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COMPARATIVE INVESTIGATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS INTERMS OF THEIR PHYSICAL PROPRERTIES AND BEHAVIOR

TOWARDS IGNITION

Aldueza, Anjeli Mae D.; Altea, Fredrick Romulus R.; Amistad, Vanessa V.; Ang, Jose S. Jr.; Arcega,Alyssa Eireen C.

Group1, 2D Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas

ABSTRACT

Organic compounds are the complex compounds of carbon. These are classified as different classes of

hydrocarbon derivatives based on the substituent element or group of highest priority to the hydrocarbon.

Organic compounds have different physical properties. The physical state, color and odor were noted by

simple physical observation while miscibility was tested by introducing drops of a solvent into a sample

whether if it is a liquid or a solid. Flammability was tested through ignition test by placing 3-5 drops of theliquid sample in a small evaporating dish and lighting it with a match. Lastly, the reaction of a sample with

Litmus paper to determine if the sample is soluble in water.

INTRODUCTION

This formal report presents the comparativeinvestigation of the different organic compoundsbased on their intrinsic physical properties andbehavior. Hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygenatoms are the most common atoms that aregenerally attached to the carbon atoms. Eachcarbon atom has 4 as its valence number whichincreases the complexity of the compounds thatare formed. Since carbon atoms are able tocreate double and triple bonds with other atoms,it further also raises the likelihood for variation inthe molecular make-up of organic compounds.All hydrocarbons are insoluble in water becausethey easily distribute and are relatively non-polar. When hydrocarbons burn using oxygen,C02 and H20 are the sole products. There are 2large classes of Hydrocarbons namely:

Unsaturated and Saturated. SaturatedHydrocarbons are the simplest type of organiccompounds in which all carbon-carbon bondsare single bonds. On the other hand,Unsaturated Hydrocarbons contains one ormore carbon-carbon multiple bonds like doublebonds and triple bonds. These 2 classes havesimilar physical properties but differ in chemicalproperties. Miscibility is the property of liquids to

mix in all the proportions, therefore, forming ahomogenous solution. Flammability, themeasure of the extent to which a material or asubstance will support combustion, is testedthrough ignition test. Vapor pressure is animportant parameter in determining the ease ofignition of a substance or material becausesubstances are determined by thecharacteristics of their flame when they burn.Some compounds produces yellow, sooty flamedue to their high carbon content while someyields yellow flame but less sooty. In thisexperiment, we will be able to determine anddifferentiate organic compounds in terms of theirintrinsic physical properties such as color, odor,solubility in certain solvents, physical state atroom temperature, acidity, basicity and their

behavior towards ignition.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The organic compounds used were:

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1. Cyclohexane. It is a cycloalkane with amolecular formula of C6H12. It is a colorless,flammable liquid that occurs naturallyin petroleum crude oil, in volcanic gases, and incigarette smoke. Cyclohexane can be added tolacquers and resins, paint and varnishremovers, and fungicides. It is also used as afuel for camp stoves.

2. Dichloromethane or DCM is an organic

compound with the molecular formula of CH2Cl2.

Its volatility and ability to dissolve a wide range

of organic compounds makes it a useful solvent

for many chemical processes. Although it is

not miscible with water, it is miscible with many

organic solvents.

3. Ethanol also called ethyl alcohol, pure

alcohol, grain alcohol, or drinking alcohol, is a

straight-chain alcohol, and its molecular

formula is C2H5OH. Its empirical

formula is C2H6O.

4. Phenol also known as carbolic acid, is

an organic compound with the chemical formula

of C6H5OH. It is mainly a man-made chemical,

although it is found in nature in animal wastes

and organic material. The largest single use of

phenol is to make plastics, but it also is used to

make nylon and other man-made fibers.

5. Benzoic Acid C7H6O2 (or C6H5COOH), is a

colorless crystalline solid and the

simplest aromatic carboxylic acid. It is a

colorless crystalline solid and the

simplest aromatic carboxylic acid.

6. Ethyl Acetate is the organic compound with

the formula CH3COOCH2CH3. It is used in glues,

nail and cigarettes.

7. Ethyl Amine is an organic compound with

the formula of CH3CH2NH2. It is immiscible with

virtually all solvents and is considered to be a

weak base, as is typical for amines. Ethylamine

is widely used in chemical industry and organicsynthesis.

For the physical states, the samples were

observed at room temperature. The group noted

the color and with a wafting motion, one of the

members of the group described the odor of

every sample.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misciblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigaretteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_synthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_synthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_synthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_synthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigaretteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misciblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon

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For solubility properties of liquids, 4 drops of a

sample is introduced into a clean and dry test

tube where the solvent would be added

dropwisely to a total of 3mL. A calibrated

dropper should be used. If the sample is solid,

the group used 0.1 g and placed it on a clean

and dry test tube where the solvent would also

be added, as that of the liquid samples. The

mixture should not be heated. The groupobserved if there was a change in color,

warming or effervescence.

The samples were subjected to red and blue

litmus papers to test for its solubility in water.

Neutral results mean that the sample is water

soluble.

On a small evaporating dish, 3-5 drops of each

sample was placed, if liquid; but if the sample

was solid, use a pinch amount only.. Afterwards,

the sample was lit with a match and the group

observed if the sample was flammable or not. If

yes, the color of the flame produced was noted.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results for Physical State, color and odor

analysis of given organic compounds are shown

in Table1. Based on the groups observation,

majority of the hydrocarbons are colorless and

certain odor distinguishes every sample.

Table1. Physical State, Color and Odor

analysis

SAMPLE COLOR ODOR

Cyclohexane clear, colorlessliquid

slightlypungent odor

DCM clear, colorlessliquid

chlorine-likeodor

Ethanol clear, colorlessliquid

alcohol-likeodor

Phenol clear, red liquid glue-like odor

Benzoic Acid white crystalline urine-like odor

EthylAcetate

clear, colorlessliquid

plastic-likeodor

Ethyl Amine clear, colorlessliquid

ammonia-likeodor

Table2. Solubility in H2O

SAMPLE H2O

Cyclohexane immiscible

DCM immiscible

Ethanol miscible

Phenol miscible

Benzoic Acid partially soluble

Ethyl Acetate miscible

Ethyl Amine miscible

The solubility of organic compounds in water

indicates the polarity of the sample and the

intermolecular forces of attraction that exists

between the sample and H2O, as shown in

Table2.

Table3. Solubility in 5% HCl and 5% NaOH

SAMPLE 5% HCl 5% NaOH

Cyclohexane immiscible immiscible

DCM immiscible immiscibleEthanol miscible miscible

Phenol miscible immiscibleBenzoic Acid insoluble insoluble

Ethyl Acetate miscible miscibleEthyl Amine miscible miscible

Table4. Reaction with Litmus Paper

SAMPLE LITMUS PAPER

Cyclohexane neutral

DCM neutralEthanol neutral

Phenol acidicBenzoic Acid acidic

Ethyl Acetate neutralEthyl Amine basic

The solubility of organic compounds in 5% HCl

and/or 5% NaOH was shown on Table3. The

results on the reaction of samples to litmus

paper were shown in Table4. The Ignition Test

results was shown in Table5.

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Table5. Ignition Test

SAMPLE FLAMMABILITY COLOR OFFLAME

Cyclohexane flammable orangeflame; no

soot formedDCM non-flammable NA

Ethanol flammable yellow flame;

sootyPhenol non-flammable NABenzoic Acid non-flammable NA

Ethyl Acetate flammable orangeflame; no

soot formedEthyl Amine flammable orange

flame; nosoot formed

Flammability is the ability of a compound to

react exothermically with oxygen. Due to the

heat of reaction, there would be a formation offlame and in some, soots. Their high

flammability is the result of the ease of reaction

with oxygen, and the large amount of heat given

out when they react.

REFERENCES

- Garcia, C.(ed.).(2005).Laboratory experimentsin organic chemistry.(Unpublished manual usedby the department of Chemistry, College ofScience, University of Santo Tomas

- Hart,H., Craine,L.E., Hart,D.J., & Hadad,C.M.

(2007). Organic Chemistry:Ashort course(12th

ed.). Boston, MA:houghton Mifflin Co.

http://www.lindane.org/chemicals/cyclohexane.ht

m Sept 6, 2011

- Shriner,R.L.,Hermann,C.K.F., Morrill, T.C.,

Curtin,D.Y., & Fuson,R.C.(1998).The systematicidentification of organic compounds(7th ed.)NewYork,NY:John wiley & Sons, Inc

- University of Santo Tomas Department ofChemistry (ed.).(2000). Organic chemistrylaboratory experiments part1.(unpublishedmanual used by the Department of Chemistry,College of Science, University of Santo Tomas)