Animal Systems

Animal Systems

Science 6Mrs. Marlene Torres

In order to release the energy stored in food, all animals perform:

Animals need to obtain or ingest food from their

environments

•Digestion

•Respiration

Digestion is the process in which food is broken down into molecules that can be use by cells.

Digestion

Invertebrates have simple digestive systems. They can either:

Filter food Have one opening -(to move food in and wastes out)

Have 2 openings (“tube within a tube”)

-one to move food in, other to move wastes out

Digestion in Invertebrates


Sponges belong to phylum Porifera

Flatworms (Example: Planaria)


“Tube within a tube” system – 2 openings

◦Example: Segmented worms-Earthworm


Vertebrates have complex digestive systems.

They have many organs with different functions like crush, digest, absorb nutrients and water to obtain the energy from food.

Digestion in Vertebrates


Frogs

Excretion is the removal of wastes from the body.

Wastes have no value and may be poisonous to cells.

Examples of wastes produced by animals:

Carbon dioxide Salt excess Wastes from undigested food Urine

Excretion

The removal of wastes is performed by many systems (or organs):

◦Digestive System – eliminates the

undigested with wastes

◦Respiratory system – eliminates

carbon dioxide

◦Skin – eliminates salt excess and

water

Excretion

Invertebrates Vertebrates

Some eliminate wastes through pores (Ex. Sponges)

Have an opening in their bodies to

excrete or eliminate wastes.

Others eliminate wastes through the same opening where food enters the body.

Some eliminates wastes through a second opening design for this purpose.

Excretion

Digestion itself, can not release the energy from the food molecules. It only brakes down large food molecules into smaller ones.

Respiration is the process of releasing energy from food molecules in presence of oxygen. It occurs inside the cell.

Respiration

Breathing is the action of moving air to the inside of the body and then, move air outside.

In other words, inhale and exhale.

Breathing provide the oxygen needed for respiration.

Breathing

The exchange of gases during respiration occurs by DIFFUSION.

Diffusion refers to the movement of molecules from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration.

Respiration in Invertebrates

Diffusion If more oxygen can be found outside of an organism, it will move to the inside of the organism, where oxygen is found in lower concentration.

The same situation occurs inside of the body around the cells.


Respiration occurs by diffusion. Example of some invertebrates:

◦Flatworms and Round worms◦segmented worms◦Snails◦ Slugs

This is the reason why they need to stay in moist environments.


Invertebrates like mollusk, crustaceans and some worms, also have gills with blood vessels near the surface.

Other invertebrates have “book lungs”, a structure very similar to gills. Can be found in most arachnids.

A trachea can be found in insects and most spiders to provide oxygen-rich air to the insect’s cells.


Flea respiratory

system have atrachea, whichconsist ofbranching tubesthat connects to all insect’s cells.


Flea

In vertebrates we can found gills and lungs, to provide the oxygen that will enter into each cell by diffusion.

Fishes have gills.

Amphibians are the only vertebrates that begins their life with gills, and develop lungs as adults BUT continue to exchange gases through their skin.

Respiration in Vertebrates

Cartilaginous fishes


Only BIRDS, REPTILES and MAMMALS use lungs exclusively for respiration.


Respiratory

system

(Example of

mammals –

humans)

Remember:The digestive andrespiratory systemswork as a team toprovide the foodmolecules andoxygen needed bythe cell to produceenergy.

They can do it withthe help of the Circulatory system.

The movement of important materials such as oxygen, glucose, and wastes throughout the body.

REMEMBER: Glucose is the simplest form of sugar, and the “food” need by the cell to carry out respiration.

Circulation

Invertebrates Vertebrates

Some have an open circulatory system, where blood moves into smaller vessels and then is released by the heart directly to the tissues.

We can found both systems; some vertebrates like fishes, have an open circulatory system. While reptiles

Others have a closed circulatory system, where blood travels all the body within blood vessels.

Circulation

Circulation

Cold-blooded animals◦The body temperature in cold-blooded animals changes with its environment.

◦Examples: Amphibians Reptiles Most fishes

Body Temperature

Warm-blooded animals◦The body temperature in warm-blooded

animals stays the same, no matter what happens with the temperature of the air.

◦If the temperature become to hot, warm-blooded animals give off the excess heat perspiring or sweating.

◦In cold climates, we found thick layers of blubber to keep heat from escaping the body. Ex. Whales

Body Temperature

There are three basic design that provide support and movement to animals:1. Hydrostatic skeleton

(hydroskeleton) 2. Exoskeleton 3. Endoskeleton

Support and Movement

Skeletons

.

Animal Systems

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