Animal Science Level 3. Fill in together ID species of economically important animals Understand...
-
Upload
pamela-ball -
Category
Documents
-
view
216 -
download
0
Transcript of Animal Science Level 3. Fill in together ID species of economically important animals Understand...
Animal Science Level 3
Fill in together
ID species of economically important animalsUnderstand animal management and
husbandry techniques Outline industrial animal industries
Dairy Industry
Most labor intensive industryCows milked 2-3x/day 7days/week
Dairy cows must bare a calf (parturition) to go into their period of milk production (lactation)After lactation cows are termed “dry” and given
a period a rest before they are pregnant againPregnancies are timed based on gestation
periods (285 days) Dairy cows become pregnant artificially (AI)
after they are showing receptive signs (standing heat period)
Consumers are demanding cheap, low fat, healthy dairy productsFood scientists are manipulating products to meet
the low fat, healthy demandFarmers are utilizing more hormones to increase
dairy cow milk production to keep costs low for consumers
Fewer farms, with fewer cows per farm, producing increasing amounts of milkLess local family farms, more CAFOs Increased hormone use increases production of milk
per cowMore concentrated breeding operations using AI
Using a robotic milker machineSteps
1. At milking time, wash the teats, wear gloves1. This stimulates the teats increasing a release of
oxytocin which triggers milk let down2. Dry teats and inspect milk3. One inflation of the milking claw is placed on each
teat or quarter4. Vacuum applied to claw, which draws the milk from
the udder. 1. Flow meter determines amount of milk being produced
by cow5. When milk stops, flow meter reads 0 milk intake
and milking claw falls off automatically6. Each teat is then dipped in Iodine to prevent
bacterial invasion
HolsteinDominate the industryblack and white in color
Jersey Coat color ranges from
light tan to almost black efficiently convert feed
to milk Brown Swiss
Known for ability to produce milk in hot climates
Normally brown to gray
AyshireRed and white in
color, marking similar to Holstein
GuernseyRed and white, known
as “Golden Guernsey” due to milk fat content being high. This causes the milk to look golden in color
Milking Shorthornmay be red, white, red
and white or roan.Known for high levels
of fertility, grazing efficiency, and ease of management
Mastitis Inflammation of the mammary tissues Unable to produce usable milk Cows with increased frequency are normally culled from
the herd Ketosis
Metabolic imbalance in the body Caused by stress or underfeeding
Uterus Prolapse Uterus inverts during parturition Increased frequency results in culling
Milk Fever Imbalance of calcium in bloodstream Causes paralysis Prevented with supplements
1. Forage- Find food2. Masticate- Chew Food3. Swallow4. Rumen: Food fermented and broken down5. Reticulum: cud thrown up into mouth6. Remastication: rechewed and re swallowed7. Omasum: food broken down more, some water
absorbed8. Abomasum: True Stomach, digestion starts
here9. Intestines10. Out as manure
Housing: Grouped by age (calf, weaned, heifer, lactating, dry)Free stall (located in pastures)Tie barn (when space is limited)
Feeding: varies based on demand put on animalFree Range (grass only)
Fields are rotated to prevent over grazingConcentrated Pellets (when increasing
production demands)
BreedingWatch for signs of heat
Standing to be mounted by other cows, mounting packs of paint
AI ASAP when showing signs of heatGestation 285 daysCalf gets colostrum then milk replacer until
weanedCow is lactating and being milked Lactation period ends (can be extended past
natural limit with hormones)Cow given 30 day rest (cow is dry)
Complete Dairy QuizYou CAN use your notes
Poultry Industry
Definition: any fowl used for food or other products (feathers etc)
Poultry categorized by purposeMeat Purpose Egg PurposeDual Purpose Ornamental Purpose
Commonly Used PoultryGeese, Chickens, Ratites, Quail, Duck
1.Ovulation- release of mature yolk from the ovary.
2.Infundibulum- receives the yolk, about 15 minutes spent.
3.Yolk moves into magnum 50% of albumen is added. Takes 3 hours.
4.Spends 1.5 hours in the Isthmus. Shell membranes added.
Process takes approximately 24 hours (can vary with species)
HousingVentilated, automated systems, specific square
footage per bird set by USDAFood
Automated tube and pan auger system, high corn/soybean content for carbs and protein to increase gain
LightingEgg layers given longer periods of daytime to
produce more eggsBroilers given increased light (like spring time) to
increase gain due to molting, and in an attempt to prevent cannibalism
Common PracticesDebeaking, Spur trimming, Wing tagging
VaccinationsIn ovo- Maerk’s DiseaseMist over birds- E.Coli/SalmonellaEye Drops and Shots: Infectious Bronchitis
BiosecurityPrevents the spread of disease between birds
and farmsCar wash, boot bath, disinfectants, throw away suits
and boot covers
Vertical Integration:One company owns ALL parts of product from:
Grains, farms, field, trucks, birds, eggs, hatchery, grown out barn, slaughter, products, packaging, marketing etcSections are contracted out, but still owned by one
company Why? One company owns everything = same
policies across the board = uniform product in a timely efficient manner
Result to customer? Cheap (due to amount of production) high quality low fat chicken
You may use your notes
Beef Industry
Classified into major groupsBos Taurus
Contains British (small) and Continental (large) breedsExamples: Hereford, Angus, Shorthorn Examples: Simmental, Limousan, Charolais
Bos IndicusContains breeds that are very heat tolerant
Examples: Zebu, Brahman, AfricanderComposite Breeds
Crossbred cattle that have become registered breeds based on desired traits being passed down effectively to multiple generations Examples: Brangus, Black Baldie, Beefmaster, Braford
4 Major Sections of IndustryPurebred operation: provide purebred seed
stock (sires and dams)Cow-Calf operation: provide cows (to make
more calves) and calves (to go to stocker)Stocker operation: purchases calves and grows
to a specific weight based on the breed of cattle Finishing operation: purchases stocker cattle
and feeds high energy diet to add last layer of fat to cattle Then cattle are sent to slaughter
Housing:Free Stall in fieldsRotational Grazing
Feed:TMRs GrassSilage/Haylage
Practices:Ear tagging, branding, registration, ear tattoo