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BHARAT ELECTRONICS

PROJECT REPORT

SUBMITTED BY: NAME:AKASH GOEL

ROLL NO: 2507064

INSTITUTE: U.I.E.T

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CONTENTS

1 : CERTIFICATE

2 : ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

3 : PREFACE

4 : BHARAT ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY

5 : COMPANY PROFILE

6 : FORMATION OF GZB. UNIT

7 : ROTATION PROGRAME

8 : INTRODUCTION TO RADAR

9 : PROJECT ON IFF UNIT

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CERTIFICATE

TO WHOM SO EVER IT MAY CONCERN

This is to certify thatAKASH GOEL, student ofB.tech Electronics and

Communication Engineering from UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF

ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY)

KURUKSHETRA has undergone an industrial training on project titled

Study of IDENTIFICATION of FRIEND & FOE of INDRA

RADAR at BHARAT ELECTRONICS LIMITED, GHAZIABAD

w.e.f july14, 2009 to august 22, 2009 under the guidance of Mr.BHUPINDER KUMAR Sr ASST ENGR and Mr. ADESH

KUMAR, J S O

They worked diligently and made valuable contribution during this period. All

their works are genuine and original.

(PROJECT GUIDE)

BHUPINDER KUMAR JASSAL

(SR ASST ENGR)

PA-R1,INDRA TESTING

BHARAT ELECTRONICS LTD

GHAZIABAD-201010

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2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude towards institute for

forwarding my training letter to Bharat Electronics, Ghaziabad and also to

Mr. Tapas Bose,Dy Gen Manager, Bharat Electronics, Ghaziabad for

accepting my letter and allowing me to complete my training in Bharat

Electronics.

Further I would like to thanks Mr. P K CHANGOIWALA,Sr DGM, PA

R1 Mr. Bhupinder Kumar Jassal. Sr Asst Engineer, and Mr. Adesh

Kumar JSO for their kind help extended during the entire period of

training.

Finally, I would like to thanks each and every member of BEL family for

making me feel comfortable and helping me in every possible manner.

Name: AKASH GOEL

Roll No: 2507064

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3.PREFACE

With the ongoing revolution in electronics and communication where

innovations are taking place at the blink of eye, it is impossible to keep

pace with the emerging trends.

Excellence is an attitude that the whole of the human race is born with. It is

the environment that makes sure that whether the result of this attitude is

visible or otherwise. A well planned, properly executed and evaluated

industrial training helps a lot in collocating a professional attitude. It

provides a linkage between a student and industry to develop an awareness

of industrial approach to problem solving, based on a broad understanding

of process and mode of operation of organization.

During this period, the student gets the real experience for working in the

industry environment. Most of the theoretical knowledge that has been

gained during the course of their studies is put to test here. Apart from this

the student gets an opportunity to learn the latest technology, which

immensely helps in them in building their career.

I had the opportunity to have a real experience on many ventures, which

increased my sphere of knowledge to great extent. I got a chance to learn

many new technologies and also interfaced too many instruments. And all

this credit goes to organization Bharat Electronics Limited.

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4. ABOUT

BHARAT ELECTRONICS LIMITED(BEL)

BHARAT ELECTRONICS LIMITED

THE INDUSTRY

After Independence India had many responsibilities from basic necessity totelecomm & defence equipment so after adoption of its constitution in 1950, thegovernment was seized with the plans to lay the foundation of a strong, self-sufficient Modern India. On the industrial announced in the year 1952. It wasrecognized that in certain core sectors infrastructure facilities require hugeinvestments, which cannot be met by private sector and as such, the idea of PublicSector Enterprise (PSE) was mooted. Under this a Professional Electronicscompany in India incorporated that was front, industrial policy resolution (IPR) wasBHARAT ELECTRONICS LIMITED.

BEL was established in 1954 as a Public Sector Enterprise under theadministrative control ofMinistry of Defence as the fountain head to manufactureand supply electronics components and equipment. BEL, with a noteworthy historyof pioneering achievements, has met the requirements of state-of art professionalelectronic equipment for Defence, broadcasting, Civil Defence andtelecommunications as well as the component requirement of entertainment andmedical X-ray industry. Over the years, BEL has grown to a multi- product, multi-unitand technology driven company with track record of a profit earning PSU.

BEL was born to meet the growing needs of Indian Defence services for

electronic systems. Employing the best engineering talent available in the country,BEL has progressed manufacturing state-of-the-art products in the field of DefenceElectronics like Communications including encryption, Radars and strategiccomponents.

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Over the years, BEL has diversified to meet the needs of civilian customersas well and has provided products and network solutions on turnkey basis tocustomers in India and abroad.

With the Research & Development efforts, its engineers have fructified it intoa world-class organization. The company has a unique position in India of havingdealt with all the generations of electronic component and equipment. Having startedwith a HF receiver in collaboration with T-CSF of France, the companys equipmentdesigns have had a long voyage through the hybrid, solid-state discrete componentto the state-of-art integrated circuit technology. In the component arena also, thecompany established its own electron valvemanufacturing facility. It moved onto semiconductors with the manufacture ofgermanium and silicon devices and thento manufacture of Integrated circuits. To keep in pace with the component andequipment technology, its manufacturing and product assurance facilities have alsoundergone sea change.

The design groups have CADDs facility, the manufacturing has CNC

machines and a Mass Manufacture Facility, and QC checks are performed withmulti-dimensional profile measurement machines. Automatic testing machines,environmental labs to check extreme weather and other operational conditions arethere. All these facilities have been established to meet the stringent requirements ofMIL grade systems.

Product mix of the company are spread over the entire electromagnetic (EM)spectrum ranging from tiny audio frequency semiconductor to huge radar systemsand X-ray tubes on the upper edge of the spectrum. Its manufacturing units have

special focus towards the product ranges like Defence Communications, Radars,Optical & Opto-electronics, Telecommunications, Sound and Vision broadcasting,Electronic components, etc.

Besides manufacturing and supply of a wide variety of products, BEL offers avariety of services like Telecom and Radar Systems Consultancy, ContractManufacturing, Calibration of test& measuring instruments, etc. At the moment, thecompany is installing MSSR radar at important airports under the modernization ofairports plan of National Airport Authority (NAA).

BEL has nurtured and built a strong in-house R&D base by absorbing

technologies from more than 50 leading companies worldwide and DRDO labs for awide range of products. A team of more than 800 engineers is working in R&D. Eachunit has its own R&D Division to bring out new products to the production lines.Central Research Laboratory (CRL) at Bangalore and Ghaziabad works asindependent agency to undertake contemporary design work on state-of-art andfuturistic technologies. About 70% of BELs products are of in-house design.

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BEL was amongst the first Indian companies to manufacture computerparts and peripherals under arrangement with International Computers India Limited(ICIL) in 1970s.

BEL assembled a limited number of 1901 systems under the arrangementwith ICIL. However, following Governments decision to restrict the computermanufacture to ECIL, BEL could not progress in its computer manufacturing plans.As many of its equipment were microprocessor based, the company continued todevelop computers based application, both hardware and software.

Most of its software requirements are in real time. EMCCA, softwareintensive naval ships control and command system is probably one of the firstproject of its nature in India and Asia. BEL has won a number of national andinternational awards for Import Substitution, Productivity, Quality, Safety etc.

Today, BEL has set up impressive infrastructure spread in 9 location with29-production division and manufacturing facilities in their ISO-9001/9002 certifiedproduction units around the country. They are Bangalore, Ghaziabad, Pune, Taloja(Maharashtra), Hyderabad, Panchkula (Haryana), Chennai, Machilipathnam (A.P.)and Kotdwara (U.P.)

BEL has won a number of national and international awards for ImportSubstitution, Productivity, Quality, Safety Standardization etc. BEL was ranked no.1in the field of Electronics and 46th overall among the top 1000 private and publicsector undertakings in India by the Business Standard in its special supplement "TheBS 1000 (1997-98)". This organization also stands on number 7th position in the best

100 public and private companies according to the "electronic for u" in 2002.

BEL was listed 3rd among the Mini Ratnas (category II) by the Governmentof India, 49th among Asia's top 100 Electronic Companies by the Electronic BusinessAsia and within the top 100 worldwide Defence Companies by the Defence News,USA.

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VARIOUS UNITS

Its corporate office is at Bangalore. Bangalore complex isthe BELs first and largest unit and it accounts for two-thirds ofboth the companys turnover and manpower. This unitsproduct range covers over 300 Defence and Civilian products.Ghaziabad is the second largest unit of BEL and it specializesin radars, communication equipments & microwave-components.

In total BEL has got 9 units. These are distributed in all over the India as :

BANGALORE (Corporate Office)

GHAZIABAD

PANCHKULA

MACHILIPATNAM

PUNE

HYDERABAD

CHEN

NAI

KOTD

WARA

TALOJ

A

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Bangalore (Karnataka)

BEL started its production activities in Bangalore in 1954 with 400W highfrequency (HF) transmitter and communication receiver for the Army. Since then, theBangalore Complex has grown to specialize in communication and Radar/SonarSystems for the Army, Navy and Air Force. BEL's in-house R&D and successful tie-ups with foreign Defence companies and Indian Defence Laboratories has seen thedevelopment and production of over 300 products in Bangalore alone. The Unit hasnow diversified into manufacturing of electronic products for the civilian customerssuch as DOT, VSNL, AIR and Doordarshan, Meteorological Dept., ISRO, Police,Civil Aviation, and Railways. As an aid to Electorate, the unit has developedElectronic Voting Machines that are produced at its Mass Manufacturing Facility

(MMF).

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Ghaziabad (Uttar Pradesh)

The second largest Unit at Ghaziabad was set up in 1974 tomanufacture special types of Radars for the Air Defence GroundEnvironment Systems (Plan ADGES). The Unit providesCommunication Systems to the Defence Forces and MicrowaveCommunication Links to the various departments of the State andCentral Govt. and other users. The Unit's product range includedStatic and Mobile Radars, Troposcatter equipment, professional gradeAntennae and Microwave components.

JOINT VENTURES

BE-Delft Electronics Limited

BE-Delft Electronics Limited, Pune, the first joint venture of the company withDelft Instruments, Holland and UTI was established in the year 1990 forconducting research, development and manufacture of Image Intensifier Tubes andassociated high voltage power supplies for use in military, security and commercialsystems. Its products include night vision goggles and binoculars, night visionweapon sights and low light level input applications.

GE BE Private Limited

GE BE Private Limited, Bangalore, a JV with General Electric MedicalSystems, USA has been established in 1997-98 for manufacture of High EndRotating Anode Medical Diagnostic X-ray tube called CT MAX, which is used in CTScanners. The joint venture unit will also establish a reloading facility for X-ray tubesand will also market the conventional X-ray tubes made at Pune Unit of BEL. Southast Asia market are addressed by this joint venture.

3. BEL- Multitone Private Limited

A joint venture between Bharat Electronicsand Multitone Electronics Plc,UKhas also been established in Bangalore in 1997-98 to manufacture state-of-art,Mobile Communication for the workplace. Multitone invented paging in 1956 when itdeveloped the world's first system to serve the "life or death" environment of St.Thomas Hospital, London.

.

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CORPORATE MOTTO, MISSION ANDOBJECTIVES

The passionate pursuit of excellence at BEL is reflected in repulsion with its

customers that can be described in its motto, mission and objectives :

Corporate Motto

Quality, Technology and Innovation

Corporate Mission

To be the market leader in Defence Electronics and in other chosen fields.

Corporate Objectives

(a) To become a customer-driven company supplying quality products atcompetitive prices at the expected time and providing excellent customersupport.

(b) To achieve growth in the operations commensurate with the growth of

professional electronics industry in the country.

(c) To generate internal resources for financing the investments required formodernization, expansion and growth for ensuring a fair return to the investor.

(d) In order to meet the Nation's strategic needs, to strive for self reliance byindigenization of materials and components.

(e) To retain the technological leadership of the company in Defence and otherchosen fields of electronics through in-house.

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(f) Research and Development as well as through collaboration/co-operationwith Defence/ National Research Laboratories, International Companies,Universities and Academic Institutions

(g) To progressively increase overseas sales of its products and services.

(h) To create an organizational culture which encourages members of theorganization to realize their full potential through continuous learning on thejob and through other HRD initiatives.

Quality Policy

BEL is committed to consistently deliver enhanced value to our customers,

through continual improvement of our products and processes.

Quality Objectives

(a) Effective and Efficient design and development process, considering thepresent and future needs of customers.

(b) Enhanced customer satisfaction by on-time delivery of defect free productsand effective life cycle support.

(c) Continual upgradation and utilization of infrastructure and human resources.

(d) Mutually beneficial alliances with suppliers.

(e) Continual improvement of processes through innovation, technology andknowledge management.

The management of BEL is convinced of the need for Quality Enhancement,on a continuous basis, in the company. Need was felt to impart Education / Trainingto all the officers on the various facets of quality management. Accordingly, an

institute called Bharat Electronics Quality Institute (BEQI) was established in 1999.

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Bharat Electronics Ltd., (BEL), a premier Professional Electronics Companyof India, has established and nurtured a strong in-house R&D base over the years toemerge and remain as a market leader in the chosen areas of business in

professional electronics. Each of the nine manufacturing units of BEL is having itsown in-house R&D Division to develop new products in its field of operations.

Besides, there are two Central Research Laboratories (CRL) located atBangalore and Ghaziabad, to address futuristic technologies of interest to BEL.

Main areas of R&D activities at BEL include development of Military Radars,Naval Systems, Military Communication Products, Electronic Warfare Systems,Telecommunication products, Sound and Vision Broadcasting Equipment andSystems, Opto Electronic Products, and Electronic Components. CRL performs thedual role of carrying out blue sky research for the development of futuretechnologies and supporting the D&E Divisions of BEL's nine units with state-of-the-art core technology solutions in areas like Embedded Computers and applications,Radar Signal Processing, VLSI designs, RF & Microwave CommunicationTechnologies, Software modules etc.

BEL's R&D Units have state-of-the-art R&D infrastructure, facilities, andmanpower with relevant technical expertise for product development. There areabout 1000 engineers working in BEL on various D&E projects. BEL spends around5 % of company turnover for the year on R&D every year. HRD Divisions of BELtake adequate initiatives for the all round development and expertise upgradation ofR&D human resources. State of the art infrastructures, test equipment, computers &

workstations, Software packages etc. are augmented every year for the R&Ddivisions. BEL R&D Units are recognized by the Department of Scientific & IndustrialResearch under the Ministry of Science & Technology, Govt. of India.

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5. COMPANY PROFILEEquipment

Defence

Army Tactical and Strategic Communication Equipment andSystems, Secrecy Equipment, Digital Switches, Battlefield

Surveillance Radars, Air Defence and Fire Control Radars,Opto-Electronic Instruments, Tank Fire Control Systems,Stabilizer Systems, Stimulators and Trainers.

Navy Navigational, Surveillance, Fire Control Radars, IFF,SONAR Systems, Torpedo Decoys, Display Systems, EW

Systems, Simulators, Communication Equipment and

Systems.

Air Force Surveillance and Tracking Radars, CommunicationEquipment and Systems, IFF and EW Systems.

Non-Defence

Para-Military Communication Equipment and Systems.

Space Department Precision Tracking Radars, Ground Electronics, Flight andOn-Board Sub-systems.

All India Radio MW, SW & FM Transmitters.

Doordarshan(TV Network)

Low, Medium and High Power Transmitters, StudioEquipment, OB Vans, Cameras, Antennae, Mobile and

Transportable Satellite Uplinks.

NCERT TV Studios on Turnkey Basis for Educational Programs.

Department ofTelecommunications

Transmission Equipment (Microwave and UHF) and PCMMultiplex, Rural and Main Automatic Exchanges, Flyaway

Satellite Terminals, Solar Panels for Rural Exchanges.

Videsh SancharNigam and otherCorporate Bodies

MCPC VSATs, SCPC VSATs, Flyaway Earth Stations.

Hub Stations, Up/Down Convertors, LNA Modems

Civil Aviation Airport Surveillance Radars, Secondary SurveillanceRadars.

MeteorologicalDepartment

Cyclone Warning and Multipurpose Meteorological

Radars.

Power Sector Satellite Communication Equipment.

Oil Industry Communication Systems, Radars.

Forest Departments,Irrigation &

Electricity Boards

Communication Systems.

Medical &Health Care

Clinical and Surgical Microscope with Zoom.

Railways Communication Equipment for Metros, Microwave RadioRelays, Digital Microwave Radio Relays.

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Components

Defence Transmitting Tubes, Microwave Tubes, Lasers,

Batteries, Semiconductors-Discrete, Hybrid andIntegrated Circuits.

Non-Defence

All India Radio,

Doordarshan(TV Network),

Department ofTelecomm

and Civil Industries

Transmitting Tubes, Microwave Tubes, and Vacuum

Tubes.

EntertainmentIndustry

B/W TV Tubes, Silicon Transistors, IntegratedCircuits, Bipolar and CMOS, Piezo Electric Crystals,

Ceramic Capacitors and SAW Filters.

Telephone Industry Integrated Circuits, Crystals.

Switching Industry Vacuum Interrupters.

Instrumentation

Industry

Liquid Crystal Displays.

Medical &Health Care

X-ray Tubes.

Systems / Network

Identity Card Systems Software,

Office Automation Software,

LCD On-line Public Information Display Systems

Communication Networks / VSAT Networks.

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6. Formation of unitIn the mid 60's, while reviewing the defence requirement of the country, the

government focused its attention to strengthen the air defence system, in particularthe ground electronics system support, for the air defence network. This led to theformulation of a very major plan for an integrated Air Defence Ground EnvironmentSystem known as the Plan ADGES with Prime Minister as the presiding officer of theapex review committee. At about the same time, Public attention was focused on thereport of the Bhabha Committee on the development and production of electronicequipment. The ministry of defence immediately realized the need to establishproduction capacity for meeting the electronic equipment requirements for its Plan

ADGES.BEL was then entrusted with the task of meeting the development and

production requirement for the Plan ADGES and in view of the importance of theproject it was decided to create additional capacity at a second unit of the company.

In December 1970 the Govt. sanctioned an additional unit for BEL. In 1971,the industrial license for manufacture of radar and microwave equipment wasobtained; 1972 saw the commencement of construction activities and productionwas launched in 1974.

Over the years, the Unit has successfully manufactured a wide variety ofequipment needed for defence and civil use. It has also installed and commissioneda large number of systems on turnkey basis. The Unit enjoys a unique status as

manufacturer of IFF systems needed to match a variety of Primary Raiders. Morethan 30 versions of IFFs have already been supplied traveling the path from vacuumtechnology to solid-state to latest Microwave Component based system.

The operations at BEL Ghaziabad are headed by General Manager withAdditional / Deputy General Manager heading various divisions - Design &Engineering Divisions, Development and Engineering-R, Development andEngineering-C and Development and Engineering-Antenna.

Ghaziabad unit is primarily engaged in manufacture, supply and Turn-keyexecution of Radars, Communication equipments & Antennas /Systems for defence

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Most of these products and systems are the result of a harmoniouscombination of technology absorbed under ToT from abroad, defence R&DLaboratories and BEL's own design and development efforts.

Organization:

The operations at BEL Ghaziabad are headed by General Manager withAdditional / Deputy General Manager heading various divisions as follows:

Design & Engineering Divisions :

1. Development and Engineering-R.2. Development and Engineering-C.3. Development and Engineering-Antenna.

Equipment Manufacturing Divisions :

1. Radar2. Communication3. Antenna

Microwave Components.

Support Divisions :

1. Material Management,2. Marketing & Customer Co-ordination,3. Quality Assurance & Torque,4. Central Services,5. PCB & Magnetics,6. Information Systems,7. Finance & Accounts,

8. Personnel & Administration,9. Management Services.

Design & Engineering:

The pace of development and technological obsolescence in their field ofelectronics necessitates a strong Research and Development base. This is all themore important in the area of defence Electronics. BEL Ghaziabad has since its

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inception laid a heavy emphasis on indigenous research and development. About70% of its manufacture today relate to items developed in-house. For thedevelopment and production of the Mobile Troposcatter System and the IFFequipment, BEL was awarded the Gold Shield for Import Substitution.

Design facilities are also constantly being modernized and substantial computer-aided design facilities are being introduced including installation of mini- and micro-computers and dedicated design application. About 170 graduate and post-graduateengineers are working on research and development and indication of theimportance R&D has in BEL's growth.

Three Design and Engineering groups are product based viz. Communication,Radar and Antenna. These divisions are further divided into different departments tolook after products of a particular nature. Each of them has a drawing office attachedto them, which are equipped with latest drafting and engineering software. The PCB

layout and PCB master making is done at CADD Centre. A central Records &Printing section takes care of the preserving the engineering documents anddistribution thereof. Most of the engineering documents are available online.

Equipment Manufacturing Divisions:

As a supplier of equipment to the defence services and professional user, strictadherence to specifications and tolerances has to be in-built into the designand manufacturing process. For this BEL Ghaziabad has well defined standardsand processes for as well as manufacturing and testing activities. Activities are

divided into various departments like Production Control, Works Assembly, and QCWORKS. The manufacture and control of production is through a central system,BELMAC, BEL's own homegrown ERP system.

Apart from conventional machines, BEL Ghaziabad has been equipped withseveral Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines for ensuring repeatoccurrences and increased throughput. A separate NC programming cell has beenset up to develop the programs for execution on the CNC machines

.

Microwave Component Group:

Frequencies greater than 1 GHz is termed as Microwaves. MicrowavesIntegrated Circuits (MIC) used extensively in the production of subsystems for Radarand Communication equipment constitutes a very vital part of the technology forthese systems and is generally imported. Owing to the crucial and building blocknature of the technology involved, BEL is currently setting up a modern MICmanufacturing facility at a planned expenditure of Rs. 2 crore. When in full operation,this facility will be the main centre for the MIC requirements of all the units of thecompany.

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During the rotation period , I had to go to various departments,

listed above to get some introduction about the work that is being done

in that particular department. The co-operative staff at various

department made the learning process very interesting, who allowed me

to know more about the company in a very short time. The various

departments are now given in detail.

TEST EQUIPMENT & AUTOMATION

This department deals with the various instruments used at BEL. There

are three hundred equipments and they are of sixteen types.

Examples of some test equipment are:

1. Oscilloscope (C.R.O)

2. Multimeter3. Signal Analyzer

4. Logical Pulsar

5. Counters

6. Function Generator etc.

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Mainly the calibration of instruments is carried out here, they are

compared with the standard of National Physical Laboratory (NPL). So it

is said to be one set up down to NPL. As every instrument has a

calibration period after which the accuracy of the instrument falls from

the required standards. So if any of the instruments is not working

properly, it is being sent here for its correct calibration. To calibrate

instrument software techniques are used which includes the program

written in any suitable programming language. So its not the calibration

but the programming takes that time.

For an industry to gets its instrument calibrated by NPL is very

costly, so it is the basic need for every industry to have its owncalibration unit if it can afford it. Moreover those who have this unit can

make memory by providing their standards to others.

Test equipment and automation laboratory mainly deals with the

equipment that is used for testing and calibration.This section calibrates

and maintains the measuring instrument mainly used for Defense

purpose. A Calibration is basically testing of equipment with a standard

one. It is done with the help of standard equipment should be of

some make, model and type.

The national physical laboratory (NPL) New Delhi provides the

standard values yearly. BEL follows International Standard Organization

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(ISO) standard. The test equipment is calibrated either half yearly or

yearly.

After testing, different tags are labeled on the equipment

according to the observations.

GREEN ---O.K, Perfect

YELLOW --- Satisfactory but some trouble is present

RED --- Cannot be used, should be disposed off.

PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD (P.C.B.)

INTRODUCTION:-

As the name suggests, printed circuit board refers to a

board on which a circuit is imprinted. The circuit appears as copper

tracks on non conducting surface. Here the surface or the board is a

glass epoxy sheet with copper coating on either both sides or on one

side only. The board material is not restricted to glass epoxy only, it can

be any hard surface (non conducting) with copper coating. In somecases we use Teflon sheets also.

Generally the PCBs can be categorized in three forms viz.:

SINGLE SIDED PCB

DOUBLE SIDED PCB

MULTI LAYERED PCB

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In the following sections we would consider the various steps

which come together to fabricate a single or double sided PCBs :-

1-Launching

2-C.N.C. Drilling

3-Through Hole Plating

4-Photo Tool Generation

5-Photo Resist Printing6-Pattern Plating

7-Resist/Tin Stripping & Etching

8-Solder Masking

9-Hot Air Leveling

10-Reverse Marking

11-Routing, Shearing & Deburring

12-Inspection

QUALITY CONTROL(WORKS ASSEMBLY)

According to some laid down standards , the quality control

department ensures the quality of product . The raw materials and

components etc. purchased are inspected according to the

specifications by I.G. department . similarly Q.C. work department

inspects all the items manufactured in the factory. The fabrication

department checks all the fabricated parts and ensures that these are

made according to the part drawing , painting , plating and stenciling etc

are done as per BEL standards .

The assembly inspection department inspects all the assembled

parts such as PCB , cable assembling , cable form , modules ,racks and

shelters as per latest documents and bel standards.

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The mistakes in the PCB can be categorized as-

1. D & E mistakes

2. Shop mistakes

3. Inspection mistakes

The process card is attached to each PCB under inspection. Any

error in the PC is entered in the process card by certain code specified

for each error or defect.

After a mistake is detected, following action are taken:

1. Observation is made

2. Object code is given

3. Division code is given

4. Change code is prepared

5. Recommended action is taken.

MAGNETICSThis department is making all types of transformers and coils that

are used in various equipments. This department basically consists of

four sections:

1. Planning section

2. Mechanical assembly section

3. Moldings section4. Inspection

The D & E department gives the following description numbers

of layers, numbers of turns /layers, types of winding , gapes in core ,

insulation between layers , ac/dc impedance , dielectric strength ,

electrical parameters and earthing.

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Various procedures involved in the manufacture of transformers

are;-

1. Formers of glass expoxy

2. Winding

3. Core winding

4. Varnishing

5. Impregnation various varnished coils are heated, than cooled,

reheated and put into vacuum. Then air is blown to remove the

humidity.

6. Moulding-araldite mixed with black dye is used to increase

mechanical as well as electrical strength. Moulding is done at 120

degrees centigrade for twelve hours.

7. A RDB compound is used for leakage production . oil is boiled at 70

to 80 degrees under vacuum conditions to remove air bubbles . after

the is the cols are dipped in varnish and core is attached.

8. Painting

9. Mechanical assembly

10. Termination

11. Testing: dielectric testing is done at 50 KV voltage applied for a

minimum of one minute.

During inspection, the following characteristics are checked :-

(a)Turn ratio

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(b)DC resistance of or each coil

(c)Inductance

(d)No load voltage

(e)Leakage

MICROWAVE LABORATORY

This section deals with very high frequency measurements or

very short wavelength measurements. The testing of microwave

components is done with the help of various radio and communication

devices. Phase and magnitude measurements are done in this section.

Power measurements are done for microwave components because

current and voltage are very high at such frequencies.

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Different type of waveguides is tested in this department like

rectangular waveguides, circular waveguides. These waveguides can be

used to transmit TE mode or TM mode.This depends on the users

requirements.Waveguides work as high pass filters to waves passing

through them. A good waveguide should have fewer losses and its walls

should be perfect conductors.

In rectangular waveguides the distortion is minimum. Circular

waveguides are used where the antenna is rotating. The power

measurement being done in microwave lab. are in terms of S-

parameters.

Mainly the testing is done on coupler and isolators and

parameters are tested here. There are two methods of testing:

1.ATP (Acceptance Test Procedure)

2. PTP (Production Test Procedure)

Drawings of various equipments that are to be tested is obtained

and testing is performed on manufactured part. In the antenna section

as well as SOHANA site various parameters such as gain, bandwidth,

VSWR, phase, return loss, reflection etc. are checked.

The instruments used for this purpose are as follows:-

1.Filters

2.Isolators

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3.Reflectors

4.Network Analyzers

5.Spectrum Analyzers

6.Amplifiers and Accessories

CS -(ELECTRICAL)

The main task of this department is to supply power to the all

production units, administrative block and other parts of the factory. This

department is arranged into one main station and five sub stations at

different locations in the company. The power is received from the Uttar

Pradesh Vidyut Board through 33 KV power line at the main station.

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At the main station the power is stepped down to 11KV using

33/11KV step down transformer. The main station is provided with gang-

operated switch, air circuit breakers (ACB), oil circuit breaker (OCB).

The air circuit breaker being used is of rating 11000 V , 800 A. The gang

operated switch is to be operated always OFF-load. This is operated

when there is some fault in the incoming power line.

In case we operate the gang operated switch ON-load, large

amount of sparks will be produced. There are two transformers at the

main station. Out of these two only one is used at a time and second

one is standby transformer. i.e. It is operated in case when first

transformer does not work properly.

Current transformers are used at the main station for the

measurement of power consumption. Lighting arresters are used at the

main station to protect the station and all the electrical equipments from

being damaged. For extra security two different set of lighting arresters

are used one above the other so that station is not damaged at any cost

and the excess charge gets grounded.

There are five sub stations at BEL which receive the power frommain station at 11 KV and stepped down to 433 V for the use of various

machines in the factory. The transformers being used at various sub

stations are of rating1600 KVA.

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These sub stations provide power to different divisions of the

factory. Like the main station these stations are also provided with

lighting arresters, ACBs, OCBs and gang operated switches.

In case of power failure there are two generators, which can

supply the power to production divisions only, and some other important

sections. These generators are imported from Czechoslovakia and are

of Ascorda make.

These generators are air starting type and need a pressure of

1000 Pound for starting. These can develop a power of 325 bhp. And

consume 400 Litres/Hr. of diesel each. Each generator is having 6

cylinders. These have a firing order of 15-36-24 to operate the cylinders

in the same order.

These are of capacity 860 KV and each generator generates 400

V at 50 Hz.This voltage is stepped up by a transformer to 11KV and

supplied to the sub stations

ENVIRONMENTAL LAB

Various tests are conducted in the environmental lab in BEL in

order to ensure reliability. Reliability is defined as the probability of a

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device performing its purpose adequately for the period intended under

the given operating condition. In a given reliability is given as

The standards available here are:

JSS55555- Joint services specifications ( Military Standard of India)

MII Standards U.S Military standers

QM333 Civil Avitation and police

VARIOUS TESTS :-

1. Thermal Shock Test

2. High Temperature Operate and Storage

3. Low Temperature Operate and Storage

4. Altitude Test

5. Bump / Vibrations Test6. Salt Spray Test

7. Tropical Exposure Test

8. Rain Test

9. Humidity Test

10. Dust Test

11.Transportation Test

12. Shock Test

13. Burn in Test

WORKS ASSEMBLY

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This department plays an important role in the production. Its

main function is to assemble various components, equipments and

instruments in a particular procedure. It has been broadly classified as :

WORK ASSEMBLY RADAR e.g.:INDRA-2, REPORTER

The stepwise process followed by work assembly department is:

1. Preparation of part list that is to be assembled.

2. Preparation of general assembly.

3. Schematic diagram to depict all connect to be made and brief idea

about all components.

4. Writing list of all components.

In work assembly following things are done.

Preparation:

This is done before mounting and undertakes two procedures.

Tinning:

The resistors, capacitors and other components are tinned with

the help of tinned lead solution. The wire coming out from the

component is of copper and it is tinned nicely by applying flux on it is so

that it does not tarnished and seventh soldering becomes easy.

Bending :

Preparation is done by getting the entire documents j, part list

drawing and bringing all the components before doing the work.

Mounting:

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It means soldering the components of the PCB plate with the

help of soldering tools. The soldering irons are generally of 25 W and

are of variable temperature, one of the wires of the components is

soldered so that they dont move from their respective places on the

PCB plate. On the other hand of the component is also adjusted so that

the PCB does not burn.

Wave Soldering:

This is done in a machine and solder sticks on the entire path,

which are tinned. Wave soldering machine consists of following parts

1. Conveyor

2. Fluxer

3. Heater

4. Flux Cleaner

Touch up:

This is done by hand after the finishing is done.

Inspection:

This comes under quality work.

Heat ageing:

This is done in environment lab at temperature of 400C

for 4 hrs and three cycles.

Lacquering:

Lacquering is only done on the components, which are not

variable.

8 .INTRODUCTION TO RADAR :RADAR :-

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RADAR is an abbreviation of word RADIO DETECTING ANDRANGING. It is an electromagnetic system for detection and location ofobject. It operates by transmitting a particular type of waveform.

An elementary form of radar consists of a transmitting antennaemitting electromagnetic radiation generated by an oscillator, a receivingantenna, and an energy detecting device or receiver. A position of thetransmitted signal is intercepted by a reflecting object (target) and is re-

radiated in all the directions. The receiving antenna collects the returnedenergy and delivers it to a receiver, where it is processed. The distanceto the target is determined by measuring the time taken by the radarsignal to travel and come back. The direction or angular position of thetarget may be determined from the detection of arrival of the reflectedwavefront .

APPLICATION OF RADAR has been employed on the ground, inair, on the sea and in space. Some important areas of applications are:

Air traffic control ( ATC ) Air craft navigation

Ship safety

Space

Remote sensing

MilitaryWORKING OF A SIMPLE RADAR

A simple RADAR system, as found on many merchant ships, has

three main parts. These are:-1. Antenna unit or the scanner.2. the transmitter/receiver or transceiver and the visual display unit.

The antenna is about 2 or 3 meters wide and focuses pulses ofvery high frequency radio energy into a narrow vertical beam. Thefrequency of the radio waves is usually about 10,000 MHz. the antenna

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is rotated at the speed of 10 to 25 revolutions per minute so that theradar beam sweeps through 300 degrees all around the ship out to arange of about 90 kilometers.

In all RADARS it is vital that the transmitting and receiving in thetransceiver are in close harmony. Everything depends on accuratemeasurement of the time which passes between the transmission of thepulse and the return of the ECHO about 1,000 pulses per second aretransmitted. Though it is varied to suit requirements. Short pulses are

best for short-range work, longer pulses are better for long range.An important part of the transceiver is the modulator circuit. Thiskeys the transmitter so that it can oscillate, or pulses, for exactly theright length of time. The pulses so generated are video pulses. Thesepulses are short range pulses and hence cannot serve out purpose oflong-distance communication. In order to modify these pulses into radiofrequency pulses or RF pulses, we need to generate power. Thetransmitted power is generated in a device called magnetron, whichcan handle these very short pulses and very high oscillations.

Between each pulse, the transmitter is switched off and isolated.

The weak echoes from the target are picked up by the antenna and fedinto the receiver. To avoid overlapping of these echoes with the nexttransmitted pulse, another device called duplexer is used. Thus, bymeans of a duplexer, undisturbed, two-way communication isestablished. The RF echoes emerging from the duplexer are now fedinto the mixer where they are mixed with pulses of RF energy. Thesepulses are generated by means of a local oscillator. Once the two aremixed, a signal is produced in the output witch is of intermediatefrequency range or IF range. The IF signals is received by a receiver

where it is demodulated to video frequency range, amplified, and thenpassed to the display unit.The display unit usually carried all the controls necessary for the

operation of the whole radar. It has a cathode ray tube, which consist ofan electron gun in its neck. The gun shoots a beam of electron at aphosphorescent screen at the far end. The phosphorescent screenglows when hit by the electrons and, the resulting spot of light can beseen through a glass surface.

The screen is circular and is calibrated in degrees around itsedge. The electron beam travels out from the center to the edge. Thisrandom motion of the electron beam, known as the trace, is matchedwith the rotation of the antenna. So, when the trace is at zero degrees

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on the tube calibration, the antenna is pointing dead ahead. Thebeginning of each trace corresponds exactly which the moment at whichthe radar energy is transmitted.

When an echo is received it brightens up the trace for a moment.This is a blip, and its distance from the center of the tube correspondsexactly with the time taken for the radar pulse to travel to the target andreturn. So that blip on the screen gives the range and bearing of thetarget. As the trace rotates, a complete picture is built up from the

coating of the tube. This type of display is called a PPI (plane positionindicator) and is the most common form of presenting radar information.

TYPES OF RADARBased on its functions, RADAR may be classified as:

1. PRIMARY RADAR AND2. SECONDARY RADAR

A PRIMARY RADAR locates an object by transmitting a signal anddetecting the reflected echo. A SECONDARY RADAR SYSTEM issimilar in operation to primary radar except that the return signal isradiated from a transmitter on board the target rather than by reflection.In other words, secondary radar operates with a co-operative ACTIVETARGET while the primary radar operates with a PASSIVE TARGET.But in cases such as controlling of air traffic, the controller must be ableto identify the air craft and know whether it is of a friend or a foe. It isalso desired to know the height of the aircraft, so that on the same

source but flying at different levels can be kept apart.To give the controller this information, a second radar called asecondary surveillance radar (SSR) is used. This works differently andneeds the help of the target aircraft. It senses out the sequence ofpulses to an electronic black box, called an transponder fitted on theaircraft. The basic operation of a secondary radar is as follows:

SECONDARY RADAR SYSTEMThe secondary radar system consists of an INTERROGATOR and

a TRANSPONDER. The interrogator transmitter in the ground stationinterrogates transponder equipped aircraft, providing a two way data linkto separate transmit and receive frequencies. The transponder, on board

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the aircraft, on receipt of a chain of pulses from the ground interrogator,automatically transmits a reply. The reply, coded for purposes ofIdentification is received back at the ground interrogator where it isdecoded and displayed on a radar type presentation.

The secondary radar gives the aircraft identity code and heightdata derived from a pressure capsule in the aircraft. In the SecondarySurveillance Radar (SSR), by providing the interrogation pulses above

the minimum triggering level, the transponder makes a powerful reply.This enables the interrogator transmitters to be of lower power and theground equipment simpler.

9. PROJECT ON IFF

IFF SYSTEM BASIC PRINCIPLE

41

IFF ANTENNA

RF SWITCH UNIT

TRANSMITTER

RECEIVER

MK X DECODER

MODE S DRAWER

REMOTE CONTROLPANEL

CONTROL UNIT

PPI(INTERROGATOR DECODER)GROUND / SHIPINTERROGATOR


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(THE IFF UNIT)

GENERALThe identification of Friend and Foe (IFF) is basically a radar

beacon system employed for the purposes of general identification ofmilitary targets. The beacon system when used for the control of civil airtraffic is called as secondary surveillance radar (SSR).

Primary radar locates an object by transmitting a signal anddetecting the reflected echo. A secondary radar system is similar inration to primary radar except that the return signal is radiated from atransmitter on board the target rather than by reflection, i.e. it operateswith a co-operative active target while the primary radar operates withpassive target.

Secondary radar system consists of an interrogator and atransponder. The interrogator transmitter in the ground stationinterrogates transponder equipped aircraft, providing a two way data linkon separate transmitting and receiving frequencies. The transponder, on

board the aircraft, on receipt of a chain of pulses from the groundinterrogator, automatically transmits a reply, coded for purposes ofidentification, is received back at the ground interrogator where it isdecoded and displayed on a radar type presentation.

ADVANTAGES OF SSR OVER PRIMARY RADAR:

a) Reply pulses are stronger than the echo signals of primary radar.b) Separate transmitting and receiving frequencies eliminate ground

clutter and weather return problems.c) Reply signal is independent of target cross section.d) Interrogation and reply path coding provide discrete target

identification and altitude data.The interrogator transmitter operates in S Band at 1030 MHz and theairborne transponder operates at 1090 MHz.

BASIC CONSIDERATIONS:

The SSR interrogate transponder equipped aircraft with codedpulses train whose spacing denotes whether identity or altitude repliesare being requested. The elicited reply comprises up to 14 pulses,spaced at multiples of 1.45 microseconds. Two pulses in this code train

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define the pulse train and the other pulses contain the code data thesepositions provide up to 4096 discrete identify codes including thealtitude.

The position of the scanning antenna and the elapsed timebetween the interrogation and receipt of the transponder reply give theazimuth and range. Thus range, azimuth and altitude are derived.Special code provisions enable to declare an emergency or

communication failure, special identification of a particular aircraft whenthe same identify code has been used by two or more aircraft.

OPERATION:

The SSR system can operate in association with both static andmobile primary radar or independently with its own monitor display. Thetransmitter can be triggered either internally or externally. Interrogationsare pre-triggered with respect to the primary radar pulse transmission

(external triggering) to provide for a timing match between radar echoesand SSR replies at the PPI display. The PRF of the interrogationtransmission is either the same as the primary radar or counted down tomaintain a nominal value as the case may be. The interrogation modesprovide for separation of replies by function. For e.g., mode C is theautomatic altitude mode. Interlacing of two modes is done to updateidentity and altitude data on each scan of the ground based antenna.

PURPOSE:

The IDENTIFICATION FRIEND AND FOE (IFF) is basically aRadar Beacon System employed for the purpose of generalidentification of Military targets. The Beacon System when used for thecontrol of civil air traffic is called as secondary surveillance Radar (SSR).The Beacon System is designated in general as Secondary Radar andthe normal radar as Primary Radar for distinguishing.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

INTEROGATION AND RESPONSE SIGNALS

INTERROGATION SIGNAL

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P1 P2 P3

IFF INTEROGATION SIGNAL

The interrogation signal of the IFF ground equipment consists of asignal consisting of 3 pulses are designated as P1, P2 and P3 as shownin the figure above. The P1 and P3 pulses are known as theINTERROGATE PULSES and pulse P2 is known as the CONTROLPULSE.

The three pulses viz P1, P2, P3 are produced to achieve the 3pulse side lobe suppression. The pulses P1, P2 and P3 are of samewidth viz 0.8 microseconds each.

The P1 and P3 pulses occur at discrete pulse intervals and theP1, P3 combination is known as MODE. The aircraft transponder onreceipt of the mode pulses P1and P3 recognizes the mode andresponds with its suitable reply code.

The pulse P2, control pulse, is always positioned at 2microseconds from P1 and is used for achieving the 3 pulse side lobesuppression. The P2 pulse determines whether the interrogation is trueor false. If the interrogation is false, the aircraft transponder uses sidelobe suppression technique to inhibit the reply. In this technique, P1, P2and P3 are transmitted in succession in different directions in such amanner that amplitude of P1 and P3 are greater than that of P2 onlyalong the direction of the main beam of the signal. In all other directions,amplitude of P2 is greater than that of the other pulses. The target isrequired to respond only when it finds the amplitude of the P1 and P3greater than that of P2.

NOTE: THE CONTROL PULSE P2 DOES NOT CARRY ANYSIGNIFICANCE TO THE DECODING EQUIPMENT(VIDEO PROCESSOR).

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MODE PULSES

The combination of P1 and P3 interrogation pulses is known as

MODES. The pulse interval between P1 and P3 ranges from 3

microsecond to 21 microsecond to form 4 different modes. P1, P3

pulse pairs signify the mode of interrogation of the ground

transmitter. The interrogation is done on a particular mode to obtain a

desired response from the airborne transponder. The mode pulse pair

protects against random signal pulses eliciting a response from the

transponder.

The following are the different modes employed in IFF MK 10

ground equipment.

MODE P1 P3 INTERVAL (IN SECS) PURPOSE

1

23/A

C

3

58

21

Defence Air CraftDefence Air CraftCivil/International

Altitude-Height

To each proper interrogation the aircraft transponder transmits areply containing the required data for the particular mode ofinterrogation.

The complex code trains consist of a series of pulses, representingcoded intelligence, contained within a pair of bracket pulses spaced at20.3 microsecond apart (between leading edges). The bracket pulses,are known as frame pulses, are an essential part of the response code

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reply pulses have pulse duration of 0.45 0. 1 microsecond and pulserise time between 0.05 to 0.1 microseconds and pulse decay timebetween 0.05 and 0.1 microseconds. The pulse amplitude variation ofone pulse with respect to any other pulse in a reply train does notexceed 1dB.

The pulse spacing tolerance for each pulse including the lastframe pulse F2 with respect to t he first frame pulse F1 of the replygroup is 0.15 microsecond.

The pulse spacing tolerance of any pulse in the reply group withrespect to any other pulse (except the first frame pulse F1) does notexceed + -0.15 microsecond.

SPECIAL POSITION IDENTIFICATIONIn addition to the information pulses provided, a special positionidentification pulse (SPI) which may be transmitted with any of the otherinformation pulses, is positioned at a pulse interval of 4.35 microseconds

following the last framing pulse F2.The pulse interval tolerance of the SPI pulse with respect to the

last frame pulse of the reply group is 0.1 microsecond.

CODE NOMENCLATURE

The code designation consists of digits between 0 and 7 inclusive andconsists of the sum of the subscripts of the pulse numbers.

DIGIT PULSE GROUPFirst (least significant) ASecond BThird CFourth D

Thus, there are 8 possible ABCD combinations, making 4096 totalcode possibilities extending from 0000 to 7777.

The different types of reply received are:

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a) NORMAL REPLYThe normal reply consists of the F1; F2 frame pulses bracketed the

code pulses appropriate to that particular aircraft for the mode ofinterrogation

b) MODE 1 REPLYWhen an aircraft is interrogated in mode 1, which consists of P1 and

P3 pulses spaced 3 microseconds apart, the transponder sends backaccede train with the characteristics of the SI code train. SI is anotherdesignation for mode 1 and is the abbreviation for SECURITYIDENTIFICATION .The returning SI code train is the basic FRIENDAND FOE identification.The reply signal consists of the framing pulses F1 and F2 spaced at20.3 microseconds apart with all the pulses having pulse duration of0.45 microseconds and 1.45 microseconds apart.

c) MODE 2 REPLY

When the IFF ground interrogator transmits a mode 2 interrogation,consisting of P1, P3 spaced at five microseconds apart, the aircrafttransponder replies with a PERSONAL IDENTITY (PI) code train.Different aircraft return different codes, and the designation of the PIcodes for specific aircraft varies in different areas or zones.

The code train consists of the two frame pulses F1, F2 spaced at20.3 microseconds apart, with pulse duration of 0.45 microseconds.

The IFF MK 10 with SIF (SELECTIVE IDENTIFICATION FEATURE)has the ability to change operating frequencies for security and also has

complex coded replies to positively identify the aircraft as friendly. Itwould be practically impossible for any unfriendly aircraft to know thefrequency and codes with which we were expecting the friendly aircraftto reply. Besides distinguishing the aircraft as friendly, the SIF replycodes tell its type and mission.

d) MODE 3 REPLYThe aircraft transponders response to mode 3 interrogation,

consisting of P1, P3 spaced at 8 micro second . The mode 3 reply isassigned differently in certain areas or zones.

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e) MODE C REPLYThe mode C interrogation, consisting of two interrogation pulses P1,

P3 spaced at 21 microseconds apart, is common for both military andcivil use. The mode C is employed for altitude data. On interrogation inmode c the transponder responses for automatic pressure altitude transmission.

The replies on the above modes of interrogation consist of the two

frame pulses F1, F2 spaced at 20.3 microseconds apart bracketing theinformation code pulses.

REPLY CODE IDENTIFICATION

On all modes except mode C the transponder manually selectsthe codes from the 4096 possible codes while in mode C interrogationthe transponder automatically replies the pressure altitude data. The

pressure- altitude is reported in 100 ft increments by selection of pulses.

EMERGENCY REPLY CODES : Code

Military emergency condition : 0000Civil emergency : 7700Military/civil communication failure : 7600Hijacking code : 7500

49

ALL AIRCRAFTSIGNALEMER / COMMN

FAILURE


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DISPLAY OF IFF SYMBOLS ON PPI

MILITARY EMERGENCY CONDITION

Military emergency reply consists of four frame pulse pairs spacedat 4.35 microseconds apart. The first frame pulse pair carries the normalcode; remaining pairs may or may not contain information pulses.

In modes 1 and 2 the first pair carries the normal reply code whilein mode 3 ( common with civil mode A), the first frame pulse pair carriescode 7700 with rest 3 pairs may or may not carry any code.

For identification purposes, when two SPI pulses are identified in areply code train, the reply code is declared as military emergency.

CIVIL EMERGENCYUnder civil emergency the normal reply code on mode A, B

interrogations carries the code 7700.

50

PASSIVE CODE

MATCHSPECIAL POSITIONIDENTIFICATION (SPI)


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MILITARY / CIVIL COMMUNICATION FAILUREThe communication failure reply consists of a normal reply with

code 7600 in response to mode 2, 3/A, or B interrogations.

GARBLE INDICATIONWhenever two reply code pulse trains are received in interleaved or

overlapped condition the indication for garble detection is provided. Theindicator lamp for garble glows.

SYSTEM OPERATIONSThe air surveillance over the thousand of square kilometers

surrounding the equipment site must depend on the data obtained fromthe search radar and the radar identification systems. The identified datamust be decoded and presented in such a way that the PPI operator caninterpret it quickly and easily.

The IFF decoder processing unit does the decoding of thereceived signal and generates video pulses to be displayed on the PPIat the request of the operator. Such type of video presentation is known

as the passive decoding.By examining all the code trains received and then decoding only

the ones chosen by the PPI operator at a particular scope, the passivedecoding circuits present the data as slashes or arcs on the PPI. Theslashes are generated by the symbol generation circuitry.

The operator can select the mode and code he wants to monitor,and see on his PPI the identification for only the air craft replying in thatmode and with that particular code.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION

Operating PrincipleThe Interrogator-Decoder system with integrated feed antenna is

designed to identify aircraft fitted with MK-X transponders within theintended radius of operation. The intended range of operation of IFF isspecified as 90 kilometers when integrated with INDRA PC MK11RADAR.

Interrogation is done by radiating two RF pulses P1 and P3 withinterval depending upon mode of interrogation through a directionalpattern. Pulse P2 is radiated through control pattern for achievinginterrogation side lobe suppression (ISLS). The transponder fitted in

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aircraft compares pulse P1 and P2 and initiates reply only if P1 isgreater than P2 by 9dB corresponding to reception within main beam ofdirectional pattern. Separation between P1 and P3 is used for identifyingthe mode of interrogation and selecting the corresponding replies.

The reply consists of two framing pulses (F1 and F2) with 12possible pulses within the frame. Presence or absence of these pulsesdetermines the reply code to one of the 4096 possible combinations.The mode/code combinations of friendly aircraft are preset on the

ground equipment and identification is done by matching the receivedcode with the preset code. After matching, the video signals are send tothe primary radar system.

i. Passive decodingii. Active decoding

PASSIVE DECODINGIn passive decoding, the IFF video-processing unit (decoder unit)

along with decoding the reply code generates video pulses to bedisplayed on the PPI. The operator sets the mode and codecombinations on the thumbwheel switches (code match) provided in thecontrol units and the decoded reply codes are displayed as slashes orarcs on the PPI. The slash patterns for different situations are asfollows:

Normal replyA single slash or arc represents the normal reply also known

as the all aircraft signal or AA signal after decoding. This slashappears over the radar reply.

Passive Decoding SignalWhenever there is passive code match between the reply

received and interrogated mode and code the passive match isrepresented in the PPI in the form of two arcs over the radar reply.

Special Position IdentificationThis response is controlled in the aircraft and is send back

for positive identification of the location of the specific aircraft. Anaircraft transponder transmits a SPI pulse, spaced at 24.5 secs

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from the first frame pulse. The SPI recognition is represented bythe three arcs one above the other space apart by 24.65 secsbehind preceding is over the radar reply.

Military/Civil Emergency And Communication failureThis response is also controlled in the air craft and is used

to indicate an emergency condition or communication failure. Inthe case of military emergency the received signal consists of 4

pairs of frame pulses with the first pair carrying the reply code andthe rest three pairs may or may not carry any reply code. While thecivil emergency signal is represented by the reply code carryingcode 7700. The communication failure reply code contains code7600.

The display of the IFF signal on the PPI is shown. In thecontrol panel a provision exists for variation of slash width to 6, 12,18 or 24 secs depending on the requirements.

There will be two slashed on over the radar reply and asecond slash with 5 times the width of first slash and precedes the

first arc by 24.65 microsecond.In addition to passive decoding the Decoder processing unit

does the active decoding function .By this process the IFFequipment actively decode the code train of an unknown air craft .The active decoding operation does not interfere with the passivedecoding. The actively decoded signal is displayed by numericalindicators on the control panel located near the PPI.

The function of active decoding is to display the incomingcode corresponding to a selected target on digital indicators

located on the control panel. In active decoding the operatordesignates the target on the PPI with a suitable designation unit.On designation of an air craft, active enable gate signals aregenerated and fed to the decoder. The timing of the active gateinput to the decoder from the PPI position defines the range andazimuth of the designated aircraft. The response is taken as validwhen at least five replies from the air craft are identified in a beamwidth period.

ACTIVE DECODINGWith the help of designation pulse generated from primary radar

display, the actual code of the designated target can be read on control

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unit by means of active decoding. The mode for active decoding can beselected with the help of thumbwheel switches (as in passive decoding)provided in the control units. The code is then displayed on a 4 digitnumeric indicator. The fifth digit displays the validity of the incomingcode. Altitude of the target aircraft can also be displayed on control unitwhen the IFF is operated in mode C.

OTHER USES OF RADARApart from the above mentioned uses, radar may be employed for

other purposes as well. Most missiles to their respective destination bymeans of a radar mounted on their nose. Radars using continuous wavetransmission rather than pulses are fitted in devices such as theproximity fuse which causes the missile or shell to explode when closedto the target.

Radars are also fitted on board of some aircraft to warn the pilot of

air turbulence and thunderstorms. They now play an important role inweather forecasting and are also found on board spacecraft,

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55

TX 400W CAVITY DIPLEXER RF SU

MOD DRIVER RX PROCESSORPCB

PIN DIODEATTENUATOR

GATED XTALOSCILLATOR

1030 MHz

MIC

RECEIVER

GATED XTALOSCILLATOR

1090 MHz

40 dB3 dB

MODEGENERATOR

SIMULATOR

GENERALDECODER

SELECTIVEDECODER

CONTROLPANNEL

AZIMUTHPROCESSOR

TX PROCESSERPCB

TRANSMITER

PROCESSOR

RECEIVER+12V

0 20db

RF

+12V

-12V

TRIGGER

VIDEOMONITOR

RAWVIDEO

RAWVIDEO

240V,AC

STEP ATTN.

0 - 6db

10db

CRYSTALDETECTOR

TEST PULSE

+12V

P2

P1,P3P1,P2,P3

DETECTED RFPULSE

BITEPRY TRIGGER

PRE TRIGGER

SIMULATED VIDEO

PRETRIGGER

PRE TRIGGER+MODE PLUSES

MODE PULSES

TX POWERMONITOR

TO RX

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF INTERROGATOR - DECODER

PPI

IFF VIDEO

RDP


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56

PCB ASSY - TX DETECTOR

TX 400 W VARIABLEATTENUATOR

DIPLEXER

1090 MHZOSCILLATOR

VARIABLEATTENUATOR

RECEIVER

LOCALOSCILLATOR

PCB ASSY - RXP

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF TX - RX

PRE TRIGGERMODE PULSEDETECTED RF

MONITOR

MODULATION FAILINDICATION

TX STATUS TO CONTROLPANNEL

PRE TRIGGER + MODEPULSE

TEST PULSES

TX POWER MONITOR

RF TO/FROM RFSWITCH

TX MODULE

RX MODULE

Rx STATUS TO CONTROL PANNELMODULERAW VIDEO TO PROCESSOR ( IFF)

RAW VIDEOMONITOR

IF SIGNALMONITOR

(RX + PROCESSOR)

TEST MODULE

P1,P2,P3

P1,P2,P3

P1,P2,P3


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REGULATED POWER SUPPLYMODULE PS III REGULATED

INCORPORATES 5 REGULATED PCBS FOR

VOLTAGES REGULATION .

CURRENT LIMITINGOVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION

REGULATOR PCB+5V / +12 V / -12 V /

+24 V / +28 V

UNREGULATEDVOLTAGES

REGULATED DCVOLTAGES

DC FOR MONITORING ONFRONT PANEL

LED INDICATION ONFRONT PANEL

REGULATED POWER SUPPLYMODULE PS III REGULATED

INCORPORATES 5 REGULATED PCBS FOR

VOLTAGES REGULATION .CURRENT LIMITINGOVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION

REGULATOR PCB+5V / +12 V / -12 V /

+24 V / +28 V

UNREGULATEDVOLTAGES

REGULATED DCVOLTAGES

DC FOR MONITORING ONFRONT PANEL

LED INDICATION ONFRONT PANEL

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58

POWER SUPPLY 50 V

TRANSFORMERREGULATED

P C B50 V

MAINSAC

+ 50 V TO TxFOR Tx 400 W

+ 50 V MONITORON FP ANDCONTROL PANEL

INPUT 240 VOUTPUT 51 V

PERFORMSRECTIFICATIONVOLTAGE REGULATION

CURRENT LIMITINGOVERVOLTAGE PROTECTIONCURRENT 350 mAOVERVOLTAGE 54 V


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59

MODE GENERATOR(PCB ASSY. MG1)

DECODER(PCB ASSY A 010)

DEFRUITER(PCB ASSY A 011)

SIMULATORPCB ASSY

A012

SELECTIVE DECODER

PCB ASSY SD 12PCB ASSY SD 2PCB ASSY SD 3

AZIMUTH DECODER

PCB ASSY AD 1PCB ASSY AD 2

MONITORINGAND

CONTROLINTERFACE

(PCB ASSY MC1)

ACTIVE CODE HT & RANGE

PASSIVE CHANNEL SELECTION

SAMPLE OF DC VOLTAGES

PRY. TRIGGER

MODE PULSES TO TX TPA-400W

INT.EXT.PRY. TRIGGER STATUS

MONITOR

RAW VIDEO

TEST VIDEOAA(MONITOR)

PRY -TRIGGER TEST

VIDEO

MONITOR

DECODERSTATUS

DEFRUITERSTATUS

INTERROGATORSTATUS

METER

IFF FAIL SIGNAL TOCONTROL

PANNEL

INTERROGATOR FAILLEDDECODER FAILLEDDEFRUITER FAIL LED

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF IFF PROCESSOR

GYR

PRY.TRIGGERPRE.TRIGGERMODE.PULSE

IFF VEDIO


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PCB ASSY MG 1

MODE GENERATOR

S1

S2

OFF

ON

P2

DELAY

ADVANCE

S3

S4

x1

SEC

x10

SEC

SWITCH SETTINGS

S1& S2 : Set to align IFF videoposition wrt primary video

S3 : In ON position ( P2 will not begenerated in OFF position)

S4 : In DELAY mode, ( Generation of

IFF pre-Trig. wrt Primary Trigger)


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PCB ASSY MC 1

MONITORING & CONTROL

ON

SW1

SWITCH SETTINGS

SW1 :In OFF position( Local challenge ON / OFF

switch)


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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF GRL 600 (SERIES)

SSR IFF FOR INDRA-II PC RADAR

DISPLAY SHELTER

IFF DECODER&

CONTROL PANEL

P30+PI,P2,P3

IFFBITE

RAW VIDEO

TX. Rx. STATUS

TX- SHELTER

INT TX-Rx&

RFSU

ANTENNA

VEHICLE

CONTROL CH.

HYBIRDCOUPLER

HYBIRD

COUPLER

DIPOLE MOUNTED ON BACKSIDE OF REFLECTOR

DIPOLES MOUNTED ONHORN ASSY

Interrogatepulse P1,P3

Control pulseP2

RF

OUT/IN

RF OUT

P2P1,P3

INTERROGATECH

INTEGRATED IFF RADIATION NET WORK


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UNREGULATED POWER SUPPLY PS IIIUNREGULATED MODULE

TRANSFORMER

RECTIFIER

RECTIFIER

RECTIFIER

RECTIFIER

TO240 V

ACMAINS

33 V

17,18V

17,18 V

11,3 V

UNREGULATEDVOLTAGES

REGULATEDVOLTAGESSUPPLY

MODULE

MAINS ON INDICATION AND MAINS FUSE ON FRONT PANEL.FUSES FOR EACH OF THE FIVE VOLTAGES ON FRONT PANEL

anita daughteriff

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