Anitha MBA Project 05032012

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NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS

PROJECT REPORT

Submitted in Partial fulfillment of the requirement ofMasters in Business

Administration

Submitted to :

Submitted by:

Dr. [Fill Name] [Fill

Name]

Class: MBA

Roll No.

[abcd]

School Of Management studies


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SRM University

Chennai

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to take this opportunity to thank [FillName], MBA Department,

SRM University, Chennai who has been guiding force for my Report on Non

Governmental Organisation.

I am also thankful to my friends, for their support and encouragement in

finding out the appropriate material for this Report, without them making this report

would have been impossible.

[Fill Name]

Roll No. [abcd]MBA , Sec-


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INDEX

1.INTRODUCTION2.HISTORY3.TYPES OF NGOs4.FORMATION5.TAX EXEMPTIONS6.MAJOR WORKS OF NGO7.OBJECTIVES OF NGO8.INDIA AND NGO9.NGOs IN INDIA10. TYPES OF NGOs IN INDIA

11. SOME IMPORTANAT NGOs IN INDIA

12. PROGRAMME STRATEGIES OF NGOs

13. NGOs IN CHENNAI

14. ACTIVITIES TAKEN BY NGOs15. INDIAN NGOs WORKING FOR SAVING

ENVIRONMENT

16. NGO FUNDING SOURCES

17. FOUNDATIONS

18. GOVERNMENT FUNDING

19.LIMITATIONS IN PERFORMANCE OF

NGOs20. CONCLUSION


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INTRODUCTION

Non-governmental organization (NGO) is a term that has become widely

accepted as referring to a legally constituted, non-governmental

organization created by natural or legal persons with no participation or

representation of any government. In the cases in which NGOs are funded

totally or partially by governments, the NGO maintains its non-

representatives from membership in the organization

New actor has emerged on the international stage, Non GovernmentalOrganizations (NGOs) or Private Voluntary Organizations (PVOs) are

increasingly making their presence felt. A decade ago, NGOs were fairly

peripheral to major international diplomacy. Today, however, NGOs

participate actively in various political, economical and social matters. NGOs

work on their own, in conjunction with individual governments or with

international organizations. As former UN Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-

Ghali and other UN officials have noted, the involvement of NGOs in making
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governmentalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governmental


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decisions on the environment, sustainable development, human rights and

women have increased the legitimacy and transparency of intergovernmental

deliberations.

NGOs come in all sizes, shapes, ideologies, nationalities, organizing structures

and styles. Some focus on nothing but local issues. Others, address issues that

span whole continents, and some like Amnesty International span the entire

globe. Their very diversity reflects the complexity of these organizations.

NGOs encompass everything from charities and relief agencies to political

parties; think tanks and academic centers to community organizations; cultural

associations to continent wide farmers' networks; women's groups to

environmental federations; social movements to human rights and religious

groups.

NGOs are usually formed among private groups of individuals sharing

specialized interests in regards to issues that can be local, national or

international. While a few such organizations had existed from the early

beginnings of the nation-state, they were to proliferate in the trans-national era

and increased even more dramatically after World War II. This change can be

attributed to technological developments, industrialization, and urbanization.

Further still these factors are likely to continue to make the presence of NGOs

felt in global arena.

The industrialized democracies in recent years have accounted for well over

half of all memberships in international NGOs, and have been headquarters for

almost 90 percent of all these organizations. For example, the term NGOs is

used to refer to such organizations as the International Red Cross, Oxfam,

Care, Amnesty International, International Chamber of Commerce,

International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, International Criminal

Police Organization, Salvation Army, World Federation of United Nations

Associations, etc. Hundreds of NGOs are permitted direct involvement in the

activities of several UN agencies. Their tasks involve sharing information and


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advancing proposals as part of a web of governmental, intergovernmental, and

nongovernmental efforts aimed at global problem solving. NGOs, then, are a

indispensable organ of international importance.

HISTORY

International non-governmental organizations have a history dating back to at

least 1839. Rotary, later Rotary International, was founded in 1905. It has been

estimated that by 1914 there were 1083 NGOs. International NGOs were

important in the anti-slavery movement and the movement for women'ssuffrage, and reached a peak at the time of the World Disarmament

Conference. However, the phrase "non-governmental organization" only came

into popular use with the establishment of the United Nations Organization in

1945 with provisions in Article 71 ofChapter 10 of the United Nations Charter

for a consultative role for organizations which are neither governments nor

member states. The definition of "international NGO" (INGO) is first given in

resolution 288 (X) of ECOSOC on February 27, 1950: it is defined as "any

international organization that is not founded by an international treaty". The

vital role of NGOs and other "major groups" in sustainable development was

recognized in Chapter 27of Agenda 21, leading to intense arrangements for a

consultative relationship between the United Nations and non-governmental

organizations.

Rapid development of the non-governmental sector occurred in western

countries as a result of the processes of restructurization of the welfare state.

Further globalization of that process occurred after the fall of the communist

system and was an important part of the Washington consensus

Globalization during the 20th century gave rise to the importance of NGOs.

Many problems could not be solved within a nation. International treaties and

international organizations such as the World Trade Organization were
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-slavery_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Disarmament_Conferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Disarmament_Conferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_10_of_the_United_Nations_Charterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenda_21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_consensushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_consensushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenda_21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_10_of_the_United_Nations_Charterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Disarmament_Conferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Disarmament_Conferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-slavery_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_International


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perceived as being too centred on the interests of capitalist enterprises. Some

argued that in an attempt to counterbalance this trend, NGOs have developed to

emphasize humanitarian issues, developmental aid and sustainable

development. A prominent example of this is the World Social Forum which is

a rival convention to the World Economic Forum held annually in January in

Davos, Switzerland. The fifth World Social Forum in Porto Alegre, Brazil, in

January 2005 was attended by representatives from more than 1,000

NGOs.Some have argued that in forums like these, NGOs take the place of

what should belong to popular movements of the poor. Others argue that NGOs

are often imperialist in nature, that they sometimes operate in a racialized

manner in dominant countries, and that they fulfil a similar function to that of

the clergy during the high colonial era.

Types of NGO:

NGOs may be widely classified into the following broad groups :

1. Donor Agencies:

These comprise international NGOs dispensing funds they raise or receive

from their governments to various NGOs- national and expatriate-engaged in

social, economic and development activities. Apart from providing funds to the

local and national NGOs, some of them implement projects directly. Major

such organizations operating in Bangladesh include OXFAM, Swedish Free

Church Aid (SFCA), Canadian University Service Overseas (CUSO), South

Asia Partnership (SAP), The Aga Khan Foundation (AKF), etc.

2. International Action NGOs:

Such NGOS are those expatriate organizations who operate on various

geographic and sectoral areas with operating funds obtained from foreign

donors. Some of these NGOs are also acting as co-financing agents of their
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_aidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Social_Forumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Economic_Forumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davos,_Switzerlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Alegrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racializedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racializedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Alegrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davos,_Switzerlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Economic_Forumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Social_Forumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_aidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarianism


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respective governments. Such major NGOs operating include Rangpur,

Dinajpur Rural Services (RDRS), Mennonite Central Committee (MCC),

CONCERN, Voluntary Services Overseas (VSO), International Development

enterprise (IDE), etc.

3. National action NGOs:

There are many of these NGOs in the country. Some of them have earned

reputation as effective organizations helping the poor and the disadvantaged

through health activities, educational and training programmes, and income

generating activities. Prominent such NGOs include Bangladesh Rural

Advancement Committee (BRAC) Proshika Manobik Unnayan Kendro, Caritas

Bangladesh, Nijera Kari, etc.

4. Local Action NGOs:

There are organizations operating in local areas covering single or few

villages, and are engaged in traditionally specialized activities in the locality.

Sources of funding of these NGOs include the government and or nationally

based donor agencies and other NGOs.

5. Service NGOs:

There does exist some service NGOs. Generally, they work in the field of

medical service, education and family programme.

NGO type can also be understood by orientation and level of co-operation.

NGO type by orientation

Charitable orientation; Service orientation; Participatory orientation; Empowering orientation;


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NGO type by level of co-operation

Community- Based Organisation; City Wide Organisation; National NGOs; International NGOs;

Apart from "NGO", often alternative terms are used as for example:

independent sector, volunteer sector, civil society, grassroots organizations,

transnational social movement organizations, private voluntary organizations,

self-help organizations and non-state actors (NSA's).

Non-governmental organizations are a heterogeneous group. A long list of

acronyms has developed around the term "NGO".

These include:

BINGO, short for business-friendly international NGO or biginternational NGO;

CITS, helping scientific community by motivating young talent towardsresearch & development

CSO, short for civil society organization; DONGO: Donor Organized NGO; ENGO: short for environmental NGO, such as Greenpeace and WWF GONGOs are government-operated NGOs, which may have been set up

by governments to look like NGOs in order to qualify for outside aid or

promote the interests of the government in question;

INGO stands for international NGO; Oxfam is an international NGO; QUANGOs are quasi-autonomous non-governmental organizations,

such as the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). (The

ISO is actually not purely an NGO, since its membership is by nation,

and each nation is represented by what the ISO Council determines to be

the 'most broadly representative' standardization body of a nation. That
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BINGOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CAFET-INNOVA_Technical_Society&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENGOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpeacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GONGOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INGOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QUANGOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QUANGOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INGOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GONGOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpeacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENGOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CAFET-INNOVA_Technical_Society&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BINGO


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body might itself be a nongovernmental organization; for example, the

United States is represented in ISO by the American National Standards

Institute, which is independent of the federal government. However,

other countries can be represented by national governmental agencies;

this is the trend in Europe.)

TANGO: short for technical assistance NGO; GSO: Grassroots Support Organization MANGO: short for market advocacy NGO CHARDS:Community Health and Rural Development Society

NGOs exist for a variety of reasons, usually to further the political or social

goals of their members or funders. Examples include improving the state of the

natural environment, encouraging the observance of human rights, improving

the welfare of the disadvantaged, or representing a corporate agenda. However,

there are a huge number of such organizations and their goals cover a broad

range of political and philosophical positions. This can also easily be applied to

private schools and athletic organizations

FORMATION

A Non Governmental Organization is perceived to be an association of persons

or a body of individuals. An association of persons with non-profit motive may

be registered under any of the following Indian Acts:

Procedures of Formation:

As a Charitable Trust

As a Society registered under the Societies Registration Act

As a Company licensed under section 25 of the Companies Act
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots_Support_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots_Support_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute


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Trust: "Trust" is defined as an obligation annexed to the ownership of

property, and arising out of a confidence reposed in and accepted by the owner

or declared and accepted by him for the benefit of another, or of another and

the owner.

A Trust may be created by any language sufficient to know the intention and no

technical words are necessary. A trust deed, generally, incorporates the

following:

i. The name(s) of the author(s)/settlor(s) of the trust;

ii. The name(s) of the trustee(s);

iii. The name(s) if any, of the beneficiary/ies or whether it shall be the public at

large;

iv. The name by which the trust shall be known;

v. The name where its principal and/or other offices shall be situate;

vi. The property that shall devolve upon the trustee(s) under the trust for the

benefit of the beneficiary/ies;

vii. An intention to divest the trust property upon the trustee(s);

viii. The objects of the trust;

ix. The procedure for appointment, removal or replacement of a trustee. Their

rights,duties and powers etc;

x. The rights and duties of the beneficiary/ies;

xi. The mode and method of determination of the trust.

A charitable trust is not required to obtain registration under the Indian

Registration Act.

Society: A society may be defined as a company or an association of persons

united together by mutual consent to deliberate, determine and act jointly for

same common purpose. Minimum seven persons, eligible to enter into a

contract, can form society. When an NGO is constituted as a society, it is

required to be registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860.


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The chief advantage of forming a society are that it gives a corporate

appearance to the organization, and provides greater flexibility as it is easier to

amend the memorandum and bye laws of the society than in case of trust, terms

of which are strictly manifested in the trust deed. However, formation of a

society requires more procedural formalities than in case of a trust.

A Society for its inception requires:-

I. Memorandum of Association, and

II. Rules and Regulations

For the purpose of registration, following documents are required to be filed

with the registrar of Societies:

a) Covering letter requesting for registration stating in the body of the letter

various documents annexed to it. The letter is to be signed by all the

subscribers to the memorandum or by a person duly authorised by all of them

to sign on their behalf.

b) Memorandum of Association, in duplicate neatly typed and pages serially

numbered.

c) Rules and Regulations/Bye-Laws, in duplicate, certified by at least three

members of the governing body.

d) An affidavit of the president/Secretary of the society, on a non-judicial

stamp paper of prescribed value, stating the relationship between the

subscribers, duly attested by an oath commissioner, notary public or 1st class

magistrate.

e) Documentary proof such as house tax receipt, rent receipt in respect of

premises shown as registered office of the society or no objection certificate

from the landlord of the premises.


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f) An authority duly signed by all members of the managing committee.

g) A declaration by the members of the managing committee that the funds of

the society shall be used only for the purpose of furthering the aims and objects

of the society.

Company: Under Section 25 of the company's act, an association formed or to

be formed:

a) For the purposes of promoting commerce, art, science, religion, charity to

any other useful object

b) With intention to apply its profits or other income for promoting its objects,

and

c) Which prohibits payment of any dividend to its members,

Is permitted to be incorporated without addition of the word "Limited" or

"Private Limited". Procedure for applying is same as applicable in the case of

all companies.

If the registrar is satisfied that all formalities have been complied with, he will

issue a certificate of incorporation from which date the company comes into

existence.

Note: An association already registered as a company, may also apply for

a licence u/s 25.

TAX EXEMPTIONS

1. General SchemeThe Income Tax Act, 1961, which is a national all-India Act,

governs tax exemption of not-for-profit entities. Organizations may


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qualify for tax-exempt status if the following conditions are met:

The organization must be organized for religious or charitable

purposes;

The organization must spend 85% of its income in any financial year

(April 1st to March 31st) on the objects of the organization. The

organization has until 12 months following the end of the financial

year to comply with this requirement. Surplus income may be

accumulated for specific projects for a period ranging from 1 to 5

years;

The funds of the organization must be deposited as specified in

section 11(5) of the Income Tax Act; No part of the income or

property of the organization may be used or applied directly or

indirectly for the benefit of the founder, trustee, relative of the

founder or trustee or a person who has contributed in excess of Rs.

50,000 to the organization in a financial year; The organization must

timely file its annual income return; and the income must be applied

or accumulated in India. However, trust income may be applied

outside India to promote international causes in which India has an

interest, without being subject to income tax.

2. Corpus DonationsCorpus donations or donations to endowment are capital

contributions and should not be included to compute the total income

of the organization.

3. Business IncomeUnder amendments to Section 11(4A) of the Income Tax Act 1961, a

not-for-profit organization is not taxed on income from a business

that it operates that is incidental to the attainment of the objects of

the not-for-profit organization, provided the entity maintains separate


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books and accounts with respect to the business. Furthermore,

certain activities resulting in profit, such as renting out auditoriums,

are not treated as income from a business.

4. Disqualification from ExemptionThe following groups are ineligible for tax exemption: all private

religious trusts; and charitable trusts or organizations created after

April 1, 1962, and established for the benefit of any particular

religious community or caste. But note that a trust or organization

established for the benefit of "Scheduled Castes, backward classes,

Scheduled Tribes or women and children" is an exception; such a

trust or organization is not disqualified, and its income is exempt

from taxation.

Tax Deduction for Donors

The Income Tax Act, section 80G, sets forth the types of donations that are tax-

deductible. The Act permits donors to deduct contributions to trusts, societies

and section 25 companies. Many institutions listed under 80G are government-

related; donors are entitled to a 100% deduction for donations to some of these

government funds. Donors are generally entitled to a 50% deduction for

donations to non-governmental charities. Total deductions taken may not

exceed 10% of the donor's total gross income.

The following are examples of governmental charities listed in section 80G,

contributions to which entitle the donor to a 100% deduction: the Prime

Minister's National Relief Fund; the Prime Minister's Armenia Earthquake

Relief Fund; the Africa (Public Contributions India) Fund; and the National

Foundation for Communal Harmony.

As to those entities not specifically enumerated in section 80G, donors may

deduct 50% of their contributions to such organizations, provided the following


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conditions are met: the institution or fund was created for charitable purposes

in India; the institution or fund is tax-exempt; the institution's governing

documents do not permit the use of income or assets for any purpose other than

a charitable purpose; the institution or fund is not expressed to be for the

benefit of any particular religious community or caste; and the institution or

fund maintains regular accounts of its receipts and expenditure. Note that

donations to institutions or funds "for the benefit of any particular religious

community or caste" are not tax-deductible. A not-for-profit organization

created exclusively for the benefit of a particular religious community or caste

may, however, create a separate fund for the benefit of "Scheduled castes,

backward classes, Scheduled Tribes or women and children." Donations to

these funds may qualify for deduction under section 80G, even though the

organization, as a whole, may be for the exclusive benefit of only a particular

religious community or caste. The organization must maintain a separate

account of the monies received and disbursed through such a fund.

In-kind donations are not tax-deductible under Section 80G. Receipts issued to

donors by not-for-profit organizations must bear the number and date of the

80G certificate and indicate the period for which the certificate is valid.

The Income Tax Act contains a number of other provisions permitting donors

to deduct contributions. Under section 35AC of the Act, donors may deduct

100% of contributions to various projects, including 1) construction and

maintenance of drinking water projects in rural areas and in urban slums; 2)

construction of dwelling units for the economically disadvantaged; and 3)

construction of school buildings, primarily for economically disadvantaged

children. Furthermore, under section 35CCA of the Act, donors may deduct

100% of their contributions to associations and institutions carrying out rural

development programs and, under Section 35CCB of the Act, 100% of their

donations to associations and institutions carrying out programs of

conservation of natural resources. A weighted deduction of 125% is also

allowed for contributions to organizations approved under section 35(1)(ii) (a


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scientific research institute or a university, college or other institution)

specifically for "scientific research," and for contributions made under section

35(1)(iii) specifically for "research in social science or statistical research."

INCOME TAX EXEMPTION FOR NGOTRUSTS:

Under section 11(1)(a) to (c), income derived from property held under trust is

exempt if the following conditions are satisfied:

a) The property should be held under trust wholly for charitable orreligious purposes.

b) Income from such property should be applied to charitable or religious

purposes.(Exemption is available to the extent of such application)

c) Income should be applied in India

d) At least 85% of the income derived from property held under trust,

should be applied to charitable or religious purposes in the relevant previous

year in order to claim full tax exemption.

SOCIETY:

Societies are taxable in the status of AOP and different rates of tax are

applicable to the income of an AOP in different circumstances:

A. Individual shares of members in AOP are not determinate:

i. Where the total income of any member of the AOP is taxable at a rate higher

than the maximum marginal rate-Rate of tax is such higher rate.

ii. Otherwise-30%

B. Individual shares of members in AOP are determinate:


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i. If total income of any member is not higher than Rs 50000/- (excluding share

from AOP) and no member is taxable higher than 30%- Rate of tax on total

income of AOP is the rate applicable to individuals.

ii. If total income of any member is higher than Rs 50000/- (excluding share

from AOP) and no member is taxable higher than 30%- Rate of tax is 30%

iii. If any member is taxed higher than 30%, then (a) Tax on the portion of total

income of AOP that is relatable to the share of such member is levied at such

rate higher than the 30%, (b) tax on the balance total income will be 30%.

TAX EXEMPTION FOR NOTIFIED CHARITABLE SOCIETIES U/s 10(23C)

(iv) and (v) Any income of any institution established for charitable purposes

is exempt. For getting exemption under these clauses, following requirement

must be completed:

i. Making an application in Form No. 56

ii. Applying its income or accumulating it for application, wholly &

exclusively to its objects;

iii. Notice of accumulation u/s 11(2) will have to be given to the assessing

officer in FormNo.10

Major works of NGOs

Below are the notable examples of NGOs innovation that have been tried,

tested, and replicated.

Group Based Mobilization and Beneficiary Participation:

The most important NGOs innovation has been in the way reach the poor. A

group based or target group mobilization strategy to serves to fulfill not only


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the goal of economic improvement but also that of social and institutional

development.

Micro-Credit:

The identification of credit as critical need felt by the poor and cost

effective delivery mechanism to service have justifiably become the most well

known of the development NGOs innovations in Bangladesh. The model

pioneered by Grameen Bank has established micro-credit as the most widely

replicated anti- poverty program.

Women as beneficiaries:

The micro-credit revolution pioneered in Bangladesh has in fact a double

innovation because women have been consciously targeted as the principal

beneficiaries group. Currently over 80% of the Grameen Bank and other credit

giving NGOs are women.

A number of NGOs have organized land less group also whom

collectively leased Khas lands and dry riverbeds. Some NGOs organize and

mobilize fishing communities to protect the fish released into open water.

Others promote production of seedling in village-based nurseries to protect-sal

(a local, self regenerating tree) forest. Besides, the following programs have

been taken:

Health education

Non formal primary education

Non-traditional agricultural extension

Development of appropriate irrigation technology

OBJECTIVES OF NGOs

General Objectives

To describe and discuss the common characteristics of health system


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functioning in the given socio-economic, socio-cultural, political and

ecological settings

To highlight and delineate crucial factors responsible for the health sector

reforms and to undertake, as the most challenging endeavour, effective and

efficient health management and quality health care service provisions in the

community

The fundamental objective is to act as a catalyst in bringing about local

initiative and community participation in overall improvement in quality of

life.

Civic and Environmental Objective

This aims at developing civic and environmental consciousness among the

public. Organisation of civic amenities and sanitary facilities on a self- help

basis, enactment of suitable legislation for the betterment of civic standards,

environmental protection is some means by which a cleaner and healthier

environment can be achieved.

Service Objective

This was formulated to provide service to all segments of the society like the

poor, women, children and youth through various schemes like drug and

alcohol addiction programmers, organisation of rallies against child labour,

medical camps, blood donation camps, etc. This also includes the protection

and preservation of nature, wildlife, historical and heritage monuments.

INDIA & NGOs

India has a long tradition of social service, social reform and voluntary

agencies. NGOs emerged in India soon after Independence when Mahamata

Gandhi made a plea for dissolving the Indian National Congress (the political

party which came into power upon Independence), and transforming it into aLok Sevak Sangh (Public Service Organization). This plea was, however,


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rejected; nevertheless, it did not halt the formation of non-governmental

organizations in India. Many Gandhi followers established voluntary agencies

to work closely with the governmental programs on social and economical

issues. These agencies organized handicrafts and village industries, rural

development programs, credit cooperatives, educational institutions, etc.

The second stage of growth of NGOs in India was around 1960 when many

individuals noticed that the governmental programs seemed to be inadequate to

deal with the deprived sections of India. These groups formed organizations

that worked on behalf of the poor, the landless, the tribals, the bonded

labourers, and many other social groups that were being discriminated against

by the policies of the state and social structure. These grass roots organizations

work at the micro-level and work with limited resources and lack of

coordination.

Since Independence in 1947 until around 1980 there was little effort on the part

of the Indian Government to define the role of a voluntary agency or to

recognize its importance. In 1980, however, with the Sixth Five Year Plan

(1980-1985), the government identified new areas in which NGOs as new

actors could participate in development. These areas included:

1. Optimal utilization and development of renewable source of energy,including forestry through the formation of renewable energy

association at the block level

2. Family welfare, health and nutrition, education and relevant communityprograms in the field

3. Health for all programs4. Water management and soil conservation5. Social welfare programs for weaker sections6. Implementation of minimum needs program7. Disaster preparedness and management (i.e. for floods, cyclones, etc)8. Promotion of ecology and tribal development, and


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9. Environmental protection and education.This plan, nevertheless, was to become the first of a series. Under the Seventh

Five Year Plan (1985-1990) the Indian government envisioned a more active

role for voluntary organizations to aid in making communities as self-reliant as

possible. These groups were expected to show how village and indigenous

resources could be used and how human resources, rural skills and local

knowledge, grossly underutilized at present could be used for their own

development. NGOs because of their situation and interaction with local people

can be very effective in bringing change since they are able to address issues

that governments are often not able to comprehend. That is, because these

organizations work at the grass roots level they are able to sense the urgency of

issues and prioritize into the problem solving mode at a quicker pace.

This advantage has also been noticed by the Indian government. In the Eight

Five Year Plan the importance of NGOs is further enhanced, paying particular

attention to the role of these agencies as participants in rural appraisal for

drawing up development plans at a very low cost and involving the rural

community. The plan document states, "A nation-wide network of NGOs will

be created. In order to facilitate the working of this network, three schemes

relating to the creation, replication, multiplication and consultancy

development have been worked out by the Planning Commission."

Today, India has a vigorous NGO sector. Although there has been no complete

census of NGOs, it is estimated that about 25,000 to 30,000 are active in India.

In fact, as of December 31st, 1989, there were 12,313 NGOs registered with

the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India under the Foreign

Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA) 1976; furthermore, 726 NGOs are

unregistered but under theprior permission category. One problem with NGOs

in India, as with NGOs anywhere else in the world, has been the increasing

dependency on governmental funds or donations from external (foreign) donors

like the World Bank. This dependent relationship has resulted in a lack of


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flexibility on the part of NGOs to pick their missions and objectives since

many are expected to perform certain tasks in return for funding. But, further

still, it has also created structures that have become more bureaucratic in nature

and, hence, less effective in development. Nevertheless, NGOs are here to stay

and will continue to work in India on political, economical or social issues, the

task before before them is how they will manage to produce change will

keeping track for governmental documentation.

NGOS IN INDIA

Non Governmental Organizations or NGOs perform multifarious jobsfor the development of the people and society. They are non-profit

voluntary groups organized at the local, national or international level.

Non-governmental organizations either campaign or advocate sensitive

issues, work on capacity building programs, concentrate on social

research, or provide significant networking opportunities. NGOs are not

directly involved in the structure of the government but at the same time

they cannot work without the support or help from the government.

NGOs bring up issues and concerns of the people to the government and

policy makers. In India there are several types of NGOs performing a

particular job or jobs. The sectors have been wide spread across the

country especially in rural and remote areas.

TYPES OF NGOS IN INDIA

volunteer sector civic society grassroots organizations


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transnational social movement organizations private voluntary organizations self-help groups (SSG) and many other related organizations

NGOs cover areas that include welfare of street children, women and old

people, youth, slum dwellers, child laborers, sex workers, and landless workers.

India is estimated to have more than 2 million NGOs at present. The figure is

continuously increasing

OLDEST NGOS IN INDIA

INDIAN RED CROSS SOCIETY

India Red Cross Society The Indian Red Cross is a voluntary humanitarian

organization having a network of over 700 branches throughout the country,

providing relief in times of disasters/emergencies and promotes health & care

of the vulnerable people and communities. It is a leading member of the largest

independent humanitarian organization in the world, the International Red

Cross & Red Crescent Movement.

The Mission of the Indian Red Cross is to inspire, encourage and initiate at all

times all forms of humanitarian activities so that human suffering can be

minimized and even prevented and thus contribute to creating more congenial

climate for peace.

CHILD RELIEF & YOU (CRY)

Child Rights and You commonly abbreviated as CRY is a non-profit

organization in India that aims to restore children's rights in India. The

organisation was established in 1979. The organization partners with grass-

roots Non governmental organisations to uplift thousands of Indian children
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denied basic children's rights. It works towards restoring basic rights to

children, especially from India and works across levels from direct action to

advocacy, mobilizing public opinion and policy change.

It was started by Rippan Kapur, who died in 1994 at a very young age of 40 .

It focuses mainly on the 4 basic rights of survival, development, protection and

participation which were defined by the United Nations Convention on the

Rights of the Child (CRC), an international human rights treaty which has been

ratified by 192 countries.

National Institute of Public Cooperation and Child Development (NIPCCD).

The objects of the Institute are to develop and promote voluntary action

in social development, take a comprehensive view of child development

and develop and promote programmes in pursuance of the National
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Policy for Children, develop measures for coordination of

governmental and voluntary action in social development, and evolve

framework and perspective for organising childrens programmes

through governmental and voluntary efforts.

Functions

The Institute conducts research and evaluation studies;

organises training programmes/seminars, workshops,

conferences; and provides documentation and information

services in the field of public cooperation and child

development. It also provides technical advice and

consultancy to government and voluntary agencies inpromoting and implementing policies and programmes for

child development and voluntary action. In addition, it

collaborates with regional and international agencies,

research institutions, universities and technical bodies.

OXFAMOxfam is an international confederation of 14 organizations working together

in 99 countries and with partners and allies around the world to find lasting

solutions to poverty and injustice.

We work directly with communities and we seek to influence the powerful to

ensure that poor people can improve their lives and livelihoods and have a say

in decisions that affect them.
http://www.wcd.nic.in/NIPCCDWEB.htmhttp://www.wcd.nic.in/NIPCCDWEB.htmhttp://www.wcd.nic.in/NIPCCDWEB.htmhttp://www.wcd.nic.in/NIPCCDWEB.htm


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Oxfam works on the following issues :

Active citizenship

Agriculture

Aid effectiveness

Climate change
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Education

Emergency response

Gender justice

Health
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HIV and AIDS

Indigenous & minority rights

Natural resources

Peace & security

Private sector
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Trade

Youth outreach

PROGRAM STRATEGY OF NGOs:

Program objectives:

NGOs have been established for rural poverty alleviation in response to

the generous foreign funds that become available beginning with the

Bangladesh war of independent in the early.1971. They seek to accomplish this

objective by an integrated holistic approach, which assumes a comprehensive

package of services that are needed to meet the succession of needs of the poor.

The common strategy in all the program approaches is formation of grass root

level beneficiaries group. To determine the access to the credit by the group

repayment behavior, social and economic development and self-reliant

program.

Governing corpse and program administration:

Policies, planning and budget are formulated and approved by the

members of governing body and there is a chief executive who is entrusted

with the authority to assign, supervise and guide the project activities in a

comprehensive range of the services to the NGO target groups. He seems to run

this program by his own staffs as well as the staffs of his field offices. He with
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his staffs may provide a mechanism of co-ordination among all the field units

of an NGO. Since both the NGOs and some governmental agencies may have

common mandate of poverty alleviation, it is possible for them to complement

each others efforts without giving up their institutional commitment while

pursuing a common compatible goal.

NGOS IN CHENNAI

Rural Development And Social Welfare Society:Aim - RDSWS works towards improving environmental conditions in the

rural areas through introduction of new bio-gas plants, usage of solar cookers

and smokeless Chulas.

Banyan:Aim - The organization provides women a safe shelter, care, medical

attention, and a supportive environment to enable them to recover and to take

responsibility for their lives again. The group also supports the women's return

to their families and communities; when this is not possible, it supports the

women in setting up new lives for themselves..

ACTIVITIES TAKEN BY NGOs

Solid waste management

This includes both municipal solid waste and bio-medical wastes. Civic

Exnoras play a major role in assisting the Municipal Corporation in the

collection of garbage from individual households and the deposition of the

same in secondary collection points by appointing street beautifiers in the

concerned areas. With its experience over the years, Exnoras has realised that

this was merely a relocation of waste rather than management of solid wastes.
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Zero waste management

NGOs have now started focusing its efforts on the concept of Zero Waste

Management, by which practically all wastes can be converted into wealth

through recycling. Exnora is also addressing the problem of handling and

disposal of bio- medical wastes, and is trying to find a solution beneficial to all

concerned.

Citizens' Waterways Monitoring Programme (WAMP)

This programme was started with the sole purpose of developing clean and

pollution free waterways in cities and for creating a healthy living environment

for all city dwellers. WAMP was formed in 1991, as a joint programme with

several NGOs and individuals dedicated to the cause of developing clean

waterways in the city. The WAMP objectives are:

1. To stop pollution of waterways

2. To maintain the waterways of the city cleanly

A series of meetings were conducted with various governmental agencies,

which has resulted in the drafting of a detailed action plan. If the Government

and the public implement the plan properly this will result in achievement of

clean waterways.

Community Sanitation Improvement Projects

Inadequate sanitation facilities are a major problem to human health, especially

so in the neglected low- income areas and slum settlements. NGOs concept of

self- help is best displayed by the community sanitation improvement projects

in these areas. Two of the most successful projects have been at the at

Narikkurava (Gypsy) Colony in Indira Nagar, Chennai and at Giriappa Road in

T. Nagar, Chennai.

Student Environment Programme (STEP)

This program has a dual role - of creating environmental awareness amongst

the student community and to develop each child's mind resources through


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various personality development programs. A teachers' manual and an activity

book that have been brought out as a part of this program are designed in the

`do-and learn' format and provide an easy understanding of the problems faced

by us and at the same time kindles the mind to find remedial measures.

Tree Planting

The Civic Exnoras in the city have been instrumental in planting trees for the

purpose of beautification of roads, parks, playgrounds, burial grounds, etc.,

with the larger perspective of environmental protection.

Vegetable Roof Gardening

With agricultural land shrinking rapidly and deforestation rates rocketing,

urban agriculture is the need of the hour. Exnora has been propagating and

training youth in setting up and maintaining vegetable roof gardens in

households of Tamil Nadu. The organisation is closely working with the Tamil

Nadu Horticulture and Agriculture Departments on this project.

Rain Harvesting

NGOs have propagated the system of rain harvesting in several residential

areas in the city with the aim of exploiting one or another important water

source, viz., and rainwater. Many cities suffer from perennial water problems

every summer and therefore it is important that all avenues of water source be

tapped. By using simple and inexpensive techniques the NGO (Exnora) has

arrived at a method to conserve a large part of the 110 cms of rain that we

receive annually. A Water Conservation Committee constituted in Chennai by

Metro Water Supply and Sewerage Board Exnora is a core member.

AIDS Awareness


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NGOs are working diligently to educate the public about the prevention of

AIDS and provide support and counseling for HIV- infected persons. The

additional dangers of placing value judgments on how individuals became

HIV-positive is one of the toughest issues facing NGOs that work with people

who are HIV positive. One key in the prevention of AIDS is to eliminate

negative images of HIV-infected persons as projected by the media. NGOs

should work toward educating the public to respect the dignity of all persons

living with HIV, regardless of how they became infected.

Pollution Control

The task of pollution control in India is complex due to the large number of

heavy, large and small-scale industries involved. Further, the rise in the number

of vehicles coupled with poverty and the large population puts tremendous

pollution pressure on air, water and land. A comprehensive approach to

pollution control is being undertaken based on the following principles:

1. Prevent pollution at source.

2. Encourage, develop and apply the best available practicable technical

solution

3. Ensure that polluter pays for pollution and control arrangements.

4. Focus on protection of heavily polluted areas and river stretches.

5. Involve the NGOs in educating the public about pollution control measures

to be taken.

Noise Pollution

Noise pollution has become a major problem in the metropolitan cities and in

other urban areas. With a view to regulate and control noise producing and

generating sources, the Ministry of Environment and Forests has notified the

Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules,2000 under the Environment

(Protection) Act 1986, for prevention and control of noise pollution in the

country.

Air Pollution


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The sources of Air Pollution are industries like thermal power plants, sugar

mills, distilleries, paper mills etc. Vehicular emissions are another source of air

pollution. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 has classified the industries

as red, orange and green depending on the degree of pollution caused by them.

It further specifies the various pollution control measures to be adopted by

these industries.

Water Pollution

The rivers of India are part of its cultural heritage. Over the years, the quality

of the water has deteriorated due to the uncontrolled release of effluents by

industries into the rivers.

National River Conservation Plan

(NRCP), which includes second phase of GAP also, has been formulated which

aims to control the pollution of grossly polluted rivers of the country. A

National River Conservation Authority has been setup to review the

implementation of the programmes related to cleaning of rivers. The NRCP

covers 141 towns located along 22 interstate rivers in 14 states. The total cost

of the scheme is Rs.2013 crores.

A National LakeConservation Plan envisaging the conservation of lakes by

prevention of pollution by catchments area treatment, desalting, weed control,

based on the integrated water she development approach, is under

implementation.

Role of NGOs in Environmental Management

Enactment of statutes on Pollution Control and the experience gained in implementation

of the various provisions of these Acts in the past more than two decades had indicated

that Govt. machinery alone cannot effectively cope-up with the task of pollution control

until supported by the masses. The need for participation of masses in achieving the


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targets committed in the Policy Statements for Abatement of Pollution has been felt

strongly. Public interest litigations have successfully demonstrated that responsible and

concerned NGOs and public spirited individuals can bring about significant pressure on

polluting industries for adopting pollution control measures.

NGO being one of the most effective media to reach the people these days, may play a

significant role in this regards. NGOs are assisting the State Pollution Control Boards to

a greater extent in providing first hand information and generating mass awareness with

regard to control of pollution and can better function in this field in the following ways :

By conducting preliminary river surveys and survey in air pollution control areafor identification of any pollution source.

By keeping vigil on abstraction of water/discharge of sewage trade effluent byany industry in quantity in relation to flow/volume.

By conducting sampling and analysis of river/well water to ascertain the qualityof river/well water.

By providing information regarding any cause or permit any poisonous, noxiousor polluting matter into any stream or well or on land or in air.

By keeping vigil in the surrounding area, river, well, land and air againstpollution and reporting to State Board/Central Board, if found any.

By providing information whether any river stretch requires prohibition on use fordisposal of polluting mattersfor notification under Section 24 of the Water Act.

By providing information regarding violation of consent such as discharges inodd hours etc.

By publishing the minimum height of the stack/chimney prescribed for theindustry/industrial operation etc. and ambient air and ambient water standards.

By publishing the notified restricted areas where industries, industrial operationsetc. shall not be carried out or shall be carried out subject to certain safe-guards.

By providing information on fish kill or other sudden damage to the environmentnot noticed by the State Board.

As far as, Central Board is concerned, it has been extending its full co-operation by


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providing financial assistance for conducting mass awareness programme in their area.

The water testing kit developed by CPCB is being provided to NGOs on subsidised rates

making their task easy. Simultaneously the technical publications are also being

provided on subsidised rates to NGOs by CPCB.

In addition to the above, CPCB has been conducting Inter-action meets and Training

Programmes through selected Institutions and capable NGOs to other NGOs specially

for those working at grass-root level in villages, town and cities.

In all, we appreciate the aptitude and efforts of NGOs who have played magnificent role

in this field of environment protection. We expect many more NGOs will come forward

to take-up the issues regarding environmental management and promote sustainable

development.

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have played a major role in pushing

for sustainable development at the international level. Campaigning groups

have been key drivers of inter-governmental negotiations, ranging from the

regulation of hazardous wastes to a global ban on land mines and the

elimination of slavery.

But NGOs are not only focusing their energies on governments and inter-

governmental processes. With the retreat of the state from a number of public

functions and regulatory activities, NGOs have begun to fix their sights on

powerful corporations - many of which can rival entire nations in terms of their

resources and influence.

Aided by advances in information and communications technology, NGOs

have helped to focus attention on the social and environmental externalities of

business activity. Multinational brands have been acutely susceptible to

pressure from activists and from NGOs eager to challenge a company's labour,

environmental or human rights record. Even those businesses that do not

specialize in highly visible branded goods are feeling the pressure, as


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campaigners develop techniques to target downstream customers and

shareholders.

INDIAN NGOS WORKING FOR SAVING THE ENVIRONMENT

Assam Science Society

They impart environmental education and training through camps for

teachers and students and conduct surveys on environment.

Bombay Natural History SocietyAims to disseminate knowledge of flora and fauna by means of lectures,

field trips, literature and expeditions and, to study wildlife related problems

and recommend management plans to conserve wildlife and its habitat. It

conducts field research projects on bird migration and studies on the

movement and population structure of Indian avifauna

Centre for Environmental Education (CEE)They mainly aim to create environmental awareness in the communities,

conduct widespread environmental education and training programmes through

a very vast network.

Centre for Science and Environment (CSE)Involved in research, investigative and educational work in the field of

pollution, forest, wildlife, land and water use.

Development AlternativesThey are working in the field of pollution monitoring and control; waste

recycling management; wasteland development; appropriate technology.

Friends of the Doon


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A pressure group against illegal mining, tree felling and as a platform for

voicing peoples grievances. They aim at preserving and rehabilitating the

environment of the Doon Valley, its forests, rivers and mountains. They also

encourage the use of non conventional sources of energy and are executing

town beautification schemes.

makers, individuals and organizations working for environmental issues.

Green Future FoundationTo promote and work towards environmental protection, energy and

ecological conservation and pollution control. They impart environmental

education and training by organizing forest based camps for adults and youths.

Indian Association for Environmental Management (IAEM)Educate people on the environment, to encourage the conservation of the

environment and to spread environmental knowledge.

Jammu and Kashmir Environment and Wasteland Development SocietyWorks mainly in the Rajouri District to develop wastelands. They have done

extensive afforestation in the wasteland areas and identify wastelands in the

area of function.

Ladakh Ecology Development Group (LEDG)It aims to promote ecological and sustainable development harmonious with

the traditional cultures of the area. They have worked in the area of ecological

development and protection of the environment. They have contributed to the

ban of plastics in the valley.

Narmada Bachao AndalonSet up in 1986 under the leadership of Medha Patkar. It aims mainly to

educate those directly affected by large development projects, such as tribals,

on the social and environmental impact of such projects. To protest against the

construction of dams in the Narmada Valley in general; struggling towards a

right to information and new environmentally sustainable water policy.

Nilgiri Wildlife and Environment Association


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To conserve the natural resources of the Nilgiri and preserve wildlife and the

habitat. Impart environmental education and conduct tree planting, bird

watching, and soil conservation programmes. They have assisted in the

imposition of hunting restrictions and the protection of the elephant.

Rajasthan Environment Preservation SocietyTo work towards pollution control, afforestation, ecological and

environmental preservation. To promote social forestry and plantation and to

clean the ponds, lakes and reservoirs. They impart environmental education and

awareness, provide consultancy and encourage the use of renewable sources of

energy.

The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)Develop and promote technologies, policies and institutions for efficient and

sustainable use of natural resources. It has been imparting environmental

education through projects, workshops, audio visual aids and quiz

competitions.

Tiger linkEstablished to provide links between different sections working in the

interest of the tiger and its habitat, and to effectively take actions to overcome

local obstacles.

VanaraiPromote environmental protection and afforestation and sustainable

integrated rural development.

VatavaranWorking in the sector of solid waste collection. in order to improve the

ways and means of garbage collection through a more concrete method.

World Wide Fund for NatureIts main aim is the promotion of conservation of nature and environmental

protection as the basis for sustainable and equitable development.


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NGO FUNDING RESOURCES

The following organizations provide funding for NGOs operating in Central

and Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia

Asian Development Bank

Applicable Region: Central Asia.

Languages: English

Eurasia Foundation

Applicable Region: Russia, Central Asia, Caucasus, Western Eurasia

Languages: English (grants may be submitted in either English or Russian.

European Union (Member States)

Applicable Region: EU Member States (Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary,

Lativa, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia)

Languages: English and French

European Union: Europe Aid

Applicable Region: Non-EU Member States

Languages: Castellano, Danish, German, Greek, English, French, Italian,

Norwegian, Portugeise, Finnish, Swedish

UNESCO

Applicable Region: all member states
http://www.adb.org/NGOs/ngocenter.asphttp://www.eurasia.org/grant.htmlhttp://europa.eu.int/comm/europeaid/index_en.htmhttp://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=10623&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.htmlhttp://erc.unesco.org/cp/MSList_alpha.asp?lg=Ehttp://erc.unesco.org/cp/MSList_alpha.asp?lg=Ehttp://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=10623&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.htmlhttp://europa.eu.int/comm/europeaid/index_en.htmhttp://www.eurasia.org/grant.htmlhttp://www.adb.org/NGOs/ngocenter.asp


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Additional Information: UNESCO maintains a variety of relations with NGOs,

including women's organizations. Funding is not guaranteed once a relationship

is established, and funding is intended to supplement the NGO's permanent

sources of funding.

Languages: English and French

UNIFEM

Applicable Region: UN Member States

Languages: English, French, Spanish

Additional Information: The UNIFEM Trust Fund supports women's initiatives

that address violence against women through awareness campaigns, capacity-

building measures, and training.

World Bank

Applicable Region: All

Additional Information: The World Bank provides several types offunding for

NGOs. However, small grants are the main form of World Bank Aid to NGOs.

They are administered through each World Bank country office. Small grants

provide support for, "activities related to civic engagement for the

empowerment of marginalized and vulnerable groups.

Languages:English, French, Romanian, Russian

FOUNDATIONS

KIOS

Applicable Region: Developing countries
http://erc.unesco.org/cp/MSList_alpha.asp?lg=Ehttp://erc.unesco.org/cp/MSList_alpha.asp?lg=Ehttp://erc.unesco.org/cp/MSList_alpha.asp?lg=Ehttp://erc.unesco.org/cp/MSList_alpha.asp?lg=Ehttp://erc.unesco.org/cp/MSList_alpha.asp?lg=Ehttp://www.unifem.org/global_spanner/index.php?f_loc=cishttp://www.un.org/Overview/unmember.htmlhttp://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/CSO/0,,pagePK:220469~theSitePK:228717,00.htmlhttp://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/CSO/0,,contentMDK:20094255~menuPK:220440~pagePK:220503~piPK:220476~theSitePK:228717,00.htmlhttp://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/CSO/0,,contentMDK:20094255~menuPK:220440~pagePK:220503~piPK:220476~theSitePK:228717,00.htmlhttp://lnweb18.worldbank.org/ESSD/sdvext.nsf/64ByDocName/SmallGrantshttp://www.kios.fi/http://www.kios.fi/http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/ESSD/sdvext.nsf/64ByDocName/SmallGrantshttp://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/CSO/0,,contentMDK:20094255~menuPK:220440~pagePK:220503~piPK:220476~theSitePK:228717,00.htmlhttp://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/CSO/0,,contentMDK:20094255~menuPK:220440~pagePK:220503~piPK:220476~theSitePK:228717,00.htmlhttp://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/CSO/0,,pagePK:220469~theSitePK:228717,00.htmlhttp://www.un.org/Overview/unmember.htmlhttp://www.un.org/Overview/unmember.htmlhttp://www.unifem.org/global_spanner/index.php?f_loc=cis


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The Finnish NGO Foundation for Human Rights KIOS works to promote

human rights in developing countries by granting funding to human rights

projects. KIOS provides financial support to local civil society organisations

that work for the promotion and protection of human rights in their own

countries and regions. Our aim is to especially support the promotion of the

human rights of the most disadvantaged groups of the societies. In Finland,

KIOS aims at increasing the knowledge of Finnish civil society on the human

rights situation in developing countries.

KIOS is an independent, non-political, non-religious and non-governmental

foundation. The foundation was established in September 1998 by eleven

Finnish NGOs working with human rights and development issues. The

founder organisations are represented in the KIOS Executive Board, which is

the supreme organ of KIOS and makes the final funding decisions.

KIOS receives financial support for its activities from the Ministry for Foreign

Affairs of Finland.

Typical projects funded by KIOS include:

Human rights awareness raising and education Human rights campaigning, lobbying and advocacy Human rights monitoring and documentation Providing legal aid Capacity building

OSI Network Women's Program

Applicable Region: Central and Eastern Europe, Central Eurasia; Russia,

Ukraine and Belaurs; South Eastern Europe

Additional Information: The program does not fund projects directly, rather, it

funds projects through specific programs and country offices. Organizationsseeking grants are told to contact the OSI program coordinator in their home
http://www.soros.org/initiatives/women/focus_areashttp://www.soros.org/initiatives/women/focus_areas/initiatives/women/contact/coordinatorshttp://www.soros.org/initiatives/women/focus_areas/initiatives/women/contact/coordinatorshttp://www.soros.org/initiatives/women/focus_areas


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country.Grant seekers are also directed towards a list of grantgiving

organizations.

Languages: English

Soros Foundation

Applicable Region: Central and Eastern Europe; Central Eurasia; Russia,

Ukraine and Belaurs; South Eastern Europe

Additional Information: Go to the "Grants, Fellowships, and Scholarships"

page, then follow a four-step process to determine whether there are any grantinitiatives in your region and for your program type. If so, the fifth step will

offer detailed information about the grant, and contact information for specific

grant proposal inquiries. Grant seekers can also send grant inquiry to a

designated contact person, who will mail the grant seeker an application if the

organization is accepting applications at that time.

Languages: English

GOVERNMENT FUNDING

Canadian International Development Agency

Applicable Organizations: Russian NGOs

Additional Information: The Canadian Government offers three grant

opportunities for NGOs operating in Russia. The Gender Equality Fund

supports projects for Russian Women's NGOs that promote capacity building,

transfer of knowledge about gender issues, support for women's networks and

coalitions, and awareness campaigns in Russia. The Canada Fund supports

grassroots projects that require relatively small amounts of funding andpromote sustainability and self-reliance.The Civil Society Fund provides
http://www.soros.org/initiatives/women/focus_areas/initiatives/women/links/grant_scholarshipshttp://www.soros.org/initiatives/women/focus_areas/initiatives/women/links/grant_scholarshipshttp://www.soros.org/grantshttp://www.acdi-cida.ru/funds/index.en.htmlhttp://www.acdi-cida.ru/funds/index.en.htmlhttp://www.soros.org/grantshttp://www.soros.org/initiatives/women/focus_areas/initiatives/women/links/grant_scholarshipshttp://www.soros.org/initiatives/women/focus_areas/initiatives/women/links/grant_scholarships


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support for NGO initiatives that support capacity building, network and

coalition building, information technology support, and other forms of NGO

sector development activity.

Languages:English, French, and Russian

Dutch Foreign Ministry, Development Cooperation Agency

Applicable Region: In 2003, the following CEE/FSU countries earned aid:

Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania,Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Ukraine.

Additional Information: The Dutch Foreign Ministry provides grants for NGO

work relating to gender equality, as long as it fits the Dutch development goals

of poverty reduction, human rights, peacebuilding and good governance. The

application requires ties with the private or public sector in the Netherlands. A

grant application is available online.

Languages: English and Dutch

Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs

Applicable Region: CEE/FSU, Murmansk, the Republic of Karelia, Leningrad,

St Petersburg in Russia, and Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania

Languages: English and Finnish

USAID

Applicable Region: All

Additional Information: USAID offers support to non-American NGOs.

Applicants are told to contact the USAID mission office in their home country
http://www.minbuza.nl/default.asp?CMS_ITEM=BD44DD042DF34A49BC6C487956653E15X3X39072X24http://www.minbuza.nl/default.asp?CMS_ITEM=6B20D697D42545D889A3B9418A1032AEX3X52367X84http://global.finland.fi/oikopolku/jarjestoille.php?kieli=3http://www.usaid.gov/http://www.usaid.gov/locations/missiondirectory.htmlhttp://www.usaid.gov/locations/missiondirectory.htmlhttp://www.usaid.gov/http://global.finland.fi/oikopolku/jarjestoille.php?kieli=3http://www.minbuza.nl/default.asp?CMS_ITEM=6B20D697D42545D889A3B9418A1032AEX3X52367X84http://www.minbuza.nl/default.asp?CMS_ITEM=BD44DD042DF34A49BC6C487956653E15X3X39072X24


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for regional grant opportunities. Applicants can also participate in the NGO

Strengthening Program, which pairs US private voluntary organizations with

several indigenous nonprofit organizations, in order to strenghthen the

nonprofit sector in individual countries.

Languages: English

Limitations in the Performance of NGOs

Governmental Organisations (NGOs) who came forward to shoulder severalsocial responsibilities, are facing a credibility crisis with a number of cases of

embezzlement and scandals involving some of them coming to the fore.

Recently, the Dutch government, funding a multi-crore water supply and

sanitation project in Uttar Pradesh, terminated its contract with an NGO

because of financial mismanagement. This particular NGO allegedly spent

huge amounts of money on setting up a new office and on foreign trips for

purposes other than those relating to the project. Bikaner, Rajasthan, another

NGO involved in women's welfare reportedly pocketed around Rs two lakh by

putting fictitious names on its rolls.

In another case, the CBI found that out of seven NGOs receiving funds to help

women in self-employment, four had not done a thing and the rest existed only

on paper.

About 400 such NGOs have been black listed by the Council for the

Advancement of People's Action and Rural Technology (CAPART) while the

Central Social and Welfare Board (CSWB) has black listed 3,000 NGOs for

their poor performance in different fields in our country. The NGOs which are

really working at the rural areas don't even know how to write a project report

necessary to get the money and those who don't work but know the skill of

writing project re port, manage to get the money sanctioned.' The CSWB,

through which the government funds NGOs issues about Rs 40 crore every
http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/cross-cutting_programs/private_voluntary_cooperation/ngo.htmlhttp://www.usaid.gov/our_work/cross-cutting_programs/private_voluntary_cooperation/ngo.htmlhttp://www.usaid.gov/our_work/cross-cutting_programs/private_voluntary_cooperation/ngo.htmlhttp://www.usaid.gov/our_work/cross-cutting_programs/private_voluntary_cooperation/ngo.html


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year in addition to thousands of dollars given by institutions like CAPART.

After getting funds from the government, the NGOs default in fulfilling

requirements like submission of audited accounts and details of programme

implementation within a stipulated period of time. NGOs have become a

money making machine and, being smart in public relations, they are more

encouraged by the press who gives them coverage and don't cover the positive

work done by the genuine NGOs, as good work is not an important news to the

press.

CONCLUSION

The total number of NGOs in the country is about 70,000; (Nagraj) while the

actual number might be in lakh, the number of the registered NGOs may not be

more than 10,000. Commercialisation of NGOs has no doubt led to their rapid

growth but it does not mean that every one joining the field is coming because

of money only. A high official with CAPART says that there are more numberof good NGOs than thebad NGOs but unfortunately it is only the bad ones

who get projected.'' A code of conduct should be evolved to evaluate and rate

the NGOs and the initiative should come from within the NGO sector. The

Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA) is working on

evolving a regulatory frame work to allow NGOs to sell micro insurance

products particularly to tap insurance potential in the rural areas. Since NGOs

are performing well the insurance sector also will be soon open to NGOs.

These NGOs can capture the rural market easily.

Anitha MBA Project 05032012

Documents

Transcript of Anitha MBA Project 05032012