ANNAMALAI IRC 2012.ppt - Rubber...
Transcript of ANNAMALAI IRC 2012.ppt - Rubber...
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Name : Dr. Annamalainathan K.
Designation : Deputy Director (Physiology)
Organization : Rubber Research Institute of India
Kottayam, Kerala, India
Qualifications : M.Sc., M.Phil., Ph.D.
Areas of interest : Tree crop physiology, Photosynthesis
Stress physiology
Flux studies
Title of the papers : 1.Measurement of CO2 flux in rubber plantation using eddy covariance method 2.Seasonal Changes in Xylem Sap Flow rate in Mature Rubber Plants
K. AnnamalainathanPR. SatheeshJames Jacob
Rubber Research Institute of IndiaKottayam, India
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y = 2.0956x - 3822.1
R2 = 0.9976
368370372374376378380382384
1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
Year
Atm
osp
her
ic C
O2
Con
cen
trat
ion
(ppm
)
Before industrialization, the atmospheric CO2
concentration remained more or less constant
at about 280 ppm for many centuries, but over
the past one and a half century, this rapidly
increased to well over 380 ppm.
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CO2
H2O
SOIL CO2
LITTER
ATMOSPHERE
BIOSPHERE
GEOSPHERE
RHIZOSPHERE
(Autotrophic and heterotrophic Respiration)
canopy level Net ‘A’
FLUX COMPONENTS IN RUBBER PLANTATION
Respiration
Photosynthesis
ET
• Hevea brasiliensis is relatively a fast growing tree
• Sequestering vast amounts of carbon as biomass (annual shoot biomass increment 30 – 50 /tree)
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• Natural rubber plantation helps to mitigate the
atmospheric CO2
concentration by supplying natural rubber which can be used in place
of synthetic rubber
Rubber Flux Measurements
Objectives
• To evaluate the ecosystem level CO2 and water flux in an immature rubber plantation
• To analyze the carbon sequestration potential of natural rubber plants
• Account the ecosystem services by the rubber plantations
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Description of Experiment
Experimental Site : CES, RRII, ChethackalPathanamthitta
Age of the plantation: 6-7 years old
Clones: RRII 105, PB 260, RRII 430 and ten selected ortet clones.
Plant Height : Aproximately 12 metres
Tower Height: 18 meters
Sensors were fixed at 4 metres above the canopy
EXPERIMENTAL SITE
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Fc in immature rubber plants during APRIL 3rd - 8th 2009
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
1 13 25 37 49 61 73 85 97 109 121 133 145 157 169 181 193 205 217 229 241 253 265 277
0:30 hrs
CO
2 g
m/m
2/3
0 m
inDiurnal Carbon Flux in a 4-5 years old immature
rubber plantation at CES, Chethackal.
A typical diurnal flux of CO2 in immature rubber plantson April 4th 2010
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
2.00
5.00
8.00
11.00
14.00
17.00
20.00
23.00
Hrs
CO
2 g
/m2 /3
0min
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Net Primary Productivity
GPP- Respiration = NPP
Ecosystem level = (NEE)
(Net ecosystem exchange)
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CO2 Sequesteration FEBRUARY 2010
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28
DOM
CO
2 a
ssim
ilatio
n (
g/m
2 /da
y)
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CO2 Flux (March 2009 ‐ March 2010)
‐10
‐5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
01/03/20
0
01/04/200
01/05/20
0
01/06/200
01/07/20
0
01/08/200
01/09/200
01/10/2009
01/11/2009
01/12/2009
01/01/20
10
01/02/20
10
01/03/20
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Day of the Year
CO
2 (g
m/m
2 /day
)
3600 gm/m2/year = 36 ton CO2/ha/year
CO2 sequestration potential of five years old rubber plants calculated from Eddy Covariance System
Canopy assimilation Vs Sunshine Hrs
(July 2009)
y = 1.75x + 8.36
R2 = 0.47
‐5
0
5
10
15
20
25
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0
Sunshine Hrs
Assim
ilation (gm/m
2/day)
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NET ECOSYSTEM EXCHANGE (NEE)(2009-2011)
NEE (net ecosystem exchange)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M
NEE (CO
2g/m
2/day)
Month
A
I year mean 9 g CO2, II year 11 g and III year 14 gCO2 /m2/day
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E = LE / w λv
WhereE = evapotranspiration rate (mm/sec)
LE = latent heat flux
w = density of water
λv = latent heat of vaporization (2.5x 106 J kg-1)
Conversion of Latent heat flux into mass flux of water
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46
mm
/30 m
in
Hrs (30 min)
Diurnal Water Vapour Flux
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H2O Flux (April 2009 - March 2010)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1-A
pr-2
009
21-A
pr-2
009
11-M
ay-2
009
31-M
ay-2
009
20-J
un-2
009
10-J
ul-2
009
30-J
ul-2
009
19-A
ug-2
009
8-Se
p-20
09
28-S
ep-2
009
18-O
ct-2
009
7-N
ov-2
009
27-N
ov-2
009
17-D
ec-2
009
6-Ja
n-20
10
26-J
an-2
010
15-F
eb-2
010
7-M
ar-2
010
Day of the Year
H2O
(m
m/m
2 /day
)
WATER VAPOUR FLUX
1
1.5
2
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3
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4
4.5
A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M
Month
Evapotranspiration (mm/day)
B
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C-Sequestration potential of NR
• Annual average Reco = 3.0 g CO2/m2/day• Annual average Net ‘A’= 15.0 g CO2/m2/day• Average NEE = 12.0 g CO2/m2/day
(NET ECOSYSTEM EXCHANGE)
• Ratio between R/A = 1:5
• Carbon sequestration= 43 tonCO2/ha/year
• The current rate of atmospheric CO2 increase is approximately 2 ppm /year (IPCC). • Global NR cultivation is around 10.5 m ha• World’s NR plantations fix about 280 m T CO2/yr • 1 ppm = 2127.66 mT • So, 280 mT CO2/year is equal 0.038 ppm /year• That is, 0.038/22 x 100 = 1.9%
• Means 1.9 % of the current rate of CO2 increase in the atmosphere is reversed by the world’s NR plantation.
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Seasonal Changes in Xylem Sap Flow rate in Mature Rubber
Plants
K. Annamalainathan,
Joby Joseph, Badre Alam and James Jacob
Email: [email protected]
RUBBER RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF INDIA
KOTTAYAM, KERALA
INDIA
INTRODUCTION Sap flow measurement is a precise technique to study the
tree water relations
Estimation of transpirational water loss is a direct method for accounting the water use of individual tree
This technique is useful to assess the physiological response of tree to environmental factors, diseases and damages.
OBJECTIVES
To quantify the water mining rate in a mature rubber plantation using thermal dissipation probes (TDP probes).
To analyze the seasonal transpiration water loss in a traditional rubber growing area
To estimate the water use of rubber plantations
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MaterialsandMethods
Experimental site at RRII, Kottayam, Kerala, India
Clones: RRII 5 and PR 255 (three trees each)
Tree age: 18-19 years old
Sap flow was measured by Granier’s method (Granier, 1985) using thermal dissipation probes (TDP).
The data on mV signal converted to flow velocity (V)
V= 0.0119*K^ 1.231 cm/s
where K = (dTM-dT)/dT
The Sap flow velocity can be converted to sap flow rate (ml h-1)
Fs = As * V* 3600 ml h-1
where Fs is the sap flow and As is the cross-sectional area of sap conducting wood (cm2).
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Sap flow measurement
TDP Probes (DYNAMAX, USA) Probes installed and insulated
Data logging
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Diurnal pattern of sap flow in rubber plants
0
500
1000
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2500
3000
0:30
5:00
9:30
14:0
0
18:3
0
23:0
0
3:30
8:00
12:3
0
17:0
0
21:3
0
2:00
6:30
11:0
0
15:3
0
20:0
0
Hrs
wat
er (
ml/
hr)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
SAP FLOW PATTERN DURING WINTERING AND REFOLIATION PERIODS
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ANNUAL SAP FLOW PATTERN
Month Mean sap-flow rate (l/day)
RRII 5 PR 255
January 28.5 ± 1.0 30 ± 0.7
February 14 ± 0.6 5.5 ± 0.4
March 16 ± 0.7 12 ± 0.4
April 21 ± 0.7 9.5 ± 0.4
May 16 ± 0.8 17 ± 0.5
June 13 ± 0.5 13 ± 0.7
July 14 ± 0.7 19 ± 0.8
August 21.5 ± 0.8 21 ± 0.9
September 22 ± 1.4 17 ± 1.1
October 34 ± 1 30.5 ± 1.0
November 28 ± 1.3 24 ± 1.5
December 40 ± 1.5 32 ±1.1± SE indicated
Mean daily sap-flow rate (l/day) in two clones of mature Hevea brasiliensis trees at Rubber Research Institute of
India (RRII), Kottayam.
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HIGHLIGHTS
• The major environmental factors which regulate the sap flow rate are solar radiation, sunshine hours, temperature variance, atmospheric vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and soil moisture conditions.
• Sunlight intensity had a direct role in regulating the sap flow rate. There was a positive relationship existing between light intensity and sap flow rate (R2=0.7-0.9).
• Significant positive relationship was existing between day time temperature and sap flow rate during pre-monsoon period only.
• By and large the Tmax (maximum temperature) did not have any influence on the rate of xylem flow very strictly throughout the year.
• Sap flow rate during the summer was smaller than post-monsoon season.
• Intensive rainy days also witnessed a sharp decline in sap flow most probably due to cloudy days leading to partial stomatal closure
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Water use of rubber plantation
• Considering the average field stand the mean water consumption of rubber plantation is
22 litre x 400 x 365 = 3. 2 x 106 l ha-1 year-1
Mean annual rainfall at RRII is 2900 mm
• The water consumed by rubber plantation as estimated from sap flow rate was around 12 % of rainfall. The amount of water transpired (T) by a mature tree was around 2 mm per day.
• Under field condition the evapotranspiration (ET) of mature rubber plants was varied from 2-6 mm as reported from different countries (Monteny et al., 1985, Jessy et al., 2004, Rodrigo et al., 2005,Isarangkool Na Ayutthaya et al., 2009).
Water use
• From the present result and previous studies with Penman-Monteithequation for water use of rubber plantation (Gururaja Rao et al., 1990) it is understood that another equal portion of sap-flow amount may be lost from the soil surface.
• Hence, the total plant and surface evapo-transpiration loss of water is about 20-25% of rainfall.