Anne€T.€Berg,€PhDaz9194.vo.msecnd.net/pdfs/101201/100.4.pdf ·...

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Transcript of Anne€T.€Berg,€PhDaz9194.vo.msecnd.net/pdfs/101201/100.4.pdf ·...

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Anne T. Berg, PhDProfessor

Epilepsy CenterChildren’s Memorial Hospital

Chicago, Illinois

Update on Classificationsfor Seizures and Epilepsies

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Disclosures

Name of Commercial Interest Type of Financial RelationshipChildren’s Memorial FacultyPractice Foundation

Salary

Dow Agro Science Consulting feeEsai HonorariaNational Institutes of Health Federal funding

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ILAE Classificationsof Epilepsy and Seizures

§ 1969 – Gastaut – Proposals ­ seizures and epilepsies§ 1970 – Gastaut – Classification ­ seizures§ 1970 – Merlis – Classification ­ epilepsies§ 1981 – Commission – Classification ­ seizures§ 1985 – Commission – Classification ­ epilepsies§ 1989 – Commission – Classification ­ epilepsies§ 1993 – Commission – epidemiological standards§ 2001 – Blume – Glossary of ictal semiology§ 2001 – Engel – Proposed diagnostic scheme§ 2005 – Fisher – Definition of seizure and epilepsy§ 2006 – Task Force – report – seizures and epilepsies

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Civil Discourse

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Respectful, Collegial Exchanges

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Oh Dear!

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Purpose of the InternationalClassification of Seizures and Epilepsies

§ “To provide a common internationalterminology and classification – aprecondition for comparability of results inresearch and therapy and for meaningfulexchange of ideas”

§ Largely for clinical (treatment) purposes

§ Research into causes and mechanisms wasnot a dominant focus

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Scientific Advances Since the1950s and 1960s§ Genomic technology§ Molecular cell biology and geneticsú Techniques and concepts

§ Neuroimagingú Structural and functional

§ Neurophysiology§ Computational capabilities§ Therapeutic options§ …

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1989 Classification of the Epilepsies

1. Localization Related

1.1 Idiopathic

Specific epilepsies

1.2 Symptomatic

Specific epilepsies

1.3 Cryptogenic

Specific epilepsies

2. Generalized

2.1 Idiopathic

Specific epilepsies

2.2 Cryptogenic / Symptomatic

Specific epilepsies

2.3 Symptomatic

Specific epilepsies

3. Undetermined

3.1 With both partial and generalized features

Specific epilepsies

3.2 Without unequivocal partial or generalized features

Unclassified

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Too Difficult, Too Complicated…(Too Lazy) …Too Arbitrary

§ Dravet – 80% linked to SCN1A mutationsú Not idiopathic?

§ BECTS – idiopathic “presumed genetic”ú Where is the evidence?

§ West – generalizedú Arises from a focal pathology? Focal semiology?

§ Atonic seizures – generalized?ú Callosotomy

§ Lennox­Gastaut – generalized epilepsy?ú Occurs with focal seizures?

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2005­2009 Commission Report,Epilepsia. 2010;51:676­685

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Classification

§ The actual items in a classification (ie,sparrows, bats, bees)§ The process of recognizing objects as

members in a classification§ The language and system for organizing

“objects” (the Tree of Life, Periodic Table ofthe Elements)

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Main Changes, Modifications

§ The language and structure for organizing“objects”ú Generalized vs Focalú “Etiology”ú Diagnostic specificityú Organization

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Generalized – Reconceptualized

§ For seizuresú Generalized epileptic seizures are conceptualized as

originating at some point within, and rapidly engaging,bilaterally distributed networks. … can include corticaland subcortical structures, but not necessarily includethe entire cortex

ú Paradigmatic breakthrough  Generalized seizures could arise from focal lesions­ Epileptic spasms­ Atonic seizures­ Tonic seizures­ …

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Generalized Seizures

Tonic­clonic (in any combination)

Absence­ Typical­ Atypical­ Absence with special features

Myoclonic absenceEyelid myoclonia

Myoclonic­ Myoclonic­ Myoclonic atonic­ Myoclonic tonic

Clonic

Tonic

Atonic

Seizure types we “think” occurwithin and result from rapidengagement of bilaterallydistributed systems

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Focal ­ Reconceptualized

§ For seizuresú Focal epileptic seizures are conceptualized as

originating within networks limited to onehemisphere.  These may be discretely localized ormore widely distributed   …

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Tools forStudying Networks?

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Classification of Partial FocalSeizures§ Focal seizuresú Do not fall into any recognized set of natural classes

based on any current understanding of themechanisms involved

ú Complex partialú Simple partialú Partial with secondary generalization

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Focal Seizures

Descriptors of focal seizures from the Glossary of Ictal Semiology, Blume et al, Epilepsia, 2001

­ Without impairment of consciousness or awareness+ With observable motor or autonomic components

“Focal clonic”“autonomic”“hemiconvulsive” etc.

+ Involving subjective sensory or psychic phenomena onlyAura, specific types

­ In which the alteration of cognition is the predominant most apparent feature“Dyscognitive” (Blume et al., 2001)(a) Perception(b) Attention(c) Emotion(d) Memory(e) Executive function (including speech)

­ Evolving to a bilateral, convulsive seizure­ Involving tonic, clonic, or tonic and clonic components

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Classification of Seizures

§ Who knows?!ú Epileptic spasms

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Epilepsies

ú Generalized and Focal are abandoned  Apparently generalized manifestations associated

with a clearly focal  lesion­ West syndrome secondary to FCD or TSC

  Focal seizures associated with diffuse geneticdisorders­ Dravet, GEFS+, ADNFLE

§ Separate manifestations from underlyingprocess

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Terminology for Etiology

§ Idiopathic – “There is no underlying cause other than a possible hereditarypredisposition.  Idiopathic epilepsies are defined by age­related onset,clinical and electroencephalographic characteristics, and a presumedgenetic etiology.”

§ Commission Report, Epilepsia, 1989

Recent insights into the molecular geneticsand pathophysiology of the idiopathicepilepsies have threatened to make theterm “idiopathic” obsolete.

M. Wong, 2010

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Terminology for Etiology

§ Symptomatic epilepsies and syndromes areconsidered the consequence of a known orsuspected disorder of the central nervoussystem (CNS)

§ Commission Report, Epilepsia, 1989

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Terminology for Etiology

§ Cryptogenic refers to a disorder whose causeis hidden or occult. Cryptogenic epilepsies arepresumed to be symptomatic, but theetiology is not known

ñ Commission Report, Epilepsia, 1989

§ Presumed based on what?????ú ADNFLEú Dravetú GEFS+

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Terminology for Etiology

§ Idiopathic – “There is no underlying cause other than a possiblehereditary predisposition.  Idiopathic epilepsies are defined byage­related onset, clinical and electroencephalographiccharacteristics, and a presumed genetic etiology”

§ Symptomatic epilepsies and syndromes are considered theconsequence of a known or suspected disorder of the centralnervous system (CNS)

§ Cryptogenic refers to a disorder whose cause is hidden or occult.Cryptogenic epilepsies are presumed to be symptomatic, but theetiology is not known

ñ Commission Report, Epilepsia, 1989

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Genetic

§ The Concept: the epilepsy is the direct result ofa known or inferred genetic defect(s). Seizuresare the core symptom of the disorderú Channelopathies  – probably best case for “genetic”

§ The Evidence: Specific molecular geneticstudies (well replicated) or evidence fromappropriately designed family studies

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Structural ­ Metabolic

§ The Concept: There is a distinct otherstructural or metabolic condition or diseasepresentú ? Separate structural and metabolic?

§ The Evidence: Credible studies must havedemonstrated a substantially increased riskof developing epilepsy in association with thecondition

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Unknown

§ Concept: The nature of the underlying cause isas yet unknown

§ Cases in point: ADNFLE, Dravet, GEFS+ (etc.)were cryptogenic (presumed symptomatic)ú Lesional?ú Now channelopathies (to extent know)

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Syndromes…  Diseases…

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Not All Epilepsy Diagnoses AreEqual

ú DEND (developmental delay, epilepsy, and neonatal diabetes) –monogenic systemic disease associated with neurologicalmanifestations (including seizures)

ú Dravet syndrome: ~monogenic epilepsy disease

ú Cryptogenic parietal lobe epilepsy: an incomplete description atbest

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Most Specific:Electroclinical Syndrome§ Clinical entity reliably identified by a cluster of

electroclinical characteristicsú Age at onsetú Antecedents and developmentú Seizure typesú EEG featuresú MRI findingsú Patterns and triggers of seizure occurrenceú Other

§ Thought to share common cause(s) ormechanism(s) and implications for treatment

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Less Specific:Structural­Metabolic Epilepsy§ Epilepsies due to specific structural or

metabolic lesions or conditions

§ Do not currently fit a specific electroclinicalpattern (per current understanding)§ Could change in the future

§ Epilepsy presentation is not necessarilyspecific, but underlying cause is

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Least Specific:Epilepsies of Unknown Cause

§ Can be grouped according to manifestations,age, other features…

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1989 Classification of the Epilepsies1989 Classification of the Epilepsies

1. Localization­related

2. Generalized

3. Undetermined

1.1 Idiopathic

1.2 Symptomatic

1.3 Cryptogenic

2.1 Idiopathic

2.2 Cryptogenic / symptomatic

2.3 Symptomatic

3.1 With both partial andgeneralized features

3.2 Without unequivocal partialor generalized features

Syndromes / epilepsies

Syndromes / epilepsies

Syndromes / epilepsies

Syndromes / epilepsies

Syndromes / epilepsies

Syndromes / epilepsies

= “nonclassified”

Syndromes / epilepsies

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THERE ISNO NEWCLASSIFICATION

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What Should a ClassificationDo? Why Bother?

§ The organization of items in such a way as torepresent their fundamental relationshipsú Represent essential similarities and differences

with respect to one or more key featuresú Be useful

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Earth worm

snake

bee

cat

ostrich

gorillabat

trout

dog

sparrow

human

turtle

dolphin

clam

mouse

Flying things

Walk on2 legs

Cute, furry, suitableas pets

round worm

Long, slimyicky

Things thatlive

in water

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Earthworm

snakebeecat

ostrich

gorillabatdogsparrow

turtlemouse

trout

clam

human

dolphin

primates

Mammalia

Vertebrata

roundworm

Reptilia

Tetrapoda

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Dimensions Reflecting Mechanisms orClinically Relevant Features§ Age at onset§ Underlying cause

ú Channelopathy  Voltage gated  Ligand gated

ú mTOR­opathyú MRC defectú GLUT1 deficiencyú Glioma

  Ganglio  Oligodendro

ú Malformation of cortical development­ FCD type I­ FCD type II­ Hemimegalencephaly­ Lissencephaly…

§ EEGú Generalized spike and waveú Burst suppression pattern…

§ Seizures types§ Triggers (nocturnal, photic stimulation… )§ Developmental courseú Prior to onsetú After onsetú Language disturbance…

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Are We Ready for a New Classification?

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Organize Epilepsies to Reflect Our KnowledgeElectro­clinical syndromes BY AGE, other...

Neonatal period: eg, Benign familial neonatal epilepsy (BFNE)

Infancy eg, Epilepsy of infancy with migrating partial seizures

Childhood eg, Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE)

Adolescence – adult eg, Juvenile absence epilepsy (JAE)

Less specific age relationship eg, Familial focal epilepsy with variable foci (childhood toadolescence)

Constellations

eg, MTS w/ HA

Epilepsies associated with structural or metabolic conditions

eg,  By condition (malformations, MRC deficiencies… )

eg, By age at onset

eg, Condition and age, …  other

Epilepsies of unknown cause

eg, By age at onset

eg, By predominant seizure manifestations…  other

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An Ancient Chinese Classification of  AnimalsAnimals are divided intoo Those that belong to the Emperoro Embalmed oneso Those that are trainedo Suckling pigso Mermaidso Fabulous oneso Stray dogso Those that are included in this classificationo Those that tremble as if  they were mado Innumerable oneso Those drawn with a very fine camel’s hair brusho Otherso Those that have broken a flower vaseo Those that resemble flies from a distance

Jorge Luis Borges, Other Inquisitions