Annamari Antikainen-KokkoÅbo Akademi

Centrum för Sydostasiatiska Studier

Kaakkois-Aasian poliittishallinnolliset

järjestelmät21.3.2000

Contents

• What is Southeast Asia?

• Pre-colonial Southeast Asia, political tradition

• Colonial influence, emergence of the new state

• Present day Southeast Asia, legitimacy of the state

What is Southeast Asia?

• Geographic description

• Cultural, linguistic, religious diversity

• World War II definition

• Cold War division

• ASEAN-10

I. Pre-colonial Southeast Asia

• Buddhist Kings

• Vietnamese Emperors

• Malay Sultans

• Javanese Kings

• Barangay societies in the Philippines

State-sangha relations

KING

ARMYSANGHA

legitimates

protects

protects legitimates

legitimates

protects

II. Colonial influence

• Spanish Philippines

• French Vietnam

• Dutch East Indies

• British Malaya

• Siam during colonial period

New elite under colonial rule

• careerists, job-hunters

• associationists, bridge-builders

• constitutionalists, emerging bourgeoisie

• revolutionaries, masses and their demands

Spanish Philippines

• Crown and the Cross

• Propaganda movement, Katipunan

• Federalista Party

• Nacionalista Party

• Hukbalapah

French Vietnam

• Annam, Tonkin, Cochinchina• Parti Constitutionaliste, 1917• Viet Nam Quo Dan Dang• Dong Duong Cong San Dang, 1929• Viet Minh, 1941• Lao Dong, 1954• Can Dao Nhan Vi Cach Manh Dang• Front National De Liberation, FNL

British Malaya

• Federated Malay States (FMS), Unfederated Malay States (UMS)

• Kesatuan Melayu Muda

• Malay Association,1938

• United Malays National Organisation (UMNO)

• Malayan Communis Party, MCP, 1930

Dutch East Indies

• Regents; Lurah; Batavia

• santri, abangan, priyayi

• Sarekat Islam

• Perserikatan Kommunis Indonesia, PKI

• Perserikatan Nasional Indonesia; PNI

• Partai Rakyat Indonesia

Colonial Siam

• Economic concessions, administrative reform

• 1932 Constitutional monarchy

III. Legitimacy of the state

• State philosophy

• Constitution

• Political Leaders

• Parliament

• Political parties

• Political processes

• Army

State philosophy in Southeast Asia

• Brunei: National Philosophy of Melayu Islam Beraja (Malay Islamic Monarchy dating from 100 AD)

• Cambodia: "pluralist liberal democracy"

• Indonesia: National Philosophy of "Panca Sila" (five principles), "Unity in Diversity”

• Laos: "multi-sector" market economy

• Malaysia: National Philosophy of Rukunegara

Pancasila (1945)

• Belief in the one and only God

• Just and civilised humanity

• Unity of Indonesia

• Democracy guided by the inner wisdom in the unanimity arising out of deliberations amongst the representatives

• Social justice for the whole of the people of Indonesia

Rukunegara (1969)

Our Nation, Malaysia is dedicatedTo achieving a greater unity for all herpeoples;To maintaining a democratic way of life;To creating a just society in which thewealth of the nation shall be equitablydistributed;To ensuring a liberal approach to her richand diverse cultural traditions;To building a progressive society whichshall be orientated to modern science andtechnology.

We, her peoples, pledge ourunited efforts to attain theseends guided by these principles:1) Belief in God2) Loyalty to the King and

Country3) The Supremacy of the

Constitution4) The Rule of Law5) Mutual Respect and GoodSocial Behaviour

Present constitutions in Southeast Asia

• Brunei: 1959 Constitution

• Cambodia: 1993 Constitution

• Indonesia: 1945

• Laos: 1991 Constitution

• Malaysia: 1957 Constitution

• Myanmar: 1974

• Philippines: 1987 Constitution

• Singapore: 1959 Constitution

• Thailand: 1997 Constitution

• Vietnam: 1992 Constitution

Constitutional Governments in Southeast Asia

• Kingdoms: Cambodia, Thailand

• Republics: Indonesia, Philippines, Singapore

• Socialist: Socialist Republic of Vietnam, Lao People's Democratic Republic

• Without definition: Brunei, Malaysia, Myanmar

Head of State and Government

• Kingdoms: King and Prime Minister• Republics: President (and Prime Minister)• Socialist: President, Prime Minister and

Communist Party• Brunei and Malaysia: Yang di Pertuan (and

Sultan/Prime Minister)• Myanmar: : Chairman of State, Peace and

Development Council and Prime Minister

Legislatures in Southeast Asia• Cambodia: National Assembly

• Indonesia: House of Representatives

• Laos: National Assembly

• Malaysia: House of Representatives

• Philippines: House of Representatives

• Singapore: Parliament

• Thailand: National Assembly

• Vietnam: National Assembly

• Brunei and Myanmar: none

Parties/Political Organisationsin Southeast Asia

• None: Myanmar

• One party: Brunei, Brunei National Solidarity Party; Vietnam: Communist Party of Vietnam (Dang Cong San VietNam

• several: Laos: with a special role provided in Constitution for the Lao People's Revolutionary Party; Malaysia: the ruling coalition Barisan National (BN) under the leadership of UMNO (Baru) since 1974; Singapore: People's Action Party (PAP) ruling since 1959

• Many: Cambodia, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand