Anjali Gupta 5/31/11...Anjali Gupta 5/31/11. Sarcoidosis • Sarcoidosis received its name because...
Transcript of Anjali Gupta 5/31/11...Anjali Gupta 5/31/11. Sarcoidosis • Sarcoidosis received its name because...
Renal Sarcoidosis
Anjali Gupta
5/31/11
Sarcoidosis• Sarcoidosis
received its name because the condition causes
lesions that resemble a sarcoma.
• Multisystem granulomatous
disorder that primarily involves
the reticuloendothelial
system but can affect all tissues and
organs of the body.
• Pathologically characterized by the presence of noncaseating
epithelioid
granulomas
in involved organs.
• In the United States, African Americans (4 times more
common) have a 2.4% lifetime risk of developing the disease
as c/w
0.85 % in caucasian
.
J Am Soc Nephrol 12: 616–623, 2001
Clinical Manifestations of Sarcoidosis
Chapter 8: Systemic Disease and kidney
Sarcoidosis
• More than 70% of patients presents between 10 and 40 years
of age
• 50% of cases, the disease is detected incidentally by
radiographic abnormalities
• Lab findings Hematological – anemia, leucopenia, elevated ESR
LFT‐
elevated alkaline phosphate
Hypergammaglobulinemia
(30‐60 %)
diminshed
skin test reactivity
Elevated ACE levels –PPV & NPV are close to 84% and 74% respectively
BAL ‐
elevated CD4 to CD8 ratio
Pathogenesis
n engl j med 357;21
Genetic : strongest linkage signals at chromosomes 3p and 6p, and in AA at chromosomes 5p and 5q
M. TuberculosisP. AcneHHV8
Renal Manifestations of Sarcoidosis
JASN 1993 1555-1562
Histology
J Am Soc Nephrol 12: 616–623, 2001
Hypercalcemia
In Sarcoidosis• Hypercalcemia
in sarcoidosis
was first reported in 1939 by
Harrell and Fisher
• 1963, Taylor et al found that mean serum calcium level during
the winter months was lower as c/w
summer months
• Initial believe was sarcoidosis
leads to enhanced target organ
responsiveness to vitamin D.
• After many cliical
observations , in 1983 Adams et al found
that an increased concentrationof
calcitriol
was responsible
for hypercalcemia
Calcium Metabolism
• Hypercalciuria
is seen in
40‐50% whereas 10 to 20%
of patients have
hypercalcemia.
• Aggravated by sunlight and
thus is more pronounced in
spring and summer.
• Consequences‐
Nephrocalcinosis, Renal
stones, Renal Failure
• Nephrolithiasis
–
seen 1‐14% of cases,
presenting feature in 2.2%
• Bronchoalveolar
lavage
was performed on 7 patients with
sarcoidosis
and 2 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
• PAM were cultured by standard techniques
• 1,25‐Vit D –like metabolite was detected from lipid extracts
from 5 patients
• Presence of 1,25 Vit
D was confirmed , by high affinity binding
of the metabolite wih
specific receptors for 1,25vit d and
antiserum to 1,25‐
Vitd
.
• Synthesis of the compound was highest in pt with
hypercalcemia
and increased levels of 1,25 Vitd
in blood
J Clinical Investigation 1983
Hypercalcemia
Renal 1a‐hydroxylase activity is under stringent regulation by
serum levels of parathyroid hormone, calcium, phosphorus
and 1,25‐(OH)2D3 itself, so that serum 1,25(OH)2D3 levels
remain within the normal range.
However in sarcoid
1,25(OH)2D3 overproduction occurs
despite severe hypercalcemia, suppressed PTH levels, and
supranormal
1,25 vit
d levels ??
Aim
• Examined the mechanisms involved in 1,25(OH)2D3
control of its synthesis in normal monocytes
,macrophages &
activated macrophages.
• To examine whether 1,25 Vit
D resistance to supress
its own
synthesis develops as PBM differentiate to macrophages or
with macrophage activation.
• Wheter
its increased production or decreased degradation of
1,25 Vitd
by 25 hydroxlase
is affected.
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1997 82: 2222-2232
Mechanisms mediating 1,25(OH)2 D3 regulation of vitamin
D metabolism in normal peripheral blood monocytes
•1,25D3 inhibition of its synthesis does not involve rapidmechanisms is similar to kidney where it induces its degradation through enhancementof 24-hydroxylase activity.
Time course for the effects of 0.24 nmol/L exogenous 1,25-vitd
Vitamin D metabolism and its regulation by 1,25(OH)2 D3
in normal pulmonary alveolar macrophages
• PAM constitutively express
1 alpha hydroxylase.
• Rate of production of 25 vit
d is similar to that of PBM.
• 20 times higher levels of
1,25 Vit
was required to
reduce synthesis by 50%.
• 1,25‐
Vitd
is capable of
suppressing its synthesis in
normal PAM with a lower
potency
Vit
D metabolism and its regulation by 1,25 vit
D in the human monocytic
cell line THP‐1
• Used human monocytic
cell line
THP‐1 as a potential model of
tissue macrophage
• Concentration of 1,25 Vit
D
effective to suppress
1a‐hydroxylase activity in PAM
had no effect in the presence of
g‐IFN
• Suggests cytokine‐induced
resistance to feedback inhibition
of macrophage 1a‐hydroxylase
Results
• The resistance of activated PAM to 1,25 vit
D in the control of its own production results from
antagonistic effects of g‐IFN.
• Sterol induces its catabolism by enhancing 24‐ hydroxylase mRNA levels and activity rather than by
non genomic mechanisms
Treatment
Acute Hypercalcemia• Fluids, diuretics and steroids
Chronic Hypercalcemia• Avoidance of exposure to UV radiations, 25 Vit
D
supplements and HCTZ
• Steroids
• Alternative to steroids: Chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine
• Ketoconazole?
Granulomatous
Interstial
Nephritis
• GIN is a rare histological diagnosis
is present in 0.5‐0.9% of native
renal biopsy
• Subclinical TIN is present in
between 7 and 27% of all patients
from post‐mortem series
• Despite high anatomical
prevelance
only ~60 cases of CKD
from TIN from sarcoidosis
have
been reported
Evaluation
• Evaluation of suspected Sarcoidosis
should include:
– PA and lateral CXR– Spirometery
and DLCO• Any pattern of pulmonary physiologic impairment can be seen, including
normal but typical findings reveal a restrictive pattern with a reduction in
the diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide
– Calcium, Cr, BUN, LFTs, CBC– Urinalysis– ECG– Routine ophthalmologic examination– Tuberculin Skin Test
• 39 patients with suspected sarcoidosis
and significant renal
disease were evaluated
• Single centre , 1992‐2004
• Twenty patients (51.2%) underwent a renal biopsy.
• 17 of the 20 were diagnosed with TIN.
• All patients with TIN had evidence of systemic sarcoidosis
• Granulomas
were present in all but four cases. 4 had
advanced scarring, normal serum calcium, extrarenal
Sarcoid
Kidney International (2006) 70, 165–169
Demographic Profile
• Patients were initially treated with prednisolone
at a starting
dose of 0.5mg/kg body weight which approximated to a daily
dose of 30–60mg daily
• Median follow‐up of 84 months
• Prednisolone
dose was tapered by 5mg each week once the
renal function has improved or stabilized.
• The patients are then maintained on 5–7.5 mg daily
• 3 patients ceased their therapy either due to side effects or
poor compliance and experienced a significant deterioration
in renal function, which was then reversed on re‐commencing
corticosteroids
• Egfr improved from 26.8 to 49.6ml/min (P<0.01) at 1 year and 47.9 ml/min (P<0.05) at last follow-up
• CKD stage 111-mean eGFR 38.3 ml/min at presentation and 60.2ml/min at 1 year (P=0.02). In stage 4 CKD mean eGFR
improved from 19.7 to 38.7 ml/min at 1 year (P<0.05).
• After the 1st year, the change in eGFR was +0.8 ml/min/year for CKD 3 and -2 ml/min/year for CKD 4 (P <.05)
Results
• There was a satisfactory response
irrespective of the degree of
tubulo‐interstitial scarring.
• 2 patients developed DM from
steroids and 1 had transient
pychosis.
• 2 patients with multiple relapses
were put on azathioprine
and
cellcept
.
• 3 patients ceased therapy either
due to complications/compliance
experienced a worsening of renal
function which was then reversed
on re‐commencincorticosteroids.
• Retrospective analysis of 18 pts
with GIN, 5 of which had sarcoid
• All 5 received prednisone, dose is
variable
• Av ECC was 22 ml/min , which
increased to 44ml/min at a mean
follow up of 24 months
• Pt with sarco`id
received
prednsione
for an average of 36
months
• 3 patient received steroid sparing
agents ( azathioprine) as relapse
was seen on dose reduction.
CJASN 2007
AA Amyloidosis
• 5 cases in literature of AA amyloidosis
associated with
sarcoidosis
have been reported
• Treated with steroids or steroids with colchicine
• Prognosis in these patients is extremely poor
Clin Nephrol. 2003 Oct;60(4):284-8.
Thank You