Ann Bucklin Department of Marine Sciences Marine Sciences and Technology Center

Ann BucklinAnn BucklinDepartment of Marine SciencesDepartment of Marine Sciences

Marine Sciences and Technology CenterMarine Sciences and Technology CenterUniversity of Connecticut University of Connecticut

SUN SongSUN SongInstitute of OceanologyInstitute of Oceanology

Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences

CMarZ is addressing the overarching question:

“what are the patterns of zooplankton biodiversity throughout the world ocean, and how are they generated and maintained”?

CMarZ will produce accurate and complete information on species diversity, biomass, biogeography, and genetic diversity by 2010, focusing on the ~7,000 described species of animals that drift with ocean currents throughout their lives (i.e., the holozooplankton).

CMarZ will determine DNA barcodes (i.e., short DNA sequences for species recognition and discovery) for identified specimens for all known species.

Please include a map

Global Scope of ProjectGlobal Scope of Project

CMarZ launched sampling efforts during 2004 – 2007 through leveraged funding for Cooperating Projects.

28 Cooperating Projects have been carried out from ships of opportunity and dedicated cruises for comprehensive pelagic biodiversity assessments.

CMarZ has made rapid progress in a global survey of zooplankton biodiversity.

ongoing

proposed

2007 Scientific Results2007 Scientific Results

Field studies focus on coastal waters of SE Asia, Sulu Sea, and Celebes Sea.

Taxonomic analysis is carried out in a collaboration among Japan, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, and Vietnam.

Training workshops build taxonomic capacity in each country. Funding is from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS).

Discoveries to date include 3 new genera and 28 new species of mysids and copepods.Zoogeography of Tortanus

Crustacea: Copepoda

Shuhei Nishida (Ocean Research Institute, Univ. of Tokyo, Japan)

Species Discovery in Southeast Asia


Inner-Space Speciation Project – Species Diversity in the Sea of Celebes

Larry Madin, Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst., USA

Regions of Exploration


Hans M. Verheye, Marine & Coastal Management, South Africa

Coastal Ecosystem Assessment in Africa

Environmental monitoring , zooplankton, and pelagic fish stock assessment surveys in South Africa.

BENEFIT Programme: BENguela Environment Fisheries Interaction & Training: Dedicated environmental monitoring along 5 transects in fisheries key areas along the west coasts of Angola, Namibia and South Africa,

SARPSHBML

WBEML

PPEML

NML

16° 18° 20° 22° 24° 26° 28°36°

34°

32°

30°

Cape Town

Cape Columbine

Doring Bay

Hondeklip Bay

Orange River Mouth

Cape A

gulha

sCap

e Inf

anta

Moss

el Bay

Plette

nberg

Bay

Port E

lizab

eth

Port

Alfred

Cape

St. F

rancis

16° 18° 20° 22° 24° 26° 28°36°

34°

32°

30°

Cape Town

Cape Columbine

Doring Bay

Hondeklip Bay

Orange River Mouth

Cape

Agu

lhas

Cape

Infan

ta

Moss

el Bay

Plette

nberg

Bay

Port

Eliza

b eth

Port A

lfred

Cape S

t. Fra

ncis

16° 17° 18° 19° 20° 21° 22° 23° 24° 25° 26° 27° 28°3 8 °

3 7 °

3 6 °

3 5 °

3 4 °

3 3 °

3 2 °

3 1 °

3 0 °

2 9 °

November 2002Spawner Biomass SurveyAFR171

Hondeklip Bay

Doring Bay

Lambert's Bay

Columbine

Cape Town

Agulhas

Mossel BayPort Elizabeth

Port Alfred

Annual SpawnerBiomass Surveys (November)

Annual RecruitBiomass Surveys (May/June)

16° 18° 20° 22° 24° 26° 28°36°

34°

32°

30°

Cape Town

Cape Columbine

Doring Bay

Hondeklip Bay

Orange River Mouth

Cape A

gulha

sCap

e Inf

anta

Moss

el Ba

y

Plette

nberg

Bay

Port E

lizab

eth

Port

Alfred

Cape

St. Fr

ancis

16° 18° 20° 22° 24° 26° 28°36°

34°

32°

30°

Cape Town

Cape Columbine

Doring Bay

Hondeklip Bay

Orange River Mouth

Cape A

gulhas

Cape

Infan

ta

Moss

el Bay

Plette

nberg

Bay

Port E

lizab

eth

Port A

lfred

Cape S

t. Fra

ncis

16° 18° 20° 22° 24° 26° 28°36°

34°

32°

30°

Cape Town

Cape Columbine

Doring Bay

Hondeklip Bay

Orange River Mouth

Cape A

gulha

sCap

e Inf

anta

Moss

el Ba

y

Plette

nberg

Bay

Port E

lizab

eth

Port

Alfred

Cape

St. Fr

ancis

16° 18° 20° 22° 24° 26° 28°36°

34°

32°

30°

Cape Town

Cape Columbine

Doring Bay

Hondeklip Bay

Orange River Mouth

Cape A

gulhas

Cape

Infan

ta

Moss

el Bay

Plette

nberg

Bay

Port E

lizab

eth

Port A

lfred

Cape S

t. Fra

ncis

16° 17° 18° 19° 20° 21° 22° 23° 24° 25° 26° 27° 28°3 8 °

3 7 °

3 6 °

3 5 °

3 4 °

3 3 °

3 2 °

3 1 °

3 0 °

2 9 °


Hondeklip Bay

Doring Bay

Lambert's Bay

Columbine

Cape Town

Agulhas


Port Alfred


16° 17° 18° 19° 20° 21° 22° 23° 24° 25° 26° 27° 28°3 8 °

3 7 °

3 6 °

3 5 °

3 4 °

3 3 °

3 2 °

3 1 °

3 0 °

2 9 °


Hondeklip Bay

Doring Bay

Lambert's Bay

Columbine

Cape Town

Agulhas


Port Alfred


Annual RecruitBiomass Surveys (May/June)

FRS Africana

Benguela Current ecosystem is one of 4 major Eastern Boundary Current systems; highly complex and variable coastal ecosystem


Surveys in the Indian Ocean

Under-sampled areas:Under-sampled areas:• Western side of Indonesia – significant for Indo-Western side of Indonesia – significant for Indo-

Pacific community.Pacific community.• Deep water collections (south of Equator) : Surfacing Deep water collections (south of Equator) : Surfacing

of meso- and bathypelagic species.of meso- and bathypelagic species.Stratified zooplankton sam pling (0Stratified zooplankton sam pling (0--1000m ) 1000m ) from 114 stations from Indian EEZ, 2003from 114 stations from Indian EEZ, 2003--

2007, MR2007, MR --LR, Project of DOD , NIOLR, Project of DOD , NIO

Stratified zooplankton sam pling (0Stratified zooplankton sam pling (0--1000m ) 1000m ) from 114 stations from Indian EEZ, 2003from 114 stations from Indian EEZ, 2003--

2007, MR2007, MR --LR, Project of DOD , NIOLR, Project of DOD , NIO

111 0 (4 0 n e w sp e c ie s )To ta l

6 0F is h la r v a e

1 6 4H y p e r iid a e (A m p h ip o d s )

3 8P e n a e id a n d C a r iid la r v a e (D e c a p o d s)

1 0 2 (3 4 n e w s p e c ie s in c lu d in g 4 n e w g e n e r a )M y sid s

2 5P te ro p o d s

5 1E u p h a u siid s

3 2O str a c o d s

1 3 1 (2 n e w sp e c ie s )M e d u s a e

3 1 (2 n e w s p e c ie s )C h a e to g n a th s

4 7 6 (2 n e w sp e c ie s )C a la n o id c o p e p o d s

Assessment and evaluation of environmental parameters and primary and secondary productivity

Vijayalakshmi Nair, National Institute of Oceanography, Kochi, India

Zooplankton species of Indian Ocean


Sargasso Sea DNA Barcode Cluster AnalysisAnn Bucklin, University of Connecticut, USA

Charleston, SC

San Juan, PR

In April 2006, >500 species were collected from the Sargasso Sea; DNA barcodes for >350 species were clustered to show major groups found.


CMarZ in China: Coastal to Inter-Ocean ExplorationSUN Song, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

South China Sea

Yellow Sea & East China Sea

Species(south China Sea)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

29.30°N 27.99°N 26.71°N 25.56°N 24.33°N 23.51°N

l ati tude

specie

s

Species(south China Sea)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

29.30°N 27.99°N 26.71°N 25.56°N 24.33°N 23.51°N

l ati tude

specie

s

Species

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

22.58°N 22.21°N 21.60°N 20.31°N

l at i tude

spec

ies

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

11.69°S 20.39°S 22.26°S

l ati tude

spec

ies

Sample Collection

11 Cruises Along Chinese11 Cruises Along ChineseNearshoreNearshore Area Area

384 Samples Collected384 Samples Collected

AA TTransoceanic Cruiseransoceanic Cruise

Zooplankton DiversityZooplankton Diversity

PhylumTaxon (Class or

Order)Species

DescribedBarcode Gene

No. Species (GenBank)

No. Species Source of Information

Foraminifera Foraminifera 49 18S rRNA 35 200 C. deVargasAcantharea 150 18S rRNA 14 GenBankPolycystinea (Radiolaria) 350 18S rRNA 27 GenBank

Cercozoa Phaeodarea (Radiolaria) 350 18S rRNA 3 GenBankAloricate Ciliata 150Tintinnida 300 18S RNA 52 B. CostasHydromedusae 842 COI 5 25 GenBankSiphonophora 160 COI 16 80 GenBank, S. Haddock, B. OrtmanCubomedusae 18 0 GenBankScyphomedusae 161 COI 10 15 GenBank, B. Ortman, others

Ctenophora Ctenophora 90 ITS 20 12 GenBank, B. OrtmanRotifera Rotifera 50? ?? Platyhelminthes Platyhelminthes 3? COI 1 20 GenBank, M. LiviatisNematomorpha Nectonema 5 18S? Nemertea Nemertinea 99 COI 1 3 GenBank, R. JenningsAnnelida Polychaeta 110 COI 5 4 GenBank, R. Jennings

Gastropoda 144 COI 100 30 GenBank, R. JenningsCephalopoda 370 COI 86 5 GenBank, R. JenningsCladocera 8 COIOstracoda 169 COI 0 35 A. BucklinIsopoda 20 COI 0 14 S. BrixCopepoda 2000 COI 41 275 A. Bucklin, R. Machida, othersMysidacea 700 COI 4 GenBankAmphipoda 400 COI 15 50 GenBankEuphausiacea 86 COI 45 10 A. Bucklin, S. JarmanDecapoda 50 COI 75 100 GenBank, K. CrandallInsecta 5 COI 5 R. Jennings

Chaetognatha Chaetognatha 93 COI, COII 10 30 A. Pierrot-Bults, R. Machida, R. JenningsAppendicularia 64 COI 1 10 L. Madin, A. Bucklin, GenBankPyrosoma 8 18S rRNA 1 GenBank, WadaDoliolida 17 COI 1 GenBank, WadaSalpidae 45 COI 0 5 L. Madin, A. Bucklin

TOTALS 7,013 568 928TOTALS (Excl. Protozoa) 5,664 437 728

Mollusca

Arthropoda

Chordata

Actinopoda

Ciliophora

Cnidaria

Steps Toward Pelagic Synthesis Steps Toward Pelagic Synthesis

Barcoding Zooplankton

DNA barcodes aid in species identification of zooplankton, because the organisms are frequently rare, fragile, and/or small.

Morphological identification is difficult and mistakes are likely due to simple or evolutionarily-conserved body plans.

Many taxa have circumglobal or disjunct geographic distributions; barcodes can reveal taxonomically-significant geographic variation and cryptic species.

DNA barcode libraries will lead to rapid molecularly-based analysis of samples for known species.

R.R. Hopcroft (Univ. of Alaska), A. Bucklin (Univ. Conn), et al.

ArcOD (Arctic Ocean Diversity) sends identified specimens of Arctic zooplankton for barcoding by CMarZ.

DNA database now includes ~100 species of the Central Arctic assemblage.

Goal is DNA barcoding of ~400 Arctic zooplankton species, including ~150 hydromedusae and ~150 copepods.

Barcoding by Region: Arctic Ocean

Steps Toward Pelagic Synthesis Steps Toward Pelagic Synthesis

Visualization & Communication Visualization & Communication

The CMarZ logo is our icon and conveys our project goal of a global-scale, taxonomically-comprehensive biodiversity survey for holozooplankton.

Visualization & Communication Visualization & Communication

The CMarZ banner is another icon – conveying the living beauty and diversity of zooplankton.

• Integrated morphological and molecular systematic analysis: CMarZ cruises include both expert taxonomists and geneticists, who work together toward accurate descriptions of zooplankton species diversity.

• Global surveys: CMarZ Steering Group members are working together to achieve global sampling from ships of opportunity and dedicated cruises.

• Biodiversity of the deep sea: CMarZ is providing new views of zooplankton species biodiversity in the very deepest part of the world oceans – and discovering new species in many taxonomic groups.

CMarZ Science Impact CMarZ Science Impact

Impact of Approach & Methodology Impact of Approach & Methodology

• DNA barcoding: CMarZ is sequencing a selected barcode gene – most usually the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) gene – for each of the 7,000 described species of zooplankton.

• Zooplankton metagenomics: CMarZ is pioneering metagenomic analysis (i.e., the study of genomes recovered from environmental samples) of all metazoans collected by plankton nets.

• DNA microarrays: DNA barcode database will be used to fabricate DNA “chips” with recognition sequences for known species to be used for routine sample analysis and – eventually – autonomous and remote analysis of zooplankton species diversity.

CMarZ Data Available in OBIS CMarZ Data Available in OBIS

CMarZ is analyzing and synthesizing data from both new and historical collections to generate a global view of holozooplankton biodiversity.

New CMarZ collections (2004-2007) Historical collections analyzed for CMarZ

CMarZ Education & Outreach CMarZ Education & Outreach

CMarZ Training Workshops: More than 300 students, staff, and researchers have participated in international training workshops on land and at sea.

International exchanges among CMarZ participants allow taxonomic training of graduate students and staff by experts.

Secondary school teachers and students: Workshops for teachers, curriculum development, research opportunities.

Database designed for diverse users:Web-based information for parataxonomists and studentsSpecies Pages with dynamically-assembled displays of taxonomic, ecological, biogeographical, and genetic data and information.

Public education: The CMarZ website, with photo galleries, build public interestPress coverage remarkable

Next Steps for CMarZNext Steps for CMarZ

Biodiversity of Deep SE Atlantic

A comprehensive CMarZ biodiversity survey is scheduled for October/November 2007 on the Polarstern (ANTXXIV/I)

The cruise is a meridional transit of the Atlantic Ocean from Bremerhaven, Germany to Cape Town, South Africa.

Deep-sea sampling will be done to 4,000 m.

At-sea DNA sequencing to barcode species.

At-sea taxonomic training workshop for students and staff.

MOCNESS 10m2 (335 µm) 4000-1000m

Multinet 0.5 m2 (100µm) 1000-0m

MOCNESS 1m2 (335 µm) 1000-0m

Sigrid Schiel (Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany)

Limits to KnowledgeLimits to Knowledge

KNOWN: ~7,000 described species of marine metazoan and protozoan holo-zooplankton.

UNKNOWN: There are estimated to be many times more plankton species in the world oceans than are currently described. Taxonomic groups where species discovery is particularly likely include fragile and rare groups, and cosmopolitan species whose ranges span more than one ocean basin.

UNKNOWABLE: All regions of the deep-sea – and many unexplored regions and biodiversity “hotspots” – are certain to yield many new species; fragile species will require in situ collection by divers, ROVs or submersibles.

Ann Bucklin Department of Marine Sciences Marine Sciences and Technology Center

Documents

Transcript of Ann Bucklin Department of Marine Sciences Marine Sciences and Technology Center