ANNA MAJCHRZYCKA, ZBIGNIEW ZAPAŁOWICZ, AGNIESZKA KUCZYNSKA Department of Heat Engineering
description
Transcript of ANNA MAJCHRZYCKA, ZBIGNIEW ZAPAŁOWICZ, AGNIESZKA KUCZYNSKA Department of Heat Engineering
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The Polish Experience in PV Applications on the Example of
6 Years 1.1 kW System Operation at the Szczecin University of Technology
ANNA MAJCHRZYCKA, ZBIGNIEW ZAPAŁOWICZ,
AGNIESZKA KUCZYNSKA
Department of Heat Engineering
Szczecin University of Technology
POLAND
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Goal
Observation Yearly electrical energy production by PV- system located on the roof of Department of
Heat Engineering (DHE) of Szczecin University of Technology systematically decreased
Evaluation of PV- system exploited in DHE building (Poland)
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POLAND
SZCZECIN
Poland is situated in the Middle Europe on the Northern European Plain, with
the northern border at the Baltic Sea and Carpathian Mountains in the south.
Poland is located between 49º and 54º30’ N latitudes in a moderate climate
zone influenced by both the Atlantic and Continental climate.
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Poland
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Poland geographic location
Middle Europe
Latitude: 49°00’ and 54°50’ N
Longitude: 14°08’ and 24°09’ E
Moderate climate zone
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Western Pomeranian Province and Szczecin geographic location
Latitude:
52°30’ and 54°30’ N
Longitude:
14° and 17° E
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Mean yearly irradiation in PolandMean yearly temperature t=7.9oC,
Mean solar hours =1600 h
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Sun irradiance
Summer solstice
Winter solstice
II&III quater
I&IVquater
Hours
Rad
iati
on in
ten
sity
, kW
/m2
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Polish regions with different conditions
for solar energy utilization
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• Data of commissioned: February 1999
• Location Direction S
• Angle of inclination 44°
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Grid connected PV system at Szczecin University of Technology
G R I D
INVERTER
Photovoltaic panel
Data monitoringand collecting
Data monitoringand collecting
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Description of PV installation
• 10 solar modules type M110 (Simens)
• Modules are connected in two parallel series
• Total power of PV system 1100 Wp
• System PV co-operated with the Sunny-Boy inverter
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Technical parameters of solar module type M110 (Siemens)
Solar module Value Unit
Maximum power [PMAX] 110 W
Open circuit voltage [UOC]
43,5 V
Short-circuit current [ISC] 3,45 A
MPP voltage [UMPP] 35,0 V
MPP current [AMPP] 3,15 A
Length/width [l/w] 1307/652 mm
Weight [m] 9,5 kg Source:www.siemens.de
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The basic characteristic of the system : Industrial grade modules made by well known German corporation, Siemens. Covered with 3mm highly transparent glass to deliver more power and ensures high impact resistance and protection against hail, snow, ice and storms. Siemens M110- Monocrystal, with frame, no lead, 1316x 660x 35, 12V, 110W.
The module contains two parallel strings of 72 connected 103x103 mm mono- crystalline silicon solar cells. Siemens M110 solar module has been designed for 12V grid connected applications.
The junction box provides a high quality, dust protected and splash proof housing. The housing contains a rigid connection block with cage clamps and by-pass diodes providing “hot spot” protection for the solar cells.
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Technical parameters of inverter type Sunny-Boy SWR 850
Inverter Value Unit
Nominal power [PNOM] 850 W
Input voltage [UDC] 125-250 V
Output voltage [UAC] 196-253 V
Frequency [fAC] 49,8-50,2 Hz
Max. efficiency [MAX] 93 %
Height/width/thickness [h/w/t] 290/322/180 mm
Weight [m] 18,5 kg
Source: http://www.solardyne.com/sunboyswr110.html Sale Price: $1,779.0
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Inverter
type: Sunny-Boy SWR 850
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„Sunny Data” main window
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Acquisition system
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Measurement parameters
• Direct voltage and current generating by PV modules
• Voltage and power transmitted to grid
• Operating time
• Energy production in fixed time
• Other electrical parameters
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Meteorological stations
• Stations of IMiGW in Western Pomeranian Province
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Irra
dia
tio
n [
kW
h/m
2 ]
Mean monthly sun irradiation – data from meteorological station IMiGW in Kołobrzeg
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Mean monthly sun irradiation – data from meteorological
station IMiGW in Kołobrzeg
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Irra
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[kW
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Meteorological Station:Kołobrzeg
Emean =1100 kWh/(m 2 a)
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Meteorological station in DHE
View of station
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Parameters measure by the meteorological station
Measurements:
• direct and diffuse solar radiation,
• pressure, temperature and relative humidity of air,
• power and direction of wind,
• surface PV module temperature.
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Wind velocity sensor
• Measuring range -
0 –50 m/s
• Accuracy –
discrimination threshold 0,5 m/s
• Impulse output
20 imp/s = 1 m/s
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Wind direction sensor
• Resolution - 11,5°
• Accuracy -
discrimination threshold
0,5 m/s
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Sensors of solar radiation
• Pyranometrs CM11 produced by Kipp&Zonen
• According to the ISO 9060/WMO standards
• Secondary standard, high quality
• Spectral range
(50% points) - 305 – 2800 nm
• Sensivity - 4 – 6 μV/W/m2
• Response time (95%) - 12 s
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Atmospheric pressure sensor
• Measuring range - 850 –1100 hPa
• Accuracy - 1 hPa
• Resolution - 0,1 hPa
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Sensors of solar radiation
• Zero offsets:
thermal radiation (200 W/m2) – ±7 W/m2
temperature change (5 K/h) – ±2 W/m2
• Non stability (change/year) - ±0,5%• Non linearity (0-1000 W/m2) - ±0,6%• Directional error (at 1000 W/m2) - ±10 W/m2
• Temperature dependence of sensitivity -
±1% (-10 - +40°C)• Tilt response (at 1000 W/m2) - ±0,2%
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Sensors of solar radiation
View of sensor and shadow ring
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Relative air humidity sensor
• Measuring range -
30 –98%
• Accuracy –
2% in range 30-85%
3% in range 85-98%• Resolution - 0,1%
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Meteorological station in DHE
View of station
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Breakdowns of PV installation PV – system out of order
Damage of inverter in following periods: • from 01.11.2001 to 23.03.2002• from 19.03.2003 to 16.06.2003
Electrical energy was not produced.
Breakdowns of acquisition system.
Data was not collected in short time.
Electrical energy was produced.
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1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Year
ly e
lect
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ene
rgy
prod
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kWh]
1038
978
773
863
777
Yearly electrical energy production from 1.1 kW PV generator
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Measurement parameters
• Direct voltage and current generating by PV modules
• Voltage and power transmitted to grid
• Operating time
• Energy production in fixed time
• other electrical parameters
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Recorder
• Type RC12
• Data storage 176 kB of memory
• Measurement period 2-60 min
• RS connection directly to computer
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„Sunny Data” window
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„Sunny Data” window
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„Sunny Data” window
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„Sunny Data” window
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„Sunny Data” window
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„Sunny Data” window
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„Sunny Data” window
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lec
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[k
Wh
]
Monthly electrical energy production from 1.1 kW PV generator
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
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2003
Monthly electrical energy production by pV module in exploitation time 1999-2003
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Reasons
• Variable weather conditions
• Breakdowns
• Ageing process of semiconductor elements
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Daily electrical
production on 30.04
Daily electrical
production on 30.05
2002
2001
1999
2000
6,15 kWh
5,87 kWh
5,20 kWh
3,73 kWh
5,53 kWh
5,34 kWh
1,90 kWh
5,83 kWh
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Daily electrical
production on 30.06
Daily electrical
production on 30.07
1999
2000
2001
2001
2000
2003
2002
5,10 kWh
1,73 kWh
5,70 kWh
3,69 kWh
6,35 kWh
3,01 kWh
4,70 kWh
5,12 kWh
5,69 kWh
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Daily electrical
production on 30.08
1999
2003
2002
4,49 kWh
4,16 kWh
2,37 kWh
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Daily electrical production on
summer cloudless days
30.07.1999
28.07.2000
28.07.2002
11.08.2003
6,35 kWh
6,00 kWh
6,02 kWh
6,08 kWh
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Re
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Observation: Systematically decrease of yearly electrical
energy production by PV- system located on the roof of Department of Heat Engineering (DHE)
of Szczecin University of Technology
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Relative electrical energy production:
• 1999 927,39 kWh 100,0% 0,0%
• 2000 847,68 kWh 91,4% 8,6%
• 2001 825,92 kWh 89,1% 10,9%
• 2002 814,40 kWh 87,8% 12,2%
• 2003 not analysed
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The average electrical energy production regarding to the months and 1m2 of PV panel Februar 1999 – Februar 2003
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Efficiency of PV modules
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Average production of electrical energy and average solar irradiance
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
kWh/
m2
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
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Monthly electricity consumption per capita 1997-2000
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70kW
h
I IV VII X I IV VII X I IV VII X I IV VII
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160kW
h
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Municipal household’s electricity consumption per
capita and energy production by 1.1 kW PV modules
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Electrical energy production per 1m2 of PV panel as the function of solar irradiation and average module’s efficiency
.
.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300Annual solar irradiation [kWh/(m 2 a)]
Ann
ual e
lect
rical
ene
rgy
prod
uctio
n pe
r 1m
2 o
f mod
ule
[kWh/(m 2 a)]
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
Efficiency of PV module
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Annual electrical energy production from 1Wp of installed power PV cell
.
.
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Annual electrical energy production from 1m 2 [kWh/(m 2 a)]
Ann
ual e
lect
rical
ene
rgy
prod
uctio
n z
1W p
[kWh/(W p a)]90
100
110
120
130
conversion coefficient [W p /m 2 ]
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PRICE SURVEY: MAY 2006
Solar Electricity
21.66 cents per kWh Up 0.10 cents/kWh
EUROPE €5.83 per Watt Up 3 euro cents
UNITED STATES $5.41 per Watt Up 4 Cents
Number <$4.50/Wp 104 (Down 23) (6.0% of survey)
Lowest Mono- Crystalline Module Price
US$4.05/Wp (€3.21/Wp)
Lowest Multi- Crystalline Module Price
US$4.16/Wp (€3.37/Wp)
Lowest Thin Film Module price
US$3.94/Wp (€3.12/Wp)
http://www.solarbuzz.com/index.asp
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http://www.solarbuzz.com/index.asp
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http://www.solarbuzz.com/index.asp
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• It was observed that the amount of produced electrical energy systematically decreased.
• The rate of PV panels ageing was estimated by analysis of the parameters aquired during the operation of the system. It was found out, that based only of daily energy production, it is not possible to estimate this value in a reliable way. Approximate ageing rate of PV generator was estimated by verification of annual data concerning electrical energy production.
• Ageing rate of installation decreased asymptotically. Close to the end of operation of the installation, 15% decrease of electrical energy produced in photovoltaic cells was observed.
Conclusions