Anjali Gupta 5/31/11...Anjali Gupta 5/31/11. Sarcoidosis • Sarcoidosis received its name because...

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Renal Sarcoidosis Anjali Gupta 5/31/11

Transcript of Anjali Gupta 5/31/11...Anjali Gupta 5/31/11. Sarcoidosis • Sarcoidosis received its name because...

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Renal Sarcoidosis

Anjali Gupta

5/31/11

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Sarcoidosis• Sarcoidosis

received its name because the condition causes 

lesions that resemble a sarcoma.

• Multisystem granulomatous

disorder that  primarily involves 

the reticuloendothelial

system but can affect all tissues and 

organs of the body.

• Pathologically  characterized by  the presence of noncaseating

epithelioid

granulomas

in involved organs.

• In the United States, African Americans  (4 times more 

common) have a 2.4% lifetime risk of developing the disease 

as c/w

0.85 % in caucasian

.

J Am Soc Nephrol 12: 616–623, 2001

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Clinical Manifestations of Sarcoidosis

Chapter 8: Systemic Disease and kidney

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Sarcoidosis

• More than 70% of patients presents between 10 and 40 years 

of age 

• 50% of cases, the disease is detected incidentally by 

radiographic abnormalities 

• Lab findings Hematological – anemia, leucopenia, elevated ESR

LFT‐

elevated alkaline phosphate

Hypergammaglobulinemia

(30‐60 %)

diminshed

skin test reactivity 

Elevated ACE levels  –PPV  & NPV  are close to   84% and 74% respectively

BAL ‐

elevated CD4 to CD8 ratio

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Pathogenesis

n engl j med 357;21

Genetic : strongest linkage signals at chromosomes 3p and 6p, and in AA at chromosomes 5p and 5q

M. TuberculosisP. AcneHHV8

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Renal Manifestations of Sarcoidosis

JASN 1993 1555-1562

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Histology

J Am Soc Nephrol 12: 616–623, 2001

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Hypercalcemia

In Sarcoidosis• Hypercalcemia

in sarcoidosis

was first reported in 1939 by 

Harrell and Fisher

• 1963, Taylor et al found that mean serum calcium level during 

the winter months was  lower as c/w

summer months

• Initial believe was sarcoidosis

leads to enhanced target organ 

responsiveness to vitamin D.

• After many cliical

observations , in 1983 Adams et al  found 

that an increased concentrationof

calcitriol

was responsible  

for hypercalcemia

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Calcium Metabolism

• Hypercalciuria

is seen in

40‐50% whereas 10 to 20% 

of patients have 

hypercalcemia. 

• Aggravated by sunlight and 

thus is more pronounced in 

spring and summer.

• Consequences‐

Nephrocalcinosis, Renal 

stones, Renal Failure

• Nephrolithiasis

seen 1‐14% of cases, 

presenting feature in 2.2%

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• Bronchoalveolar

lavage

was performed on 7 patients with 

sarcoidosis

and 2 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

• PAM were cultured by standard techniques

• 1,25‐Vit D –like metabolite was detected from  lipid extracts 

from 5 patients

• Presence of 1,25 Vit

D was confirmed , by high affinity binding 

of the metabolite wih

specific receptors for 1,25vit d and 

antiserum to 1,25‐

Vitd

.

• Synthesis of the compound was highest in pt with 

hypercalcemia

and increased levels of 1,25 Vitd

in blood

J Clinical Investigation 1983

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Hypercalcemia

Renal 1a‐hydroxylase activity is under stringent regulation by 

serum levels of parathyroid hormone, calcium, phosphorus 

and 1,25‐(OH)2D3 itself, so that serum 1,25(OH)2D3 levels 

remain within the normal range.

However in sarcoid

1,25(OH)2D3 overproduction occurs 

despite severe hypercalcemia, suppressed PTH levels, and 

supranormal

1,25 vit

d levels ??

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Aim

• Examined the mechanisms involved in 1,25(OH)2D3

control of its synthesis in normal monocytes

,macrophages &    

activated macrophages.

• To examine whether 1,25 Vit

D resistance to supress

its own 

synthesis  develops as PBM differentiate to macrophages or 

with macrophage activation.

• Wheter

its increased production or decreased degradation of 

1,25 Vitd

by 25 hydroxlase

is affected.

J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1997 82: 2222-2232

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Mechanisms mediating 1,25(OH)2 D3 regulation of vitamin

D metabolism in normal peripheral blood monocytes

•1,25D3 inhibition of its synthesis does not involve rapidmechanisms is similar to kidney where it induces its degradation through enhancementof 24-hydroxylase activity.

Time course for the effects of 0.24 nmol/L exogenous 1,25-vitd

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Vitamin D metabolism and its regulation by 1,25(OH)2 D3

in normal pulmonary alveolar macrophages

• PAM constitutively express 

1 alpha hydroxylase.

• Rate of  production of 25 vit

d is similar to that of PBM.

• 20 times higher levels of 

1,25 Vit

was required to 

reduce  synthesis by 50%. 

• 1,25‐

Vitd

is capable of 

suppressing its synthesis in 

normal PAM with a lower 

potency

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Vit

D metabolism and its regulation by 1,25 vit

D in the  human monocytic

cell line THP‐1

• Used human monocytic

cell line 

THP‐1 as a potential model of 

tissue macrophage

• Concentration of  1,25 Vit

effective to suppress

1a‐hydroxylase activity in PAM 

had no effect in the presence of 

g‐IFN

• Suggests cytokine‐induced 

resistance to  feedback inhibition 

of macrophage 1a‐hydroxylase

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Results

• The resistance of activated PAM to 1,25 vit

D in the  control of its own production results from  

antagonistic effects of g‐IFN.

• Sterol induces its catabolism by enhancing 24‐ hydroxylase mRNA levels and activity rather than by 

non genomic mechanisms

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Treatment

Acute Hypercalcemia• Fluids, diuretics and steroids 

Chronic Hypercalcemia• Avoidance of  exposure to UV radiations, 25 Vit

supplements and HCTZ

• Steroids

• Alternative to steroids: Chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine

• Ketoconazole?

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Granulomatous

Interstial

Nephritis

• GIN is a rare histological diagnosis

is present in 0.5‐0.9% of native 

renal  biopsy

• Subclinical TIN is present in 

between 7 and 27% of all patients 

from post‐mortem series

• Despite high anatomical  

prevelance

only ~60 cases of CKD 

from TIN from sarcoidosis

have 

been reported

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Evaluation

• Evaluation of suspected Sarcoidosis

should include:

– PA and lateral CXR– Spirometery

and DLCO• Any pattern of pulmonary physiologic impairment can be seen, including 

normal but typical findings reveal a restrictive pattern with a reduction in 

the diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide

– Calcium, Cr, BUN, LFTs, CBC– Urinalysis– ECG– Routine ophthalmologic examination– Tuberculin Skin Test

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• 39  patients with suspected  sarcoidosis

and significant renal 

disease were evaluated

• Single centre , 1992‐2004

• Twenty patients (51.2%) underwent a renal biopsy. 

• 17 of the 20 were diagnosed with TIN. 

• All patients with TIN had evidence of systemic sarcoidosis

• Granulomas

were present in all but four cases. 4 had 

advanced scarring, normal serum calcium, extrarenal

Sarcoid

Kidney International (2006) 70, 165–169

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Demographic Profile

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• Patients were initially treated with prednisolone

at a starting 

dose of 0.5mg/kg body weight which approximated to a daily 

dose of 30–60mg daily

• Median follow‐up of 84 months

• Prednisolone

dose was tapered  by 5mg each week once the 

renal function has improved or stabilized. 

• The patients are then maintained on 5–7.5 mg daily 

• 3 patients ceased their therapy either due to side effects or 

poor compliance and experienced a significant deterioration 

in renal function, which was then reversed on re‐commencing 

corticosteroids

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• Egfr improved from 26.8 to 49.6ml/min (P<0.01) at 1 year and 47.9 ml/min (P<0.05) at last follow-up

• CKD stage 111-mean eGFR 38.3 ml/min at presentation and 60.2ml/min at 1 year (P=0.02). In stage 4 CKD mean eGFR

improved from 19.7 to 38.7 ml/min at 1 year (P<0.05).

• After the 1st year, the change in eGFR was +0.8 ml/min/year for CKD 3 and -2 ml/min/year for CKD 4 (P <.05)

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Results

• There was a satisfactory response 

irrespective of the degree of 

tubulo‐interstitial scarring.

• 2 patients developed DM from 

steroids and 1 had transient 

pychosis.

• 2 patients with multiple relapses 

were put on azathioprine

and 

cellcept

.

• 3 patients ceased  therapy either 

due to complications/compliance 

experienced a worsening of renal

function which was then reversed 

on re‐commencincorticosteroids.

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• Retrospective analysis of 18 pts 

with GIN, 5 of which had sarcoid

• All 5 received prednisone, dose is 

variable

• Av ECC was 22 ml/min , which 

increased to 44ml/min at a mean 

follow up of 24 months

• Pt with sarco`id

received 

prednsione

for an average of 36 

months

• 3 patient received steroid sparing 

agents ( azathioprine) as relapse 

was seen on dose reduction.

CJASN 2007

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AA Amyloidosis

• 5 cases in literature of AA amyloidosis

associated with 

sarcoidosis

have been reported

• Treated with steroids or steroids with colchicine

• Prognosis in these patients is extremely poor

Clin Nephrol. 2003 Oct;60(4):284-8.

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Thank You

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