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COMPARATIVE INVESTIGATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS INTERMS OF THEIR PHYSICAL PROPRERTIES AND BEHAVIOR
TOWARDS IGNITION
Aldueza, Anjeli Mae D.; Altea, Fredrick Romulus R.; Amistad, Vanessa V.; Ang, Jose S. Jr.; Arcega,Alyssa Eireen C.
Group1, 2D Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas
ABSTRACT
Organic compounds are the complex compounds of carbon. These are classified as different classes of
hydrocarbon derivatives based on the substituent element or group of highest priority to the hydrocarbon.
Organic compounds have different physical properties. The physical state, color and odor were noted by
simple physical observation while miscibility was tested by introducing drops of a solvent into a sample
whether if it is a liquid or a solid. Flammability was tested through ignition test by placing 3-5 drops of theliquid sample in a small evaporating dish and lighting it with a match. Lastly, the reaction of a sample with
Litmus paper to determine if the sample is soluble in water.
INTRODUCTION
This formal report presents the comparativeinvestigation of the different organic compoundsbased on their intrinsic physical properties andbehavior. Hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygenatoms are the most common atoms that aregenerally attached to the carbon atoms. Eachcarbon atom has 4 as its valence number whichincreases the complexity of the compounds thatare formed. Since carbon atoms are able tocreate double and triple bonds with other atoms,it further also raises the likelihood for variation inthe molecular make-up of organic compounds.All hydrocarbons are insoluble in water becausethey easily distribute and are relatively non-polar. When hydrocarbons burn using oxygen,C02 and H20 are the sole products. There are 2large classes of Hydrocarbons namely:
Unsaturated and Saturated. SaturatedHydrocarbons are the simplest type of organiccompounds in which all carbon-carbon bondsare single bonds. On the other hand,Unsaturated Hydrocarbons contains one ormore carbon-carbon multiple bonds like doublebonds and triple bonds. These 2 classes havesimilar physical properties but differ in chemicalproperties. Miscibility is the property of liquids to
mix in all the proportions, therefore, forming ahomogenous solution. Flammability, themeasure of the extent to which a material or asubstance will support combustion, is testedthrough ignition test. Vapor pressure is animportant parameter in determining the ease ofignition of a substance or material becausesubstances are determined by thecharacteristics of their flame when they burn.Some compounds produces yellow, sooty flamedue to their high carbon content while someyields yellow flame but less sooty. In thisexperiment, we will be able to determine anddifferentiate organic compounds in terms of theirintrinsic physical properties such as color, odor,solubility in certain solvents, physical state atroom temperature, acidity, basicity and their
behavior towards ignition.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The organic compounds used were:
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1. Cyclohexane. It is a cycloalkane with amolecular formula of C6H12. It is a colorless,flammable liquid that occurs naturallyin petroleum crude oil, in volcanic gases, and incigarette smoke. Cyclohexane can be added tolacquers and resins, paint and varnishremovers, and fungicides. It is also used as afuel for camp stoves.
2. Dichloromethane or DCM is an organic
compound with the molecular formula of CH2Cl2.
Its volatility and ability to dissolve a wide range
of organic compounds makes it a useful solvent
for many chemical processes. Although it is
not miscible with water, it is miscible with many
organic solvents.
3. Ethanol also called ethyl alcohol, pure
alcohol, grain alcohol, or drinking alcohol, is a
straight-chain alcohol, and its molecular
formula is C2H5OH. Its empirical
formula is C2H6O.
4. Phenol also known as carbolic acid, is
an organic compound with the chemical formula
of C6H5OH. It is mainly a man-made chemical,
although it is found in nature in animal wastes
and organic material. The largest single use of
phenol is to make plastics, but it also is used to
make nylon and other man-made fibers.
5. Benzoic Acid C7H6O2 (or C6H5COOH), is a
colorless crystalline solid and the
simplest aromatic carboxylic acid. It is a
colorless crystalline solid and the
simplest aromatic carboxylic acid.
6. Ethyl Acetate is the organic compound with
the formula CH3COOCH2CH3. It is used in glues,
nail and cigarettes.
7. Ethyl Amine is an organic compound with
the formula of CH3CH2NH2. It is immiscible with
virtually all solvents and is considered to be a
weak base, as is typical for amines. Ethylamine
is widely used in chemical industry and organicsynthesis.
For the physical states, the samples were
observed at room temperature. The group noted
the color and with a wafting motion, one of the
members of the group described the odor of
every sample.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misciblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigaretteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_synthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_synthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_synthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_synthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigaretteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misciblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon -
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For solubility properties of liquids, 4 drops of a
sample is introduced into a clean and dry test
tube where the solvent would be added
dropwisely to a total of 3mL. A calibrated
dropper should be used. If the sample is solid,
the group used 0.1 g and placed it on a clean
and dry test tube where the solvent would also
be added, as that of the liquid samples. The
mixture should not be heated. The groupobserved if there was a change in color,
warming or effervescence.
The samples were subjected to red and blue
litmus papers to test for its solubility in water.
Neutral results mean that the sample is water
soluble.
On a small evaporating dish, 3-5 drops of each
sample was placed, if liquid; but if the sample
was solid, use a pinch amount only.. Afterwards,
the sample was lit with a match and the group
observed if the sample was flammable or not. If
yes, the color of the flame produced was noted.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results for Physical State, color and odor
analysis of given organic compounds are shown
in Table1. Based on the groups observation,
majority of the hydrocarbons are colorless and
certain odor distinguishes every sample.
Table1. Physical State, Color and Odor
analysis
SAMPLE COLOR ODOR
Cyclohexane clear, colorlessliquid
slightlypungent odor
DCM clear, colorlessliquid
chlorine-likeodor
Ethanol clear, colorlessliquid
alcohol-likeodor
Phenol clear, red liquid glue-like odor
Benzoic Acid white crystalline urine-like odor
EthylAcetate
clear, colorlessliquid
plastic-likeodor
Ethyl Amine clear, colorlessliquid
ammonia-likeodor
Table2. Solubility in H2O
SAMPLE H2O
Cyclohexane immiscible
DCM immiscible
Ethanol miscible
Phenol miscible
Benzoic Acid partially soluble
Ethyl Acetate miscible
Ethyl Amine miscible
The solubility of organic compounds in water
indicates the polarity of the sample and the
intermolecular forces of attraction that exists
between the sample and H2O, as shown in
Table2.
Table3. Solubility in 5% HCl and 5% NaOH
SAMPLE 5% HCl 5% NaOH
Cyclohexane immiscible immiscible
DCM immiscible immiscibleEthanol miscible miscible
Phenol miscible immiscibleBenzoic Acid insoluble insoluble
Ethyl Acetate miscible miscibleEthyl Amine miscible miscible
Table4. Reaction with Litmus Paper
SAMPLE LITMUS PAPER
Cyclohexane neutral
DCM neutralEthanol neutral
Phenol acidicBenzoic Acid acidic
Ethyl Acetate neutralEthyl Amine basic
The solubility of organic compounds in 5% HCl
and/or 5% NaOH was shown on Table3. The
results on the reaction of samples to litmus
paper were shown in Table4. The Ignition Test
results was shown in Table5.
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Table5. Ignition Test
SAMPLE FLAMMABILITY COLOR OFFLAME
Cyclohexane flammable orangeflame; no
soot formedDCM non-flammable NA
Ethanol flammable yellow flame;
sootyPhenol non-flammable NABenzoic Acid non-flammable NA
Ethyl Acetate flammable orangeflame; no
soot formedEthyl Amine flammable orange
flame; nosoot formed
Flammability is the ability of a compound to
react exothermically with oxygen. Due to the
heat of reaction, there would be a formation offlame and in some, soots. Their high
flammability is the result of the ease of reaction
with oxygen, and the large amount of heat given
out when they react.
REFERENCES
- Garcia, C.(ed.).(2005).Laboratory experimentsin organic chemistry.(Unpublished manual usedby the department of Chemistry, College ofScience, University of Santo Tomas
- Hart,H., Craine,L.E., Hart,D.J., & Hadad,C.M.
(2007). Organic Chemistry:Ashort course(12th
ed.). Boston, MA:houghton Mifflin Co.
http://www.lindane.org/chemicals/cyclohexane.ht
m Sept 6, 2011
- Shriner,R.L.,Hermann,C.K.F., Morrill, T.C.,
Curtin,D.Y., & Fuson,R.C.(1998).The systematicidentification of organic compounds(7th ed.)NewYork,NY:John wiley & Sons, Inc
- University of Santo Tomas Department ofChemistry (ed.).(2000). Organic chemistrylaboratory experiments part1.(unpublishedmanual used by the Department of Chemistry,College of Science, University of Santo Tomas)