a'n]l6g g]kfn ef}ule{s ;dfh - Nepal Geological Society · 2020. 1. 27. · Board. Critical review...

NEPAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY(EST. 1980)

PO Box 231, Kathmandu, NepalEmail: [email protected]

Website: http://www.ngs.org.np

BULLETIN OF

NEPAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Published by: Nepal Geological Society PO Box 231, Kathmandu, Nepal Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.ngs.org.np

Volume 31 April 2014 -j}zfv @)&!_

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EDITORIAL BOARD

Editor-in-ChiefDr. Danda Pani Adhikari

Department of Geology, Tri-Chandra Multiple CampusTribhuvan University, Ghantaghar, Kathmandu, Nepal

[email protected]

Dr. Beth Pratt-SitaulaCentral Washington University

Geological Science & Center for Excellence in Science and Math Education

509-899-3480, [email protected]

Mr. Mukunda Raj PaudelDepartment of Geology, Tri-Chandra Multiple

Campus, Tribhuvan University Ghantaghar Kathmandu, Nepal

[email protected]

Dr. Ghanashyam NeupaneEnergy Resource Recovery &

Sustainability DepartmentIdaho National Laboratory

Idaho Falls, [email protected]

Dr. Tetsuya SakaiDepartment of Geosciences

Shimane UniversityMatsue 690-8504, Japan

[email protected]

Mr. Surendra ShresthaDepartment of Irrigation

Jawalakhel, Lalitpur, [email protected]

Dr. Subesh GhimireCentral Department of GeologyTribhuvan University, Kirtipur

Kathmandu, [email protected]

Mr. Jayendra Man TamrakarNepal Electricity Authority


Dr. Prem Bahadur ThapaDepartment of Geology, Tri-Chandra Multiple


[email protected]

Dr. Sunil Kumar DwivediCentral Department of Geology Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur


Dr. Ganesh TripathiDepartment of Mines and

Geology, LainchaurKathmandu, Nepal

[email protected]

Members

Instructions to contributors to NGS Journal or BulletinManuscript

Send a disk file (preferably in MS Word) and three paper copies of the manuscript, printed on one side of the paper, all copy (including references, figure captions, and tables) double-spaced and in 12-point type with a minimum 2.5 cm margin on all four sides (for reviewer and editor marking and comment). Include three neat, legible copies of all figures. Single-spaced manuscripts or those with inadequate margins or unreadable text, illustrations, or tables will be returned to the author unreviewed.

The manuscripts and all the correspondences regarding the Journal of Nepal Geological Society should be addressed to the Chief Editor, Nepal Geological Society, PO Box 231, Kathmandu, Nepal (Email: [email protected]).

The acceptance or rejection of a manuscript is based on appraisal of the paper by two or more reviewers designated by the Editorial Board. Critical review determines the suitability of the paper, originality, and the adequacy and conciseness of the presentation. The manuscripts are returned to the author with suggestions for revision, condensation, or final polish.

After the manuscript has been accepted, the editors will ask the author to submit it in an electronic format for final processing. Manuscripts are copy edited. Final changes must be made at this time, because no galley proofs are sent to authors.

IllustrationsIdentify each figure (line drawing, computer graphic, or photograph) with the author’s name, and number consecutively, at the bottom, outside the image area. Never use paper clips or tape on illustrations and do not write with pen on the back of figure originals or glossy prints. Where necessary, mark “top”. Keep the illustrations separate from the text, and include a double-spaced list of captions. Do not put captions on the figures themselves.

Prepare clean, clear, reproducible illustrations that are drafted at a size not more than twice the publication size. All lettering on illustrations must be drafted or laser printed, not typed or handwritten. Put type, labels, or scales directly on a photograph rather than on a separate overlay. Use graphic scales on illustrations; verbal scales (e.g., “x200”) can be made meaningless by reduction of an illustration for printing. Calibrate graphic scales in metric units. Indicate latitude and longitude on maps. Plan all type sizes large enough so that the smallest letters will be at least 1.5 mm tall after reduction to publication size. For review purposes, copies of illustrations must be legible and relatively easy to handle, and any photographs must be direct prints. Do not send original illustrations until asked to do so. Keep at least one copy of all illustrations, as the NGS cannot be responsible for material lost in the mail. For colour figures, authors must bear all costs, and about $50 per colour figure/plate will be charged.

Style

Authors are responsible for providing manuscripts in which approved geological and other scientific terminology is used correctly and which have no grammar or spelling errors. Authors must check their manuscripts for accuracy and consistency in use of capitalisation, spelling, abbreviations, and dates.

Abstract

The abstract should present information and results in capsule form and should be brief and objective, containing within a 250-word maximum the content and conclusions of the paper. The topic sentence should give the overall scope and should be followed by emphasis on new information. Omit references, criticisms, drawings, and diagrams.

Captions

Make captions precise and explain all symbols and abbreviations used. Type captions in consecutive order, doublespaced. Do not put captions and figures on the same page.

References

All references mentioned in the text, figures, captions, and tables must be listed in the References section. Only referencescited in the paper are to be listed. For example:Auden, J. B., 1934, Traverses in the Himalaya. Rec. Geol. Surv. India, v. 69(2), pp. 123–167.Todd, D. K., 1980, Groundwater Hydrology. John Wiley & Sons, Singapore, 535 p.Tokuoka, T. and Yoshida, M., 1984, Some characteristics of Siwalik (Churia) Group in Chitwan Dun, Central Nepal. Jour. Nepal Geol. Soc., v. 4, (Sp. Issue), pp. 26–55.

ReprintsAuthors will receive twenty-five copies of reprints free of cost. Additional copies may be ordered for purchase when proofs are returned to the editor.

NEPAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY 16th EXECUTIVE COMMITTEESeptember 2013 – August 2015

Members

PresidentDr. Dinesh PathakDepartment of Geology, Tri-Chandra CampusTribhuvan University, Ghantaghar, Kathmandu, NepalTel: 4268034 (off); 4782758 (res); 9841476041 (cell)[email protected]

Vice PresidentMr. Sudhir RajaureDepartment of Mines and GeologyLainchaur, Kathmandu, NepalTel: 4282376 (res); 9851182376 (Cell)Email: [email protected]

General SecretaryMr. Dinesh Kumar NapitDepartment of Mines and GeologyLainchaur, KathmanduTel: 4416528 (off); 4496547 (res); 9841617135Email: [email protected]

Deputy General SecretaryMr. Sunil Raj PoudelNepal Electricity AuthorityBhagawanpau, Swamyabhu, Kathmandu, NepalTel: 4271351 (off), 9841 563724Email: [email protected]

TreasurerMr. Kumar K. C.Department of Mines and GeologyLainchaur, Kathmandu, NepalTel. 4383748 (Res.), 9841 366576 (Cell)Email: [email protected]

Mr. Uttam Bol Shrestha(Immediate Past President)Department of Mines and GeologyLainchaur, Kathmandu, NepalTel: 5540962 (Res.), 9841 350469 (cell)[email protected]

Mr. Narayan BanskotaDepartment of Mines and GeologyLainchaur, Kathmandu, NepalTel. 4383748 (Res.), 9841 631657 (Cell)[email protected]

Mr. Shiva Kumar BaskotaDepartment of Mines and GeologyLainchaur, Kathmandu, NepalTel. 4383748 (Res.), 9841 158228 (Cell)[email protected]

Mr. Umesh Chandra BhusalExplorer Geophysical Consultants Pvt. Ltd.Kathmandu, NepalTel: 6923145 (res); 9851 139485 (cell)[email protected]

Mr. Surendra ShahGroundwater Resources Development BoardBabarmahal, Kathmandu, NepalTel: [email protected]

Dr. Gyanendra GurungDhapashi, Kathmandu, Nepal

Mr. Kamalakanta AcharyaCentral Department of GeologyKirtipur, Kathmandu, NepalTel: [email protected]

Ms. Tara PokhrelDepartment of Mines and GeologyLainchaur, Kathmandu, NepalTel: [email protected]

EDITORIAL

The Editorial Board is delighted to bring out the Volume 31 of Bulletin of Nepal Geological Society. This volume highlights the regular activities that the Society had performed since the publication of the previous volume. It also includes some scientific articles on various topics of geosciences and abstracts of the papers presented on IDDR Day -2013 and various other Scientific Talk Programmes organized by Nepal Geological Society.

We thank authors for contributing their valuable papers to this volume. Similarly, we thank all members of the Society for their continuous cooperation and participation in various activities organized by the Society. The Board also appreciates the help from the current executive committee of the Society. Finally, the Board, on behalf of the Nepal Geological Society, gratefully acknowledges the financial and technical supports from the consulting firms, agencies, and organizations.

We hope that the readers will find this volume useful and informative. We believe that the contents of the current volume are of great value to our readers. Comments and suggestions for further improvement of the Bulletin are highly welcomed.

Thank you!–Editors

CONTENTS

NGS NEWS................................................................................................................................................................................1-6

35th Annual General Body Meeting and Biennial Programme of The Nepal Geological Society .........................................7

Speech by Mr. Uttam Bol Shrestha, President, NGS .....................................................................................................................7

Speech by Mr. Sudhir Rajaure, General Secretary, NGS ...............................................................................................................9

Speech by Mr. Ram Prasad Ghimire, Treasurer, NGS ................................................................................................................. 11

Auditor's Financial Report (FY 2069/070 B. S.) .........................................................................................................................12

Vote of Thanks by Sudhir Rajaure, General Secretary, NGS .......................................................................................................16

List of Committees: ...................................................................................................................................................................17

International Day for Disaster Reduction (IDDR Day), 2013 ................................................................................................21

NGS and Disaster Risk Reduction activities The IDDR day 2013 ..............................................................................................22

Inaugral Session ...........................................................................................................................................................................22

Technical Session .........................................................................................................................................................................25

Wrap up Session ...........................................................................................................................................................................27

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS PRESENTED IN THE SCIENTIFIC ..................................................................................29-32

ARTICLES ............................................................................................................................................................................33-60

Climate change and volcanic feedbacks

Danda Pani Adhikari .................................................................................................................................................35

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g/]z sfhL tfd|fsf/ ....................................................................................................................................................39

3D Visualisation of Geological Objects

Prem Bahadur Thapa .................................................................................................................................................45

Study of gravelly sediments: depositional environmental changes of the Kathmandu Basin

Mukunda Raj Paudel ..................................................................................................................................................49

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Teaching Geology of Nepal Himalayas in the Field

Ananta P Gajurel .........................................................................................................................................................57

NEW BOOKS .............................................................................................................................................................................60

NEW MEMBERS OF NEPAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY...................................................................................................61

OBITUARY ................................................................................................................................................................................62

CONGRATULATIONS .............................................................................................................................................................63

Promotion ...................................................................................................................................................................................63

Ph.D. Awards ..............................................................................................................................................................................65

New Job Entry ............................................................................................................................................................................65

LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY THE NGS ......................................................................................................................66

LIST OF PUBLISHED JOURNALS OF NEPAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY ....................................................................66

7th NEPAL GEOLOGICAL CONGRESS, ANNOUNCEMENT ..........................................................................................68

Bulletin of Nepal Geological Society, 2014, Vol. 31

1

NGS NEWS

35th AGM Held

The 35th Annual General Body Meeting (AGM) and the Biennial Function of the Nepal Geological Society

(NGS) was held in the auditorium hall of the Kupandole Banquet, Kupandole Lalitpur on 6th September 2013 (B. S. 2070 Bhadra 21). President of the 15th Executive Committee Mr. Uttam Bol Shrestha chaired the General Body Meeting. The meeting began with the welcome speech by Mr. Sudhir Rajaure, General Secretary, NGS. Mr Rajaure presented the Annual Report to the General Body highlighting the various activities and events which happened during the tenure of the 15th Executive Committee. Then, Mr. Ram Prasad Ghimire, Treasurer, presented the Financial Report, including the Auditor’s Report, for the Fiscal year 2068/069 B. S. Following the presentation of the General Secretary and Treasurer, a lively discussion session was held on various issues to address the question of NGS members in connection with the Annual and financial reports. After long discussion both the reports presented by the General Secretary and Treasurer were approved by the AGM. With the recommendation of the Executive Committee, the AGM decided to appoint Mr. Keshab Bhattarai as new auditor for the year 2070/2071. More than 150 NGS members participated and discussed during the meeting about various issues.The biennial function was chaired by Mr. Krishna Gyawali, Secretary, Ministry of Industry, Nepal. Mr. Uttam Bol Shrestha, President, 15th Executive Committee and Dr. Dinesh Pathak,

Newly Elected President of the 16th Executive Committee delivered speeches on various issues. Handover of the Society to the 16th Executive Committee took place.

IDDR Day-2013 Observed

Nepal Geological Society (NGS) is a professional organization that is committed to work towards reducing

hazard, vulnerability, and resulting disaster in the country. It has been working in disaster inventory, preparedness and advocacy since its establishment (last three decades). United Nation (UN) proclaimed the theme to celebrate disaster day 2013-2014 as: “Disability and Disaster”. Giving high priority to this theme NGS organized a half day workshop on October 8, 2013 in collaboration with Mitra Kunj and Russian Centre for Science and Culture. The program was supported by Department of Mines and Geology (DMG), Department of Irrigation (DoI) and Department of Water Induced Disaster Prevention (DWIDP). The program was organized in the Russian Culture Center hall, Kamal Pokhari, Kathmandu. There was around 130 participation consisting of researchers, policy makers, representatives of organization working in the disaster sectors. The program was inaugurated and addressed by Mr. Pratap Kumar Pathak, Secretary, Ministry of Irrigation, Government of Nepal. The program was also addressed by the distinguished guests. There were five thematic presentations, each followed by discussion over the queries of participants. The workshop was divided into two sessions namely Inauguration Session and Technical Session.

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Scientific Talk Programs, Workshops, Interactions Held

S.N. Date Title Nature Speaker Location No of Partiipants Abstract Collaborating

organization

1 October 8, 2013

International Day for Disaster Reduction IDDR Day 2013, Living with Disabilities and Disaster

Workshop 4 speakers

Russian Centre of Science and Culture

105 Report attached


2 March 1, 2014

Petrology and Geochemistry of the Tynong Province Granitoids, Lachlan Orogen, Australia

Talk Program

Dr. Kamal Raj Regmi Trichandra

35

Abstract attached

Evolution of the fluvial systems and petrography of sedimentary rocks of the Miocene Siwalik Group, Karnali River section, Nepal Himalaya: implications for provenance, paleoclimate and Himalayan tectonics

Dr. Ashok Sigdel Abstract

attached

3 April, 10-11 2014

Metamorphism Metamophism and Geocronology: Application in the Himalayas

Workshop

Dr. Matthew Kohn, Distinguished Professor, Boise State University, USA

Trichandra 30 No Dept of Geo, Trichandra

4

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InteractionGeologists at teaching profession

NAST 35 No Central Department of Geology

June 27, 2014

Glacier Status in Nepal and Decadal Change from 1980 to 2010

Special Talk Program

S. R. Bajracharya Trade Tower 81 No ICIMOD

5 July 4, 2014Nutrient Dynamics: Anthoropogenic Alteration and Challenges

Talk Program

Dr. Deb Jaisi, USA DMG 40 Abstract

attached

6

July 18, 2014

Engineering Geology at the Boundary of Feasibility; Recent Case Histories by Ulrich Glawe (PhD., MSc., MSc.)


Ulrich Glawe, Germany 100 Abstract

attached

Society of Transport Engineers-Nepal and Full Bright Consultancy

August 13, 2014

Sunkoshi Landslide Damming: Causes, Consequences and Actions


Prof. M.R. Dhital, S. C. Amatya, TL Adhikari, D. R. Pandey


150 No

Nepal Landslide Society, Himalayan Landslide Society, Nepal Geotechnical Society and NSET-Nepal


3

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NGS ACHIEVEMENT


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All kinds of geological surveysGeophysical surveys (ERT and seismic surveys)

Seismic hazard analysisSeismic instrumentation

Maineral explorationEIA and IEE

Geological hazard mappingGeo-technical tests

Kirtipur, Kathmandu, NepalE-mail: [email protected], Tel: 433014, 9840017627www.geos.com.np

REMEMBER US FOR RELIABILITY AND PROFESSIONALISM

GEO-SCIENCE INNOVATIONS (P) LTD.

For details please visit:http://www.geos.com.np


7

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35TH ANNUAL GENERAL BODY MEETING AND BIANNUAL PROGRAMME OF THE NEPAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

6th September 2013 (21st Bhadra 2070)

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8

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o;} cj;/df d Workshop ;kmntfk"j{s cfof]hgf ug{ cys k|of; ug'{ePsf Convener 8f= lbAo /Tg s+zfsf/, Co-convener 8f= ;f]gfy ;fksf]6f tyf laleGg ;ldltdf /xL sfo{ ug'{x'g] ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;flyx¿, cfly{s Pj+ cGo ;xof]u k|bfg ug'{x'g] ;/sf/L, u}/ ;/sf/L, /fli6«o Pj+ cGt//fli6«o ;+3;+:yfx¿ tyf cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgx¿k|lt ;dfh Pj+ !% cf}+ sfo{sfl/0fL / d]/f] cfkm\gf] AolQmut ¿kdf ;d]t xflb{s wGojfb k|s6 ug{ rfxG5' .

!% cf}+ sfo{sfl/0fLsf] b'O{ jif{df c6'6 ¿kdf International Day for Disaster Reduction (IDDR) dgfOPsf] 5 . o;}u/L o; ;dfhaf6 k|sfzg ul/g] Bulletin of Nepal Geological Society (Vol. 29, 30), Journal of Nepal Geological Society (Vol 44, 45 46) o;} sfo{sfndf k|sfzg ul/Psf 5g\ .

lgoldt ¿kdf k|sfzg ul/g] dfly pNn]v ul/Psf k|sfzgsf cltl/Qm e"lj1fg;Fu ;DalGwt s[ltx¿ k':tssf] ¿kdf gofF k|sfzg Pj+ k'gM d'b|0f ug]{ sfo{ klg ;DkGg ul/Psf] 5 . o; !% cf}+ sfo{sfl/0fLaf6 ;'?jft eO{ cfPsf] Georges Mascle et. al. åf/f lnlvt "The Himalaya Tibet Collision" k':ts ;d]t French efifdf k|sflzt s[lt c+u|]hL efiffdf cg'jfb ul/ k|sfzg ul/Psf] 5 . pQm s[ltnfO{ cg'jfb ug]{ cg'dlt k|bfg ug'{ ePsf]df Societe Geologique De France nfO{ xflb{s wGojfb 1fkg ub{5' . ;fy} o; s[ltnfO{ c+u|]hL efiffdf cg'jfb ug'{x'g] ;dfhsf ;b:o 8f= ;Gtdfg /fO{ / 8f= cgGt k|;fb uh'/]nnfO{ klg wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .

o;sf cltl/Qm Prof. Dr. Harutaka Sakai et. al. åf/f lnlvt "Guidebook for Excursion on Geology of Kathmadu Valley" klg k|sfzg ul/Psf] 5 . o; k':tssf] k|sfzgsf] cfly{s Joj:yfkg ug'{x'g] Dr. Sakai / o;sf n]vsx¿ ;d]tnfO{ d]/f] xflb{s wGojfb .

To:t} !(^( df k|sfzg ul/Psf] Dr. Tony Hagen åf/f lnlvt "Report on Geological Survey of Nepal" Vol. 1 sf] k'gM k|sfzg o; ;dfhn] xfn} u/]sf] 5 h;sf] cfh nf]sfk{0f ul/lbg' x'g o; ;efsf d'Vo cltly dfggLo dGqLHo"nfO{ cg'/f]w u/]sf 5f}+ . o; k':tssf] k'gM k|sfzg ug{ cg'dlt k|bfg ug'{ePsf]df Dr. Tony Hagen sL 5f]/L Kartin Hagen / k':ts k|sfzgsf nflu cys k|of; ul/lbg'x'g] k|f=8f= ljzfngfy pk|]tLHo"nfO{ klg

xflb{s wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .

;fy} ;dfhn] :j= ldq axfb'/ /fO{sf] :d[ltdf ldq /fO{ :d[lt cIfo sf]if v8f u/L cfufdL jif{af6 e"ue{zf:q s]Gb|LO ljeuaf6 :gftsf]Q/ tx k|yd jif{sf] k/LIffdf pTs[i6 c+s NofO{ pQL0f{ x'g] ljBfyL{nfO{ ;f]wsfo{ ug{sf nflu 5fqj[lQ k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . of] cIfosf]if v8f ug{ :j= /fO{sf ;dsIfL ;fyLx¿ nufot cGo ;Dk"0f{ ;xof]lux¿k|lt s[t1tf JoQm ub{5' .

!$ cf} sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltn] Geological Society of America (GSA) ;Fu ;DaGw /fvL Nepal Geological Society nfO{ GSA sf] Associate Membership k|fKt u/L GSA / g]kfn ef}ule{s ;dfh aLr ;+:yfut ¿kdf ;"rgf tyf e]63f6x¿ cfbfg k|bfg ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbb} cfPsf] 5f}+ .

;dfhsf] cfkm\gf] :yfoL :yfg gx'Fbf cToGt s7Lg e}/x]sf] kl/k|]Iodf vfgL tyf e"ue{ ljefusf] sDkfp08 leq s/Lj ! /f]kgL hUufdf o; ;dfhsf] ejg lgdf{0f ug{ :jLs[lt dfu ul/Psf]df ljz]if sf/0fj; ljefun] rfx]/ klg ljefuaf6 ;dfhnfO{ hUuf pknAw u/fpg g;Sg] l:ylt l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . tyflk o; ;dfhsf] sfo{;+rfng ug{ vfgL tyf e"ue{ ljefu leq} clkm; v8f u/L sfo{ ;+rfng ug{ kfO/x]sf 5f}+ . o;sf] nflu ;dfh vfgL tyf e"ue{ ljefu k|lt xflb{s s[t1tf 1fkg ub{5 .

o; cuf8L xfdLn] kbef/ u|x0f ubf{ s]xL sfo{of]hgf cuf8L ;f/]sf lyof}+ h;dWo] sltko k"/f eP eg] sltko ljleGg sf/0fn] k"/f ug{ ;lsPg . kGw|f} sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltdf d]xgtsf ;fy ;dlk{t eP/ sfd ug]{ ;xsdL{x¿ kfPsf]df cfkm'nfO{ efUdfgL 7fGb} pxfFx¿ ;a}nfO{ xflb{s wGojfb 1fkg ug{ rfxG5' / xfd|f] sfo{sfndf ePsf sdL sdhf]/Lx¿k|lt JolQmut ¿kdf d Ifdfk|fyL{ 5' .

o; ;dfhnfO{ :yfkgf sfnb]lv k|fljlws, ef}lts / cfly{s ¿kdf ;xof]u ub}{ cfpg' ePsf ;Dk"0f{ ;/sf/L, /fli6«o / cGt//fli6«o u}/ ;/sf/L lgsfox¿, sG;N6]G;Lx¿, vfgL / vlghdf cfwfl/t pBf]ux¿ / cGo pBf]uL Joj;foL ;+3 ;+u7gsf ;fyLx¿ ;a}nfO{ xflb{s wGojfb 1fkg ub{5' . !% cf}+ sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltsf] cWoIfsf] ¿kdf ;]jf ug]{ df}sf lbg' ePsf]df ;dfhsf ;a} ;fyLx¿nfO{ xflb{s cfef/ k|s6 ub}{ !^cf}+ sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltnfO{ z'esfdgf JoQm ug{ rfxG5' .

wGojfb .


9

Report by Gen. Secretery, 15th Executive Committee, NGS Mr. Sudhir Rajaure

Chairperson of this meeting and President of 15th Executive Committee Mr. Uttam Bol Shrestha President the elect of Nepal Geological Society Dr. Dinesh PathakRespected Honorary MembersRespected Former PresidentsDistinguished NGS MembersLadies and Gentlemen

It is a great pleasure for me to be with you all on the occasion of 35th Annual General Body Meeting of the Nepal Geological Society and on my own. We have completed our tenure of two years after we assumed the NGS Executive Committee and took the responsibility of the office of NGS.Activities of the NGS are explained in detail in the 30th Volume of NGS. Now, let me take this opportunity to highlight some of the activities of NGS in brief.

Observing the IDDR DayNGS has been observing United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) undertaking various activities in the field of disaster reduction since 1991. Since 2001 NGS observed International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) day in Nepal for ten years. In the tenure of 15tth Committee NGS observed International Day for Disaster Reduction (IDDR) 2011 and 2012 under the call of UNISDR organizing one-day seminar in the Russian Centre of Science and Culture. Such seminars were organized ensuring participation from relevant institutions as per the theme of UNISDR.

27th HKT Workshop:27th HKT Workshop has been successfully organized last year during 28th to 30th November 2012. The Workshop was participated by about 400 from 19 countries across different continents. There were oral as well as poster presentations, which were smoothly organized during the three days of workshop. It was a great satisfaction for all Nepalese geoscientists to have such an international workshop successfully organized in Nepal.

Publications:We have published Volume 29 and Volume 30 of the Bulletin of Nepal Geological Society in the tenure of two years. Likewise, we have published Volume 44 and Volume 46 of the Journal of Nepal Geological Society. Similarly, Volume 45 which is an Abstract Volume was published at the time of 27th HKT last year.

It is a pride to all of us to reprint the famous book "Report on Geological Survey of Nepal" Vol. 1 by Dr. Tony Hagen.NGS has published "The Himalaya-Tibet Collision" by George Mascle et. al. which is very much appreciated by geoscientists interested in the Himalaya-Tibet region.

Nepal Geological Society is now on Face bookNepal Geological Society has its own Facebook Page. It is disseminating its news and notices through Facebook in addition to email and website. All NGS Members are kindly requested to join the facebook page by clicking like button on the front page of NGS Facebook page.

Collection of Personal Information for Directory UpdateA new version of the directory of Nepal Geological Society members has been published. Despite our intense effort the directory still has some shortcomings. I am hopeful that the new committee will improve it in the coming days.

New NGS Members:The total number of NGS members (Life+General) has reached 712. In our tenure almost 70 new members have joined the Society.

Creating Job OpportunityNepal Geological Society made attempts to meet concerned authorities of the Government of Nepal in order to explain them the importance of geosciences and the knowledge of geological knowledge in development works in a country like Nepal. However no achievement so far is achieved.

Mitra Rai Fund for ScholarshipLet me take this opportunity to inform you that a fixed deposit account has been created in the Rastriya Banijya Bank in order to provide scholarship to merit holder in the first year of M. Sc. in Geology. The sum of the deposit is 240000.00 including 120000 from Nepal Geological Society and 120000 collected by Dr. Kamala Kant Acharya and his friends.Finally, I would like to express sincere gratitude and thanks to all the NGS Members who are present here despite their busy schedule.

Thank you All2070 Bhadra 21(September 6, 2013)


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Best wishes for the grand success of

36th Annual General Body Meetingof the

Nepal Geologicl Society

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o; ;efsf ;efklt tyf ;dfhsf cWoIf Ho"jt{dfg sfo{sfl/0fLsf ;fyLx¿ Pj+;dfhsf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:oHo"

o; !% cf}F sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltsf] @ aif]{ sfo{sfnsf] clGtd aif{ ut cf= j= @)^(.&) sf] Ps aif{sf] cjlwdf ePsf] o; ;dfhsf] cfly{s ljj/0fnfo{ o; jflif{s ;fwf/0f ;ef dfkm{t tkfO{Fx¿ ;dIf k|:t't ug{ kfpFbf v';L nfu]sf] 5 . tkfO{+x¿s} lg/Gt/ ;lqmotf, ;xof]u / ;befjaf6 o; ;dfhn] cfk\mgf] cfly{s ;|f]t h'6fpg / o;sf laleGg lqmofsnfkx¿ ;kmntfk"a{s ;+rfng ul/ cfk\mgf] ul/df sfod /fVg ;kmn ePsf] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df o; ;dfhk|lt cfly{s ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'x'g] ;Dk"0f{ AolQm tyf ;+:yf k|lt cfef/ / wGojfb AoQm ug{ rfxG5' .

cj d ut cf= j= sf] cfly{s ljj/0f k|:t't ug{ rfxG5' . ;j{ k|yd ut cf= j= sf] vr{ / cfDbfgLsf] ;+lIfKt ljj/0f k]z ug{ rfxG5' .

ut cf= j= df hDdf ? #(. ^&. $^^ cfDbfgL ePsf] 5 . o;sf] d"Vo >f]tsf] ¿kdf cfly{s ;xof]u af6 ? #!,$&,@%!, /lhi6«]zg z'Nsaf6 #,%&,#((=%), hg{n laqmLaf6 #*@%), ;b:otf z'Nsaf6 *%)), Aofhaf6 ? ^!@*% / cGoaf6 #%$&%) ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L vr{ tkm{ d"VotM 27th Himalayan Karakoram Tibet Workshop

;lxt ;]ldgf/ vr{ ? @&(@,$#$ 5kfO{ vr{ ? @,$*,!)* / cGo ul/ hDdf ? #@(^,%*) vr{ ePsf] 5 .

o;/L vr{ eGbf cfDbfgL al9 x'g uO{ ? ^,&),*%& art ePsf] 5 . xfn ;dfh;+u laleGg a}+sx¿df /x]sf] gub df}Hbft, k]:sL, jSof}tf ul/ clGtd gub df}Hbft ? @(,&(,)## / k};f ## dfq /x]sf] 5 . o; sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltn] cfk\mgf] sfo{ef/ ;DxfNbf cd]l/sL 8n/ sf] df}Hbft USD @#,^!!.! /x]sf]df xfn ;f] /sd sl/j !))) 8n/n] a9g uO{ hDDff USD @$,$@(.($ df}Hbft /x]sf] 5 . t/ klg cd]l/sL 8n/sf] g]kfnL ?k}ofF ;+usf] kl/jlt{o b/ (exchange rate) tTsflng cj:yfdf USD ! a/fj/ ? &(=)% /x]sf] df xfn c;f/ d;fGtdf ;f] b/ 36g uO{ &).(% 36g uO{ ut cf= j= df ? (*,%@) 3f6f x'g uPsf] b]lvG5 . olt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg ;du|df xfdLn] sfo{ef/ ;DxfNbf o; ;dfhsf] hDdf gub df}Hbft @$,$(,$%% /x]sf]df To;df ? %,@(,%&* ylkg uO{ clGtd df}Hbft ? @(,&(,)## /xg uPsf] 5 .

cGTodf of] cfly{s k|ltj]bgsf] ljj/0f ;DalGw s'g} k|ltlqmof / ;'emfjx¿ eP ;f]sf] ck]Iff /fVb} d]/f] k|:t'lt cGTo ub{5' .

wGojfbsf]iffWoIf!% cf}F sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltg]kfn ef}ule{s ;dfh

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35TH ANNUAL GENERAL BODY MEETING OF THE NEPAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Auditor's Financial Report (FY 2070/71 B.S.)


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o; ;df/f]xsf ;efkltHo"o; ;efsf k|d'v cltlyHo"o; ;dfhsf !^ cf}F sfo{ ;ldltsf cWoIfHo"o; ;df/f]xdf kfNg'ePsf cltlyHo"x¿;flyx¿, dlxnf tyf ;Hhga[Gb

cfh o; ;dfhsf] !^ cf}F låjifL{o ;df/f]x tyf !^ cf}F sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltsf] kb:yfkg ;df/f]xdf oxfFx¿lar af]Ng kfpFbf cToGt} v'zL nflu/x]sf] 5 . !% cf}F sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltn] uPsf] b'O jif{df u/]sf sfo{x¿sf] af/]df oxfFx¿ cjut g} x'g'x'G5 To;}n] d ca oxfFx¿sf] a9L ;do lng rfxGg .

cfhsf] o; ;df/f]xdf k|d'v cltlysf] xfd|f] cg'/f]w l:jsf/ u/L cfkmgf] Ao:ttfsf] afjh'b klg xfd|f]dfem kfNg'ePsf dfglgo dGqL >L z+s/ k|;fb sf]O/fnfHo"df o; ;dfh, !% cfF} sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt tyf d :joFsf] tkm{af6 xflb{s s[t1tf 1fkg ub{5' .

o; z'qmjf/sf] ;fFemdf cfkmgf 3/fo;L Ao:ttfx¿nfO{ kG5fpFb} xfd|f] cg'/f]w l:jsf/ ub{} xfdLnfO{ ;fy lbg cfpg'ePsf cltlyHo"x¿df xflb{s s[t1tf 1fkg ug{ rfxG5' . o;} u/L o; ;df/f]xdf pkl:yt eO xfd|f] xf};nf a9fOlbg'ePsf]df ;Dk"0f{ cfb/0fLo ;Ddflgt ;b:o, ;b:o tyf cfdlGqt ;a} dxfg'efjx¿df xflb{s cfef/ AoQm ub}{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .

!% cf}F sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltsf] @ aif{] sfo{sfndf ;xof]u k'/fpg'x'g] ;Dk"0f{ ;+3;+:yf tyf dxfg'efjx¿df d ;xof]u sf] nflu xflb{s wGojfb 1fkg ub{5' .

o;}u/L cfhsf] o; sfo{qmd ;kmn kfg{ cu|k+lQm tyf g]kYodf /x]/ ;xof]u ug'{x'g] ;a}df wGojfb AoQm ub{5' . cfhsf] o; sfo{qmdsf] nflu o; sfo{qmd :yn pknAw u/fO{ cfjZos ;]jf k|bfg ug'{ePsf]df klg xflb{s wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .

cGtdf !^ cf}F sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltsf] ;kmntfsf] sfdgf ub{} cfjZos ;xof]u ug'{x'g ;a}df cg'/f]w ub{} labf x'g rfxG5' .

wGojfb .oxfFx¿sf] ;fFem ;'vb /xf];\ .

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16th Executive Committee The 16th executives elected for the two years starting from September 1st 2013 to August 31st 2015 are:

Dr. Dinesh Pathak President Mr. Sudhir Rajaure Vice PresidentMr. Dinesh Kumar Napit General SecretaryMr. Sunil Raj Poudel Deputy General SecretaryMr. Kumar K.C. TreasurerMr. Uttam Bol Shrestha Member Mr. Shiva Kumar Baskota MemberMr. Narayan Banskota MemberMr. Umesh Chandra Bhusal Member Mr. Surendra Shah MemberDr. Kamalakanta Acharya MemberMs. Tara Pokhrel MemberDr. Gyanendra Gurung Member

The 16th Executive Committee formed Editorial Board of the Journal of Nepal Geological Society and several other committees, sub-committees and representatives as below to support its activities:

Editorial Board of the Journal of Nepal Geological Society

Dr. Danda Pani Adhikari Editor-In-ChiefDr. Beth Pratt Sitaula MemberDr. Tetsuya Sakai MemberMr. Jayendra Man Tamrakar MemberMr. Mukunda Raj Poudel MemberMr. Surendra Raj Shrestha MemberDr. Prem Bahadur Thapa MemberDr. Ghanashyam Neupane MemberDr. Subesh Ghimire MemberDr. Sunil Kumar Dwivedi MemberDr. Ganesh Nath Tripathi Member

Advisiory CommitteeMr. Jhumar Mal Tater Ex-President, NGS

Mr. Gopal Singh Thapa Ex-President, NGS

Mr. Nirendar Dhoj Maskey Ex-President, NGS

Mr. Narendra Bahadur Kayastha Ex-President, NGS

Mr. Vinod Singh Chettri Ex-President, NGS

Dr. Ramesh Prasad Bashyal Ex-President, NGS

Mr. Achyuta Nanda Bhandary Ex-President, NGS

Dr. Amod Mani Dixit Ex-President, NGS

Mr. Krishan Prasad Kaphle Ex-President, NGS

Prof. Dr. Bishal Nath Upreti Ex-President, NGS

Mr. Ramesh Kumar Aryal Ex-President, NGS

Mr. Pratap Singh Tater Ex-President, NGS

Dr. Ramesh Man Tuladhar Ex-President, NGS

Prof. Dr. Megh Raj Dhital Ex-President, NGS

Mr. Jagadiswar Nath Shrestha Ex-President, NGS

Mr. Uttam Bol Shrestha Ex-President, NGS

Dr. Dinesh Chandra Devkota Ex- Vice-Chair, NPC

Honorary Member Recommendation committeeMr. Jagadiswar Nath ShesthaDr. Suresh Das ShresthaMr. Lila Nath Rimal

IDDR Day Organizing CommitteeMr. Sagar Kumar Rai CoordinatorMr. Andy Prakash Bhatta Co-CoordinatorMr. Shanmukhesh Chandra Amatya MemberMr. Churna Bahadur Oli MemberMr. Sunil Shrestha MemberMr. Dinesh Nepali MemberDr. Subesh Ghimire MemberMr. Ajaya Raj Adhikari MemberMs. Pramila Shrestha MemberMs. Shailina Manandhar MemberMr. Dinesh Kumar Napit Member

Scientific Sub-committeeMr. Samjwal Ratna Bajracharya CoordinatorDr. Suresh Das Shrestha MemberProf. Dr. Lalu Prasad Poudel MemberDr. Tara Nidhi Bhattarai MemberDr. Naresh Kaji Tamrakar MemberMr. Lila Nath Rimal MemberDr. Prakash Das Ulak MemberMr. Subash Chandra Sunuwar MemberDr. Basanta Raj Adhikari MemberDr. Kamal Raj Regmi MemberDr. Ashok Sigdel MemberMr. Sudan Bikash Maharjan MemberMr. Sudhir Rajaure Member

LIST OF COMMITTEES


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Geological Council Formation and Professional Development Sub-CommitteeDr. Dinesh Pathak CoordinatorMr. Krishna Prasad Kaphle MembersMr. Moti Bahadur Kunwar Members Mr. Pratap Singh Tater MembersProf. Dr. Bishal Nath Upreti Members Mr. Jagadishwar Nath Shrestha MembersDr. Amod Mani Dixit Members Mr. Dinesh Kumar Napit MembersMr. Sagar Kumar Rai Members Mr. Sarbjit Prasad Mahato MembersMr. Gopal Singh Thapa Members Dr. Dinesh Chandra Devkota MembersProf. Dr. Lalu Prasad Paudel Members Mr. Durga Prasad Osti Members

International RepresentativesDr. Tanka Prasad OjhaRepresentative to the Geological Society of AmericaDepartment of Geosciences, University of [email protected]

Dr. Arjun Aryal Representative to [email protected]

Dr. Krishna Kanta Panthi Representative to [email protected]

Mr. Birendra PiyaRepresentative to [email protected]

Mr. Shailesh KarmacharyaRepresentative to The New Zealand and [email protected]

Dr. Ganesh Raj JoshiRepresentative to [email protected]

Dr. Krishna Chandra DevkotaRepresentative to [email protected]




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36th Annual General Body Meeting of the



36th Annual General Body Meeting of the



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Organized by:

Nepal Geological Societyin association with

Mitra Kunj and Russian Centre of Science and Culture

Supported by: Department of Mines and Geology (DMG),

Department of Irrigation (DoI) and Department of Water Induced Disaster Prevention (DWIDP)Kathmandu, Nepal

8 October 2013

International Day for Disaster Reduction IDDR Day 2013Living with Disabilities and Disaster


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NGS AND DISASTER RISK REDUCTION ACTIVITIES

The geological disaster (landslide, flood, earthquake) are the major threat to the national development and poverty

alleviation in Nepal. Therefore, Nepal Geological Society initiated the advocacy in the area that included awareness campaign through the regular celebration of the International Day for Natural Disaster Reduction (UN/IDNDR) since 1990s, occasional publication of disaster-related booklets etc. Likewise, after the establishment of UN ISDR (United Nation International Strategy for Disaster Reduction), the Society has carried its activities in line with the UN/ISDR aims of building disaster resilient communities by promoting increased awareness of the importance of disaster reduction for reducing human, social, economic and environmental losses due to natural hazards and related technological and environmental disasters.

The activities of NGS towards Disaster Prevention was acknowledged by UN Humanitarian and Emergency Relief Co-ordination Office of IDNDR Secretariat in Geneva, by awarding UN-Sasakawa Disaster Prevention Award in 1998 for its efforts in disseminating the scientific knowledge and spreading the awareness of prevention of the natural disaster.

Nepal Geological Society is committed to continue to advocate for disaster risk reduction and mitigation activities in the country. This professional organization is always open to have partnership with other national and international organizations involved in this sector.

THE IDDR DAY 2013

Nepal Geological Society (NGS) is a professional organization that is committed to work towards reducing hazard, vulnerability, and resulting disaster in the country. It has been working in disaster inventory, preparedness and advocacy since its establishment (last three decades). United Nation (UN) proclaimed the theme to celebrate disaster day 2013-2014 as: “Disability and Disaster”. Giving high priority to this theme NGS organized a half day workshop on October 8, 2013 in collaboration with Mitra Kunj and Russian Centre for Science and Culture. The program was supported by Department of Mines and Geology (DMG), Department of Irrigation (DoI) and Department of Water Induced Disaster Prevention (DWIDP).

The program was organized in the Russian Culture Center hall, Kamal Pokhari, Kathmandu. There was around 130 participation consisting of researchers, policy makers, representatives of organization working in the disaster sectors. The program was inaugurated and addressed by Mr. Pratap

Kumar Pathak, Secretary, Ministry of Irrigation, Government of Nepal. The program was also addressed by the distinguished guests. There were five thematic presentations, each followed by discussion over the queries of participants. The workshop was divided into two sessions namely Inauguration Session and Technical Session.

INAUGURAL SESSION

The program was inaugurated by Mr. Pratap Kumar Pathak, Secretary, Ministry of Irrigation, Government of Nepal and

Mr. Kumar KC, Treasure of NGS conducted the inaugural session. The others who addressed the program were Mr. S. K. Rai, Convener, NGS-IDDR-2013, Mrs. Tej Kumari Tiwari, President, Nepal Disabled Society; Mr. Mukunda Dahal, Secretary, National Federation of the Disabled Nepal (NFDN);

Guests sitting on the dais during Inaugural Session


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Mr. S.P. Mahato, Director General, Department of Mines and Geology (DMG); Mr. Pradip Pandey, Director General, Department of Water Induced Disaster Prevention (DWIDP); Mr. Nahendra Pradhan, Acting President, Mitra Kunja; Mr. Antov Maslov, Deputy Director, Russian Center of Science and Culture; Dr. Dinesh Pathak, President, and Mr. D.K. Napit, General Secretary, Nepal Geological Society (NGS).

Mr. Sagar Kumar Rai, Convener of the NGS-IDDR Committee

delivered welcome speech on behalf of the organizing committee. Mr. Rai welcomed all the guests, resource persons and participants in the workshop. In his welcome speech Mr. Rai shaded light on the main objectives of the workshop focusing on the theme given by the UN for this year: Living with Disabilities and Disaster. He also reiterated that Nepal Geological society has long been recognized for research initiatives, regular publication, and organization of national / international seminar workshop and has contributed in development and disaster mitigation endeavors.

Mr. Rai mentioned that ISDR Day has been observed by NGS since long, specially focusing on interactive workshop and seminar with view to share the knowledge and practices of disaster management and to generate awareness among the stakeholders.

In addition, he mentioned that the five

invited papers from Ministry of Home, Nepal Police, Department of Water Induced Disaster Prevention, Nepal Disabled Society, National Federation of Disabled- Nepal are equally important issues to be covered for the disaster management. He believed that at the end of the workshop NGS will be able to produce a report with assessment of our present capacity, identifying substantial activities to be done and practical recommendations to the Govt. and policy makers.

Ms. Tej Kumari Tiwari, President, Nepal Disabled Association explained the situation of people living with

disabilities in Nepal. She mentioned that majority of the disabled communities lack the knowledge of different aspects of disaster. So she stressed the need of launching disaster related awareness program in community of disabled people in Nepal.

Mr. Mukunda Dahal, Secretary, National Federation of the Disabled

Nepal (NFDN); mentioned that the Government of Nepal could not collect

the actual data of disabled people in Nepal. He expressed his doubt over figure of disabled people in Nepal given by Nepal National Census - 2011. He expressed the need of inclusion of people living with disabilities in the decision making and disaster risk reduction planning process.

Mr. Antov Maslov, Deputy Director, Russian center of Science and Culture,

explained the different aspects of disaster management system in Russia and shared their experience of preparedness practices.

Mr. Nahendra Pradhan, Acting President, Mitra Kunj thanked NGS for

continued collaboration on the IDDR Day celebration. He stressed the need of an active forum of all the concerned authorities to carry out research on disaster in Nepal.

Mr. Pratap Kumar Pathak, Secretary, Ministry of Irrigation, Government of Nepal and Chief Guest of the function said that this year’s IDDR Day theme is highly relevant in Nepalese context. He mentioned the need of formulation of


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new and review of the existing disaster related government policies and laws considering the situation of people living with disabilities. He also wished for the success of the workshop and expected strong suggestion and recommendation from this workshop to the policy makers and the implementers.

Mr. Pradip Pandey, Director General, Department of Water Induced Disaster

Prevention (DWIDP) mentioned about the activities and effort made by department in disaster prevention and mitigation.

Mr. S. P. Mahato, Director General, Department of Mines and Geology, explained how Nepal lies in high disaster

risk zone due to active tectonic activities and younger mountain building process. He said that a due consideration should be given to disabled people during implementation of disaster related programs.

Dr. Dinesh Pathak, Chairman of the session and President of Nepal Geological Society thanked the participants for their presence in spite

of their busy schedule. He stressed that Nepal is geologically situated in a zone that is vulnerable to natural disaster. Because of this reason, Nepal Geological Society has been celebrating IDNDR and IDDR Day in cooperation with the concerned government and non-government organization so as to disseminate the information about disaster to the general public. The Society is still committed to its objective towards disaster risk reduction and has been continuously involved in various related activities.

Dr. Pathak mentioned that according to WHO data, one in every five person has some kind of disability. Likewise, the 2068 BS Census data shows that around 1.94% of Nepalese population are disabled. This group of people are among the most excluded in society and hence most vulnerable and are likely to severely hit by the disaster. Dr. Pathak stressed the need of involving the disabled during the preparation of disaster management plan so that their issues could be well addressed in the plan.

He mentioned that, in view of geographical and geological condition, Nepal is prone to hit by disaster and have experiences several such incidents in the past. In this context, NGS has organized this workshop in order to discuss in various aspects of “disability in disaster”. The main aim of the program is to generate awareness among different stakeholder working in disaster management so that they would not consider disability as inability thereby involving the disabled in disaster risk reduction activities..

President Pathak acknowledged the partnership between Nepal Geological Society, Government bodies, local governments as well as Mitra Kunj and Russian Center of Science and Culture.

Mr. D. K. Napit, General Secretary, Nepal Geological Society, presented the vote of thanks. He thanked the Chief Guest, other guests on the dais, all the

participants, collaborative organizations and supporters for their support and participation in the ISDR Day organized by the Nepal Geological Society. With the permission of the Chairman of the session, he also declared closing of the inauguration session and announced for a break before the start of technical session.

***


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The technical session was chaired by Mr. Siddi Pratap Khan, Life Member of Nepal Geological Society and Senior Hydrogeologist. The rapporteurs were Dr. Subesh Ghimire (Central Department of Geology) and Mr. Sunil Shrestha

(Nepal Electricity Authority).

Five thematic papers were presented in the technical session, which is briefly summarized below:

TECHNICAL SESSION

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;Dks{M xl/ k|;fb ltldlN;gf(*%!)($!^!, )!$$@(&!!


26

ABSTRACT OF PAPERS PRESENTED IN the IDDR Day -2013

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hn pTkGg k|sf]k lgoGq0f ljefu, l;+rfO{ dGqfno

g]kfndf k|To]s aÈ{ k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 x'g] dfgjLo Ôltsf] @!Ü Ôlt af9L–kxL/f] cyf{t hn pTkGg k|sf]kaf6 x'g] ub{ 5 . hn pTkGg k|sf]k lgoGq0f Go'gLs/0f ;+/rgfTds Pj+ u}/ ;+/rgfTds k|s[ofaf6 ug{ ;lsG5 . ;+/rgfTds k|s[of cGt/ut :k/, t6aGw, ufO8 Aof+s, l/e]6d]G6 lgdf{0f tyf afof]O+lhlgol/+u k|ljlw kb{5g eg] u}/ ;+/rgfTds k|s[of cGt/ut k|sf]k ;DaGwL hgr]tgfsf]

k|rf/ k|;f/ nufot hf]lvd gS;f tof/L tyf hf]lvd k"j{ ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; Pj+ jÈf{sf] lgoldt cg'udg kb{5g . k|fs[lts k|sf]k ;DaGwL hf]lvdsf] hfgsf/L ePdf / ;'/lÔt :yfgsf] klxrfg ePdf hf]lvd Ô]qaf6 :yfgfGt/0f u/] lhp Hofgsf] ;'/Ôf ug{ ;lsG5 .

k|fs[lts k|sf]kdf ckfËtfsf r'gf}lt tyf hf]lvd Go"lgs/0fsf pkfox¿

cf]d k'g æ>ldsÆ dxf;lrj, g]kfn ckfË ;dfh

ljZjdf k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf 36gfx¿ b}lgs a9\b} uO/x]sf 5g\ . h;sf sf/0f lbgx'F h;f] dfgjLo Ifltdf j[l4 eO/x]sf 5g\ . e"sDk, e"–Ifo, Hjfnfd'vL, ;'gfdL, ef]sd/L h:tf k|fs[lts ljkbaf6 dflg;x¿n] ;d:of ef]Ub} cfO/x]sf 5g\ . o;/L a9\b} uO/x]sf k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf sf/0f ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿ rsf]{ df/df kl//x]sf 5g\ eg] To:tf ljkbaf6 ckfËtfsf] ;+Vofdf klg j[l4 x'Fb} uO/x]sf] 5 . a9\bf] ljkbsf sf/0f ljZj ;d'bfonfO{ g} r'gf}lt lbO/x]sf] 5 . Psflt/ wghgsf] Iflt csf]{lt/ tL k|sf]kaf6 a9\b} uO/x]sf] ckfËtfsf] ;+Vofdf emg emg a9\bf] qmd / ckfËutfsf sf/0f hLjgofkgdf kb}{ u/]sf] rsf]{ df/ cfhsf] d'Vosf] ;d:of xf] .

ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿ ljZj d} rsf]{ u/LaLsf] df/df kl//x]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿ cfly{s ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts ;a} If]qaf6 k5fl8 kl//x]sf 5g\ . ckfËtf ePsf JolQmsf] ;a} eGbf rsf]{ ;d:of eg]s} cfly{s ¿kdf ljkGg x'g' xf] . cfly{s ¿kdf ljkGg ePsf ckfËtf ePsf JolQm :jf:Yo ;'ljwf / /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/af6 klg k5fl8Psf 5g\ . cfly{s ¿kdf ljkGg ePsf ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] a;f]af;sf] :yfg klg ;'/lIft / e/ kbf]{ cj:yfdf 5}g . h;sf sf/0f pgLx¿ k|fs[lts k|sf]kdf ;a} eGbf klxn] k5{g\ / To;af6 cfk"mnfO{ ;xh} ;'/lIft ug{ ;Sb}gg\ .

g]kfn ckfË ;dfhn] ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf ;Gbe{df cGt/fli6«o ;Gbe{, g]kfndf ckfËtf ePsf JolQmsf] tYof+s / cj:yf, k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] b[li6df g]kfn, ljkb Joj:yfkgdf ;/sf/L k|fjwfg -lqjlif{o of]hgf @)^&÷)^*–@)^(÷)&)_, t]¥xf} of]hgf -cf= j= @)&)÷)&!–@)&@÷)&#_ sf] cfwf/ kqdf ePsf Joj:yfx¿, ljkb\ Joj:yfkgdf ckfËtfsf ;d:of / r'gf}ltx¿, ljkb\af6 aRg] s]xL pkfox¿, k|fs[lts ljklQnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug]{ pkfox¿, ljkb\ Joj:yfkgdf /fHosf] e"ldsf, ljkb\ Joj:yfkgdf ckfËtf If]qsf] e"ldsf tyf ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf s]xL tl:j/ k|bz{g cflb ljifoj:t'nfO{ k|:t'lts/0fdf ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 .


27

g]kfn ef}ule{s jgfj6sf sf/0fn] ljkb\sf] hflvddf /x]sf] ;Gbe{df g]kfndf e}/x]sf] ljkb\ Joj:Yffkgsf k|of; tyf cfofdx¿ cToGt dxTjk"0f{ ¿kdf x]l/G5 . Hazard /

Vulnerability ;+of]hg ePdf cyjf Expose ePsf] v08df k|sf]k x'G5, k|sf]kjf6 hg tyf wgsf] Iflt ePdf ljkbdf x'G5 . k|sf]ksf] Joj:yfkg ug{ yk ;fwg;|f]t / bIftf rflxG5 / xfd|f] ;Gbe{df xfdL w]/} xb;Dd ljkbnfO{ Joj:Yffkg ul//x]sf 5f} . ljkb Joj:Yffkgsf rs| k"j{ ljkb, ljkbsf] ;do tyf ljkb kZrftsf] cj:Yff u/L tLg r/0fdf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . k"{jtof/L, vf]h, p4f/, /fxt tyf k'g{jf; h:tf k|s[ofx¿ oL ljleGg r/0ffx¿df ul/G5 . ljkb\ Joj:yfkg rs|df ljkb\ k"j{sf] cj:Yff Mitigation, Preparedness, Prevention, ljkb\sf] cj:Yffdf Search, Rescue, Relief tyf ljkb\ kZrftsf] cj:yf Recovery, Rehabilitation ul/G5 .

ljkb\ Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L jgfpg w]/} ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿ 5g\ . gof+ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg P]\g, lgodfjnL / ljkb\ ;DjGwL gLlt Nofpg' kg]{ 5 . ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ug]{ lglb{i6 ;+:yfsf] cfjZostf v6lsPsf] 5 . jt{dfgsf] ljkb\ Joj:Yffkg k|ltsfo{ s]lGb|t 5, o;df k"j{ tyf kZrft ljkb\sf] cjwf/0ff yk ug'{ kg]{ 5 . ljkb\ Joj:yfkgdf ;/sf/L tyf u}/–;/sf/L If]qsf] dfgjLo Ifdtfsf] ljsf;, ;fwg–;|f]tsf]

g]kfndf b}jLk|sf]k÷ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;+lIfKtdfk|lbk s'df/ sf]O{/fnf

u[x dGqfno

pknJWftf / plrt k|of]u, vf]h tyf p4f/ Ifdtfsf\ ljsf; tyf ljkb\ Joj:yfkgdf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf emg} r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . o;sf ;fy} Xof]uf] tyf Xof]uf] kZrftsf] cj:yf / o;sf] sfof{Gjog, ljkb\ hf]lvdsf] ljdf+s/0f tyf hf]lvdsf] ljt/0f h:tf ljifox¿ cfufdL lbgdf cem dxTjsf ;fy cuf8L n}hfg' kg]{ 5 . o;sf nflu k|efjs/L ;"rgf ;+sng tyf ;"rgf ;+hfn / o; If]qdf eP u/]sf k|ltj4tfx¿sf] Jojxfl/s sfof{Gjog emg} dxTjk"0f{ 5 .

After the presentations, an intensive discussion took place among the presenters and audience about the different aspects of the presentations and disaster and mitigation in general. Various queries from the audiences were answered by the presentations. After the discussions a list of general inferences and recommendations were drawn and passed by the workshop.

Session Chairman Mr. Siddi Pratap Khan wrapped up the session summarizing the essences of each five papers categorically. Mr. Khan expressed that he himself learnt many

Nepal Police in Disaster ResponseArjun Timilsina, DSP, Nepal Police

Major points in the paper presentation will cover the Role of Nepal police in Pre-disaster, during disaster and post disaster. Some Glimpse of Nepal police work regarding disaster rescue, Legal responsibility of Nepal police towards

disaster, preparedness in disaster response, policy and standing order, training and capacity building, resources management, Training activity, Family preparedness in disaster and what to do if incase of earthquake.

things from the presentations and discussions and expressed his concern towards effective implementation of the rules and regulations.

Finally, Mr Khan concluded that the workshop is a success as it could extract the substantial outcomes over the announced theme "Living with Disabilities and Disaster" from the disaster point of view. Thanking to the organizing committee and the Nepal Geological Society, and all resource persons and participants, he ended the technical session.

WRAP UP SESSION


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GENERAL INFERENCES AND RECOMMENDATIONS

• Appropriate disaster management activities should be carried out. The exiting act and regulation are to be amended and institutional improvement should be done considering the disabled people. Their participation is also needed during the process of formulation of disaster management policy and implementation of programs.

• Government and other concerned agencies should also carryout disaster awareness and preparedness programs in the community of people living with disabilities. It is required to make an inventory of community of people living with disabilities so that such programs can effectively be implemented in the targeted area.

OUTCOME

• Unique contribution and challenges of persons living

with disabilities to helping communities prepare for and respond to were known to experts, professionals and policy makers who participated in the workshop

• This workshop helped to strengthen better networking among the different actors functioning in the disaster management such as Ministry of Home, Nepal police, Nepal Army, NGO, INGO.

• Pragmatic recommendations related to urban disaster risk reduction to concern entities and individual working in the disaster management have come out from the discussion.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Nepal Geological Society would like to express many thanks to Mr. S. K. Rai, Convener and the members of ISDR Day organizing Committee for their active role in the organization of the workshop.

Sonapur Cements Pvt. Ltd.Largest cement manufacturer in Western Nepal

Bijanuri-1, Dang, NepalEmail: [email protected]





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ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS PRESENTED IN THE SCIENTIFIC TALK PROGRAMMES

Evolution of the fluvial systems and petrography of sedimentary rocks of the Miocene Siwalik Group, Karnali River section, Nepal Himalaya: implications for provenance,

paleoclimate and Himalayan tectonicsAshok Sigdel

Fluvial deposit of the Miocene Siwalik Group (4000–6500 m thick) was accumulated in the Himalaya foreland basin. The Siwalik Group is considered to bean important archive of Himalayan uplift and related climate changes. It is thought that uplift of the Himalaya affected world climate pattern. A noticeable effect was global cooling due to the absorption of carbon dioxide by the chemical weathering process induced by increased rainfall (Indian Summer Monsoon) due to uplift. Although several studies have been focused on the Siwalik Group by using different methods to reconstruct the monsoonal climatechange, the lack of the studies on possible causes of the gap of the estimated timing of climate changeis not yet clear. One probable cause is the effect of local climate change induced by local topography.

This study analyzes the fluvial successions of the Siwalik Group along the Karnali River, where the large paleo-Karnali River is presumed tohave flowed, and in which local climatic effectsshould be minimal. Therefore, the Karnali River section is expected to contain a good record of regional changes in climate and tectonics.Because fluvial facies are directly affected by increased precipitation related to climate change and increase in sediment supply associated with uplift, lithostratigraphic and fluvial facies studies were conducted to understand the changes in depositional system. Petrographic analysis was also carried out to determine the sediment source area and related tectonic setting.

The newly established stratigraphy of the Karnali River section is: Chisapani Formation (equivalent to Lower Siwalik, (2045 m), Baka Formation (equivalent to Middle Siwalik, (2740 m), Kuine and PanikholaGaun Formations (equivalent to Upper Siwalik, 1500 m) in ascending order. The Chisapani Formation is composed of interbedded red mudstones and fine- to medium-grained sandstones. The Baka Formation is composed of medium- to coarse-grained‘salt and pepper’, pebbly sandstones interbedded with greenish grey mudstones. The Kuine and PanikholaGaun Formations consist of thick pebble, cobble to boulder conglomerates.

Based on facies analysis, six facies associations (FA1-FA6) were identified. The individual facies associations represent fine-

grained meandering river systems (FA1), flood flow-dominated meandering river system (FA2), deep (FA3) and shallow (FA4) sandybraided river systems, followed by gravelly braided river systems (FA5) and a debris flow-dominated braided river system (FA6), respectively. The facies change from FA1 to FA2 is an important indicator of climate change. The change from fine-grained meandering river deposits with red soils (15.8-13.5 Ma) to the flood flow-dominated meandering river deposits with greenish grey mudstones (13.5-9.6 Ma) indicates increased water discharge after 13.5 Ma, which resulted from increased precipitation. Appearance of playa lake facies in FA2 also reflects a seasonal increase in precipitation. In contrast, the timing of this facies change ranges from10.5 to 9.5 Ma in other Nepal Siwalik sections.The earlier facies changesin the Karnali River section at about 13.5 Ma may have been due to intensification of the Indian Summer Monsoon. Earlier uplift in the western Nepal Himalaya may also have caused higher orographic rainfall in this region.The change from a meandering river system to a braided river system at about 9.6 Ma is probably related to progradation of large alluvial fans in the ancient Indo-Gangatic Plain.

The results of petrographic analysis confirm that the sediments were mainly derived from the Higher Himalaya and the Lesser Himalaya throughout the deposition. The Higher Himalaya was a major source terrain even in the early stage (16.0 Ma) of deposition, andLesser Himalayan contributionincreased after 13.0 Ma. This indicates the Lesser and the Higher Himalayas weredeeply incised by the large paleo-Karnali River. The petrographic results along with previous studies from all Siwalik sections suggest the diachronous uplift of the Himalaya, which began earlier in far western Nepal. The early uplift and related orographic rainfall are consistent with other studies which show extension of drier areas in western China and restriction of humid areas to southern China during the late middle Miocene (13.5 Ma).The uplift may have suppressed deep penetration of wind originating from the Indian Ocean to the Tibetan Plateau, creating a rain shadow zone in western China, and significant orographic rainfall in the frontalHimalaya.


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Petrology and Geochemistry of the Tynong Province Granitoids, Lachlan Orogen, Australia

Kamal R. Regmi

This research investigates the origin, evolution and emplacement of magmas parental to the Tynong Province granitoids, located in the Melbourne Zone, Lachlan Orogen, Australia. The Province comprises at least five plutons: Baw Baw, Tanjil Bren, Toorongo, Tynong and Lysterfield. This thesis uses a number of techniques to build on field observations and petrography to investigate these plutons.

This thesis combined regional field observations and petrography, with a more detailed investigation of the Tynong North quarry, to investigate magma hybridization processes. The Tynong North quarry, within the Tynong pluton, exposes abundant evidence for mixing and mingling between contrasted magmas. This evidence includes neighbouring outcrops of coarse-grained felsic and finer-grained more mafic rocks, mafic microgranular enclaves (MME), rapakivi and antirapakivi textures, plagioclase and quartz ocelli, pseudomorphs after orthopyroxene, and acicular apatite in hybrid quartz diorite.

In addition to field, mineralogical and textural evidence there is also strong geochemical evidence for magma mixing based on whole rock major and trace element compositions, whole rock Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotopic compositions and the Lu-Hf isotopic compositions of zircons. The complex relationship that exists between whole rock εNd and silica content of these rocks indicates that they went through multiple stages of hybridization.

The mantle-like Lu-Hf isotopic compositions of zircons from the Tynong and Toorongo plutons show that there have been only relatively minor contributions of crustal material in the evolution of these granitoids. The ranges of mantle-like εHf of zircons in both plutons further indicate that magma mixing played a major role in the origin of these granitoids, supporting field and other geochemical evidence.

In order to test the applicability of a new magma mixing model for the Tynong Province granitoids, the chemical signatures of chaotic mixing of contrasted magma as established by numerical modelling and physical mixing experiments (Perugini, et al. 2006; De Campos, et al. 2011) have been compared with mixed rock sequences of the Tynong pluton and the Askja 1875 A.D. basalt-rhyolite eruption, and also rock sequences apparently dominated by crystal fractionation such as the Leh and Gyamsa granitic plutons, Ladakh, India. As predicted by Perugini et al. (2006) elements with similar diffusivities vary across related rocks in a strongly co-related manner, as measured by correlation coefficients, whilst

those with different diffusivities are only weakly correlated. However, it also became clear that the Perugini et al. (2006) findings cannot distinguish fractionated magma systems from mixed magma systems. The complexity of the partial hybridization during chaotic flow determined by De Campos et al. (2011) was tested using the partially mixed glasses of the Askja flow. It was found that direct comparison do experimental results was impossible. It was concluded from this that the complexities of the mixing process investigated by De Campos et al. (2011) are specific to the nature of the two melts undergoing hybridization, suggesting that incomplete chaotic mixing may lead to unpredictable mixing curves, depending on the nature of the two melts, the duration of the mixing event, and the nature of the flow leading to mixing.

The temperature and pressure of pluton emplacement have been investigated by using THERMOCALC phase analysis and the recently calibrated TitaniQ thermobarometer. A P-T pseudosection of the Toorongo contact aureole cordierite-bearing migmatitic hornfels using THERMOCALC indicates that peak metamorphism in the aureole 690 ºC to 750 ºC at P between 1 and 3 kbar which is also supported by the presence of cordierite in the hornfels. Temperature estimations for the Tynong hybrid quartz diorite, Toorongo granodiorite and Toorongo pluton contact aureole migmatitic hornfels (same sample as used to construct the pseudosection) using TitaniQ resulted in sub-magmatic temperatures varying between 550 and 650 °C. These temperature estimates indicate that the quartz grains of these samples either record temperature re-equilibration during cooling or that the thermobarometer is not applicable at such low pressure.

In summary, this thesis has applied a number of new methodological approaches to study an old problem, that of magma hybridization. Results point to multi-stage hybridization as the main underlying process in the genesis of the magmatic rocks of the Tynong Province. Unlike other applications of the TitaniQ method to igneous rocks, this thesis has demonstrated that samples of the Tynong Province yield essentially sub-magmatic temperatures, indicating either an issue with using the geothermobarometer in low pressure systems, or a re-setting of the Ti-content in quartz at low temperatures. Application of Perugini et al.’s (2006) approach to investigate the geochemical signature of magma mixing, resulting from chaotic mixing processes, failed to distinguish mixing from fractionation. Furthermore, the complex signature of incomplete mixing caused by different element


31

diffusivities derived by De Campos et al. (2011) could not be directly applied to the Tynong magma compositions or to the hybridized volcanic glass of the Askja volcano. This suggests the possibility that their results are specific to the compositions used in their experiments, and that mixing of magmas of other compositions leads to different mixing curves that cannot be predicted from either the simple, traditional mixing line, or their chaotic mixing experiments. If so magma mixing processes may be chemically more complex than even De Campos et al. (2011) envisaged.

The overall conclusion is that whilst there have been considerable methodological advances to investigate the

genesis and emplacement of magmas, such as TitaniQ, chaotic mixing models and experiments to explain geochemical mixing trends, improvements on the THERMOCALC method for application to anatectic rocks, and the use of Hf in zircons, their direct application to magmatic systems still needs further advances to enable their widespread use and strengthen their predictive power.

ReferencesDe Campos, et al. 2011 (Conts. Min. and Petrol., v. 161: 863-

881).

Perugini, et al. 2006 (Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v. 243: 669-680).

Nutrient Dynamics: Anthropogenic Alteration and Challenges

Deb P JaisiDepartment of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States

The anthropogenic eutrophication of aquatic systems primarily due to point and diffuse sources nutrients is a growing worldwide water quality problem. Increased pressure on mining has dwindled phosphorus (P) reserves that the world’s readily available P supply is calculated to be inadequate to meet agricultural demand within 30 to 40 years and completely depleted in 50–100 years. Improved understanding of soil reactions and processes involving P provide insights on fertilizer need as well as limiting release of P from soils to open environments. My research team applies phosphate oxygen stable isotope ratios (POSIR) along with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), synchrotron X-Ray spectroscopy (XAS) techniques to elucidate ultimate fate of excess P in soil as well as identify perturbed P cycling in different eutrophic

environments. Our major results include i) interspecies P transfer in agricultural soil from available to non-available forms and this transfer direction is opposite to that in non-agricultural soils where weathering and dissolution of minerals supply P to plants and microorganisms, ii) predominance of organic matter remineralization pathway of P cycling in the Chesapeake Bay. Identification of pathway that ultimately regulates the magnitude of inorganic P produced in bottom water or exchange across sediment-water interface is one of the foremost challenges for science addressing the coastal environmental crises related to dead zone and eutrophication throughout the world. Delineation of the source and pathway of P cycling in soils and open waters provides key target needed for ecosystem-based management in the Chesapeake Bay.

Engineering Geology at the Boundary of Feasibility; Recent Case Histories

Ulrich Glawe (PhD., MSc.)

1. Tunneling through in-situ Mud under high Overburden Pressure - the case of the Tailrace Tunnel of the Hulu Terengganu Project in Malaysia (built in 2012).

Occurence of unexpected large faults in tunnelling is common in hydropower projects located in remote areas. It requires adequate geological and geomechanical characterisation of the fault and of the encountered materials. Tailoring appropriately the available engineering tools to the prevailing ground

conditions is essential for doing well in the construction of the tunnel. This case study directly addresses such circumstances, where the top heading of a 10 m diameter tunnel was driven through an unpredicted 100 m thick fault. The obtainable construction utensils were modified to deal with the extraordinarily difficult ground conditions (here in-situ mud). The fault is getting characterised by its geometry, the fault structure, the geological units in the fault as well as by the hydrogeological conditions. Implemented adjustments of the


32

support and of auxiliary measures to tunnel through squeezing and flowing ground of the fault are addressed and typical monitoring results are presented.

2. Applying State-of-the-Art Grouting Technologies to difficult ground - The case of the

Lai Chau Dam in Vietnam (under construction).

Grout curtains of large dams are the extension of the physical barrier into the foundation rock. They must be designed and constructed reliably, based on comprehensive characterization and understanding of the engineering geology of the foundation rock mass. This refers to the selection of the grouting methodology and to the choice of the actual grouting parameters including the closure criteria. The 135 m high Lai Chau RCC gravity has a crest length of 598 m. It is founded on highly

fractured granite gneiss and the grout curtain reaches down to 80 m below foundation level. Initially grouting parameters were selected following traditional approaches and parameters such as grout take cap, flow rate cap and variable grout mixes. Based on the evaluation of initial grouting results it could be shown that the selected procedure and parameters may lead to the construction of an unreliable grout curtain. These findings called for the implementation of the GIN-method (Lombardi & Deere 1993) with all its technical mechanisms,and for the adjustment of the method to the local geological conditions and to the firm project requirements. The analyses of therecentlygained grouting data clearly indicate that the newly selected method and chosen parameters impeccably match to the local geological and project requirements to eventually produce a reliable and sustainable grout curtain for the dam.

ARTICLES

35

Danda Pani Adhikari : climate change and volcanic feedback

Climate change and volcanic feedback

ABSTRACT

Earth’s climate has always been changing, switching to glacial and interglacial modes, since its origin and volcanic eruptions, by injecting aerosols or CO2 into the stratosphere, have played important feedback roles for the changes. The last century has warmed by about 0.80°C and it is attributed to anthropogenic greenhouse gases emissions as present-day human activities put about 36.7 billion tons (gigatons) of CO2 into the atmosphere annually. Present CO2 emissions from world volcanoes range from about 0.15 to 0.26 gigatons per year, which is about 0.055% - 0.01% of the anthropogenic emission and the upper estimate is equivalent to the annual CO2 emissions from Nepal. Similarly, it would take an extra 12,233 Kilauea volcanoes to scale up the global volcanic CO2 emissions to the current anthropogenic CO2 emissions. The contribution of current volcanic CO2 to the ongoing climate warming is, therefore, negligible, but, depending on their number and size, future volcanic eruptions, in addition to the anthropogenic input, can have extra role to determine how high the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere and hence future temperature.

INTRODUCTION

Earth’s climate has always been changing with glacial and interglacial intervals since its origin. Incoming solar radiation is the main climate driver, and is modulated by other factors, including atmospheric chemistry or levels of heat-trapping gases, commonly known as greenhouse gases (GHGs), in the atmosphere (Fig. 1). Repetitive cycles (Milancovich Cycle) in Earth’s orbit that occur over tens of thousands of years can influence the angle and timing of sunlight. In the distant past, drifting continents made a big difference in climate over millions of years by changing ice caps at the poles and by altering ocean currents, which transport heat and cold throughout the ocean depths. Volcanic eruptions, by changing atmospheric chemistry, can cool or warm Earth by injecting ash, tiny particles, and CO2 into the stratosphere.

The GHGs greatly affect the temperature of the Earth; without them, Earth's surface temperature would average about -19 oC in contrast to the present day global average of about 14.70 oC (Vose et al., 2012). While there are many natural and anthropogenic substances that act as GHGs such as CO2, Methane (CH4), and Nitrous oxide (N2O) are the potential GHGs, and they have both natural and anthropogenic origins and by being the most abundant gas compared to other GHGs CO2 plays big roles in radiative balance and climate warming.

Present-day atmospheric levels of CO2 is notably higher than

their pre-industrial averages of 280 parts per million by volume (ppm) (USGCRP, 2012). CO2 levels in the atmosphere are currently increasing at a rate of 0.5 % per year and it reached 401.33 ppm in April 2014 (Fig. 2), higher than anything that the Earth has experienced in over a million years. For the past ten years, the average annual rate of CO2 increase in the atmosphere is 2.07 ppm. This rate of increase is more than double the increase in the 1960s (Table 1). The average for the prior decade (1993-2002) is 1.67 ppm per year. Despite international negotiations and reduction commitments, CO2

concentration has increased by 40 % relative to 1980.

Table 1: Annual trend in global CO2 increase in the last five decades (Source: http://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/data/atmospheric_co2.html)

Decade Total increase (ppm)

Annual rate of increase (ppm/year)

2003-2012 20.74 2.07 1993-2002 16.73 1.671983-1992 15.24 1.551973-1982 13.68 1.371963-1972 9.00 0.90

As a result of rapid increase in the atmospheric CO2 from human activities, global climate in the last century alone has warmed by about 0.80°C (Fig. 3), with accompanying changes in rainfall patterns, extreme weather events, and sea levels, and another 1.4°C-5.8°C temperature rise is projected for the next hundred years (IPCC, 2007). It is widely accepted that

Danda Pani AdhikariDepartment of Geology, Tri-Chandra Campus, Tribhuvan University, Nepal

[email protected]


36

the added global warming of more than 1 oC above the level in 2000 can have various disruptive effects on global climate (Field et al., 2012). This paper gives a general overview of carbon sources and sinks and the role and contribution of volcanic products in climate change.

more than it absorbs. The amount of carbon in the atmosphere at any one time depends on the balance that exists between the sinks and sources (Fig. 4). This system of sinks and sources operates all over the planet and is known as the carbon cycle. It is the transformation of CO2 from sink to source that is resulting in increased global temperatures and global climate change. As more carbon is released than that can be absorbed by the naturally operating carbon cycle, this causes changes in the amount of carbon in the atmosphere and affects how solar energy is absorbed by the reflected back to the space from the Earth.Combustion of fossil fuels and cement production and land use changes and deforestation practices are the two main anthropogenic sources of CO2. The human activities were responsible for about 36.7 billion tons (gigatons) of CO2 emissions in 2010. As of now, the best estimate of the Global Carbon Project suggests these two sources release about 33.40 gigaton of CO2 (GtCO2) or 9.1 gigaton of carbon (GtC) and 3.30 GtCO2 (0.90 GtC) a year, accounting about 91 % and 9 % of the total annual addition of CO2 (36.70 GtCO2 (10 GtC)) into the atmosphere, respectively (Gerlach, 2011) (Fig. 5). The CO2 once produced goes to the sinks, such as land, ocean, and atmosphere. About 50% of the emissions have been transferred to the land, including all the vegetation (2.6 GtC, 26 %) and ocean (2.4GtC, 24 %), and 50 % remains in the atmosphere (5 GtC). The atmosphere is the largest sink as well, and the amount of carbon in the atmosphere determines how high the future temperature goes up and affects our future environment.

VOLCANISM AND CLIMATE CHANGE

Volcanoes produce solid, liquid, and gas materials. One of the key processes of volcanic activity is the separation and escape of gases from their associated liquids and solids. The

Figure 1: Climate factors.

Figure 2: Atmospheric CO2 from April 1958 to April 2014 as recorded at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii (data: Scripp Institute of Oceanography, 2014)

Figure 3: Global mean land-ocean temperature changes from 1880-2012, relative to the 1951-1980 mean. The open circles represent the annual mean and the grey line is the 5-year running mean. (Data source: NASA GISS, 2012; available at: http://www.giss.nasa.gov/).

CARBON SOURCES AND SINKS Processes which produce CO2 are called carbon “sources”, while processes that absorb it are carbon “sinks”. Forests, soil, oceans, the atmosphere, and fossil fuels are important stores of carbon. Carbon is constantly moving between these different stores that act as either “sinks or sources.” A sink absorbs more carbon than it gives off, while a source emits

37

Danda Pani Adhikari : climate change and volcanic feedback

main volcanic gases include CO2, N2O, and SO2 from erupting magma and from degassing of unerupted magma beneath volcanoes. Virtually all the gases of the Earth’s atmosphere and all the water of the Earth’s ocean are believed to have been released by volcanoes.

There are approximately 1,500 active volcanoes in the world today and 75 % of them are located in the Pacific Ring of Fire. In recent times, 50-70 volcanoes are normally active each year on the Earth’s subaerial terrain. One of these is Kilauea volcano in Hawaii, which has an annual base line CO2 output of about 0.0033 gigatons per year (Gerlach et al., 2002). Sources of CO2 and their comparison with volcanic emissions are shown in Table 2.

Table 2: Sources of CO2 and their comparison with volcanic emissions (data source: Gerlach et al., 2002, Gerlach, 2011)

Yearly CO2 Emission 1Gegaton/year (Gt/Y)

Global volcanic emission (highest preferred estimate)

0.26

Anthropogenic CO2 in 2010 36.70Light-duty vehicles (cars/trucks) 3.00Approximately 24 1000-meghawatt coal-fired power stations2

0.22

Kilauea volcano, Hawaii 0.0033Nepal 0.01Pakistan 0.18Argentina 0.20Saudi Arabia 0.44

CO2 emission eventsMt. St. Helens (USA), 18 May 1980 0.01 GtMt. Pinatubo (Philippines), 15 June1991 0.05 GtNumber of Mt. Pinatubo-equivalent eruptions equal to annual anthropogenic CO2

734

Number of Mt. St Helens-equivalent eruptions equal to annual anthropogenic CO2

3670

Number of annual Kilauea equivalent eruptions equal to annual anthropogenic CO2

11838

2010 anthropogenic CO2 multiplier (ACM)3 1411900 ACM 181950 ACM 38Number of days for anthropogenic CO2 to equal a year’s worth of global volcanism

2.6

1Billion metric tons/year2Equal to 2% of the world’s coal fired electricity-generation capacity3Ratio of annual anthropogenic CO2 (36.70 Gt) to maximum

preferred estimate for annual volcanic CO2

The present-day global CO2 emissions rate for all degassing subaerial and submarine volcanoes range from about 0.15 to 0.26 gigatons per year (Gerlach, 2011). The 36.7 gigaton anthropogenic CO2 emission for 2010 is about 141 to 245 times larger than the respective maximum and minimum annual global volcanic CO2 emission estimates (Marty and Tolstikhin, 1998). It would take an extra 12,233 Kilauea volcanoes to scale up the global volcanic CO2 emission rate to the current anthropogenic CO2 emission rate. The total annual GHGs emission from Nepal is ca. 0.027 % of the global emissions, and annual CO2 emissions from Nepal is equivalent to that from Mt. St. Helens eruption in 1980 and about 3 times higher than that from Kilauea volcano (Table 2).

However, volcanoes, the processes operating deep in the Earth’s interior, are connected directly or indirectly to the

Figure. 4: The natural carbon cycle.

Figure 5: The main carbon source and sinks and their contributions (source, The Global Carbon Project).


38

atmosphere, the oceans, and the biosphere, and are potential to result into global climate change. The change can have both warming and cooling effects. Volcanic gases like SO2 and other aerosols can cause global cooling, while volcanic CO2 has the potential to promote global warming.

Warming effectsIn the Earth’s long history, climate during the Cretaceous Period (144-65 Ma) was among the warmest and it was a time when there was an unusually high rate of volcanic activity. During this period, geological evidences suggest, tropical forest existed in Greenland and Antarctica, and coral reefs grew as much as 15o latitude closer to the poles than at present. Deposits of peat that would eventually form widespread coal beds accumulated at high latitude. Sea level was as much as 200 m higher than today, indicating that there was no polar ice sheets. The high global temperature and enriched CO2 led to increase in the quantity and type of phytoplankton and other life forms in the ocean. The expansion of marine life is reflected on the widespread chalk deposits. Some of the world’s most important oil and gas field occur in marine sediments of the Cretaceous age. Dinosaurs, which were associated with mild temperatures ranged north of the Arctic Circle. The Cretaceous Period ended with the extinction of dinosaur, and is, generally, attributed to large magnitude abrupt climate warming due to enhanced GHGs effects of CO2 emitted from the volcanoes. Alternative hypothesis of ‘meteoritic impacts and resulting atmospheric cooling due to aerosol blockage of solar radiation’ is also exist to explain the extinction of dinosaurs, but the geological evidences suggest the volcano induced abrupt climate warming as the reason of extension rather than the cause of cooling (Gerlach, 2011).

Cooling effectsThe Little Ice Age (LIA), a period (1300-1850) of widespread cooling on the Earth, is widely attributed to volcanic eruptions. The cooling triggered a chain reaction, affecting sea ice and ocean currents in a way that lowered temperatures for centuries (Lamb, 1995; Miller et al., 2012). The most notable cooling event of this period linked to a volcanic event is the year following the 1815 eruption of Mt. Tambora, Indonesia. The cold temperature of spring and summer were unprecedented (also known as a year without a summer) and were followed by an early fall in many parts of the Northern Hemisphere. It brought widespread crop failure and famine in northern Europe. In much recent time, the Mt. St. Helens eruption of 1980 largely emitted fine ash, that settled out in a relatively short time, and resulted into slightly cooler (ca. 0.1 oC ) mean temperature in the Northern Hemisphere (Gerlach, 2011). The Mexico’s El Chichon eruption in 1982, on the other hand, released 40 times more SO2 than at the St. Helens. The gas

combined with water vapor, making dense cloud of tiny-sulfuric acid particles in the stratosphere, took up several years to settle down the aerosol, completely lowering temperature ca. 0.5 oC. In 1991, Mt. Pinatubo, erupted 25-30 million tons of SO2 and in the following year global temperature was lowered by 0.5 oC because of the haze caused by aerosols present in the atmosphere.

REFERENCEAdhikari, D. P., 2013, Climate change: holding the increase in

global mean temperature below critical threshold to avoid disruptive effects. Academic View, TUTA, Tri-Chandra Campus Unit, v.4, pp. 38-45.

Field, C. B., Barros, V., Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Dokken, D. J., Ebi, Mastrandrea, M. D., 2012, Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation, A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernment Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK, and New York, USA.

Gerlach, T. M., 2011, Volcanic versus anthropogenic carbon dioxide, Eos Trans. AGU, v. 92 (24), pp. 201-202.

Gerlach, T. M., McGee, K. A., Elias, T., Sutton, A. J., and Doukas, M. P., 2002, Carbon dioxide emission rate of Kīlauea Volcano: Implications for primary magma and the summit reservoir. Jour Geophy Res. v. 107 (B9) p. ECV3-1 – ECV3-15, 2189, doi: 10.1029/2001JB000407.

IPCC, 2007, Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC AR4), S. Solomon et al. eds, Cambridge University Press, UK.

Lamb, H., 1995, Climate and the History of the Modern World, London, Routledge Press, 324 p.

Miller, G. F., et al., 2012, Abrupt onset of the Little Ice Age triggered by volcanism and sustained by sea-ice/ocean. Geophy Res Letts, V. 39, L02708, 5PP, doi:10.1029/2011GL050168.

Marty, B., and Tolstikhin, I. N., 1998, CO2 fluxes from mid-ocean ridges, arcs and plumes, Chemical Geology, v. 145, pp. 233-248.

USGCRP, United Stated Global Change Research Program, 2012 (Available online at www.globalchange.gov/).

Vose, R. S., Applequist, S., Menne, M. J., Williams, C. N, Thorne, P., 2012, An 24 intercomparison of temperature trends in the US Historical Climatology Network and recent atmospheric reanalysis. Geophy Res Lett, v. 39 (Available online at http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2012/2012GL051387.shtml).

39

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k[i7e"ld

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–/l

k'Ub5 eg] COD 20 af6 70 mg O/l k'Ub5 (Maharjan and Tamrakar 2011). gbLaf6 afn'jf / 9'+uf vGg] sfo{n] gbLsf] agfj6Lo c:yfO{Tj sf ;fy;fy} ef}tLs, /;fogLs tyf h}ljs u'0f:t/df x|f; ePsf] kfOG5 . sf7df8f}+sf jfudtL, lji0f'dtL, wf]aL, gVv', xg'dGt] OTofbL gbLx¿ dflyNnf] wf/af6 tNnf] wf/;Dd s/La TolQs} ¿kdf k|b'lift tyf IfoL cj:yfdf /x]sf 5g\ (Bajracharya and Tamrakar 2007; Maharjan and Tamrakar 2011; Shrestha and Tamrakar 2011) eg] tNnf] wf/df a9L k|b'lift / IfoL cj:yfdf /x]sf gbLx¿df sf]8\s', uf]bfj/L, dgdtL, dgx/f, cflb kb{5g\ (Bajracharya and Tamrakar 2011; Tamrakar et al. 2014; Tamrakar and Bajracharya 2014) . jfudtL gbL IfoL x'g'df dfgj tyf jftfj/0fLo c;/ a9L sf/s tTj ag]sf 5g\ . t;y{ sf7df8f}+sf] gbLgfnfsf] cj:yf ;fx|} bogLo 5g\ . ltgsf] ;dod} Joj:yfkg tyf ;+/If0f ug{ ;lsPg eg] gbL x|f; x'g]5g\ / k|fo 9ndf kl/0ft x'g] lglZrt 5 . o;f] x'“bf gbLsf] hn ;Dkbf, gbLsf] ;'Gb/tf, ;fdl/s dxTjsf ljZj ;Dkbf OToflbdf c;/ k'Ub5 . k|b'lift gbLn] jftfj/0fLo Osf]l;i6ddf ljrng Nofpg ;Sb5 . gbL h:tf] ;DkbfnfO{ a]jf:tf ugf{n] To;sf] b'ikl/0ffd / c;/ sf7df8f}+ af;Ln] dfq ef]Ug'kg]{ geO{ ;Dk"0f{ hf] afudtL hnfzo If]q;+u k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ¿kdf ;DaGw /fVb5nfO{ ;d]t kb{5 . gbL If]qnfO{ kfgLsf] ;+ro>f]t, Aoj:yfkg, kl/rfn OToflbdf k|of]u ul/ plrt nfe lng'kg]{ a]nfdf, vfg]kfgLsf] xfxfsf/ dlRrPsf] sf7df8f}+nfO{ cem b'/fj:yfdf k'¥ofpg] sfo{ xfn owtw eO/x]sf] ;j{ljlbt 5 . t;y{ hlt;Sbf] rf“8f] ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L lgsfox¿af6 gbL sl/8f]/ If]q klxrfg u/L o;sf] Aoj:yfkg / ;+/If0f ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

;f/f+z

gbL dfgj ljsf;sf] kl/;"rs xf] . ltgsf] plrt ;+/If0f ugf{n] dfq dfgj ljsf; x'g] ePsf]n] gbL If]qsf] Joj:yfkg, ;+/If0f tyf k|j4{g ug{' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . jfudtL gbLsf] w]/} cWoog eO;s]sf] ePtfklg gbL sl/8f]/sf] lrQa'em\bf] Joj:yfkg tyf ;+/If0f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o; n]vdf jfudtL tyf ltgsf ;xfos gbLsf] cj:yf / ckgfpg' kg]{ Joj:yfkg tyf ;+/If0fsf ljlwsf] af/]df ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . gbL sl/8f]/ If]qsf] Joj:yfkg tyf ;+/If0fsf lgldQ o; n]vdf rf/ r/0fsf sfo{x¿ ;'emfj ul/Psf 5g\ .


40

lrq g+ ! M sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf] afudtL hnfzo, afudtL d'n gbL tyf ltgsf ;xfos gbLx¿

gbL sl/8f]/sf] e"\–k|of]usf] cj:yf / Jojwfgx¿ (Disturbances)

xfn;Ddsf] k|foM afudtL / To;sf ;xfos gbL s]lGb|t cWoogx¿ (Shrestha et al. 2002; Tamrakar 2004; Bajracharya and Tamrakar 2007; ICIMOD 2007; Nepal 2007; UN Habitat 2008; Bagmati Action Plan 2009; Tamrakar 2010a; Tamrakar 2010b; Shrestha and Tamrakar 2011; Maharjan and Tamrakar

2011) Aff6 gbLgfnfx¿ cJojl:yt, k|b'lift tyf IfoL cj:yfdf /x]sf] lrq0f eO{ ;s]sf 5g\ . afudtL / ltgsf d'Vo ;xfos gbLx¿sf] nDafO{, pTklt If]q OToflb tflnsf ! df lbO{Psf 5g\ . xfnsf] gbLIf]qdf klxrfg ul/Psf Jojwfgx¿ Tflnsf @ df lbO{Psf 5g\ .

tflnsf ! M afudtL gbL tyf ltgsf ;xfos gbLsf dkmf]{d]l6||\s kf/fld6/ (Shrestha and Tamrakar 2011 af6)

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(km2)r}gn nDafO{

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@ sf]8\s' % #@=(@ !%=!# !@=$## wf]la % #)=&$ !&=*@ !%=@($ gVv' % %*=&@ @%=%( @@=@)% 5}dn] % !&=() !)=)$ *=(@

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41


tflnsf @ M afudtL gbL c+zdf kfO{Psf Jojwfgx¿

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kf+rf}+ s|ddf kb{5g\ . If]qkmnsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 lji0f'dtL, xg'dGt], dgx/f / afudtL 7'nf hnfzodf kb{5g\ . r}gnsf] nDafO{ afudtL,

dgx/f / gVv'sf] c? gbLsf] bf+hf]df a9L 5g\ .

oL dWo] afudtLsf ;xfos gbLx¿df pQ/af6 blIf0f axg] gbL dgx/f / lji0f'dtLsf] :yfoLTjsf] lj:t[t cWoogaf6 tL gbLsf] xfnsf] :yfoLTjsf] hfgsf/L x'G5. dgx/f gbLsf] 3rd / 4th order c+z (Segments) degradation df hasL 5th order c+z aggradation df kb{5g\ (Tamrakar and Bajracharya 2009). t/ lji0f'dtL gbLsf]] 3rd, 4th, 5th, / 6th order c+z ;a}h;f] degradation df kb{5g\(Adhikary and Tamrakar 2005) . blIf0faf6 pQ/ aUg] gVv' vf]nfsf] 4th, / 5th order c+z ;a}h;f] aggradation df kb{5g\(Maharjan and Tamrakar 2010) . To:t} sf]8\s' vf]nfsf]] 3rd order c+z degradation df kb{5 eg] 4th / 5th order c+z aggradation df kb{5g\ (Tamrakar et al. 2013). Aggrading gbLdf lsgf/ a9L cl:y/ x'G5 eg] degrading gbLsf] lk+w a9L s6fg\ eO{ gbL ulxl/O{g] s|d a9L x'G5. pQ/af6 blIf0f axg] gbLeGbf blIf0faf6 pQ/ lt/ axg] gbLsf lsgf/ a9L cl:y/ kfO{Psf5g\ .

gbL sl/8f]/sf] /]vf+sg;/sf/L tj/df gbLsf] lsgf/af6 bfof+ afof+ #)/#) dL6/ sf] If]qnfO{ gbLIf]qdf lng] u/]sf] 5. UNHabitat (2008) 4f/f k|:t't k|ltj]bgdf gbLlsgf/af6 s/La @)/@) dL6/sf] If]qnfO{ u|Lg a]N6 / To;eGbf 6f9f gbL af6f]sf] cjwf/0ff lnPsf 5g\ . oL b'j}df gbL sl/8f]/ If]q lgwf{/0f ck|fs[lts, cJojxfl/s nfUb5 . o;cy{df ls oL b'a} dfkb08 gbLsf] u'0f, ju{, :yfoLTj, k¢lt OToflbsf] cfwf/ a]u/ k|:t't ePsf cjwf/0ff x'g\ . o;/L gbL lsgf/ If]q 5'6\ofp“bf gbLn] sltko 7fp+x¿df a9L s6fg\ u/L 5'6\ofO{Psf If]qx¿df cl:yTj sfod x'g ;St5 . lsgsL gbL lg/Gt/ k¢tL (dynamic system) xf] / o;n] cfkm\gf] af6f] a]nfa]nfdf kl/jt{g / ;dGjo ub{5 . cem dfgjhftLn] c;/ k'/\ofPsf gbLx¿sf] t emg a]nf g s'a]nf c:jefljs wf/ kl/jt{g / a9L s6fg\ ug{ ;St5 . t;y{ ;j{k|yd gbL sl/8f]/ If]q klxrfg / /]vf+sg ug'{kb{5 . pQm sfo{sf nflu lgDg s'/fx¿df Wofg k'/\ofpg' kb{5:

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% Vffg] kfgL OG6]s w]/} w]/} Go"g Go"g Go"g w]/} w]/} Yff]/} Yff]/} w]/} Go"g Go"g w]/} Go"g clt w]/}

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42

-!_ gbLsf] ;dtn e"–jgf]6 (planform geometry) gfk]/ kQf nufpg]

-@_ gbLsf] hydrologic parameter kQf nufpg]-#_ gbLsf] slope kQf nufpg]-$_ gbLsf] juL{s/0f ug]{-%_ gbLsf] :yfoLTj kQf nufpg]-^_ gbLsf] Meander Belt /]vf+sg ug]{ . Meander Belt leq

hydrologic flood plain kb{5 . o; If]qnfO{ gbL bfof+ afof+ wf/df em'Ng ;Sg] / cfkm\gf] wf/ kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sg] ;Defljt If]qsf] ¿kdf v'nf /fVg' kb{5 .

-&_ Meander Belt sf] /]vf+sg ul/;s]kl5 ag:ktLs akm/ a]N6 (Vegetative Buffer Belt, VBB) sf] lgwf{/0f tyf /]vf+sg ug]{. ;fwf/0ftof @) dL6/ rf}8fO{ (width at bankfull) eGbf sd ePsf gbLnfO{ sd;]sd Meander Belt sf] /]vfaf6 #)/#) dL6/ bfof+ afof+ kg]{ If]qnfO{ ;d]l6g' kb{5 -lrq g+ @ s_. o:tf gbLdf C, F / DA ju{sf gbL -lrq g+ @ s_ dfq geO{ A, B / G ju{sf gbL -lrq g+ @ v_ kb{5g\ . , B / G ju{sf gbL pkNnf] wf/af6 axg] ;f+3'/f] / a9L sfl6Psf x'G5g\ . To:tf gbLx¿ a9L le/fnf] klg x'G5g\ .

olb gbLsf] rf}8fO{ @) ld6/ eGbf a9L ePdf / W/D ratio $) eGbf sd ePdf, ag:ktLs akm/ a]N6sf] rf}8fO{ gbLsf] rf}8fO{ sf] bf]Aa/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsG5 -lrq g+ @ u_. olb gbL rf}8fO{ @) dL gf3]df / W/D ratio $) eGbfa9L ePdf, ag:ktLs akm/ a]N6sf] rf}8fO{ gbLsf] rf}8fO{ (width at bankfull) sf] ltgu'0ff jf Tof] eGbf a9L lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsG5 -lrq g+ @ 3_ . sf/0f o:tf] W/D ratio $) eGbfa9L ePdf gbLx¿ lgs} c:yL/ x'g] / rf8\rf8}+ bfof+ afof+ tkm{ ;b}{hfg] cyjf em'Ng]vfnsf] x'G5 . k|fo: sf7df8f}+sf gbLx¿sf] 3rd order ;Ddsf] c+z kxf8L eL/fnf] e"efuaf6 axg] x'gfn] To:tf] gbLsf] eL/nfO{ sf6\g] kl/:yLtL x'G5 / bfof+ afof Go"g ¿kdf ;g]{ ub{5g\. t/ 4th order / Tof] eGbf a];L ePsf gbL c+zdf lateral instability x'g] x'gfn] To:tf gbLx¿df c:yL/kg a9L dfqfdf x'G5 .

-*_ csf]{ s|ddf ag:ktLs akm/ a]N6af6 6f9f sl/a @@ ld6/ gbL af6f]sf] nflu /]vf+sg ug{ ;lsG5. To;eGbf 6f9f -lrq @_ cem} @) ld6/ If]qnfO{ ;xfos ag:ktLs akm/ a]N6 (Secondary Vegetative Buffer Belt, SVBB) sf] nflu /]vf++sg ug{ ;lsG5. o; a]N6;+u} 7"nf] d"n 9n gbL;+u ;f]em} x'g]u/L lgdf{0f u/L xfn gbLdf ;f]em} t];f{O{Psf 9nx¿nfO{ kmsf{P/ d"n 9naf6 k|jfx ug{' kb{5 .

lrq g+ @ M afudtL gbL sl/8f]/ If]qsf] agf]6 tyf /]vf+sgsf gd"gf. s|; ;]S;g :s]ndf 5}gg\ .

43


gbL sl/8f]/sf] e"\–k|of]u Joj:yfkg / ;+/If0f s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <

gbL sl/8f]/ If]qsf] agf]6 -ldof08/ a]N6, ag:ktLs akm/ a]N6, gbL af6f], ;xfos ag:ktLs akm/ a]N6, OTofbL), / l;df lgwf{/0f eO{;s]kl5 ca e""\"\–Joj:yfkg tyf ;+/If0f ug]{ sfo{ kb{5 . ;j{k|yd pQm l;df lgwf{l/t If]qnfO{ gbL ;+/lIft If]q 3f]if0ff ul/g' kb{5 . To;kl5 gbL sl/8f]/ If]qsf] -gbL lsgf/af6 s/La !))/!)) ld6/ bfof+ afof+_ e"\–k|of]u gSzf+sg ul/g' kb{5. e"\–k|of]u gSzf+sg ubf{ auL{s/0f ug'{kg]{ c+zx¿ -!_ jg h+un, -@_ v]t, -#_ v'Nnf rf}/, -$_ dfgj a;f]af; If]q -snf]gL_, -%_ JolQmut 3/ hUuf, -^_ ;'s'Daf;L a:tL, -&_ snsf/vfgf, -*_ ljBfno, -(m_ sfof{no, -!)_ wfld{s tyf ;f+s[tLs :yn, -!!_ dfgL ;+sng s]Gb|, -!@_ 7"N7"nf lgdf{0f tyf ;+/rgf -k'n, k|zf]wg s]Gb|, cflb_, OToflb x'g\. gSzf+sgsf] :s]n ! M%))) jf ;f] eGbf 7'nf] :s]ndf x'g'kb{5 .

gSzf+sg sfo{ kl5 e"\–k|of]usf] 5gf]6 ul/g' kb{5 . gbL 5]p5fp oyfjt /fVg ;lsg] e"\–k|of]u ju{ -!_, -#_, -!)_, -!!_, -!@_ OToflb x'g\. oL afx]s af+sL e"\–k|of]usf au{nfO{ ;xfos afg:ktLs akm/ a]N6 eGbf k/ l;ldt /flvg' kb{5. lsgeg] tL e"\–k|of]u dfgj rxnkxn x'g] vfNsf ePsf] / gbL ;+/rgf k|b'if0f / IfoLsf d'Vo sf/s tTjsf] ¿kdf :yflkt e};s]sf] x'gfn] xf] . gbL sl/8f]/ If]qnfO{ dfgj a:tL d'Qm agfpg ;s]df dfq gbLnfO{ ;+/IF0f / k|b'if0f d'Qm t'Nofpg ;lsG5 .gbL sl/8f]/ If]qleq cjl:yt v'Nnf rf}/, jg, wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts :yn, kfgL ;+ro ;+/rgf, k'n k|zf]wg s]Gb|, OToflbnfO{ cem Jojl:yt agfpg' kb{5 . d7 dlGb/nfO{ lh0ff]{4f/ ul/g' kb{5. v'Nnf rf}/ If]qdf gbL lsgf/ lt/ j[Iff/f]kg u/]/ gbLsf] bfof+ afof+ lsgf/df ag:ktLs akm/ a]N6 lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5. o;afx]ssf cGo e"\–k|of]u ;+/rgfnfO{ la:yflkt u/L e"\–k|of]u Joj:yfkg tyf ;+/If0f sfo{ tn pNn]lvt tj/af6 ug{ ;lsG5 .

-!_ gbL If]qsf] :yfoLTjsf] cWoogaf6 klxrfg ePsf cl:y/ gbL lx:;fdf afof]OlGhlgol/+u ljwL (Tamrakar 2010a) ckgfpg ;lsG5. o;f] u/]df gbL sl/8f]/ If]qdf bL3{sflng ¿kdf :yfoLTj sfod /xG5 . sltko gbL c+z hxf+ Jofks kl/jt{g NofPsf] 5 -h:t} afn'jf 9'+uf pTvgg\ ePsf gbL If]qdf tyf clts|d0f u/L gbL ;+s'rg ul/Psf c+zdf_ Toxf+ gbL k'g:yf{kg ug'{ kb{5 (Tamrakar 2013) .

-@_ gbL If]qnfO{ kmf]x/ hGo kbf{y / 9n d'Qm If]q wf]if0ff u/L Aofks ;'wf/ / ;/;kmfO{ cleofg ;+rfng ul/g' kb{5 . kmf]x/ hGo a:t'nfO{ 3/3/d} tx nufpg] ljwLsf] k|of]u ul/g' kb{5. kmf]x/ Aoj:yfkg ug]{ ;/n ljwL Tamrakar (2014) n] k|:t't

u/]sf] 5. xfn gbLdf ;f]em} t];f{OPsf 9nnfO{ ;xfos ag:ktLs akm/ a]N6 5]p lgdf{0f ul/g] d"n 9ndf hf]8L k|jfx ug'{ kb{5. o:tf 9naf6 ;+sng x'g] kbfy{nfO{ k'gMrls|o sfo{af6 k|zf]wg ul/g' kb{5. To;kl5sf] sfo{df gbLnfO{ Knfli6s d'Qm agfpg kmf]x/ ;+sng sfo{df hf]8 lbg' kb{5. xfn sf7df8f}+df afudtL gbL ;/;kmfO{ cleofg sfo{ hf/L 5 . pQm sfo{af6 afudtLsf] yfkfynL c+z;Dd kmf]x/ ;+sng sfo{af6 em08} &)) d] 6g kmf]x/ ;+sng eO{;s]sf] ePtfklg afudtLsf ;xfos gbLdf xfn;Dd kmf]x/ ;+sng x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf tL ;xfos gbLaf6 axg] kmf]x./n] ;/;kmfO{ ul/;s]sf] d'n afudtLsf gbL c+zx¿ k'gMk|b'lift x'g] / To;df kmf]x/ y'k|g] ;Defjgf /xG5. o;cy{df afudtL gbLdf ;+rfng eO{/x]sf] kmf]x/ ;+sng sfo{, gbL sl/8f]/ ljsf;, Joj:yfkg tyf ;+/If0f ug]{ s|dnfO{ e+u ub}{ xtf/ xtf/df cuf8L a9fO{Psf] sfo{sf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5.

-#_ gbL sl/8f]/ If]qaf6 lj:yflkt dfyL pNn]lvt e};s]sf ;+/rgf tyf 3/ 6x/f]sf] 7fp+df ag:ktLs akm/ a]N6 lgdf{0f ul/g' kb{5. o; a]N6df tf]lsPsf laleGg 7fp+df kfs{, au}+rf, g;{/L, d:okfng kf]v/L OToflb lgdf{0f u/L pQm If]qaf6 ;/sf/n] cfly{s nfe xfl;n u/L km]/L ;+/If0f sfo{df vlr{g ;St5 . ;fy} lj:yflkt ;'s'Djf;L a:tL tyf 3/6x/f]nfO{ cGoq :yflkt u/fpg klg vlr{g ;St5 .

-$_ gbL sl/8f]/ If]qsf] ag:ktLs akm/ a]N6 / ldofG8/ a]N6 If]qdf ;txL kfgLsf] ;+sng, k|jfx / Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 . Toltdfq geO{ gbLx¿sf] pkNnf] wf/ -sf7df8f}+sf] pQ/L efu_ hxf+ recharge zone kb{5 tL If]qdf e"dLut kfgLnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ gbL sl/8f]/df recharge kf]v/L lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 . To:t} tNnf] wf/sf gbL sl/8f]/ If]qdf ;txL kfgL Joj:yfkg / k|jfx ug{ kfgL ;+sng / ;+ro kf]v/L lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 . xfn sf7df8f}+df kfgLsf] dfu cTolws ePsf]n] kfgLsf] d'xfgaf6 kfgL ;+sng sfo{df j[l4 ePsf] sf/0fn] gbLdf ;txL axfjdf lgs} Xf; cfPsf] 5. o; cj:yfdf aif{ft\ ;do afx]s cGo j]nf gbLdf ;txL kfgLsf] axfj Go"g x'g] ub{5 . axfj Go"g x'g] a]nfdf ;txL ;+lrt kfgLsf] pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5. t;y{ afudtL gbLdf z'4 kfgL k|jfx lg/Gt/ ul//xg eljiodf ;txL ;+rLt kfgLsf] k|of]u ug]{ / cfjZos k/] afudtL afx]s cGo hnfzoaf6 ;d]t kfgL cfoft ul/ gbLdf kfgL k|jfx lg/Gt/ /fVg ;lsG5 .

-%_ wfdL{s tyf ;f+:s[tLs :ynnfO{ ko{6lso :ynsf] ¿kdf ljsl;t ul/g' kb{5 . tL :yndf ;"rgf s]Gb| tyf :6nx¿sf] :yfkgf ug'{ klg cfjZos x'G5 .

-r_ ;/sf/n] s8f lgodsf] Joj:yf u/L gbL If]qdf clts|d0f ug]{ / kmf]x/ kmfNg] JolQm jf lgsfonfO{ s8f b08 ;hfo+ / h/Ljfgf ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 .


44

lgZsif{“gbLgfnfsf] :jR5tf sf7df8f}+ af;Lsf] ;Eotf” eGg] sygnfO{ cfTd;fy ul/ gbLgfnfnfO{ ;kmf t'Nofpg] sfo{df k|To]s gful/s tyf ;+3;+:yf clu a9\g' kb{5. gbL sl/8f]/ If]qsf] Joj:yfkg tyf ;+/If0f sfo{ rf/ r/0fdf ug{ ;lsG5 .

! _ k|yd r/0f ;j{k|yd gbL sl/8f]/sf] :yfoLTjsf], af9Ln] k|efj kfg{ ;Sg]

;txsf], gbL s6fg tyf e":vngsf] ;Defljt If]qsf] klxrfg ug]{ / gbL sl/8f]/ If]qsf] /]vf+sg ug]{ sfo{ cuf8L a9fpg' kb{5. To; kZrft gbL sl/8f]/ If]qsf] e"\–k|of]u gSzf+sg ul/g' kb{5 / To; If]qdf cjl:yt a;f]jf;sf] nut /fVg' kb{5 .

@_ bf;|f] r/0f gbL sl/8f]/ If]qnfO{ gbL ;+/If0f If]q 3f]if0ff u/L gbLsf]

jftfj/0f ;'xfp+bf] ;+/rgf afx]ssf ;+/rgfnfO{ la:yflkt u/L ag:ktLs akm/ a]N6 tyf gbL af6f] lgdf{0f ug{ tof/ kfg{' kb{5 .

#_ t];|f] r/0f o; r/0fdf k|ydtM ljWj+z eO{;s]sf gbLsf c+z tyf ;Defljt

s6fg\ x'g ;Sg] c+zdf afof]OlGhlgol/+u ljwL 4f/f :yfoLTj sfod ul/g' kb{5. To;kl5 gbL lsgf/df af6f] lgdf{0f ug]{, ag:klts akm/ a]N6 lgdf{0f ug]{, / To:t} kfs{, au}+rf, kf]v/L OToflbsf] lgdf{0f ul/ gbLnfO{ ;+/lIft /fVg' kb{5. xfn cjl:yt wfdL{s tyf ;f+:s[tLs dxTjsf :ynnfO{ lh0ff]b\jf/ / ;+/If0f u/L ko{6sLo :ynsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug'{ kb{5. gbL ;+/If0fl;t ;DalGwt ;a} lgdf{0f sfo{ o; t];|f] r/0fdf ug{ ;lsG5 .

$_ rf}yf] r/0f o; r/0fdf ;+/lIft gbL If]qsf] Joj:yfkg h:t}M /]vb]v, dd{t

;+ef/, ;|f]t kl/rfng, OToflb sfo{df hf]8 lbO{g' kb{5 .

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erosion problems in Bishnumati River, Kathmandu, Nepal, Jour. of Nepal Geol. Soc., v. 23, pp. 37.

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Leopold, L.B. and Wolman, M.G., 1957, River channel patterns: braided, meandering and straight. U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. papers, 282-B, pp. 39–85.

Maharjan, B. and Tamrakar, N.K., 2010, Morpho-hyraulic parameters and existing stability condition of Nakhu River, southern Kathmandu, Central Nepal. Bull. Dept. Geol., Tribhuvan University, Nepal, v. 13, pp. 1–12.

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Tamrakar, N.K., 2004, Disturbance and instabilities in the Bishnumati River Corridor, Kathmandu Basin, Bulletin of JUSAN, v. 9, no. 16, pp. 7–18.

Tamrakar, N.K., 2010a, River bio-engineering solution for protecting banks and rehabilitating stream function; models for Bishnumati River, Kathmandu, Bull. Dept. Geol., v. 13, pp. 13–22.

Tamrakar, N.K., 2010b, sf7df8f}+ ;x/sf gbLgfnfsf] jftfj/0fLo k'g:yf{kgsf r'gf}tLx¿. Bull. Nepal Geol. Soc., v. 27, pp. 62–66.

Tamrakar, N.K., 2012, gbL k'g:yf{kgsf ;}4flGts kIf tyf gbL juL{s/0fsf] pkof]lutf. Bull. Nepal Geol. Soc., v. 29, pp. 109–112.

Tarmakar, N.K., 2013, kmf]x/ ;+sngsf Jojl:yt ljwL M ;x/L gbLsf] jftfj/0fLo z'2L. Bull. Nepal Geol. Soc., v. 30, pp. 87–92.

Tamrakar, N.K. and Bajracharya, R., 2009. Fluvial Environment and existing stability condition of the Manahara River, Central Nepal. Jour. Nepal Geol. Soc., v. 39, pp. 45–58.

Tamrakar, N. K., and Maharjan, B., 2010, Morpho-hydraulic parameters and existing stability condition of Nakhu River, southern Kathmandu, Central Nepal. Bull. Dept. Geol., Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal, v. 14, pp. 1–12.

Tamrakar, N.K., Bajracharya, R., Thapa, I., Sapkota, S. and Paudel, P.N., 2013, Morpho-hydrologic parameters and classification of the Kodku River for stream stability assessment, southern Kathmandu, Central Nepal. Bull. Dept. Geol., v. 16, pp. 1–20.

UN Habitat, 2008, Develop an information base and strategies for environmental Improvement of Bagmati River and its Territory. Water for Asian Cities Programme Nepal, v.1, 206p.

Water Resources Strategy Nepal, 2002, Water and Energy Commission Secretariat, Singha Darbar, pp. 8.

45

Prem Bahadur Thapa : 3D Visualisation of Geological Objects

3D Visualisation of Geological Objects

Prem Bahadur ThapaDepartment of Geology, Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Nepal

(Email: [email protected])

Introduction

Visualisation is the important means of understanding and explaining the phenomena and it is the cutting edge of the new way of thinking about science but its styles vary enormously with context which is so broad a term that to define its role in spatial modelling. The visualisation explore unanticipated outcomes and to refine processes that interact in unanticipated ways; and visualisation to enable end users with no prior understanding of the science but a deep understating of the problem to engage in using models for prediction (Batty et al. 2004). The process almost assume that what is being modelled is static in structure where outputs occur at a single point in time but many spatial models are dynamic and thus sequences of inputs and outputs need to be visualised. “Seeing is believing” i.e. digital Earth transformation from data to information, knowledge, value, and even spiritual outcome involving the integration of data coming from different sources, intelligent understanding and modelling the complicated relationships from the data and the derived information and knowledge, and presenting all of these to users in a flexible and scalable Virtual Reality (VR) or immersive environment.

The rapid development of computer technologies, geographic information system (GIS), an efficiency tool to capture,

handle, analyse, manage and visualise spatial geographic data, has taken place prodigious changes in data types, functions, application patterns and so on. Spatial data types expand from 2D to 3D, temporal-dimensional and multi-dimensional, GIS software from stand-alone to Client/Server, Internet or World Wide Web, operation methods from command to interactive graphic interface. The visualisation forms have taken place great changes from conventional static map to multimedia electronic map or atlas which including voice, image, text, texture and animation. The users are not only interested in conventional static map, electronic atlas; but also they are more interested in visualisation, dynamic analysis and dynamic simulation. Complicated static map, in spite of being in paper or on screen, cannot be suitable for the user’s needs. They hope that they can use a dynamic, visual and interactive software environment to handle, analyse and display the spatial information. The study of spatial information visualization should include 2D, 2.5D, 3D graphics and animation.

Geologic exploration engineering is a real three-dimensional space. Generally, geologic exploration information is displayed by means of topographic and geologic map, geologic profile chart, level chart etc. These methods cannot present the three-dimensional information in efficiency, convenience and truth. For this reason, geologists involved in the interpretation

ABSTRACT

Visualisation is the cutting edge of the new way of thinking about science which explore the unanticipated outcomes to enable prior understanding of the phenomena. The rapid development of computer technology with spatial data modelling capability of GIS and 3D modelling software (GOCAD, 3D Move etc.) has facilitated the effective 3D modelling to visualise geological objects in interactive and dynamic way. Computed 3D models can be self explanatory even for non-specialists as well as allowing the geoscientists to introduce a far greater level of realism into their computed models. Moreover, the modelling of subsurface geometry and properties is a key element to understand geo-hazard and risk (e.g. landslides).

Keywords: visualisation, geological objects, 3D model.


46

of geological structures are constantly trying to minimise discrepancies between conceptual models and primary field observations. A geologist with an aptitude for resolving these discrepancies will often produce potentially useful interpretations. This skill is characterised by the ability to visualise complex 3D objects while drawing on the experience of similar structures in other geological settings. Earth scientists realised the potential offered by three dimensional computer graphics for the display of spatially distributed geo-scientific data, and 3D visualisation. Over the last decade, 3D visualisation technology has been progressively assimilated into mainstream computing. There is currently a wide variety of levels of sophistication in visualisation functionality, from simple 3D plots of graphs in a spreadsheet program, to interactive, immersive, real-time graphics (“VR”) at the more sophisticated end of the visualisation spectrum. With the use of stereoscopic glasses, and more recently auto-stereoscopic computer screens (e.g. Holliman, 2004, 2006), it is now commonplace to incorporate relatively advanced semi-immersive 3D visualisation into standard desktop PCs. The challenge of all geologists is to unravel what may be a long and complex sequence of events that led to the final state, and in the case of geological hazards, perhaps extend interpretations into the future.

3D Visualisation

The 3D visualisation involves the surface topographic features (Fig. 1a) to the earth's subsurface structures. The surface 3D visualization has particular value when communicating the extent of geo-hazards (e.g. landslide, debris flow) whereas the subsurface visualisation is important for depicting the geological structures as well as engineering explorations. Combining different types of spatially referenced geological data into a single geospatial model in an immersive visualisation facility with a 3D geospatial Graphic User Interface (GUI), the user can have immediate access to any given sub-set of the data at any available scale of observation. The widespread success and mainstream acceptance of Google Earth has rapidly demonstrated the usefulness of this approach with surface topographic data and use of a 3D geospatial GUI allows this concept to be extended from the standard into sub-surface hybrid GUI (Fig. 1b, 1c). Internal model setup also can

be visualised that had performed in the Lesser Himalaya of central Nepal (Fig. 1d).

The visualisation of complex geological structures is generally obtained by 3D Bézier construction tools. The Bézier based tools mathematically produce smooth continuous curves with only a few control points that can be easily manipulated to represent complex geological structures. Defects related to polynomial interpolation such as large amplitude folds that result from interpolating close sub-parallel control points with hi-order polynomials do not occur when using Béziers (de Paor 1996). When these tools are combined with trajectory information from down plunge projections of ground control points, a series of speculative geological construction lines can be used to densify a model to a level where it can be interpolated directly by other fully automated interpolations such as Discrete Smooth Interpolation (DSI; Mallet 1989). In a simple case, and with the following assumptions, a folded surface could be parametrically described using a simple three-point parabolic Bézier curve. The assumptions are:

• Two control points are available that fall on a folded surface. The locally observed orientations at these control points produce intersecting planes from surfaces tangents (i.e. a non-isoclinal structure); Down dip vectors of these tangent planes ideally intersect each other, or cross over within a minimum threshold distance (Fig. 2a),

• the point of nearest convergence of these vectors can be estimated (smallest distance),

• the surface being visualised is continuous (i.e. no faults), and

• the distance between the two control points is equal or smaller then the fold half wavelength; (i.e. that is, there is only one closed curve between the end control points).

More complex geologic structures can be constructed when only two known control points are available and when there is some information available about the style and topololgy of a fold. The Bézier can be used estimates a curve with local editing capabilities are 3D georeferenced co-ordinate system is shown in Fig. 2b.

47

Prem Bahadur Thapa : 3D Visualisation of Geological Objects

Fig. 1: Visualisation of features (a) topographic features (b) 3D model is rendered within a standard GUI (Example shown is ESRI’s ArcScene)(c) hybrid GUI, in which user interacts with data via both 3D model and file-system hierarchy (Jones et al. 2009) (d) projected geological boundaries cross section with orientation vectors (Thapa and Hoppe 2012).

Fig. 2: Bézier construction tool (a) parametric curve solution (b) idealised Bézier based 3D local editing technique (de Kemp 1999).

The 3D modelling (e.g. GOCAD) creates surfaces model which are the boundaries of the geological units, e.g. stratigraphic or petrographic units (Fig. 3a), one can call this model the basic

geological model. Geological bodies are generated based on these surfaces forms the entire 3D space (Fig. 3b). Depending on the specific program, the 3D space can consist of a single


48

body (Voxet) or many sub-bodies. Attributes, e.g. permeability, porosity, or chemical rock parameters, may be assigned to the bodies and sub-bodies, respectively. This process turns the basis-model into the subject specific model (e.g. engineering, hydro-geological). Some programs allow calculating the variation of the parameter over the 3D space by assigning an individual value to each sub-body using statistical methods.

Concluding Remarks

Advances in computer technology have provided the opportunity to present the geosciences information in new and innovative ways. The use of web-based three-dimensional interactive models, animations and fly-through significantly enhances the ability to communicate complex geometries and concepts not only to the geo-scientific community but also, just as importantly, to the general public. Even for non-specialists, a model is self-explanatory. A skilled geologist may know to translate 2D into 3D – but no matter how experienced one can be, this mental translation is bound to be qualitative and sometimes inaccurate. Therefore, interactive and quantitative aspects of 3D geological model open up entirely new perspectives. The 3D modelling methods are allowing geoscientists to introduce a far greater level of realism into their 3D models. The users also need to be able to assess the risk associated with using 3D models, so that sound decisions can be made. The result of the modelling is a representation of the subsurface taking into account of available surface data and incorporating the conceptual understanding. Moreover, the modelling of subsurface geometry and properties is a key element to understand geo-hazard and risk (e.g. landslides).

Fig. 3: Visualisation of geological models computed by using Geological Object Cad Aided Design (GOCAD) (a) surface model and (b) solid 3D model.

Regardless of the state of visualisation technologies, the success of 3D geological modelling is still dependent on the data density, clustering and depth variability of known structural observations. Most important perhaps are the geological relationships of local and regional structures with the bounding surfaces being modelled.

ReferencesBatty, M., Steadman, P. and Xie, Y. 2004, Visualization in Spatial

Modeling, ESLab International Workshop on the Study of Artificial Complex Environments, San Servolo, Venice, Italy.

de Kemp, E. A., 1999, Visualization of complex geological structures using 3-D Bézier construction tools, Computers and Geosciences, v. 25(5), pp. 581–597.

de Paor, D. G., 1996, Bézier curves and geological design, In: de Paor, D. G. (Ed.), Structural geology and personal computers, Pergamon Press., pp. 389–417.

Holliman, N. S. 2004, Mapping perceived depth to regions of interest in stereoscopic images, In: Stereoscopic Displays and Virtual Reality Systems XI, Proceedings of SPIE-IS&T Electronic Imaging, SPIE, v. 5291(12), pp. 117–128,

Holliman, N. S. 2006, Three-dimensional display systems. In: Dakin, J. P. and Brown, R. G. W. (eds.), Handbook of Optoelectronics, v. 1II, Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, FL, 1680 p.

Jones, R. R., McCaffreyc, K. J. W., Cleggc, P., Wilsonc, R. W., Hollimanb, N. S., Holdsworthc, R. E., Imberc, J. and Waggottd, S. 2009, Integration of regional to outcrop digital data: 3D visualization of multi-scale geological models. Computers and Geosciences, v. 35, pp. 4–18.

Mallet, J. L, 1989, Discrete smooth interpolation, Association of Computing Machines, Transactions on Graphics, v. 8(2), pp. 121–144.Thapa, P. B. and Hoppe, A., 2012, 3D modelling of geological

features, Bull. Nepal Geol. Soc., v. 29, Kathmandu, Nepal, pp. 67–72.

49

Mukunda Raj Paudel : Study of gravelly sediments:depositional environmental...

Introduction

Kathmandu basin fill sediments are various types. These sediments are more than 500m thick lacustrine, fluvial and deltaic sediments covered the basement rock of the Kathmandu Valley. In the southern periphery is covered by very thick sequence of gravel beds. Gravel and conglomerates are minor in stratigraphic records but their presence in stratigraphy are very significant for tectonics, paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental interpretation. They are indicators of the sharp terrestrial relief resulting from lithospheric uplift at continental margin. These semiconsolidated Pleistocene gravel beds exposed on the southern part of the Kathmandu basin within the various units is less interested compared to other fine basin-fill sediments by previous researchers. Only few study about terrace gravel and fluvial gravel work (Yoshida and Igarashi(1984), Dongol(1985), Sakai (2001), Paudel and Sakai(2004,2008)) have been carried out for stratigraphic study. These gravel beds have different nature and composition. A thick layers of sand and gravel have been deposited in various sedimentary environments. Gravel is transported and deposited by water (e.g. rivers) and ice (glaciers). Sand is transported and deposited by wind (e.g. in sand dunes) and water (rivers and

the sea). Because these sediments have been found together here this suggests that they were deposited by water and as the, rivers are the most likely mode of deposition. Gravel is heavy and as such it requires strong fast moving rivers to transport it. Sand and gravel are deposited when the speed and strength of the river decreases. This can occur either within rivers (river channels) or on river banks during flood events. Sand and gravel are abrasive and it is therefore likely that the bedrock channel was formed by a large fast flowing river. The energy of this river eventually decreased, resulting in the deposition of sand and gravel. Gravel rich alluvial fan builds into the lake or sea, a local wedge shaped gravel rich fan delta may be formed (Collinson 1994). On the other hand some gravel may be transported into the deeper water by processes of sediment gravity flow. Hence sand and gravel are important index indicates the depositional environmental condition as well as tectonic events during geological past. In the present paper gravel within the four different geological Formation namely Tarebhir, Itaiti, Sunakothi and Terrace gravel and other associated sediments have been identified and mapped for the first time to use for depositional environmental condition of the Kathmandu basin.

This paper is mainly concentrated on the gravelly sediments widely distributed on the southern part of the Kathmandu basin. Thick monotonous beds of gravels deposited separately within the stratigraphic sections and some thick beds of gravels are interbedded within the other stratigraphic units. These gravel beds showed different depositional environment and their depositional history. On the basis of sedimentological and stratigraphic relation to other units these beds were deposited in four episodes during different geological time: before origin of lake, initial stage of the lake, during the shrinkage stage of the lake and after the disappearance of the lake. First episode was related to the fluvial and debris flow deposits, while the other episode was related to different types of fluvial and alluvial fan processes. Stratigraphically they are not only younger terrace gravel units. Gravels, deposited at the top surface of the Kathmandu basin at the center part, is youngest deposits overlying on the open lacustrine facies of Kalimati Formation while other gravel beds are older than lacustrine or contemporaneous deposits overlying on and interbedded within the different stratigraphic units.

Study of gravelly sediments: depositional environmental changes of the Kathmandu Basin

Mukunda Raj PaudelDepartment of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Trichandra Campus

Ghantaghar, Kathmandu Nepal Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT


50

ResultsNature and Charseteristics

Tarebhir gravel

Tarebhir gravel sequence is unconformably (angular unconformity) overlays on the Pre-Cambrian rock of the Tistung Formation (Fig.1A). This unit is well developed in Tarebhir and Danuwargaon area, at the southern margin of the valley. The succession is about 120m thick and entirely composed of conglomerate beds and lenticular beds of sand and mud (Fig.2A). The conglomerate beds mostly consist of pebble, cobble and boulder clasts of quartzite, slate, phyllite, granite and limestone. The clasts are mainly rounded to sub-rounded. These gravel beds are gently inclined toward north (up to 9°) at the southern peripheries. Lithostratigraphic name of this gravel is given by Dongol (1984), Sah et al. (1994) and Sakai (2001), and lower member of the Lukundol Formation by Sakai (2001) is similar to this study. On the basis of texture,fabric and composition the vertical and lateral facies change, this formation (Paudel et.al 2008) is divided into three parts: basal, middle and upper part.

Basal part gravel

Basal part of this gravel sequence consists of boulder to pebble size. The composition of this clast is metasandstone, phyllite and granite (Fig.1A). Clasts are fragmented, sub-rounded, more consolidated and compacted than the middle and upper part of the gravel sequence. Stratification of the gravel beds is crude horizontal. This part of the sequence is about 30m thick and distributed in the Katuwaldaha, southern end of the basin- fill sediments. This part is unconformably resting on the basement rocks of the Kathmandu Valley (Fig.1A,2A).

Middle part gravel

It is composed of pebble and cobble size rounded to sub-rounded tourmaline granitic clasts, metasandstone and phyllite. Percentage of the granitic clast and their roundness increases in this part. Lenticular bed (20-60 cm thick) of sand and muds are intercalated within the thick gravel beds. More than 60% of the clasts in this part is made up of tourmaline granite. These clasts are highly imbricated in nature. In this part, the gravel beds are planar and horizontal. The thickness of this part is about 60m (Fig.1B,2A). The Different between the basal part by Dongol (1985) and this study is composition and sedimentary nature of the clast.

Upper part gravel

This part is mostly composed of the pebble size gravel, micaceous cross-bedded pebbly sand and lenticular mud beds (Fig.1C,2A). Increasing proportion of the lenticular sand and mud beds are the characteristic features of this sub-unit. Beds are more or less horizontal. Pebbles are imbricated in nature. This subunit is about 30m thick. Uppermost part of the Tarebhir Formation is directly overlain on the metasandstone gravel sequence of the Itaiti formation in the southern margin and muddy sequence of the Lukundol Formation toward the center of the basin. Grain size, compactness, composition and other nature of gravel is differ from the basal part to middle and upper part gravel of Tarebhir.

Itaiti Gravel

This stratigraphic unit is only distributed in the highly elevated southern marginal part of the Kathmandu Valley (Paudel et.al 2008). It comprised of thick bed of pebble to cobble size conglomerate, sand and mud. The composition of the gravel is mostly metasandstone, phyllite, and quartzite. Maximum thickness of this gravel sequence is 190 m and mostly distributed in the highly elevated area. The name of this formation is first proposed by Sakai (2001). Sha et al. (1994) included this sequence within the Lukundol Formation. Yoshida and Igarashi explained this sequence within the Terrace gravel deposits, while Dongol (1985) gave the name Chhami-Itaiti gravel. Paudel (2004) suggested this sequence not only covered Lukundol Formation but also it covered the oldest unit Tarebhir in the southern margin, and youngest Sunakothi Formation toward the center. So it is necessary to separate this gravelly sequence laterally into different units from the southern margin and toward the basin center. On the basis of this study, this gravel sequence only distributed in the southern marginal part of the basin, while toward the center it is not related the Itaiti Formation. Furthermore, this formation is divided into the distal and proximal part on basis of the size of the clast and interbedding of the sand and mud beds (Fig.2a-2d).

In the southern margin of the study area, this formation shows the thick bed of gravel bed with large clasts. The sand and mud beds are often interbedded. Toward the north from the basin margin, thicknesses of this formation gradually decrease. Thickest part of this formation is distributed around the Babupakha area, which is about 190 m rests on the basement rock of the Kathmandu Complex. The lower part of this formation consists

51


of large disorganized conglomerate. Maximum size of the clast is about 80 cm observed at the Babupakha village. Sand and mud beds are occasionally intercalated in between the gravel sequence. Gravels are matrix to grain supported and imbricated (Fig.2). In this part of the formation size of the clasts are wide range and poorly sorted. Stratification of the beds is horizontal. This part is unconformable contact with the basement rock in the Babupakha area, with the Lukundol Formation in

the Dukuchhap area and Pharping area. Furthermore, in the southernmost margin of the study area (in the Katuwaldaha), it is directly overlie on the Tarebhir Formation.On the basis of the stratigraphic relation to the other, Itaiti gravel stratigraphically covered basemenr rocks and Tarebhir gravel at the southern margin and Lukundol Formation toward the center from southern margin of the basin.

A

C

E F

D

B

Fig:1. Photographs of gravels showing different gravelly facies (A-C) Tarebhir Basal, middle and upper part grvel (D-E) Proximal and distal Itaiti gravel (F) Terrace gravel


52

Fig2: Columnar sections of different gravel sequence in the southern part of the Kathmandu basin: (A) Tarebhir gravel from basal to upper part . Fig (a) to (d) shows Itiati fan of bebris flow and fluvial origin.

Sunakothi Gravel

This unit is composed of the muddy rhythmic at the basal part in the southern margin, sandy in the lower part, sandy, muddy and gravelly at the middle part, and sandy to silty rhythmic at the upper part of this formation. The characteristic sedimentary structures of this formation are parallel and climbing ripple lamination. Laminations of this formation are very thick to thin. The best exposure of this formation is found in Sunakothi area, along the Kyakudol Khola in between the Jorkhu and Parigaon. The type locality of this formation at Sunakothi 3.0 km south from the Patan (Paudel and Sakai 2005,2006). The exposed thickness of this formation is about 34 to 60 m, and distributed from 1420m in the southern margin to

nearly 1300m at central part of the basin. This stratigraphic unit is underlain by Kalimati Formation and overlain by Terrace gravel deposits. The boundary between Kalimati and Sunakothi is gradational to erosional. The name of this unit is first proposed by Sah et al. (1994) in their geological map. Sakai (2001) suggested that it is a southern extension of the Thimi Formation. Paudel (2004) and Paudel and Sakai (2004, 2005) suggested that it is a different stratigraphic unit than the Thimi and Lukundol Formation.Interbedded gravels are grain to matrix supported. Matrix are mainly sandy. Size of the clasts are not larger than Itaiti gravel but stratification of the gravel is clearly distinguishable. Thickness of the gravel bed isn't more than 1 to 2m. & most of the beds are lenticular in nature.

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Terrace gravel deposits

This unit is mainly composed of pebble to cobble size gravel. The organization of the clast and arrangement of the materials of the different grain size is rather good, showing the layer of clasts of different size and also interbedded sand and mud beds. Horizontal layers show good imbrications of the clasts; cross-bedded gravels and sand are prominent.

This gravelly sequence often intercalted by very thin bed of carbonaceous mud and sand beds. Both fining and coarsening upward sequence is clearly observed within the different outcrops. Very good planar cross-bedded gravel show clear imbrication. In some locality the gravel beds shows strong scouring in the silty clay of the Sunakothi Formation. This sub-unit is well exposed in the Chhampi and Chapagaon Sunakothi, Thecho area. At the central part of the basin toward the south from ringroad 2 to 3m thick terrace gravel is erosionally covered the Sunakothi and Kalimati Formation. The composition of the clasts are metasandstone and quartzite.

One remarkable point about the thick gravelly sequence is its contact relation between the different formations. Previously whole gravel sequence is consider as the alluvial fan by Sakai (2001). On the basis of this study this gravelly sequence is overlying only on the Sunakothi Formation on the southern part.

Discussion and conclusion

Debris flow and alluvial fan originBasal part of Tarebhir showed matrix supported clast and hard. The most obvious reason for it is a catastrophic emplacement by mass flow such as fluvialflood or gravity flow. The flow energy must have been very high to carry the large size clast to very fine sand and silt.Very poorly sorted boulder gravel which is harder than other (Fig.1A) matrix supported clast at the contact between basal gravel and basement rock are fracture which indicate the possibility of strong energy acted during the sedimentation process (Fig.1A). Most of the clast composition is similar to the southern mountain rock known as metasandstone.On the basis of composition of the clast source of debris flow was from south or south east of the basin.

There are mainly two types of sequence laterally within the Itaiti Gravel. In this study Itaiti gravel definded by very thick gravel sequence overlie above the basement rock, Tarebhir Formation at the the southern margin and Lukundol Formation toward center from southern margin. Proximal gravel beds

above the Tarebhir and Lukundol , matrix supported gravel which commonly lack internal structure and clast imbrication are generally ascribed to high viscosity mass flow process commonly known as debris flow deposits. This types of gravel is more consolidated and harder than others.

Proximal gravel formation of the Itaiti beds above the Tarebhir , the matrix supported gravel which commonly lack internal structure and clast imbrication are generally ascribed to high viscosity mass flow processes. These features indicate stream deposits with high sediments to water ratio.The poorly organized, high value of mean particle size and bed thickness ratio indicte it might be possible that the water moving in shallow channel choked with sediments debris causing poor layering in the gravel beds of the proximal part of the Itaiti .

Table:1 Facies code , sedimentary structure and their interpretation of different gravel distributed in the southern part of the Kathmandu Basin.

Facies code

LithofaciesSedimentary

structureInterpretation

Name of the

Formation

Gms

weak to good matrix supportedcrudely stratified , good sorting gravel and conglomerate

Well sorting, poorly rounded, nonimbricated

Debrisflow, subaerial deposits

Lower part Tarebhir and Proximal part of Itaiti

GpStratified and framework gravel

Poorly sorted, matrix poor imbricated and crossbeddedRepetition of fining upward sequence

Stream flow and sheet flow

Middle and upper part of Tarebhir, distal part of Itaiti

G1Thin stratified or lense shape , matrix or grain supported loose gravels

Well graded, crossbedded, lense shape

Stream flow and channel flow

Sunakothi gravel and terrace deposits

Fluvial origin

Age of the Tarebhir (Pliocene), Lukundol and Sunakothi (Pleistocene) have differed to each other. On the basis of sedimentological study, I interpret and proposed that the proximal part of the gravel is alluvial fan of the Itaiti Formation while toward the basin center is the terrace gravel deposits which is not related to Itaiti Formation proposed by previous


54

authors. On the basis of texture and style of stratification gravel deposited within the middle and upper part of the Tarebhir, distal part of the Itaiti and intercalated gravel beds within the Sunakothi Formation and youngest gravel deposits above the Sunakothi Formatios are activity of the river flow deposits (Table:1)

Distal part of the Itaiti gravel show the considerable reduction of the clast size and better organization of gravel toward center of the basin (Adhikarigaon-Chhampi).The gravel beds are more stratified, clasts are highly imbricated . Repetition of the continuous fining-upward sequence and paleocurrent which did not drastically change within the gravelly sequence also support the gravelly braided river channel deposits. It might be possible that the repetition of continuous fining upward sequence in this fan indicates the decrease in energy leading to the recession of fan. toward center.

Sandy and muddy sediments of the Sunakothi Formation show lacustrine delta prograding from southern part of the Kathmandu basin. Thick to thin beds of gravel with erosional surface to sharp contact between sandy sequence indicates activity of stream flow and channel flow deposits during the formation of deltafront deposits. Cross bedded and well graded gravel clearly support the activity of channel during the deposition period of delta.

References:

Collinson,J.D.1986.Alluvial sediments In: Sedimentary environments and facies (Ed.Reading H.G.). Blackwell Scientific Publication , Oxford P20-62

Dongol, G.M.S., 1985, Geology of the Kathmandu fluvio-lacustrine sediments in the light of new vertebrate fossils

occurrences. Jour. Nepal Geol. Soc, v 3,pp. 43-47.

Mukunda Raj Paudel and Harutaka Sakai, 2008, Stratigraphy and depositional environments of the basin-fill sediments in the southern marginal part of the Kathmandu Valley, central Nepal, Bulletin of the central Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal, v.11, pp61-70

Mukunda Raj Paudel & Harutaka Sakai, 2005, Depositional environment and Stratigraphic position of the Sunakothi Formation, in the southern part of the Kathmandu Valley, Central Nepal. The 112th annual meeting of the Geological society of Japan, Kyoto, Japan, pp339

Mukunda Raj Paudel & Harutaka Sakai, 2004, Stratigraphy and depositional environment of the basin-fill sediments, in the southern part of the kathmandu Valley, Central Nepal. The 111th annual meeting of the Geological society of Japan, Kyoto, Japan, pp308-309.

Sha, R. B., Paudel, M., and Ghimire, D, 1995, Lithological Succession and some Vertebrate fossils from the Fluvio-lacustrine sediments of Kathmandu Valley, Central Nepal. NAHSON v5-6, pp.21-27.

Sakai, H., 2001b, Stratigraphic division and sedimentary facies of the Kathmandu Basin sediments. Jour. Nepal Geol. Soc., v25 (Sp Issue), pp.19-32

Yoshida, M and Igarashi, Y., 1984, Neogene to Quaternary laustrine sediments in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Jour. Nepal Geol., Soc., v4 (Sp Issue), pp. 73-100.

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tf/flglw e§/fO{ M klx/f]n] gbL y'g]/ agfPsf] afFw / hnf;osf] Joj:yfkgMs]lx gLltut pkfox?

k[i7e"ld

ut @)&! >fj0f !& ut] zlgaf/sf] /flt klx/f]n] l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf] df+vfdf ;'gsf]zL gbL y'g]kl5 s]lx 306f leq} ljzfn tnfp l;h{gf eof] . tLg ufFpm lgd]ife/d} klx/f]n] k'/Llb+bf xtfxft ;+Vof !%) gf£of] . v]ltof]Uo hdLg, rf}kfof, 3/ uf]7 klx/f] lgld{t afFwleq ljnfof] . dflyNnf] t6Lo If]qsf 3/, ljB'tu[x, /fhdfu{nfO{ tnfpn] k|ToIf k|efj kf¥of] . tNnf] t6Lo If]qsf s}of}+ a:tL ;+efljt af9Lsf] hf]lvddf k/] . o;n] ;/sf/ tyf l5d]sL /fi6| ef/t ;d]tsf] Wofg s]lGb|t u/fof] . of] eofjx l:yltjf6 :yfgLo kLl8t ;d'bfo Pj+ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] ;Gtf]ifsf] ;f; km]g{ eg] ;lhn} kfPsf 5}gg\ . ToxfF e}/x]sf] ljkbJoj:yfkg k|of;af6 dxTjk"0f{ kf7 eg] l;Sg' kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . Tof] s] eg], o:Tff k|fs[lts ljkbnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ s]lx gLltut lg0f{o ul/;s]kl5 dfq bL3{sflng pkfo cjnDag ug'{ ;fGb{les x'g] x'gfn] of] n]vdf >[v+nfj4 ¿kdf s]lx lgltut ts{x¿ k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ . o:sf] pb]Zo klx/f]n] gbL y'g]/ agfPsf] afFw / hnf;osf sf/0f l;lh{t ljkb Joj:yfkgdf ul/g] k|f/Desf] p4f/ sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lb+b} ;To tYodf cfwfl/t eP/ dfq eflj sfo{qmdx¿ to ug{ clek|]l/t ug'{ xf] .

agfPsf] afFw, / afFw l;lh{t tnfp . t;y{, klx/f]sf] cWoog ug{ e"ue{zf:qL, afFw cWoog cg';Gwfg ug{ lhof]6]lSgsn OlGhlgo/ / tnfp cWoog cg';Gwfg ug{ xfO8«f]nf]lh h:tf ljwfaf6 cWoog ug'{k5{ . Psdfq lawfsf la1n] ;d:of ;'emfpg] cj:yf x'Fb}g . ;Dej eP;Dd g]kfn ;/sf/sf ljleGg ljefudf sfo{/t lj1x¿sf] 6f]nL agfP/ ;fd'lxs cWoog u/fpg' k5{ . o;n] ljkt Joj:yfkgsf] If]qdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cfˆg} Ifdtf clea[l4 x'G5 / cfTdlge{/tf a9\5 . ljkt Joj:yfkgsf] oyfy{ l:yltnfO{ sIff sf]7fdf k'¥ofP/ eljiosf s0f{wf/x¿nfO{ lblIft agfpg ljZjljBfnodf cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿ Pj+ k|fWofksx¿nfO{ klg cWoog cg';Gwfg 6f]nLdf ;dfj]z ug'{k5{ .

l:ylt ;fdfGoLs/0fdf lj1sf] e"ldsf

e"ue{ljb\sf] ;+of]hsTjdf klx/f] k|efljt If]qsf] :ynut cWoog ug{ vfgL tyf e"ue{ ljefu, hn pTkGg k|sf]k ljefu, e";+/If0f tyf hnfwf/ ;+/If0f ljefu / ljZjljBfnosf e"ue{ljb / OlGhlgol/ª e"ue{ljb ;lDdlnt cWoog 6f]nL u7g ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 . pQm 6f]nLn] klx/f] hfg'sf] d'n sf/0f, pQm 7fFpmdf km]l/ klx/f] hfG5, hfFb}g, k'gM hfg] ;Defjgf 5 eg] s'g s'g ufFpm hf]lvddf 5g < klx/f]n] gbLnfO{ k'gM y'G5, y'Gb}g, klx/f] hfg] ;Defjgf Go"lgs/0f ug]{ e/kbf{ pkfo s] s] x'g ;S5g cflb dxTjk'0f{ k|Zgsf hjfkm vf]Hg' kb{5 . ;fy} klx/f]n] /fhdfu{ aufPsf] eP k'gM v'nfpg ;+ej 5, 5}g / bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf nflu gbLsf] hnfwf/ If]qleq 7'nf klx/f hfg] 7fFpm klxrfg ug{ s] s:tf k|ljlw ckgfP/ cg';Gwfg ug'{kg]{ h:tf ljifodf klg cWoog ug'{ kb{5 .

o; cltl/Qm lhof]6]lSgsn OlGhlgo/sf] ;+of]hsTjdf hn pTkGg k|sf]k ljefu, ;8s ljefu, l;+rfO{ ljefu, ljB't ljsf; ljefu / ljZjljBfnodf sfo{/t lhof]6]slgsn OlGhlgo/ / lhof]lkmlhl;:6 ;lDdlnt cWoog 6f]nL u7g ul/ klx/f]n] agfPsf] afFwsf] jf/]df cWoog ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . pQm 6f]lnn] afFwsf] :ynut lg/LIf0f u/L OlGhlgol/ª ljwfdf cfwfl/t tYosf cfwf/df jfFwsf] nDafO{, rf}8fO{ / prfO{ slt 5, afFw leq df6f] slt 5, 9'FËf slt / sqf 5g\, 9'FËf / df6fsf] ;ld>0f afFwsf] ;a} efudf Ps} gf;sf] 5 jf 5}g, afFw cfkm} km'6\of] eg] sxfaf6 / s;/L km'6g] ;+efjgf 5, afFw crfgs x\jft} km'6]df tNnf] t6Lo If]qdf kfgLsf] ;tx gbLdf slt dfly;Dd k'U5, sfFxf, sfFxf s:tf] Iflt k'¥ofp5, af9Lsf] hf]lvddf kg]{ ;Defljt al:t / ef}lts ;+/rgf s'g s'g x'g\, afFw lj:tf/} s}of}+ 306f nufP/ km'6]df s:tf] k|efj k5{, ;Defljt hf]lvddf /x]sf ufFpm j:tL s'g s'g x'g < h:tf k|Zgsf hjfkm vf]Hg'k5{ . ;fy} afFw km'6]kl5 dflyNnf] t6Lo If]qdf klx/f] hfg] ;Defjgf 5 ls 5}g, 5 eg] s'g s'g ufFpm

klx/f]n] gbL y'g]/ agfPsf] afFw / hnf;osf] Joj:yfkgM s]lx gLltut pkfox¿

tf/flglw e§/fO{e"ue{ ljefu, lqrGb| sn]h, 306f3/[email protected]

;DalGwt lj1sf] klxrfg

;j{k|yd, klx/f]n] gbL y'lgP/ l;lh{t eofjx l:ylt Aojl:yt ug{ cfjZos kg]{ 1fgsf] af/]df g} xfd|f gLlt lgdf{tfx¿ cndndf b]lvG5g\ . o;nfO{ tLg kIfaf6 s]nfpg'kg]{ x'G5M klx/f], klx/f]n]

lrq g+= !M l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnfsf] h'/]df uPsf] klx/f] / o;n] ;'gsf]zL glbdf agfPsf] afFw


56

hf]lvddf k5{g\ < afFw cfkm} km'6\b}g eg] s] s:tf] k|ljlw cKgfP/ hnfzosf] kfgLnfO{ lgsf; lbg ;lsG5 / tfnsf] kfgLnfO{ k'0f{tM lgsf; lbg ;ls+b}g eg] To;nfO{ g]kfndf x'g] ;Defljt k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] "df]8]n ;fO6sf" ] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ ul/ afFwnfO{ bx|f] agfpg] pkfo s] x'g ;S5g\ eGg] s'/fx¿sf] cWoog ug'{ h?/L 5 .

o;}u/L, tfnsf] af/]df cg';Gwfg ug{ xfO8«f]nf]lhi6sf] ;+of]hsTjdf df};d lj1fg ljefu, hnpTkGg k|sf]k ljefu, l;+rfO{ ljefu, hn tyf zlQm cfof]u / ljZjljBfnodf sfo{/t xfO8«f]nf]lhi6x¿ ;lDdlnt cWoog 6f]ln u7g ug'{ pko'Qm b]lvG5 . 6f]lnn] tfndf kfgL slt 5, kfgLsf] dfqf eljZodf s] slt 36a9 x'g ;S5, jiff{sf] kfgL jfx]s lx+pm klUnP/ cfpg] kfgLsf] c+z gbLsf] kfgLdf slt 5, kfgLdf au]/ cfpg] u]u|fg tnfpdf y'lk|G5, y'lk|b+}g cyjf y'lk|G5 eg] tnfp k'l/g slt ;do nfU5, tnfp k|fs[lts ?kd} u]u|fg y'lk|P/ k'l/of] eg] ;Defljt af9Lsf] hf]lvd slt;Dd 365 / afFwsf sf/0f glbn] lvofpg] / u]u|fg y'kfg]{ k|lqmof dflyNnf] tl6o If]qdf / tNnf] tl6o If]qdf s] s:tf] x'G5 eGg]af/] cWoog ug'{k5{ .

klx/f], afFw / tnfpn] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf k'¥ofPsf] Ifltsf] cWoog ug{ cy{ljb\sf] ;+of]hsTjdf e'uf]nljb, ljkb Joj:yfkgljb, of]hgfljb, dfgjzf:qL, n}lËs lj1 cflb ;lDdlnt 6f]nL u7g ug'{k5{ . 6f]nLn] wg hg Ifltsf] oyfy{ ljj/0f, lj:yflkt kl/jf/sf] jf;:yfg / /f]hufl/sf] j}slNks Joj:yf, tNnf] t6Lo If]qsf] pRr hf]lvddf /x]sf j:tLx¿nfO{ k'gjf{;sf] Joj:yf / /f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf, Hofg u'dfPsf cfkmGthgsf dfgl;s, efjgfTds / ;f+:s[lts kL8fnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug]{ pkfo, k|sf]k k|efljt If]qsf] efjL pkof]usf] ?k/]vf, / dflyNnf] t6Lo If]qdf 8'jfgdf k/]sf 3/ Pj+ ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] Ifltk'lt{df nfUg] nfut Pj+ :yfGgft/0fsf] ;Defjgf nufot ljifonfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{k5{ .

lj1sf] /fo sfo{Gjog ug]{ k|lqmof

plNnlvt cWoog kZrft, cWoog 6f]nLdf ;+nUg lj1x¿, ;/sf/L clwsf/L, klx/f] k|efljt tyf kLl8t kl/jf/sf k|ltlglw / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf;lxt /fhgLlts bnsf k|ltlglw ;lDdlnt Pp6f sfo{zfnf uf]i7L u/L ;DalGwt ;a} kIfdf cfwfl/t /lx /fxt tyf k'gjf{;sf nflu pko'Qm sfo{qmd tof/ ug'{k5{ . sfo{qmd tof/ kbf{ b'O{ kIfaf6 ;f]Rg' k5{ .

s_ k'gM gbLnfO{ y'Gg] u/L klx/f] cfpg] ;Defjgf b]lvPdf tNnf] t6Lo If]qdf pRr hf]lvddf /x]sf ufFpma:tL Pj+ dflyNnf] t6Lo If]qdf 8'jfgdf k/]sf 3/ Pj+ ef}lts ;+/rgfnfO{ :yfgfGt/0f ug]{ / j}slNks /fhdfu{ lgdf{0fsf] kxn ug'{k5{ .

v_ olb k'gM 7'nf] klx/f] hfg] ;Defjgf 5}g eg] tnfpnfO{ slt ;Dd lgsf; lbg ;lsG5, lbg] / lgsf; lbg g;lsg] kfgL tnfpsf] ¿kdf Aojl:yt ug{ cfjZos tyf e/kbf]{ sfo{qmd tof/ kfg'{k5{ . af6f] jf /fhdfu{nfO{ ;'rf? ug{ tyf kLl8t kl/jf/ / jf9L klx/f]sf] hf]lvddf /x]sf al:t :yfgfGt/0fsf nflu sfo{qmd klg plQSs} cfjZos x'G5 .

:yfgLo kLl8t hgtfsf] lxtdf sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfd s'g lgsfosf] xf] tyf /fxt tyf sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg tyf d'NofÍg s:n] ug]{ xf] eGg] ljifo cToGt} ;Dj]bgzLn x'G5 . To;}n] k/Dk/fut 9/f{df eGbf /fxt tyf k'g{jf; sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ubf{ k|ltkmn rfF8f] k|fKt x'g]u/L ug'{kb{5 . t;y{, plNnlvt cWoog cg';Gwfg k|fs[lts k|sf]k x]g]{ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf dfggLo ;b:osf] /]vb]vdf ;DkGg u/fpg' pko'Qm b]lvG5 . ;fy} cWoog cg';Gwfg / sfo{zfnf uf]i7Laf6 k|fKt lgrf]8sf cfwf/df tof/ kfl/Psf] sfo{qmd u[xdGqfno cGt{utsf] b}jL k|sf]k Aoj:yfkg dxfzfvf dfkm{t sfof{Gjog u/fpg' d'gfl;j b]lvG5 . /fxt tyf k'gjf{; sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ;Gtf]ifhgs eP gePsf] cg'udg tyf d'NofÍg ug{ / cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg u[xdlGqsf] ;+of]hsTjdf /fhgLlts bn / kLl8t kl/jf/sf k|ltlglw ;lDdlnt lg/LIf0f Pj+ d'NofÍg 6f]nL u7g ug'{ kb{5 .

lj1x¿nfO{ plNnlvt :ynut cWoog ug{ al9df tLg lbg nfU5 . :ynut cWoogaf6 k|fKt glthfnfO{ ljZn]if0f ug{ csf]{ b'O lbg nfUg ;S5 . cyf{t, lj1x¿sf] kfFr lbgsf] cWoogkl5 ;/sf/nfO{ /fxt tyf k'gjf{;sf] sfo{qmd 3f]if0ff ug{ cfjZos ;Dk"0f{ ;'rgf tof/ x'g]5g\ . lj1x¿n] tof/ kfg]{ clGtd b:tfj]hsf nflu eg] b'O xKtf cfjZos kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;/sf/n] a]n}df o;tkm{ Wofg lbg;s] o; ks[ltsf laklQnfO{ elaiodf ;d]t zL3| tyf pko'Qm ;dfwfg k|fKt ug{ ;xh x'g] lyof] .

pk;+xf/

;'gsf];L] laklQ klxnf] / clGtd xf]Og . o:tf 36gf lautdf w}/} 36]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] ef}ule{s cjl:ylt, af/Daf/ e}/xg] d';nwf/] jiff{, e'IfoLs/0f tyf laleGg dfgjhGo ls|ofsnfksf sf/0f o:tf 36gf bf]xf]l/g] k|z:t cfwf/ 5g\ . t;y{ xfd|f ;Gbe{df o:tf ljkltsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ Pp6f lalzi6 k|s[ltsf] sfo{lalw tof/ ug'{ cToGt h?/L b]lvG5, h:n] ubf{ elaiodf ;DalGwt ;/sf/L sfo{no tyf clwsf/Ln] kfngf ug'{kg]{ k|ls|of ;'lglZrt xf];\ . ca aGg] ljkb Joj:yfkg sfg"gdf dfly plNnlvt s'/fx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z u/fpg' ;fGble{s b]lvG5 . xfdLn] lj;{g g} gx'g] k|;+u s] xf] eg] clxn] klx/f]n] ;[hgf u/]sf] laklQnfO t /fd|f];+u Aj:yfkg ug{ ;s]gf} eg] 7'nf] e'Orfnf]n] Nofpg ;Sg] dxflaklQsf] a]nfdf xfd|f] xfnt s] xf]nf <

57

Ananta P Gajurel : Teaching Geology of Nepal Himalayas in the Field

Introduction

Geologically Nepal Himalaya is located in the central portion of the east-west extending 2400 Km long Himalayan ranges that is an important output of Earth’s Cenozoic orogeny owing to continent-continent collision between Indian and Asian plates. Geomorphologically, Nepal Himalaya is situated in a unique space in corporating the eight highest mountain peaks in the world. It manifests a wonderful physiographic characteristics, for example, at a short aerial distance of about 100 km from south to north, one can feel how the change in geomorphology from the junction between the slope of foothill mountains and Ganga plain in the south starting at around 90 m above mean sea level (amsl) to the top of the world at 8848 m, Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest or Chomolongma) in the north. The youngest foothill mountain range called as Siwalik makes a range of small mountain culminating up to 1500 m amsl. It has formed narrower river valleys as well as wider Dun valleys with cuesta like topography at the middle of the range, which are the typical geomorphological features.To the north of the foothill mountain, a sudden break in topography marks with a presence of around 3000 m high Mahabharat range that forms a topographical barrier for the atmospheric circulation at low elevation.Consequently, high precipitation is experienced during monsoon.

The narrow river valleys and steep slope in the range are the present days difficult challenge to develop network for circulation through the outlet of the Mahabharat range. Once inters in to the Midland zone it feels significant changes in geomorphology to wider river valleys having stepped cultivated terraces, populated gentle mountain slopes and also encounters two wider intermountanevallyes; Kathmandu and Pokhara. The morphology again looks quite different to the north from the zone possessing deep and narrow river valleys with steep mountain slopes. Occasionally encountered inner narrow river gorges carved by strongly energetic turbulent water masses flowing from ice melt zone with high potential energy are the amazing architectural manifestation from the

interaction between climate, tectonic and geomorphological processes. Anthropogenic activities since few years have been triggering for further modification in the geomorphology of the mountainous areas. Further north in the Tethys Himalaya, the morphology developed by the deposits of moraine and mega-landslides (rock avalanche), tremendously high relief, very steep slopes and snow peaked mountains and river valleys with lower river gradient embraces in a quite different physiographic environment.

Geologically, around 35 km thick crustal rocks have been exposed in the Nepal Himalaya from south to north, respectively, Siwalik sediments, Lesser Himalayan meta-sediments, Higher Himalayan Crystallines and Tethys sediments (Fig. 1). Wide range of subjects in geology like sedimentology, metamorphic petrology, paleontology, geochronology, tectonics, geomorphology, etc. are taught in the field. In fact, Nepal Himalaya has achieved a quite old history of the earth e.g. from around 2.5 billion years (DeCelles et al., 1988) to the present days geological activities. In fact, the history can be studied separating pre-orogenic and syn-orogenic phases of the Himalaya. Pre-orogenic phase dates back to around 2.5 billion years including the onset of collision time between Indian and Asian plates i.e. around 65 million years before up to the commencement of Bhainskati and Dumri sedimentation (about 45 million years) (Robinson et al., 2001).

Pre-orogenic history reveals many important geological histories including particularly transportation and depositional environment with a record of life evolution over the time in the Earth (Figs. 2 and 3). The syn-orogenic phase can be incorporated to bracketed the time between about 45 million years and modern days since the orogeny of the Himalaya has been still continued, which is accompanied by subduction of Indian continent at a rate of about 2 cm par year under the Himalaya.

How much the young Himalayan mountain belt is fragile for development at its indigenous and well as international society?

Teaching Geology of Nepal Himalayas in the Field

Ananta P GajurelDepartment of Geology, Tri-Chandra Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal

e-mail: [email protected]


58

Changes in world climate and geo-chemistry of the ocean are the major topics of research in the Himalaya. Because of mountainous country, Nepal has to cope with its any type of

human settlement after having proper knowledge on geology and existing natural hazardsin the Himalaya.

Interdisciplinary approach:

Department of Geology, Tri-Chandra Campus, Tribhuvan University has been involving teaching geology in the field in collaboration with the SIT Study Abroad, USA, and the Gondwana Research Institute, Japan since few last three years. Teaching geology in the field concentrates along the road section from Kathmandu to Muktinath and also Pokhara to Butwal on the way to Kathmandu (Fig. 1). Because of technical limitation for organization, students are selectedfrom undergraduate level in Geologyfrom the Department of Geology, Tri-Chandra Campusfor participation in the field program together with foreign students. Learning geological sciences in the field with its application covering multi-dimensional aspects for the betterment of the human society leads the program to an interdisciplinary approach. Thus, the students’ work at their final stage of the program has been pursuing with involvement of engineers, environmentalist, agronomist, forester, agriculturists, etc.approaching the society for the use of science. Philosophy of the geological science and its use in the society has been significantly induced during teaching geology in field; consequently students enhanced their knowledge with multidisciplinary approach at their mini-project works.

Methodology in the field:

Professors are the fundamental sources of knowledge for teaching geology in the field. Students follow the lectures in front of rock exposures, river valleys, mountain slopes, human settlement, existinginfra-structures, etc. regarding geology, natural hazard, application of geological science for social development and infra-structural improvement during the excursion. Various types of teaching materials have been using to unfold scientific knowledge in order to precisely illustratemicro scientific information. Furthermore, group discussion among the participants and evaluation in the field aretheway oftechnique for transformation of knowledge.Nepalese students get an ample of opportunity for experience in foreign teaching techniques and methodology together with highly experienced professors.

Expected Result and Conclusion:

The author expects from the Nepalese students for the

Figure: 2. Record of sediments accumulated in the Tethys Sea.

inherent geological environment for the development of infra-structures like roads, hydro-power and irrigation dams, etc. In addition to other scientific components, tricky solution will be discovered for the secure development of infra-structures and

Figure 1: Map showing the traverse route of the teaching Nepal Himalayan geology in the field (modified after Amatya and Jnawali, 1994)

59

Ananta P Gajurel : Teaching Geology of Nepal Himalayas in the Field

development of their sincerity in learning, interaction skill with foreign students and professors, and knowledge on the Nepal from involvements in the study at interdisciplinary approach during teaching geology in field and their participation in individual mini-projects, which could bean outstanding breakthrough of teaching for the progress of Nepalese society. Moreover, the joint excursion program is extremely fruitful to enhance future collaboration between the two countries for the

betterment of human life. Such program can be a medium for the development of peaceful world and sustainable progress and cooperation because of already established mutual understanding and cross-cultural exchange among new citizens of the world.

Acknowledgement

The author is highly indebted to Professors Drs. M. Yoshida and T. Sakai, Prof. Dr. Beth Pratt Sitaula, Prof. Dr. B. N. Upreti and Dr. T. N. Bhattarai for providing me an opportunity to participate in the programs. I am also thankful to my colleague Mr. M. R. Paudel for his help.

References:

Amatya, K. M. and Jnawali, B. M., 1994, Geological map of Nepal.Department of Mines and Geology, Kathmandu, Nepal.

DeCelles, P.G., Gehrels, G.E., Quade, J., Ojha, T.P., Kapp, P.A., Upreti, B.N., 1998. Neogene foreland basin deposits erosional unroofing and the kinematic history of the Himalayan fold-thrust belt, western Nepal. Geological Society of America Bulletin,v. 110, pp. 2-21.

Robinson D. M., DeCelles, P.G., and Copeland, P.,2001, Tectonic evolution of the Himalayan thrust belt in western Nepal: Implications, for channel flow models, Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 118; pp. 865-885.

Figure: 3. Record of brachiopod fossil preserved in the Tethys Sea sediments.


60

NEW BOOKS

About Book: The Himalayan region is considered to be one of the best places to study and observe various types of rocks and minerals, geological structures, geological hazards, geomorphic features, and geological processes like weathering and erosion. These topics are taught in universities' courses, particularly for students studying geology, environmental science, civil engineering, watershed management, environmental management, earth hazards, crisis management studies, and disaster management. In addition to attending classes, students are also required to take part in geological field excursions to understand the topics in more details. But lacking of a fundamental book dealing with geological excursions in the Himalayan region has created difficulties for students in learning geological knowledge during excursion and field works. This book is designed to fill the gap covering almost all topics included in Nepalese universities' curriculum for geological excursions and field works. Attempts have been made to make the book concise, user-friendly, comprehensive, and informative.

The Report on the “Geological Survey of Nepal: Geology of the Thakkhola” was published by late Dr. Toni Hagen in 1969. The report mainly covers the geology of the northern part of Kali Gandaki and Marshyangdi valleys in mid-western Nepal, and primarily focusses on the Tethyan Himalayan terrain of Thakkhola, Manang and eastern Dolpo regions. With a large number of cross-sections and excellent sketches and a geological map produced in colour, the report encompasses a fairly detailed stratigraphic and paleontological work on the fossiliferous Tethyan sequences. This was the first comprehensive geological report of this extremely remote and forbiddingly difficult terrain, and even today remains one of the detailed geological works so far carried out in this part of the country.

Dr. Toni Hagen was first to introduce these famous high mountain valleys of Thakkhola-Mustang (Kali Gandaki River section), Manang (Marsyangdi River section) and Dolpo and opened up the way to the outside world that has now become the world famous and prime geologic and tourist destinations in Nepal.

Dr. Katrin Hagen, Toni Hagen’s eldest daughter, kindly provided copyright to Nepal Geological Society to reproduce this highly valuable report. Dr. Katrin Hagen also provided some rare photographs taken by her father which are included as addendum at the end of the reprinted book. Nepal Geological Society believes that the report will greatly benefit all researchers and students who are actively engaged or have interest in the Himalayan geoscience research.

Professor Bishal Nath Upreti, life member and former President of Nepal Geological Society took all the initiatives and worked hard to reproduce this book on behalf of Nepal Geological Society.

Report ON THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NEPAL By Dr. Toni Hagen (1969)

Volume II: GEOLOGY OF THE THAKKHOLA including adjacent areas

Reprint 2014

Fundamentals of Geological Excursion and Field Work

Authors : Tara Nidhi Bhattarai and Santa Man RaiPublisher : Rishika Bhattarai and Ladipma RaiISBN : 978-9937-2-7748-8Year of Publication : 2014Price : NRs. 300 /-


61

NEW MEMBERS OF THE NEPAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETYS.N. Membership

No. Name Address Email

1 LM-675 Bishnu Bahadur Thapa Bhaktapur [email protected] M-676 Abhisek Adhikari Khurkot, Sindhuli [email protected] LM-677 Nirmal Kafle Bhaktapur [email protected] LM-678 Dr. Suraj Prasad Bhatta Dadeldhura [email protected] LM-679 Ganesh Kumar Bhattarai Inaruwa-1, Sunsari [email protected] LM-680 Thakur Prasad Kandel Bihu-1, Baglung7 LM-681 Ganga Ram Maharjan Thecho-1, Lalitpur [email protected] LM-682 Amar Deep Regmi Duruwa-7, Dang [email protected] LM-683 Namraj Bhattarai Dang [email protected] LM-684 Krishna Chandra Devkota Gorkha [email protected] LM-685 Anil Pudasaini Kathmandu [email protected] LM-686 Bharat Raj Panta Baitadi, Patan [email protected] LM-687 Indu Sharma Dhakal Syangja [email protected] LM-688 Krishna Kumar Shrestha Tanahun [email protected] LM-689 Krishna Prasad Ruwali Chitwan [email protected] LM-690 Ramji Prasad Chaurasia Birgunj, Parsa [email protected] LM-691 Sudip Shrestha Lalitpur [email protected] M-692 Manita Timilsina Birgunj, Parsa [email protected] M-693 Narayan Adhikari Naubise-2, Dhading [email protected] LM-694 Sailendra Shrestha Chapagaon-9, Lalitpur [email protected] M-695 Sanjita Mishra Gitanagar, Chitwan [email protected] M-696 Chet Raj Joshi Martadi-3, Bajura [email protected] M-697 Bikash Adhikari Kaskikot-9, Kaski [email protected] M-698 Rewanta Kumar Rawat Bame-8, Salyan [email protected] M-699 Rajan Pudasaini Bhadrabas-3, Kathmandu [email protected] M-700 Toya Nath Ghimire Khoplang-3, Gorkha [email protected] M-701 Laxman Subedi Hetauda-6, Makwanpur [email protected] LM-702 Gautam Prasad Khanal Dhapasi-3, Kathmandu [email protected] LM-703 Gobinda Ojha30 M-704 Shrawan Gorkhali Kalanki, Kathmandu [email protected] M-705 Sabit Shrestha Tilganga, Kathmandu swhbt@[email protected] M-706 Sabindra Bahadur Shrestha Satungal, Kathmandu [email protected] M-707 Bishwa Mani pokharel Katunje, Bhaktapur [email protected] M-708 Laxman Babu Sedhai Sitapaila-1, Kathmandu [email protected] M-709 Ambar Bahadur Thapa Hemja-2, Kaski [email protected] M-710 Dev Kumar Syangbo Chhatiwan-6, Makawanpur [email protected] M-711 Sagar Tamrakar Lalitpur [email protected] M-712 Tek Prasad Kattel Solukhumbu39 LM-713 Sushmita Bhandari Chitwan [email protected] LM-714 Kabita Karki Dolaka, Nepal [email protected] LM-715 Lalit Kumar Rai Urlabari-4, Morang [email protected] LM-716 Roshan Raj Bhattarai Kandaghari-8, Gothatar, Kathmandu [email protected] LM-717 Sobit Thapalia Dhamilikuwa-4, Lamjung [email protected]


62

Late Prof. Dr. Patrick Le Fort(8th Dec.1939-13th Feb.2014)

• Life and Honorary Members of Nepal Geological Society (LM 092)• Born on 8 Dec 1939, Lille, France• Graduated in 1962 as Engineering Geologist, Nancy, France• Received D. Sc in Natural Science from Nancy, France• Started professional career as Research Scientis in CNRS at Nancy, France from 1962 and

later served in the Capacity of Research Director• Visiting Professor of Harvard University (1973-74)• Continued teaching and research at the CNRS-Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble till

1998 • Member, French National Committee of Geology• Scientific Leader of more than 20 geological expeditions in the Himalaya, the Karakoram,

Greece• Supervised six Ph.D. students, including one from Nepal• Worked as scientific cultural attache in the French Embassies at South Africa and Russia till

his retirement• Spent his last days in his hometown - Le Bonipauç-en-Sauveterre, 48500 La Canourgue

Massif, Central France• Passed away on 13th Feb.2014

Nepal Geological Society will always remember late Le Fort for his noteworthy contrubution to the Himalayan Geology

May his soul rest in peace!

OBTITUARY


63

CONGRATULATIONS

PROMOTIONS

Nepal Geological Society extends its heartiest congratulations to the following members of the Society for their achievements (Promotions, Awards, New Jobs etc.)

Mr. Sagar Kumar Rai

Promoted to Deputy Director General, Class I), Ministry of Irrigation, Nepal

Date of Promotion: 2070-5-13

Mr. Rajendra Pd. Khanal

Promoted to Deputy Director General, Department of Mines and Geology, Lainchaur, Kathmandu, Nepal


Mr. Sudarshan Pd. Adhikari

Promoted to Senior Divisional Hydrogeologist, (Class II), Ministry of Irrigation, Nepal


Mr. Tika Ram Paudel

Promoted to Deputy Manager, Nepal Electricity Authority, Ratnapark, Kathmandu, Nepal


Mr. Santosh Dhakal

Promoted to Senior Divisional Geologist (Class II), Department of Mines and Geology, Lainchaur, Kathmandu, Nepal


Er. Ram Prasad Ghimire

Promoted to Joint Secretary (Gazetted Class I, Technical), Department of Mines and Geology, Lainchaur,, Kathmandu, Nepal


Dr. Som Nath Sapkota

Promoted to Superintending Geologist (Class I) and Project Chief (Petroleum Exploration Promotion Project), DMG, Lainchaur, Kathmandu, Nepal


Mr. Rajendra Neupane

Promoted to Senior Divisional Hydrogeologist, (Class II), Ministry of Irrigation, Nepal


Mr. Ramesh Gautam

Promoted to Superintending hydrogeologist, Ministry of Irrigation, Nepal


Mr. Aniruddha Poudel

Promoted to Deputy Manager (Geology), Nepal Electricity Authority, Ratnapark, Kathmandu, Nepal


64

AWARDSPh. D. AWARDS

Dr. Ashok SigdelInstitute: Shimane University, Japan Thesis Title: Evolution of the fluvial systems and petrography of sedimentary rocks of the Miocene Siwalik Group, Karnali River section, Nepal Himalaya: implications for provenance, paleoclimate and the Himalayan tectonicsYear of Graduation: 2013

Dr. Amod Mani DixitInstitute: Ehime University, Japan Thesis Title: An Evaluation of Earthquake Risk Management Initiatives in NepalYear of Graduation: 2014

Dr. Dilli Ram ThapaInstitute: Dalian University of Technology, China Thesis Title: Seismic Zoning for Nepal Year of Graduation: 2014

Dr. Kabiraj PaudyalInstittute: Tribhuvan University, NepalThesis Title: Geological and petrological evolution of the Lesser Himalaya between Mugling and Damauli area, central NepalYear of Graduation: 2014

Dr. Pradeep PaudyalInstitute: Kyungpook National University, South KoreaThesis Title: Combining information from diverse sources in characterization of reservoir heterogeneityYear of Graduation: 2013

Dr. Kamal Raj RegmiInstitute: Monash University, AustraliaThesis Title: Petrology and Geochemistry of the Tynong Province Granitoids, Lachlan Orogen, AustraliaYear of Graduation: 2014

Dr. Bhuban Prasad DhakalInstitute: University of the Philippines, The Philippines Thesis Title: Application of Stochastic Dynamic Programming to Investigate Performance of Hydropower Project with Storage and Pumped-Storage SystemYear of Graduation: 2014

Dr. Amar Deep RegmiInstitute: Shinshu University, Japan Thesis Title: Effect of geological structures and rock weathering on the slope instability in mountainous areas of the Nepal HimalayaYear of Graduation: 2013


65

SCIENTIFIC AWARD

APPOINTMENT

NEW JOB ENTRY

Dr. Rama Mohan Pokhrel Received the Young Scientist Award (2069/70) by Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) for his research contribution in earthquake liquefaction and its zoning and awarded with Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Post-doctoral Research fellowship for 2013-2015 to undertake research on “Study on aging and microtopographic effects in variation of liquefaction potential in sedimentary deposits for seismic hazard management” at University of Tokyo, Japan.

Mr. Narendra Dhoj Maskey

Re-elected as East West Center Association (EWCA) Executive Board Member for two years and re-appointed as its Chair for another one year. The Center is located in Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.

1. Krishna Kumar Shrestha ( Engineering Geologist, Level-VII ) Nepal Electricity Authority, Ratnapark, Kathmandu, Nepal

2. Sobit Thapaliya (Engineering Geologist, Level-VII ) Nepal Electricity Authority, Ratnapark, Kathmandu, Nepal

Dr. Gyanendra Gurung Received the World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) award for his contribution in the advancement of physics through research activity. Year of Award: 2013


66

LIST OF PUBLISHED JOURNALS OF NEPAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

1. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 46, 20132. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 45, Speical issue, abstract of the 27th HKTW 20123. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 44, 20124. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 42, 20115. Journal of Nepal Geological Society (Abstract of Sixth Nepal Geological Congresss on Geology, Natural Resources,

Infrastructure, Climate Change and Natural Disasters, 15-17 November 2010, Vol. 41 (Special isssue), November, 2010

6. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 39, June 20097. Journal of Nepal Geological Society (Proceedings of International Workshop on Seismology, Seismotectonics,

and Seismic Hazard in Nepal Himalaya, 28–29 November 2006 and Fifth Nepal Geological Congress on Geology, Environment, and Natural Hazards Mitigation: Key to National Development, 26–27 November 2007), Vol. 38 (Special Issue), December 2008

8. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 37, June 20089. Journal of Nepal Geological Society (Abstracts of Fifth Nepal Geological Congress on Geology, Environment,

and Natural Hazards Mitigation: Key to National Development, 26–27 November 2007), Vol. 36 (Special Issue), November 2007

10. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 35, June 200711. Journal of Nepal Geological Society (Proceedings of Fifth Asian Regional Conference on Engineering12. Geology for Major Infrastructure Development and Natural Hazards Mitigation, 28–30 September 2005),13. Vol. 34 (Special Issue), December 200614. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 33, June 200615. Journal of Nepal Geological Society (Abstracts of Fifth Asian Regional Conference on Engineering Geology for

Major Infrastructure Development and Natural Hazards Mitigation, 28–30 September 2005), Vol. 32 (Special Issue), September 2005

16. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 31, June 200517. Journal of Nepal Geological Society (Proceedings of Fourth Nepal Geological Congress, 9–11 April 2004), Vol. 30

(Special Issue), December 200418. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 29, June 200419. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 28, June 2003

1. The Himalaya-Tibet Collision, 2013 Georges Mascle, Arnaud Pêcher Stéphane Guillot, Santa Man Rai & Ananta P. Gajurel Preface By Patrick Le Fort Nepal Geological Society, Sociétê Géologique De France Vuibert

2. Report on The Geological Survey of Nepal By Toni Hagen Volume I: PRELIMINARY RECONNAISSANCE Attached Plates 1969 Reprinted by Nepal Geological Society, Kathmandu, Nepal, 2013

3. Report on The Geological Survey of Nepal By Toni Hagen Volume II: GEOLOGY OF THE THAKKHOLA including adjacent areas Reprinted by Nepal Geological Society, Kathmandu, Nepal, 2014

LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY THE NGS


67

20. Journal of Nepal Geological Society (Proceedings of Third Nepal Geological Congress, 26–28 September 2001, Kathmandu, Nepal), Vol. 27 (Special Issue), December 2002

21. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 26, June 200222. Journal of Nepal Geological Society (Proceedings of Workshop on the Himalayan Uplift and Palaeoclimatic Changes

in Central Nepal, 10 November 2000), Vol. 25 (Special Issue), December 200123. Journal of Nepal Geological Society (Abstract Volume of Third Nepal Geological Congress, 26–28 September 2001),

Vol. 24 (Special Issue), September 2001,24. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 23, June 200125. Journal of Nepal Geological Society (Proceedings of International Symposium on Engineering Geology,

Hydrogeology, and Natural Disaster with Emphasis on Asia, 28–30 September 1999, Kathmandu, Nepal),26. Vol. 22 (Special Issue), December 200027. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 21, June 200028. Journal of Nepal Geological Society (Abstract Volume of International Symposium on Engineering Geology,

Hydrogeology, and Natural Disaster with Emphasis on Asia, 28–30 September 1999, Kathmandu, Nepal), Vol. 20 (Special Issue), 1999

29. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 19, 199930. Journal of Nepal Geological Society (Proceedings of Second Nepal Geological Congress, 1995), Vol. 18 (Special

Issue), 199831. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 17, 199732. Journal of Nepal Geological Society (Abstract Volume of Second Nepal Geological Congress), Vol. 16 (Special

Issue), 199733. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 15, 199734. Journal of Nepal Geological Society (Proceedings of First Nepal Geological Congress, 1995), Vol. 14 (Special Issue),

199635. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 13, 199636. Journal of Nepal Geological Society (Abstract Volume of First Nepal Geological Congress, 1995), Vol. 12 (Special

Issue), 199537. Journal of Nepal Geological Society (Proceedings of 9th Himalaya–Karakoram–Tibet Workshop, 1994), Vol. 11

(Special Issue), 199538. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 10, 199539. Journal of Nepal Geological Society (Abstracts of 9th Himalaya– Karakoram–Tibet Workshop, 1994), Vol. 10

(Special Issue), 1994 2940. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 9, 199341. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 8, 199242. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 7, 199143. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 7 (Special Issue), 199144. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 6, 198945. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 5, No. 1, 198846. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 4 No. 1 & 2, 198747. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 4 (Special Issue), 1984*48. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 3, No 1 & 2, 198549. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 2 No. 2, 198550. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 2 (Special Issue), 1982*51. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 2, No. 1, 198152. Journals of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 1, No. 2, 1981*53. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1981*

*Out of prints (only photocopy available upon request.)


68

CONTACT PERSONS

Prof. Dr. Vishnu DangolConvener

7th Nepal Geological CongressCell: +977-9751000838, Email: [email protected]

Dr. Dinesh PathakPresident, Nepal Geological Society

Tel.: 4268034 (off); 4782758 (res); Cell: 9841-476041, Email: [email protected]

Mr. Dinesh Kumar NapitGeneral Secretary and Congress Secretary

Nepal Geological SocietyTel/Fax.: 4437874, 9841-617135 (cell)

Email: [email protected]

SEVENTH NEPAL GEOLOGICAL CONGRESS (NGC-VII)07 -09 April 2015, Kathmandu, Nepal

PRE-REGISTRATION FORM

Name:

Nationality:

Postal Address:

Country:

Organization:

Telephone No: Cell phone:

E-mail Address:

Fax:

Food Preference: Vegetarian Non-vegetarian

Passport Details (Only for Foreign Participants):

(a) Passport Number:

(b) Date of Issue:

(c) Place of Issue:

(d) Date of Expiry:

(e) Previous visit to Nepal:

(f ) Intended period of stay in Nepal:

Please tick as appropriate:

I intend to present a paper and submit the abstract and full paper that has not been submitted or published earlier.

Title of the Paper:

Author (s):

I intend to take part in the Field Excursion:

EX-1 / EX-2 / EX-3

Date: (Signature):

(For further detail, please visit NGS website: http://www.ngs.org.np)

SEVENTH NEPAL GEOLOGICAL CONGRESS (NGC-VII)07 - 09 April 2015, Kathmandu, Nepal

ABSTRACT FORMAT

Guidelines for the submission of Abstract

Title: All in Capital Letters, Limited to 150 characters or less. No abbreviations.

Author's Name and Address: Last name of all authors should be underlined. Name should follow the address. In case of more than one author, each author's name should begin from a next line.

Text: The Text should not exceed 300 words and be typed in Times New Roman with single space within the area specified.

Speaker: Specify the speaker's name by bold letters if it is different from the first author.

Title:

Name(s) and Address(es) of Author(s): (Underline Surname/ Family Name)

1.

2.

3.

Text (Maximum 300 words)

An Internataional Geoscientific Event

SEVENTH NEPAL GEOLOGICAL CONGRESS (NGC-VII)

First Circular

7-9, April 2015Kathmandu, Nepal

ABOuT NEPAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETy

Nepal Geological Society (NGS) founded in 1980 is a professional scientific organization with over 800 members out of which nearly one third are international members. The Society is the National Group Member of IAEG and as a member of Nepal National Committee on International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR), it led the IDNDR activities in Nepal for a decade by organizing seminars, workshops and training as well as making relevant publications. The Society received the 1998 United Nations Sasakawa Disaster Prevention Award Certificate of Merit in appreciation for its distinguished contribution to disaster prevention, mitigation and preparedness. Likewise, it received Science and Technology Promotion Award from Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) in 2013 for its contribution in the research and promotion of Geosciences.

Lead Organizer

NEPAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETYPO Box 231, Kathmandu, Nepal

Tel./Fax: 977-1-4437874E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Web: http://www.ngs.org.np

CONTACT PERSONS

Prof. Dr. Vishnu DangolConvener

7th Nepal Geological CongressCell: +977-9751000838, Email: [email protected]

Dr. Dinesh PathakPresident, Nepal Geological Society

Tel.: 4268034 (off); 4782758 (res); Cell: 9841-476041, Email: [email protected]

Mr. Dinesh Kumar NapitGeneral Secretary and Congress Secretary

Nepal Geological SocietyTel/Fax.: 4437874, 9841-617135 (cell)

Email: [email protected]

SEVENTH NEPAL GEOLOGICAL CONGRESS (NGC-VII)07 -09 April 2015, Kathmandu, Nepal

PRE-REGISTRATION FORM

Name:

Nationality:

Postal Address:

Country:

Organization:

Telephone No: Cell phone:

E-mail Address:

Fax:

Food Preference: Vegetarian Non-vegetarian

Passport Details (Only for Foreign Participants):

(a) Passport Number:

(b) Date of Issue:

(c) Place of Issue:

(d) Date of Expiry:

(e) Previous visit to Nepal:

(f ) Intended period of stay in Nepal:

Please tick as appropriate:

I intend to present a paper and submit the abstract and full paper that has not been submitted or published earlier.

Title of the Paper:

Author (s):

I intend to take part in the Field Excursion:

EX-1 / EX-2 / EX-3

Date: (Signature):

(For further detail, please visit NGS website: http://www.ngs.org.np)

SEVENTH NEPAL GEOLOGICAL CONGRESS (NGC-VII)07 - 09 April 2015, Kathmandu, Nepal

ABSTRACT FORMAT

Guidelines for the submission of Abstract

Title: All in Capital Letters, Limited to 150 characters or less. No abbreviations.

Author's Name and Address: Last name of all authors should be underlined. Name should follow the address. In case of more than one author, each author's name should begin from a next line.

Text: The Text should not exceed 300 words and be typed in Times New Roman with single space within the area specified.

Speaker: Specify the speaker's name by bold letters if it is different from the first author.

Title:

Name(s) and Address(es) of Author(s): (Underline Surname/ Family Name)

1.

2.

3.

Text (Maximum 300 words)

An Internataional Geoscientific Event

SEVENTH NEPAL GEOLOGICAL CONGRESS (NGC-VII)

First Circular

7-9, April 2015Kathmandu, Nepal

ABOuT NEPAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETy

Nepal Geological Society (NGS) founded in 1980 is a professional scientific organization with over 800 members out of which nearly one third are international members. The Society is the National Group Member of IAEG and as a member of Nepal National Committee on International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR), it led the IDNDR activities in Nepal for a decade by organizing seminars, workshops and training as well as making relevant publications. The Society received the 1998 United Nations Sasakawa Disaster Prevention Award Certificate of Merit in appreciation for its distinguished contribution to disaster prevention, mitigation and preparedness. Likewise, it received Science and Technology Promotion Award from Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) in 2013 for its contribution in the research and promotion of Geosciences.

Lead Organizer

NEPAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETYPO Box 231, Kathmandu, Nepal

Tel./Fax: 977-1-4437874E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Web: http://www.ngs.org.np

INTRODuCTION

Nepal Geological Society (NGS) is organizing the 7th Nepal Geological Congress from 7th to 9th April, 2015 in order to exchange expertise, experiences and knowledge for building effective cooperation among the geoscientists of all over the world. Since 1995, the NGS is regularly organizing Nepal Geological Congress, in which geoscientists from all the continents have participated. So far it has already successfully organized six congresses and a number of Regional and International symposiums and conferences in the past. All these Congress/ Symposium/ Conferences have provided a foundation for building effective geo-scientific cooperation among the geoscientists of the Himalaya, Tibet, Karakoram regions and other parts of the world.

THEMES AND SuB THEMES OF THE CONGRESS

The main theme of the Congress is: Geosciences in Sustainable Development: Challenges and Opportunities and the sub-themes of the Congress are:

(a) Regional Geology, Stratigraphy and Tectonics

(b) Mineral Resources and Mining

(c) Oil and Natural Gas

(d) Seismology and Seismo-tectonics

(e) Hydropower and other Infrastructure Development

(f ) Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology

(g) Quaternary Geology and Urban Geology

(h) Exploration Geophysics

(i) Disaster Management

(j) Climate Change and Environmental Assessment

(k) Geo-heritage and Geo-park Conservation and Development

(l) Geoscience Education

(m) Geoinformatics in Geosciences

CONGRESS VENuE

The Congress will be organized in Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal.

PuBLICATION

All the accepted abstracts will be published as Special Issue (Abstract Volume) in the Journal of Nepal Geological Society and distributed to the participants along with detail conference programs during the Congress. All the full papers presented in the congress will be published after peer review in the Journal of Nepal Geological Society (Proceedings Volume), Special Issue.

CALL FOR PAPERS

All the participants of the Congress willing to present their papers (Oral or Poster) are kindly requested to send the abstract of their papers in the given format before the end of January 2015.

FIELD EXCuRSION

There will be three Field Excursions

(i) Excursion 1 (April 10-14): It will take place along Kathmandu - Mugling - Pokhara - Beni - Tatopani - Lete - Jomsom/ Muktinath and back to Kathmandu. The total cost of the excursion is US$ 600.00 per person. The cost includes hotel accommodation (shared rooms, 4 nights) and fooding (4 breakfasts, 5 lunches and 4 dinners);

ii) Excursion 2 (April 10-12): It will take place along Kathmandu - Galchhi - Trishuli - Dhunche - Syabrobesi - Rasuagadhi (Nepal-China border)-Kathmandu. The total cost of the excursion is US$ 400.00 per person. The cost includes hotel accommodation (shared rooms, 2 nights) and fooding (2 breakfasts, 3 lunches and 2 dinners); and

(iii) Excursion 3 (April 10): One-day trip to Kathmandu –Kodari along Arniko Highway that connects China. The cost of the excursion is US$ 100.00 per person.

ACCOMMODATION

Accommodation in Kathmandu is available in good 5 star Hotels to fairly inexpensive non-star hotels. The room rents vary from US$ 300.00 to US$ 10.00 per night. Participants may book the hotel room by themselves. A list of hotels with their Name, Address, Phone no., Fax, E-mail address, Postal address and their charges for single and double occupancy will be given in Second Circular.

CLIMATE

Generally the weather in Kathmandu in April is warm and pleasant. The temperatures in the month of April ranges about 30°C maximum (day) and 20°C minimum (night). The conference rooms where the event happens are air-

CategoryBefore 15th March, 2015

After 15th March, 2015

Spot Registration

Foreign Participants US$ 350 US$ 400 US$ 450

Accompanying persons of Foreign Participants

US$ 200 US$ 250 US$ 300

Foreign Students US$ 200 US$ 250 US$ 300

Participants from SAARC Nations

US$ 175 US$ 200 US$ 225

Accompanying persons of Participants from SAARC Nations

US$ 125 US$ 150 US$ 175

Students from SAARC Nations

US$ 125 US$ 150 US$ 175

Participants from International Organizations based in Nepal

US$ 200 US$ 200 US$ 200

REGISTRATION FEE

conditioned. Dress for all events and social events are smart casual.

PASSPORT AND VISA

All the foreign participants are advised to contact the Nepalese Embassy or Consulate in their respective countries to get visa for entering into Nepal. They must have valid passport and Visa to enter into Nepal. Visa can also be obtained in the Tribhuvan International Airport (Kathmandu) on arrival. For those of you planning to acquire a visa upon arrival at the airport, please bring with you two passport-sized photographs and US$25 cash for the visa fee. Gratis Visa is available for SAARC nationals visiting Nepal for the first time in Nepal in 2014. We request you to claim Gratis Visa if it is applicable to you. The Chinese participants holding the public passport should obtain permission (no objection) letter from the respective organization/institute.

CuRRENCy

US Dollar, Canadian Dollar, British Pound, Euro, Australian Dollar, Japanese Yen, Singapore Dollar, Indian Rupee and Chinese Yuan can be exchanged in the banks, Star Hotels, and authorized Money Changer. The present exchange rate of US$1 is equivalent to around NRs 95.00.

INTRODuCTION

Nepal Geological Society (NGS) is organizing the 7th Nepal Geological Congress from 7th to 9th April, 2015 in order to exchange expertise, experiences and knowledge for building effective cooperation among the geoscientists of all over the world. Since 1995, the NGS is regularly organizing Nepal Geological Congress, in which geoscientists from all the continents have participated. So far it has already successfully organized six congresses and a number of Regional and International symposiums and conferences in the past. All these Congress/ Symposium/ Conferences have provided a foundation for building effective geo-scientific cooperation among the geoscientists of the Himalaya, Tibet, Karakoram regions and other parts of the world.

THEMES AND SuB THEMES OF THE CONGRESS

The main theme of the Congress is: Geosciences in Sustainable Development: Challenges and Opportunities and the sub-themes of the Congress are:

(a) Regional Geology, Stratigraphy and Tectonics

(b) Mineral Resources and Mining

(c) Oil and Natural Gas

(d) Seismology and Seismo-tectonics

(e) Hydropower and other Infrastructure Development

(f ) Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology

(g) Quaternary Geology and Urban Geology

(h) Exploration Geophysics

(i) Disaster Management

(j) Climate Change and Environmental Assessment

(k) Geo-heritage and Geo-park Conservation and Development

(l) Geoscience Education

(m) Geoinformatics in Geosciences

CONGRESS VENuE

The Congress will be organized in Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal.

PuBLICATION

All the accepted abstracts will be published as Special Issue (Abstract Volume) in the Journal of Nepal Geological Society and distributed to the participants along with detail conference programs during the Congress. All the full papers presented in the congress will be published after peer review in the Journal of Nepal Geological Society (Proceedings Volume), Special Issue.

CALL FOR PAPERS

All the participants of the Congress willing to present their papers (Oral or Poster) are kindly requested to send the abstract of their papers in the given format before the end of January 2015.

FIELD EXCuRSION

There will be three Field Excursions

(i) Excursion 1 (April 10-14): It will take place along Kathmandu - Mugling - Pokhara - Beni - Tatopani - Lete - Jomsom/ Muktinath and back to Kathmandu. The total cost of the excursion is US$ 600.00 per person. The cost includes hotel accommodation (shared rooms, 4 nights) and fooding (4 breakfasts, 5 lunches and 4 dinners);

ii) Excursion 2 (April 10-12): It will take place along Kathmandu - Galchhi - Trishuli - Dhunche - Syabrobesi - Rasuagadhi (Nepal-China border)-Kathmandu. The total cost of the excursion is US$ 400.00 per person. The cost includes hotel accommodation (shared rooms, 2 nights) and fooding (2 breakfasts, 3 lunches and 2 dinners); and

(iii) Excursion 3 (April 10): One-day trip to Kathmandu –Kodari along Arniko Highway that connects China. The cost of the excursion is US$ 100.00 per person.

ACCOMMODATION

Accommodation in Kathmandu is available in good 5 star Hotels to fairly inexpensive non-star hotels. The room rents vary from US$ 300.00 to US$ 10.00 per night. Participants may book the hotel room by themselves. A list of hotels with their Name, Address, Phone no., Fax, E-mail address, Postal address and their charges for single and double occupancy will be given in Second Circular.

CLIMATE

Generally the weather in Kathmandu in April is warm and pleasant. The temperatures in the month of April ranges about 30°C maximum (day) and 20°C minimum (night). The conference rooms where the event happens are air-

CategoryBefore 15th March, 2015

After 15th March, 2015

Spot Registration

Foreign Participants US$ 350 US$ 400 US$ 450

Accompanying persons of Foreign Participants

US$ 200 US$ 250 US$ 300

Foreign Students US$ 200 US$ 250 US$ 300

Participants from SAARC Nations

US$ 175 US$ 200 US$ 225

Accompanying persons of Participants from SAARC Nations

US$ 125 US$ 150 US$ 175

Students from SAARC Nations

US$ 125 US$ 150 US$ 175

Participants from International Organizations based in Nepal

US$ 200 US$ 200 US$ 200

REGISTRATION FEE

conditioned. Dress for all events and social events are smart casual.

PASSPORT AND VISA

All the foreign participants are advised to contact the Nepalese Embassy or Consulate in their respective countries to get visa for entering into Nepal. They must have valid passport and Visa to enter into Nepal. Visa can also be obtained in the Tribhuvan International Airport (Kathmandu) on arrival. For those of you planning to acquire a visa upon arrival at the airport, please bring with you two passport-sized photographs and US$25 cash for the visa fee. Gratis Visa is available for SAARC nationals visiting Nepal for the first time in Nepal in 2014. We request you to claim Gratis Visa if it is applicable to you. The Chinese participants holding the public passport should obtain permission (no objection) letter from the respective organization/institute.

CuRRENCy

US Dollar, Canadian Dollar, British Pound, Euro, Australian Dollar, Japanese Yen, Singapore Dollar, Indian Rupee and Chinese Yuan can be exchanged in the banks, Star Hotels, and authorized Money Changer. The present exchange rate of US$1 is equivalent to around NRs 95.00.

Announcement: 7th Nepal Geological Congress

EDITORIAL BOARD

Editor-in-ChiefDr. Danda Pani Adhikari

Department of Geology, Tri-Chandra Multiple CampusTribhuvan University, Ghantaghar, Kathmandu, Nepal

[email protected]

Dr. Beth Pratt-SitaulaCentral Washington University

Geological Science & Center for Excellence in Science and Math Education

509-899-3480, [email protected]

Mr. Mukunda Raj PaudelDepartment of Geology, Tri-Chandra Multiple


[email protected]

Dr. Ghanashyam NeupaneEnergy Resource Recovery &

Sustainability DepartmentIdaho National Laboratory

Idaho Falls, [email protected]

Dr. Tetsuya SakaiDepartment of Geosciences

Shimane UniversityMatsue 690-8504, Japan

[email protected]

Mr. Surendra ShresthaDepartment of Irrigation

Jawalakhel, Lalitpur, [email protected]

Dr. Subesh GhimireCentral Department of GeologyTribhuvan University, Kirtipur


Mr. Jayendra Man TamrakarNepal Electricity Authority


Dr. Prem Bahadur ThapaDepartment of Geology, Tri-Chandra Multiple


[email protected]

Dr. Sunil Kumar DwivediCentral Department of Geology Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur


Dr. Ganesh TripathiDepartment of Mines and

Geology, LainchaurKathmandu, Nepal

[email protected]

Members

Instructions to contributors to NGS Journal or BulletinManuscript

Send a disk file (preferably in MS Word) and three paper copies of the manuscript, printed on one side of the paper, all copy (including references, figure captions, and tables) double-spaced and in 12-point type with a minimum 2.5 cm margin on all four sides (for reviewer and editor marking and comment). Include three neat, legible copies of all figures. Single-spaced manuscripts or those with inadequate margins or unreadable text, illustrations, or tables will be returned to the author unreviewed.

The manuscripts and all the correspondences regarding the Journal of Nepal Geological Society should be addressed to the Chief Editor, Nepal Geological Society, PO Box 231, Kathmandu, Nepal (Email: [email protected]).

The acceptance or rejection of a manuscript is based on appraisal of the paper by two or more reviewers designated by the Editorial Board. Critical review determines the suitability of the paper, originality, and the adequacy and conciseness of the presentation. The manuscripts are returned to the author with suggestions for revision, condensation, or final polish.

After the manuscript has been accepted, the editors will ask the author to submit it in an electronic format for final processing. Manuscripts are copy edited. Final changes must be made at this time, because no galley proofs are sent to authors.

IllustrationsIdentify each figure (line drawing, computer graphic, or photograph) with the author’s name, and number consecutively, at the bottom, outside the image area. Never use paper clips or tape on illustrations and do not write with pen on the back of figure originals or glossy prints. Where necessary, mark “top”. Keep the illustrations separate from the text, and include a double-spaced list of captions. Do not put captions on the figures themselves.

Prepare clean, clear, reproducible illustrations that are drafted at a size not more than twice the publication size. All lettering on illustrations must be drafted or laser printed, not typed or handwritten. Put type, labels, or scales directly on a photograph rather than on a separate overlay. Use graphic scales on illustrations; verbal scales (e.g., “x200”) can be made meaningless by reduction of an illustration for printing. Calibrate graphic scales in metric units. Indicate latitude and longitude on maps. Plan all type sizes large enough so that the smallest letters will be at least 1.5 mm tall after reduction to publication size. For review purposes, copies of illustrations must be legible and relatively easy to handle, and any photographs must be direct prints. Do not send original illustrations until asked to do so. Keep at least one copy of all illustrations, as the NGS cannot be responsible for material lost in the mail. For colour figures, authors must bear all costs, and about $50 per colour figure/plate will be charged.

Style

Authors are responsible for providing manuscripts in which approved geological and other scientific terminology is used correctly and which have no grammar or spelling errors. Authors must check their manuscripts for accuracy and consistency in use of capitalisation, spelling, abbreviations, and dates.

Abstract

The abstract should present information and results in capsule form and should be brief and objective, containing within a 250-word maximum the content and conclusions of the paper. The topic sentence should give the overall scope and should be followed by emphasis on new information. Omit references, criticisms, drawings, and diagrams.

Captions

Make captions precise and explain all symbols and abbreviations used. Type captions in consecutive order, doublespaced. Do not put captions and figures on the same page.

References

All references mentioned in the text, figures, captions, and tables must be listed in the References section. Only referencescited in the paper are to be listed. For example:Auden, J. B., 1934, Traverses in the Himalaya. Rec. Geol. Surv. India, v. 69(2), pp. 123–167.Todd, D. K., 1980, Groundwater Hydrology. John Wiley & Sons, Singapore, 535 p.Tokuoka, T. and Yoshida, M., 1984, Some characteristics of Siwalik (Churia) Group in Chitwan Dun, Central Nepal. Jour. Nepal Geol. Soc., v. 4, (Sp. Issue), pp. 26–55.

ReprintsAuthors will receive twenty-five copies of reprints free of cost. Additional copies may be ordered for purchase when proofs are returned to the editor.

NEPAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY(EST. 1980)

PO Box 231, Kathmandu, NepalEmail: [email protected]

Website: http://www.ngs.org.np

BULLETIN OF

NEPAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Published by: Nepal Geological Society PO Box 231, Kathmandu, Nepal Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.ngs.org.np

Volume 31 April 2014 -j}zfv @)&!_

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a'n]l6g g]kfn ef}ule{s ;dfh - Nepal Geological Society · 2020. 1. 27. · Board. Critical review...

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