groundwater Status and Trend Assessment, multiplying BL by a coefficient E=1,2. This coefficient was chosen given the fact that in the national methodology the 90 percentile was used as the criterion for derivation of BL, so at least 10 % of the wells would register exceedances if TV= NBL, and also considering possible errors during sampling, conservation and analyze of groundwater samples. For each value obtained for TV, the number of decimals was limited by increasing, taking into account the number of decimals for CMA provided in the Law no.458/2002. Validation of TV values for each groundwater body was done considering lithological and hydrogeological characteristics of the aquifers.


As explained above, all threshold values (TV) are established based on derived background levels (BL). According to the methodology used, TV establishment was done comparing BL with the drinking water standards, taking into consideration groundwater relevant uses.

61


As described previously, during the threshold values (TV) establishment, obtained background levels were compared with the drinking water standards. The maximum allowable concentrations (CMA) provided by the Law no.458/2002 as later amended, were chosen as TV where natural background levels (BL) are smaller than CMA. Where background levels are higher than CMA, a small addition of 0.2 BL was used, in order to avoid misclassification of the respective groundwater body (TV=BL + 0.2 BL = 1.2 BL).



Threshold value (or



risk

GWB at poor

status

Arsenic 0.01 - 0. 04 mg/l GWB RO1000 no no

Cadmium 0.005 - 0.027 mg/l GWB RO1000 no no

Lead 0.01 - 0.32 mg/l GWB RO1000 no no

Mercury 0.001 mg/l GWB RO1000 no no

Ammonium 0.5 - 9.9 mg/l GWB RO1000 14 yes

Chloride 250 - 860 mg/l GWB RO1000 no no

Sulphate 250 - 1100 mg/l GWB RO1000 no no

Trichloroethylene no* - -


Conductivity no** - -

Nitrite 0.5 - 1.4 mg/l GWB RO1000 No No

Phosphate 0.5 - 4.4 mg/l GWB RO1000 No No

Nitrate 50 mg/l Member State RO1000 17 Yes

* no risk

** TVs for Cl and SO4

FURTHER INFORMATION

The River Basin Management Plans, including the information required by the Groundwater Directive, can be seen on the Web-sites of the Water Directorates belonging to the National Administration "Romanian Waters": Someş-Tisa: http://www.rowater.ro/dasomes/SCAR/Planul%20de%20management.aspx

Crişuri: http://www.rowater.ro/dacrisuri/Continut%20Site/Directive%20Europene/Planul%20de%20Management.aspx

Mureş: http://www.rowater.ro/damures/Documente%20Consultarea%20Publicului/Forms/AllItems.aspx

Banat: http://www.directiaapelorbanat.ro

Jiu: http://www.rowater.ro/dajiu/Documente%20Consultarea%20Publicului/Forms/AllItems.aspx

Olt: http://www.rowater.ro/daolt/Documente%20Consultarea%20Publicului/Forms/AllItems.aspx

Argeş-Vedea: http://www.rowater.ro/daarges/Continut%20Site/Directive%20Europene/Planul%20de%20management.aspx

Buzau-Ialomita: http://www.rowater.ro/dabuzau/Documente%20Consultarea%20Publicului/Forms/AllItems.aspx

62

Siret: http://www.rowater.ro/dasiret/SCAR/Planul%20de%20management.aspx

Prut: http://www.rowater.ro/daprut/Documente%20Consultarea%20Publicului/Forms/AllItems.aspx

Dobrogea Litoral:

http://www.rowater.ro/dadobrogea/Planul%20de%20Management%20Bazinal/Forms/AllItems.aspx

63

Member State: SLOVAK REPUBLIK

FACTS AND FIGURES

Slovakia has a population of 5.4 million (Eurostat, 2007) and an area of 49,032 km2. Slovakia is situated in two international river basins: Danube and Vistula.



Surface (km2)



bodies

Danube 47072 96 96

Vistula 1960 4 5

Slovakia 49032 100 101

BRIEF SUMMARY

In the Slovak Republic TVs have been set for 20 substances. All Annex II substances TVs have been considered. The main level of TV establishment is “groundwater body”.



For establishing threshold values as a criteria were by considered usage criteria (drinking water standard). Threshold values were by set by comparing natural the background level to the criteria value (CV).


When NBLs and CVs are compared, two situations may arise:

- NBL is below CV. In this case the TV were established above the NBL

- NBL is higher than CV. In this case, the TV should be equal to the NBL.


The threshold value is a half of the interval between the determined NBL and the reference one (drinking water standard). As the threshold value can be below the geogenic concentrations in groundwater, for example in the case of heavy metals, the threshold value will be assessed on the basis of the natural background level (TV = NBL).For synthetic

64

organic compounds (not originated in natural way) the NBL is “zero concentration” and this is practically the value of the LOQ of single organic compound.



Threshold value (or



risk

GWB at poor

status

Arsenic 5.25–10 µg/l GWB SK30000, SK40000 4 3

Cadmium 1.525–2.5 µg/l GWB SK30000, SK40000 4 1

Lead 5.250–10 µg/l GWB SK30000, SK40000 1 no

Mercury 0.505–0.75 µg/l GWB SK30000, SK40000 2 no

Ammonium 0.255–0.5 mg/l GWB SK30000, SK40000 3 7

Chloride 50.7–102 mg/l GWB SK30000, SK40000 7 7

Sulphate 129.75–216.5 mg/l GWB SK30000, SK40000 3 8

Trichloroethylene 5.5 µg/l GWB SK30000, SK40000 no 1

Tetrachloroethylene 5.5 µg/l GWB SK30000, SK40000 no 1

Conductivity 533–824 µS/cm GWB SK30000, SK40000 13 7

Sodium 50.450-119.800 mg/l GWB SK30000, SK40000 no no

Fluoride 0.750-1 mg/l GWB SK30000, SK40000 no no

Iron 0.103–0.2 mg/l GWB SK30000, SK40000 5 no

Manganese 0.027–0.2 mg/l GWB SK30000, SK40000 6 no

Chromium 25.15–27 µg/l GWB SK30000, SK40000 no no

Copper 500.2–504.5 µg/l GWB SK30000, SK40000 no no

Selenium 5.25–6 µg/l GWB SK30000, SK40000 3 no

Aluminium 0.1 mg/l GWB SK30000, SK40000 no no

Nitrate mg/l GWB SK30000, SK40000 17 7

Atrazine 0.06 µg/l GWB SK30000, SK40000 1 4

Simazine 0.06 µg/l GWB SK30000, SK40000 no 2

FURTHER INFORMATION

http://www.vuvh.sk/rsv

65

Member State: SLOVENIA

FACTS AND FIGURES

Slovenia has a population of 2 million (Eurostat, 2007) and an area of 20,273 km2. Slovenia is situated in two international river basins: North Adriatic and Danube



Surface (km2)



bodies

Danube 16422 81 18

North Adriatic 3851 19 3

Slovenia 20273 100 21

BRIEF SUMMARY

In Slovenia threshold values (TVs) have been set for 7 parameters. All Annex II substances have been considered, but not for all TVs have been established. For arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, ammonium, chloride, sulphate and conductivity no TV have been set due to no risk identified. For all parameters TVs are established on “Member State” level.



In Slovenia TVs are established for highly volatile halogenated hydrocarbons (HVHHC) which locally pollute groundwater. Those pollutants are not contributing to the characterisation of GWBs as being at risk. Determination of the TVs is based on the protection of groundwater which is the main source of drinking water in Slovenia. The aim of the TVs determination is therefore protection according usage criteria (drinking water). Those standards were set in Slovenia already in 2005.


Highly volatile halogenated hydrocarbons are not naturally occurring substances; their presence in the groundwater is always the consequence of human activities.


TVs for GW are more stringent than parametric values for drinking water. There are two reasons for this: (1) HVHHCs are not naturally occurring substances and (2) low

66

concentrations of HVHHCs can appear in drinking water because of disinfection process. TVs are also more stringent than ecological quality standard (EQS) for surface water. Exception is trichloromethane for which TVs in groundwater and EQS for surface water are very close (2 µg/l and 2.5 µg/l).

Groundwater Threshold Values


Threshold value (or



risk

GWB at poor

status

Arsenic no*

Cadmium no*

Lead no*

Mercury no*

Ammonium no*

Chloride no*

Sulphate no*

Trichloroethylene 2 µg/l Member State SI_RBD_1, SI_RBD_2 no no

Tetrachloroethylene 2 µg/l Member State SI_RBD_1, SI_RBD_2 no no

Conductivity no*

Dichloromethane 2 µg/l Member State SI_RBD_1, SI_RBD_2 no no

Tetrachloromethane 2 µg/l Member State SI_RBD_1, SI_RBD_2 no no

1,2-Dichloroethane 3 µg/l Member State SI_RBD_1, SI_RBD_2 no no

1,1-Dichloroethane 2 µg/l Member State SI_RBD_1, SI_RBD_2 no no

Sum of highly volatile halogenated hydrocarbons 10 µg/l Member State SI_RBD_1,

SI_RBD_2 no no

Note: * no risk

67

Member State: SPAIN

FACTS AND FIGURES

Spain has a population of 44.5 million (Eurostat, 2007) and an area of 506,659 km2. Six of the Spanish river basin districts are international: Duero, Ebro, Tagus, Guadiana, Minho and Internal Basins of Catalonia.



Surface (km2)



bodies

Ebro 85554 17 105

Duero 78889 16 31

Guadalquivir 57527 11 58

Tagus 55772 11 24

Guadiana 55461 11 20

Jucar 42989 8 79

Northern Spain 20826 4 36

Segura 18987 4 63

Andalucia Mediterranean 17956 4 67

Minho 17610 3 6

Catalonia Internal Basins 16494 3 39

Galician Coast 13131 3 18

Andalucia Atlantic 10743 2 17

Balearic Islands 5005 1 90

Basque internal basins 2268 0.4 14

Tenerife 2034 0.4 4

Fuerteventura 1660 0.3 4

Gran Canaria 1560 0.3 10

Lanzarote 846 0.2 1

La Palma 708 0.1 5

La Gomera 370 0.1 5

El Hierro 269 0.1 3

Ceuta 20 0.005 -

Melilla 13 0.003 -

Spain 506659 100 699

68

BRIEF SUMMARY

In Spain TVs have been set for 20 substances. For all Annex II substances TVs have been established. The main level of TV establishment is “groundwater body”.



The methodology used for the establishment of threshold values (TV) has followed the procedure set out in Annex II Part A of the Directive 2006/118/EC (GWD), and the guidance and technical specifications given by the Guidance Document Nº18, Guidance on Groundwater Status and Trend Assessment. This methodology can be described as follows:

Step 1: Selection of groundwater bodies identified at risk, and identification of the pollutants, groups of pollutants and indicators of pollution that contribute to the characterisation of each groundwater body at risk (considering GWD Annex II and other substances).

Special attention has been paid to GWD Annex II substances. In this sense, TVs have also been established for those substances from Annex II with high naturally-occurring concentrations.

It has to be made clear that, according to recital 10 of the GWD, groundwater chemical status provisions do not apply to these substances, as they are not covered by the definition of pollution, and therefore these TV will not be taken into account in chemical status assessment. Furthermore, Annex II.A.3 states that whenever elevated background levels of substances or ions or their indicators occur due to natural hydro-geological reasons, these background levels in the relevant body of groundwater shall be taken into account when establishing threshold values (see step 2 and section 1.2).

Step 2: Gathering of all available groundwater quality data (from both groundwater monitoring network stations and other historical monitoring sites), and performance of a statistical analysis for each parameter in each groundwater body identified at risk.

When feasible, anthropogenically affected samples were removed from the statistical analysis.

Taking into account the results of this statistical analysis -50-percentile, 90-percentile and 97,7-percentile of each parameter, selecting the appropriate taking into account the availability and reliability of the data-, and the hydrogeological information available in each groundwater body (conceptual model), the background level (BL) for naturally occurring substances in each groundwater body was identified.

Step 3: Application of the general methodology for establishing threshold values in each groundwater body for the relevant criteria, described in section 4.3.3. of the Guidance on Groundwater Status and Trend Assessment, comparing the BL level of a parameter with the corresponding criteria value (CV).

Environmental criteria The saline intrusion criterion has been applied for those groundwater bodies identified at risk due to this pressure, and for the parameters conductivity or sulphate and chloride (according to Annex II Part A Directive 2006/118/EC, Member States may decide to establish TVs for

69

sulphate and chloride or for conductivity). In this case, the criteria value is equal to the BL, which is also the threshold value for this criterion.

Usage criteria The drinking water criterion has been applied for those groundwater bodies identified at risk for which this use is significant, and for those parameters that contribute to the characterisation of each groundwater body at risk for this use. In this case, the CV for each parameter is equal to the drinking water standard, and this value is compared with the BL.

If CV < or = BL then TV = BL, and if CV >BL then BL < TV < or = CV


The identification of the background levels has played a key role in the derivation of threshold values, as described in the previous section.

For naturally occurring substances, the background level has been identified in each groundwater body, taking into account the results of the statistical analysis performed -50-percentile, 90-percentile and 97,7-percentile of each parameter, selecting the appropriate taking into account the availability and reliability of the data-, and the hydrogeological information available in each groundwater body (conceptual model).


The threshold values derived using the drinking water criterion has taken into account the drinking water standards established in Directive 98/83/EC (brought into force to the Spanish legislative framework by Real Decreto 140/2003).



Threshold value (or



risk

GWB at poor

status

Arsenic 0.007 - 0.189 mg/l GWB

ES020, ES030, ES070, ES091,

ES100 1 -

Cadmium 0.005 - 0.016 mg/l GWB ES070, ES080,

ES091, ES100 1 -

Lead 0.018 - 0.025 mg/l GWB

ES020, ES070, ES080, ES091,

ES100 3 -

Mercury 0.001 mg/l GWB ES015, ES020, ES070, ES080, ES091, ES100

2 -

Ammonium 0.5 mg/l GWB ES070, ES091, ES100 22 -

Chloride1) 150 - 4745 mg/l GWB

ES020, ES040, ES050, ES070, ES080, ES091,

ES100

21 -

70


Threshold value (or



risk

GWB at poor

status

Sulphate2) 150 - 4200 mg/l GWB

ES020, ES030, ES040, ES050, ES070, ES080, ES091, ES100

15 -

Trichloroethylene 0.005 - 0.01 mg/l GWB ES015, ES080, ES091, ES100 14 -

Tetrachloroethylene 0.005 - 0.01 mg/l GWB ES015, ES080, ES091, ES100 14 -

Conductivity3) 1500 - 10480 µS/cm GWB

ES020, ES040, ES050, ES070, ES080, ES100

20 -

Sodium 320 - 354 mg/l GWB ES040 no -

Iron 0.2 - 0.565 mg/l GWB ES080, ES091 3 -

Selenium 0.01 - 0.0285 mg/l GWB ES080, ES091 no -

Chromium 0.03 - 0.05 mg/l GWB ES020, ES100 no -

Boron 0.7 - 1 mg/l GWB ES091, ES100 2 -

Aluminium 0.2 mg/l GWB ES091 2 -

Copper 2 mg/l GWB ES091 1 -

Manganese 0.05 mg/l GWB ES091 2 -

Nickel 0.02 mg/l GWB ES091 1 -

Nitrite 0.05 mg/l GWB ES091 14 -

1) TVs derived for usage criteria (drinking water standards) range from 150 to 4745 mg/l, and TVs derived for environmental criteria (marine intrusion) range from 150 to 3566 mg/l

2) TVs derived for usage criteria (drinking water standards) range from 150 to 4200 mg/l, and TVs derived for environmental criteria (marine intrusion) range from 150 to 2000 mg/l

3) TVs derived for usage criteria (drinking water standards) range from 1500 to 6354 µs/cm (20ºC), and TVs derived for environmental criteria (marine intrusion) range from 1500 to 10480 µs/cm (20ºC)

71

Member State: SWEDEN

FACTS AND FIGURES

Sweden has a population of 9.1 million (Eurostat, 2007) and an area of 453,140 km2. Sweden has five river basins districts: Bothnian Bay, Bothnian Sea, Skagerrak and Kattegat, North Baltic and South Baltic. There are no cross-border groundwater bodies delineated in the international river basins districts of North Land, Glomma, Troms and North Trondelag.



Surface (km2)



bodies

Bothnian Bay 147625 33 655

Bothnian Sea 141638 31 781

Skagerrak and Kattegat 69546 15 479

South Baltic 54420 12 580

North Baltic 36959 8 536

North Land 1317 0.3 -

Glomma 990 0.2 -

North and South Troendelag 451 0.1 -

Troms 194 0.04 -

Sweden 453140 100 3031

Note: Northern and Southern Troendelag river basin districts are displayed together on this table. The areas displayed for the river basin districts North Land, Glomma, North and South Troendelag and Troms are only the international river basins.

BRIEF SUMMARY

In Sweden TVs have been set for 15 substances. For all Annex II substances TVs have been established - Trichloroethylene and Tetrachloroethylene are considered as sum parameter. The main level of TV establishment is “member state”.



TV is mainly based on drinking water aspects. Starting point for trend reversals for chlorine is different at the Swedish west- and east coast, due to different geological settings.

72


National reference values must be considered when establishing regional and individual TVs.


National objectives and drinking water standards has been considered when establishing national TVs and will be steering to achieve them. On regional level EQs has not yet been considered.



Threshold value (or



risk

GWB at poor

status

Arsenic 10 µg/l Member State SE2 yes -

Cadmium 5 µg/l Member State SE2 yes -

Lead 10 µg/l Member State SE2 yes -

Mercury 1 µg/l Member State SE2 yes -

Ammonium 1.5 mg/l Member State SE2 yes -

Chloride 100 mg/l Member State SE2 yes yes

Sulphate 250 mg/l Member State SE2 yes yes

Sum of Trichloroethylene and Tetrachloroethylene 10 µg/l Member State SE2 yes -

Conductivity 750 µS/cm Member State SE2 yes -

Trichloromethane 100 µg/l Member State SE2 - -

1,2-Dichloroethane 3 µg/l Member State SE2 - -

Benzene 1 µg/l Member State SE2 - -

Benzo(a)pyrene 10 ng/l Member State SE2 - -


100 ng/l Member State SE2 - -

FURTHER INFORMATION

http://www.sgu.se/dokument/om_sgu_foreskrifter/SGU-FS_2008-2-webb.pdf; http://www.miljomal.nu/english/english.php

73

Member State: UNITED KINGDOM

FACTS AND FIGURES

The United Kingdom has a population of 60.8 million (Eurostat, 2007) and an area of 315,516 km2. The United Kingdom shares three international river basin districts with the Republic of Ireland: Neagh Bann, North Western and Shannon.



Surface (km2)



bodies

Scotland 113920 36 275

Humber 29109 9 50

Anglian 27890 9 31

Severn 21590 7 40

South West 21244 7 44

Solway Tweed 17500 6 73

Western Wales 16653 5 25

Thames 16133 5 46

North West 13140 4 18

South East 10195 3 30

Northumbria 9029 3 9

Neagh Bann 6285 2 14

North Western 5497 2 45

North Eastern 5048 2 8

Dee 2251 1 6

Gibraltar 30 0.01 2

Shannon 2 0.0006 -

United Kingdom 315516 100 716

Note: number of water bodies differs from those presented in the draft river basin management plans due to splitting.

BRIEF SUMMARY

In the United Kingdom TVs have been set for 62 substances (incl. nitrate). For all Annex II substances TVs have been established. The level of TV establishment is “groundwater body”.



TVs have been established for each of the 5 classification tests used to determine good chemical status for each groundwater body (where relevant). The TV is set to ensure

74

protection of relevant use of groundwater or receptor. TVs have been set for each GWB and for each pollutant (or indicator) putting GWB at risk. TVs take into account natural background such that TV is never lower than background. The values reported in Part 2 reflect the most stringent TVs (or range of TVs) for each pollutant (or indicator) that applies to GWBs in the UK.


TV values have been determined taking into account natural background concentration ranges where appropriate and where data are available. Ranges of natural concentrations in groundwater have been determined using methodologies based on EU and UK BaSeLiNe projects and the BRIDGE project. TVs are never lower than the upper baseline value for the groundwater body. No additional factor (epsilon) has been used when establishing TVs.


TVs set to protect surface water chemistry/ecology are derived from (EU and UK) EQS values for surface water taking into account dilution and attenuation in groundwater (in accordance with EU/UK guidance). For usage protection (e.g. drinking water), TVs are based on Drinking Water Standards (DWS). In most cases the TV = 75% of DWS to account for the different compliance regimes between WFD TVs and DWS. In EU guidance these 'TV's may be referred to as 'criteria values'. In the UK we refer to them as threshold values (TVs). However for each GWB, the most stringent TV for each relevant pollutant will be reported in the RBMP.



Threshold value (or



risk

GWB at poor

status

Arsenic 7.5 µg/l GWB All relevant 75 1

Cadmium 0.2–3.75 µg/l GWB All relevant 26 8

Lead 7.3–18.8 µg/l GWB All relevant 26 3

Mercury 0.75 µg/l GWB All relevant 51 no

Ammonium (as N) 0.29 mg/l GWB All relevant 90 26

Chloride NBL–188 mg/l GWB All relevant 29 5

Sulphate NBL–188 mg/l GWB All relevant 29 8

Trichloroethylene 7.5 µg/l GWB All relevant 25 5

Tetrachloroethylene 7.5 µg/l GWB All relevant 25 5

Conductivity NBL–1875 µS/cm GWB All relevant 29 no

1,1,1-Trichloroethane 7.5 µg/l GWB All relevant 25 2

1,1,2-Trichloroethane 7.5 µg/l GWB All relevant 25 no

1,2-Dichloroethane 2.25 µg/l GWB All relevant 25 1

Aluminium 150 µg/l GWB All relevant 26 2

Anthracene 0.1–0.55 µg/l GWB All relevant 51 no

75


Threshold value (or



risk

GWB at poor

status

Atrazine 0.075 µg/l GWB All relevant 55 7

Bentazone 0.075 µg/l GWB All relevant 55 3

Benzene 0.75 µg/l GWB All relevant 51 no

Benzo(a)pyrene 0.0075 µg/l GWB All relevant 51 no

Boron 750 µg/l GWB All relevant 51 no

Bromate 0.0075 mg/l GWB All relevant 1 1

Carbendazim 0.075 µg/l GWB All relevant 55 no

Carbetamide 0.075 µg/l GWB All relevant 55 no

Carbon tetrachloride 2.25 µg/l GWB All relevant 25 no

Chlorfenvinphos 0.075 µg/l GWB All relevant 55 no

Trichloromethane 2.53–75 µg/l GWB All relevant 25 no

Chlortoluron 0.075 µg/l GWB All relevant 55 no

Chromium 5–37.5 µg/l GWB All relevant 26 3

Clopyralid 0.075 µg/l GWB All relevant 55 no

Copper 10.1–1500 µg/l GWB All relevant 26 14

Cyanazine 0.075 µg/l GWB All relevant 55 no

Cypermethrin 0.0001 - 0.075 µg/l GWB All relevant 55 no

Dalapon 0.075 µg/l GWB All relevant 55 no

Diazinon 0.01–0.075 µg/l GWB All relevant 55 no

Dichloromethane 7.5 µg/l GWB All relevant 25 no

Dichlorprop, 2-4-DP 0.075 µg/l GWB All relevant 55 no

Diuron 0.075 µg/l GWB All relevant 55 3

Epoxyconazole 0.075 µg/l GWB All relevant 56 no

Fluoranthene 0.1–0.58 µg/l GWB All relevant 51 no

Fluoride 1.13 mg/l GWB All relevant 26 no

Glyphosate 0.075 µg/l GWB All relevant 55 no

Isoproturon 0.075 µg/l GWB All relevant 55 1

MCPA 0.075 µg/l GWB All relevant 55 no

Mecoprop 0.075 µg/l GWB All relevant 55 2

Metazachlor 0.075 µg/l GWB All relevant 55 no

Naphthalene 2.42–13.3 µg/l GWB All relevant 51 no

Nickel 15 µg/l GWB All relevant 26 2

Nitrate (as NO3) 18–42 mg/l GWB All relevant 90 74

Pentachlorophenol 0.075 µg/l GWB All relevant 55 no

Permethrin-cis+trans 0.01–0.075 µg/l GWB All relevant 55 no

Phenol 7.5 µg/l GWB All relevant 51 no

Phosphate 41.4–536 µg/l GWB All relevant 46 25

Propazine 0.075 µg/l GWB All relevant 55 no

Propetamphos 0.075 µg/l GWB All relevant 55 no

Simazine 0.075 µg/l GWB All relevant 55 2

Sodium 113 mg/l GWB All relevant 51 7

76


Threshold value (or



risk

GWB at poor

status

Terbutryn 0.075 µg/l GWB All relevant 55 1

Toluene 50.5–276 µg/l GWB All relevant 51 no

Trietazine 0.075 µg/l GWB All relevant 55 no

Trifluralin 0.075 µg/l GWB All relevant 55 no

Xylene 30.3–37.5 µg/l GWB All relevant 51 no

Zinc 75.8–3750 µg/l GWB All relevant 51 21

Note: GWB risk has been defined on the basis of the consideration of the (potential) impacts of pressures (potentially polluting activities) not on the basis of individual parameters. The parameters for which TVs have been may be related to more than one pressure and so specific numbers cannot be defined. Numbers are therefore indicative only and indicate the number of GWBs at risk for different pressure types, e.g. agriculture, saline intrusion/abstraction, mining, manufacturing industry, urbanisation etc.

FURTHER INFORMATION

The methodology for deriving TVs and applying them can be found at:

http://www.wfduk.org/LibraryPublicDocs/gw_chemical_classification_paper_final_draft

ANNEX 3 to the Commission Staff Working Document ... · Information on the Groundwater Threshold...

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