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ANIMAL WELFARE AND STUNNING

Prof. Dr. Javaid Aziz AwanHala Research Council

www.halalrc.org

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SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE FOR MUSLIMS

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THE HOLY QUR’ANThe Holy Book of Muslims  Six suras (chapters) named after the

animalsOver two hundred verses in the Holy

Qur'an deal with animals In Islam animals and all the creations

believed to praise the Almighty Allah

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SUNNAH AND AHADITH

Sunnah – Refers to the actions and practices of the Holy Prophet (pbuh)

Ahadith - Collection of accounts of suhaba karam on the sayings, practices and approvals of the Holy Prophet (pbuh) and passed on to their followers

Muslims seek guidance and inspiration from the Holy Qur’an, Sunnah and Ahadith

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REGULATIONS ON FOOD IN ISLAM

Holy Qura’n permits consumption of good and safe food (halal and tayyab)

Foods and drinks injurious to health prohibited in Islam

Major emphasis on prohibition, apart from other foods and drinks, is meat

Islam provides specific guidelines on consumption of meat

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SLAUGHTERING

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HOLY QURAN - AL-MAIDAH :4

-نز-ير ال3خ- م6 ل9ح3 و9 الد>م6 و9 ي3ت9ة6 ال3م9 ع9ل9ي3ك6م3 م9ت3 Gر ح6الل>ه- ل-غ9ي3ر- أ6ه-ل> ا ة6 و9م9 ن-ق9 ن3خ9 ال3م6 و9 ب-ه-

أ9ك9ل9 ا و9م9 ة6 الن>ط-يح9 و9 دGي9ة6 ت9ر9 ال3م6 و9 وذ9ة6 و3ق6 ال3م9 و9ب- النZص6 ع9ل9ى ذ6ب-ح9 ا و9م9 ذ9ك>ي3ت6م3 ا م9 إ-ال> ب6ع6 الس> bق ف-س3 ذ9ل-ك6م3 م- ال9 9ز3 ب-األ3 م6وا س- ت9ق3 ت9س3 أ9ن3 و9ال9 ف9 د-ين-ك6م3 م-ن3 وا ر6 ك9ف9 ال>ذ-ين9 ي9ئ-س9 ال3ي9و3م9ل9ك6م3 ل3ت6 أ9ك3م9 ال3ي9و3م9 ن-ي و3 ش9 و9اخ3 و3ه6م3 ش9 ت9خ3ل9ك6م3 يت6 ض- و9ر9 ت-ي ن-ع3م9 ع9ل9ي3ك6م3 9ت3م9م3ت6 أ و9 د-ين9ك6م3غ9ي3ر9 wة م9ص9 م9خ3 ف-ي ط6ر> اض3 م9ن3 ف9 د-ينxا م9 ال9 -س3 اإل3

bيم ح- ر9 bور غ9ف6 الل>ه9 إ-ن> ف9 wث3م- إل- wان-ف ت9ج9 م6

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REQUIREMENTS FOR MEAT - HOLY QURAN

“Forbidden to you (for food) are: dead meat, blood, the flesh of swine, and that on which hath been invoked the name of other than God; that which hath been killed by strangling, or by a violent blow, or by a head long fall, or by being gored to death; that which hath been partly eaten by a wild animal, unless ye are able to slaughter it (Al Maida - V:4)

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HADITH ON SLAUGHTERING

The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said:“Verily Allah has prescribed proficiency

in all things. Thus, if you kill (an animal), kill well; and if you slaughter, slaughter well. Let each one of you sharpen his blade and let him spare suffering to the animal he slaughters” �(Sahih Muslim)

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STEPS IN ISLMIC SLAUGHTERING

1. Lay animal preferably on left flank2. Using very sharp knife give a cut on

the neck3. This should sever oesophagus,

windpipe, carotid arteries and veins4. Allow the animal to die 5. Do not cut any part while it is still alive

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ISLAMIC METHOD - ADVANTAGES

When clean and large cut made properly with sharp knife, in one go, major blood vessels are cut

Application of sharp knife in dhabh ensures that no pain is felt

Wound inflicted is cleanThis sudden and quick haemorrhage

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ISLAMIC METHOD - ADVANTAGES

Animals lose between 40 and 60% of their total blood volume

A quick loss of blood pressure results in rapid loss of blood supply to brain, causing severe hemorrhage

Brain instantaneously starved of blood and no time to start feeling any pain

Causes immediate anaesthetization

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ISLAMIC METHOD - ADVANTAGES

When brain deprived of blood, whole body goes into contraction and convulsion to squeeze blood up to the brain

Blood comes out from the cut before reaching the brain

This contraction and convulsion normal physiological reactions and cause no pain to animal

Islamic slaughtering perfect, most humane and merciful to animal

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ISLAMIC METHOD - ADVANTAGES

Produces good quality meat without any health hazards

Muslims believe that this method prescribed for Prophets Abraham, Moses, and Jesus - Hence no cruelty to animals

Allah is Rahman Rahim (Most Compassionate, Most Merciful)

The last Prophet, Muhammad (pbuh), is Rahmatul-Alamin (the mercy to all worlds, men, animals, etc)

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PAIN DURING ISLAMIC SLAUGHTERING

Study by Prof Wilhelm Schulze and his coworkers in Germany in 1978 concluded:

“The slaughter in the form of ritual cut is, if carried out properly, painless in sheep and calves according to the EEG recordings and the missing defensive actions”

This study cited by German Constitutional Court in its permitting of dhabiha and kosher slaughtering

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WESTERN VIEW

Throat cut while animal still consciousAnimals die from excessive blood loss

after minutes of struggling Causes immense animal suffering Considered unnecessarily very painful

and cruel to animals being slaughtered consciously

Regarded as brutal and barbaric method

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WESTERN VIEW

Also claim significant economic loss:bruising of meat - renders it unfit for

human consumptiondamage to hides causes loss of

product worker injuries result in decreased

productivity

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WESTERNER’S RECOMMEND

More humane transport, handling, and slaughter practices

Introduction of modern systems and equipment in slaughter process Will help to decrease animal suffering Also provide economic benefits as

amount of meat and hide wasted reduced

Worker and meat safety greatly increased

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HUMANE SLAUGHTER

MODERN METHODS FOR “PREVENTION OR REDUCTION

OF PAIN” DURING SLAUGHRERING

(stunning)

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A standard method of stunning animals for slaughter at the dawn of the 20th century as illustrated in Oscar Black,''Construction, Installation and Operation of Public Slaughterhouses and Stockyards. A Manual for Medical and Administrative Officer'', Berlin, 1903.

STUNNING METHODS

Some methods used in technologically advanced countries:1. The Captive Bolt Pistol2. Pithing3. Electrical Stunning4. Water Bath Stunning5. CO2 Gas Stunning

6. Cardiac Arrest Stunning

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CAPITIVE BOLT STUNNING“Captive bolt pistol,” penetrative and

non-penetrativeHit on the head of animalPenetrative stunners drive bolt into the

skullCauses unconsciousness

both through physical brain damage and concussive blow to skull

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POSITION OF THE BOLTA

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CAPTIVE BOLT STUNNINGBolt on non-penetrative stunner

'mushroom-headed' and impacts on brain without entering the skull

Process induces immediate unconsciousness caused by concussive blow through brain trauma

Captive bolt considered a humane stunner and stunning

Method widely used for farmed animals

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CAPITIVE BOLT STUNNING

Penetrating stunners preferred - induce unconsciousness immediately in the animal

Maximum effect obtained when muzzle of stunner firmly held against head of the animal

Pistol placed on the centre of animal's forehead and either trigger-fired or fires automatically on contact with animal's head

Bolt flies out of barrel but remains attached to the pistol

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CAPITIVE BOLT STUNNING

Advantages claimedEasy and simple technique as far as

it’s working is concernedInduces unconsciousness

immediately

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PITHINGInvolves inserting a wire or rod through a

hole in the head made by captive boltRod slid up and down to destroy lower

part of brain and spinal cordThe Farm Animal Welfare Council say:

From purely hygiene considerations, practice not favoured

On animal welfare grounds, provided animal has been effectively stunned, no evidence that the practice increases suffering by hastening brain death

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PITHINGDouble pithing destroys spinal cordKills the animal, and also may reduce

reflex kicking which occurs at stunningContributes to safety of slaughterman Currently, pithing not practiced because

it may lead to spread of fragments of neural matter through the carcass

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PITHINGUSA regulations disallow importation

of beef from cows killed by pithing, due to risk of Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, or "mad cow") disease

European Union also banned practice on animals intended for human consumption.

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ELECTRICAL STUNNING Electric head-only stunning used to stun

cattle, calves, sheep, goats, pigs, rabbits and ostriches

A pair of electric tongs placed on either side of animal's head to ensure good electrical contact

An electric current passed through the brain - supposedly causing a temporary loss of consciousness

Animal remains un-conscious while throat is cut and dies from loss of blood

Animal may recover from a stun if throat not cut quickly

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ELECTRICAL STUNNING

Amount of voltage varies according to:type of animaltechniques used and individual creature’s size and behavior

Animals to slaughter can regain consciousness and then face the knife that will kill them

Cattle normally stunned electrically by three sequential cycles

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ELECTRICAL STUNNINGThe RSPCA say:'There is increasing scientific evidence

that some animals stunned electrically using tongs regain consciousness before they die from loss of blood’

Two reasons for this: either insufficient electrical current

passes through brain to stun animal, ortime interval between stunning and

sticking exceeds 20 seconds and animal starts to regain consciousness

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ELECTRICAL STUNNING

The Scientific Veterinary Committee of EU says:

Under commercial conditions, a considerable proportion of animals are:either inadequately stunned or require a second stun

mainly because of:poor electrode placements, bad electrical contacts and long stun-to-stick intervals

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ELECTRICAL STUNNINGThe Committee also expresses concern:

'The strength of electric current used should be high enough for the species to induce a stun within one second of application

Otherwise, animals could suffer a potentially painful electric shock before being stunned

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RESULTS OF A STUDY

Meat ScienceVolume 90 (4):956–961; 2012, A perspective on the electrical stunning of animals: Are there lessons to be learned from human electro-convulsive therapy (ECT)?

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HIGHLIGHTS OF RESEARCH► Electrical stunning widespread method of

commercial pre-slaughter stunning ► Effective electrical stunning may be

difficult to achieve in practical conditions ► Effective stunning is particularly difficult

to achieve with poultry ► Electrical stunning parallels unmodified

human electro-convulsive therapy (ECT) ► Unmodified ECT is considered cruel in

humans and is thus prohibited.

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WATER BATH STUNNING

Electric waterbath widely used to stun chickens, turkeys, ducks and geese

Birds shackled upside down on a moving conveyor

Carried to an electrified waterbath

Heads immersed

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WATER BATH STUNNINGStrength of electrical current to ensure

birds suffer a cardiac arrest and die when they enter waterbath

Not all birds will suffer a cardiac arrest Scientific data show serious flaws with

waterbath systemConsumer eats dead birds

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GAS STUNNINGGas stunning being promoted because it

results in less blood spots in meat and fewer hemorrhages on surface of carcass

Five gas stunning methods used - differ in gas composition and concentration

Use CO2, Argon and NitrogenDebate as to which gas mixtures most

humaneFurther work needed using larger numbers

of birds, before concluding which method more humane

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GAS STUNNING

ADVANTAGES CLAIMEDEfficient method for poultry birdsDifferent gas combinations can be usedLess blood spots on meatFewer hemorrhages produced on carcass

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CARDIAC ARREST STUNNINGCattle, sheep, pigs, rabbits and goats

stunned and simultaneously given a cardiac arrest

Few abattoirs actually use these methods:

1. Electric current sent through head and body at the same time to span the brain and heart or

2. Electric current sent though head first to cause unconsciousness and then across chest to cause cardiac arrest

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CARDIAC ARREST STUNNING

If administered correctly, these methods remove risk of animals regaining consciousness while bleeding to death as the heart attack should kill the animal outright

Scientific Veterinary Committee of EU say that when second method used, 'a considerable proportion of animals are either inadequately stunned or require a second stun’

By using method 2, animals could suffer potentially painful cardiac arrest

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METHODS GENERALLY AVOIDED All stunning methods supposed to impact

some kind of negative influence Some methods, like pithing, specially avoided After confirmation of first U.S. BSE case, FSIS

issued regulations (January 12, 2004) prohibiting use of air-injection captive bolt stun gun

Compressed air forces pieces of brain and other central nervous system (CNS) tissue into bloodstream

Cattle blood could potentially transmit BSE if it contained

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STUNNING - HISTORYStunning - process in which animals

rendered immobile or unconscious before slaughtering for food

Pre-slaughter stunning originally introduced to protect personnel deputed to kill the animal

Idea - immobilize and keep animal motionless to facilitate killing procedures

Now stunning done to apparently prevent / reduce pain – hence compulsory in many countries

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STUNNING

Prior to “humane slaughter” animals simply struck with a hammer (poleax) while fully conscious

The Humane Slaughter Act of 1933 in Britain conceived to make:stunning compulsorysuch methods as captive bolt pistol and

electric tongs, means by which to achieve

The 1933 Act specifically outlaws the poleax

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STUNNING

Period marked by development of innovations in slaughterhouse technologies

Not all of them particularly long-lasting Stunning not supposed to actually kill

animalheart needs to continue functioning to

pump maximum blood out of animalAnimals die from loss of blood after their

throats are cut

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TREATMENT OF ANIMALS IN ISLAM(ANIMAL RIGHTS)

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ISLAM - MERCY FOR ALL CREATURES Islam has laid down rights for humans

regardless of race, colour, language and riches Islam also laid down rights for animals Muslims must treat animals with compassion

and not to abuse them Animals, like humans, creations of Allah (swt) Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) was sent as a

mercy to mankind and a blessing to all creatures:

We sent thee not, but as a Mercy for all

creatures (21:107) <إ-ال ل3ن9اك9 س9 ر3أ9 ا و9م9

ين9 ل-ل3ع9ال9م- xة م9 ح3 ر9

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ANIMAL RIGHTS/WELFARE

Islam recognized animal rights long before human rights recognized in Western World

Muslims have extensive rules relating to animal welfare and proper slaughter

These rules designed to respect and protect animals

Muhammad (pbuh) reported to have said:"For charity shown to each creature which has a wet heart (i.e. is alive), there is a reward”

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TREATMENT OF ANIMALSNumerous ahadith on treatment of

animals. The Holy Prophet (pbuh) prohibited to:cage animals beat animals unnecessarily allow animals to fight each other for

sports or recreation for human entertainment

shoot arrows at cattle or bird tied or held up saying "whoever shoots at a living creature for sport is cursed”

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FEEDING THE ANIMALS

Holy Prophet (pbuh) advised his followers to:show kindness to animals nourish animals well save animals from hunger and thirst Numerous Ahadith in this respect:1. The Holy Prophet (pbuh) passed near a

camel whose back was shrunk to belly. The Holy Prophet (pbuh) said: Be fearful regarding these animals; “ride them well and feed them well”

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FEEDING THE ANIMALS

2. The Holy Prophet (pbuh) saw a camel that had tears in his eyes

The Prophet (pbuh) went to the camel, and pampered him at his back

He became pacified The Prophet (pbuh) told his owner, a

young Ansari, to be fearful regarding the camel who was being kept hungry

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KINDNESS TO BIRDS

The Holy Prophet (pbuh) in a journey was somewhat behind his companions

The companions saw a dove with its two chicks

They caught her chicksWhen the Prophet (pbuh) came nearer

them he said: who teased the dove regarding her chicks; give them back to her.

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BRANDING ANIMALS

The Holy Prophet (pbuh) forbade to: hit or mark animal on its face brand and mutilate live animals

A donkey whose face was spotted out of heated rod passed near the Holy Prophet (pbuh). The Prophet (pbuh) said: Don’t you know I curse the person who spots or beats an animal on the face?

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TREATMENT OF ANIMALSMuhammad (pbuh) reported to have

said: “There is no man who kills [even] a

sparrow or anything smaller, without its deserving it, but Allah will question him about it [on the judgment day],"

Whoever is kind to the creatures of God, the Almighty is kind to him

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DISTURBING THE ANIMALS

Muhammad (pbuh) is said to have loved his cat Muezaza so much that "he would do without his cloak rather than disturb one that was sleeping on it”

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MERCY ON ANIMALSMuhammad (pbuh) reported as having

reprimanded some men who were sitting idly on their camels in a marketplace, saying "either ride them or leave them alone”

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MERCY ON DOG – AN UNCLEAN ANIMAL

Majority of Muslim jurists consider dogs to be ritually unclean

Outside their ritual uncleanness, Islamic fatawa, or rulings, enjoin that dogs be treated kindly or else be freed

According to one story, Muhammad (pbuh) is said to have informed a prostitute who had seen a thirsty dog hanging about a well and given it water to drink, that Allah forgave her because of that good deed

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MERCY ON DOG – AN UNCLEAN ANIMAL

In a similar Hadith the Holy Prophet (pbuh) said that a person was forgiven for his sins just because he gave water to a thirsty dog

In response to the questions from his followers, the Holy Prophet said that everyone will be rewarded who shows mercy towards animals.

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MERCY ON DOG – AN UNCLEAN ANIMAL

The historian William Montgomery Watt states that Muhammad's (pbuh) kindness to animals was remarkable

He cites an instance of Muhammed (pbuh) posting sentries to ensure that a female dog with newborn puppies was not disturbed by his army traveling to Mecca in the year 630

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SOME COMMON “PAINLESS

TECHNIQUES” USED WITH ANIMALS

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BRANDING

Branding done for identification of animals

Two methods used:hot iron branding and freeze branding

Hot iron branding, though out of practice now due to animal welfare issue, but still used

Freeze branding - thigh region of animal shaved

Animal properly restrained

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BRANDINGSteel templates of number or alphabet

then put in liquid nitrogen (-196 C) and immediately pressed against shaved area on thigh for few seconds

Due to freezing temperatur pigment cells die

The number/alphabet becomes visible as white area on skin due to pigmentless skin and hairs

If done properly this procedure usually harmless.

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CASTRATION

Castration done to avoid undesirable effects of testosterone on carcass such as male odor and less marbling

Done in two ways:burdizzo castratatorsurgery

In cattle and sheep/goats castration done by Burdizzo castrator

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CASTRATIONAnimal restrained, area around

spermatic cord infused with local anesthetic agent and then burdizzo castrator applied to crush spermatic cord

If sufficient amount of local anesthetic used less or no pain felt by animal otherwise this procedure extremely painful

Pain killers given to avoid inflammationSurgical castration done by trained vet Animal retained and given anesthesia

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CASTRATION

Skin over testes excised, spermatic cord tied with surgical thread

Testes removed by help of scalpelA course of antibiotics and painkiller

observed thereafter to avoid post operative complications.

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TAIL DOCKINGIn cattle usually done to remove badly

injured part of tailIn sheep tail removed to avoid build up

of feces which can result in fly strike This helps in better breeding results as

female reproductive parts are easily approachable by male

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TAIL DOCKING

In lambs, a rubber band applied on tail by help of applicator, to cut off blood supply and tail behind rubber band easily removed

All these procedure harmless if done properly

In some cases wound complication can occur if wound is neglected

Wound be properly disinfected and should followed till complete healing

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EAR TAGGINGEar tags used for identification of

animalsEar tags made of plastic or metal

having some number on itWith the help of applicator tags are

punched in center of earThis procedure usually harmless but

animal suffers pain

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BULL FIGHTINGBullfight involves maneuvers performed

at close range, after the bull has first been weakened and tired by lances and short spears with barbs which are thrust into and then hang from the bull

After the bull has been hooked multiple times behind the shoulder the bullfight usually concludes with killing of the bull by a single sword thrust

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BULL FIGHTING

This is a blood sport  perpetrated as a cowardly act resulting in suffering of bulls and horses

Bullfighting is cruelty, horrible spectre of animal abuse that ends in the slow and torturous death of an animal provoked and repeatedly gored with knives and swords

Bullfighting is barbaric

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BULL FIGHTINGPrior to entering the arena, bull is terribly

abused for previous two days making him weak, half-blinded and mentally destroyed, whose chances of harming his tormentors is virtually nil

Drugs are administered to pep him up or slow him down, and strong laxatives are added to his feed to further incapacitate him

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BULL FIGHTING

Bullfight is composed of 3 separate “acts:” Men on horseback exhaust the bullThey cut into his neck muscles with a

pica - a weapon of about 6-8 inches long, and 2 inches thick

Once it is thrust into the bull it is twisted round and a large, gaping wound appears

The bull then starts bleeding to deathThe kill lasts about 6 minutes

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BULL FIGHTING

Bull attempts to rise again, and gets up on his knees, only to receive further mutilation at the hands of his tormentors

He finally gives up, goes to his knees and lies down

His ears and tail are cut off (often when he is fully conscious), and his broken, bleeding body is dragged around the ring by mules

His body is taken away to be skinned, and even then he may not be dead at this time

Hundreds of horses die long as they are gored by the pain-crazed bull

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CONCLUSION AND DIsCUSSION

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CONCLUSION

Main aspects of adaptation of stunning procedures summarized as:

To protect slaughterer from any harm from the animal

Save animals from undue pain during killing

Facilitate slaughtering procedureEconomize meat production – slaughter

more animals in less timeIncrease meat quality and shelf life

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CONCLUSION

stunning procedures have some limitations in their use

They may also have merits and plus points Regulatory Authorities given rules and

regulations to be followed when these procedures are carried out

Despite having demerits, no stunning method has been banned completely except pithing because of chances of BSE particles

Further work continued to remove demerits and formulate new methods for animal welfare

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CONCLUSIONIn Jewish and Muslim methods stunning

not allowedAnimals slaughtered with their religious

methods - Kosher and Halal According to research Kosher and Halal

methods have lowest risks of BSE and other undesired contaminants

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CONCLUSION

With normal stunning procedures – if animal not stunned on the first try, it is extremely stressful

Sometimes it takes as many as 6 tries to eventually stun the animal

The US American Meat Institute permits 5% of animals to be “missed” on the first try!

And most animal activist organizations in the US accept this standard

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CONCLUSION

Experts claim that they minimize suffering of animal

An electric current or a bolt pistol does cause pain to the animal

Gas stunning may cause severe breathing difficulties or suffocation

Many animals die from stunning before slaughtering, especially chicken - in Britain that one-third chicken die before slaughtering

If animal dies prior to actual slaughter, then it would be unlawful (haram) to consume

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CONCLUSION

The aya says, "forbidden to you is the blood to consume." Stunning causes more blood to stay inside

meat of the animal

The aya says, "and that which has been strangled."

Stunning chicken by hanging upside down and forcing its head in an electrified water bath causes strangulation

Some chicken die from it, and if not, they will die from electric current

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CONCLUSION

The aya says, "and an animal killed by a violent blow".

This is exactly the method that has been used in stunning – Captive bolt

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CONCLUSION

Many scientists consider stunning cruel and painful to animal

Studies show that animal feels pain in stunning

Electricity used as a method of torture for humans in prisons and detentions

Stunning made apparently for two main reasons:the false imaginary idea that animal feels

pain when throat cutimportantly kill more animals in less time

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RESULTS OF SOME STUDIESWhen ritual slaughter is being evaluated

from an animal welfare standpoint, the variable of restraint method must be separated from the act of throat cutting without prior stunning. Distressful restraint methods mask the animals’ reactions to its throat being cut. Four state-of- the-art restraint devices have been designed, built and operated that hold cattle and calves in a comfortable upright position during kosher (Jewish) slaughter (Grandin, 1994; Grandin and Regenstein, 1994).

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RESULTS OF SOME STUDIESTo determine whether cattle feel the act

of having their throat cut, Grandin (1994), at one plant, deliberately applied the head restrainer so lightly that the animals could pull their heads out; none of the 10 cattle moved or attempted to pull their heads out. Observations of hundreds of cattle and calves during kosher slaughter indicated that there was a slight quiver when the knife first contacted the throat (Grandin, 1994).

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RESULTS OF SOME STUDIES

Invasion of the cattle’s flight zone by touching its head caused a bigger reaction (Grandin, 1994, 1993b) than did the act of having its throat cut. The animal’s head must be restrained in such a manner that the incision does not close back over the knife. Cattle and sheep will struggle violently if the edges of the incision touch during the cut (Grandin, 1994).

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Thanks for your patience

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