ANIMAL SCIENCE 320
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Transcript of ANIMAL SCIENCE 320
ANIMAL SCIENCE 320
Instructors
Dr. Cheryl L. Morris201D Kildee [email protected]
Dr. Jim Russell313 Kildee [email protected]
Graduate TA: Olivia Genther333 Kildee [email protected]
Graduate TA: Matt O’Neil337C Kildee [email protected]
Meeting Times and Locations
Monday and Wednesday Lectures: 8:00 – 8:50 AM Kildee 108
Wednesday Labs: 2:10 – 4:00 PM Kildee 203
Computer Labs:
SCHEDULEDate Lecture/Lab Topic Instructor1/14 Lecture Introduction. Reviewing nutrient digestion in nonruminant and ruminant
animalsC.Morris
1/16 Lecture Chemical analysis of feedstuffs C.Morris
1/16 Lab Calculating the composition of feedstuffs and diets C.Morris
1/21 Lecture Determining the digestibility of feedstuffs C. Morris
1/23 Lecture Energy systems for feedstuffs C. Morris
1/23 Lab Use of energy systems for calculating feed intake or animal production C. Morris
1/28 Lecture Energy feedstuffs J. Russell
1/30 Lab Quiz 1. Feedstuff identification J. Russell
2/4 Lecture Protein supplements J. Russell
2/6 Lecture By-product feedstuffs J. Russell
2/6 Lab Basic Ration Formulation J. Russell
2/11 Lecture Forage species and quality J. Russell
2/13 Lecture Grazing systems J. Russell
2/13 Lab Exam 1
2/18 Lecture Harvested forages (Hay) J Russell
2/20 Lecture Harvested forages (Silages) J Russell
2/20 Lab Multiple Ingredient Ration Formulation J Russell
2/25 Lecture Mineral and vitamin supplements C. Morris
2/27 Lecture Feed additives C. Morris
2/27 Lab Formulating premixes C. Morris
3/4 Lecture Feed processing and mixing C. Morris
SCHEDULEDate Lecture/Lab Topic Instructor3/6 Lecture Feed processing and mixing C. Morris
3/6 Lab Quiz 2. Interpreting feed tags and regulations C. Morris
3/11 Lecture Companion Animals C. Morris
3/13 Lecture Companion Animals C. Morris
3/13 Lab Companion Animals C. Morris
3/25 Lecture Poultry M. Persia
3/27 Lecture Poultry M. Persia
3/27 Lab Poultry M. Persia
4/1 Lecture Horses C. Morris
4/3 Lecture Horses C. Morris
4/3 Lab Exam 2 C. Morris
4/8 Lecture Swine J. Patience
4/10 Lecture Swine J. Patience
4/10 Lab Swine J. Patience
4/15 Lecture Beef Cattle J. Russell
4/17 Lecture Beef Cattle J. Russell
4/17 Lab Beef Cattle J. Russell
4/22 Lecture Dairy Cattle J. Russell
4/24 Lecture Dairy Cattle J.Russell
4/24 Lab Quiz 3 & Dairy Cattle J. Russell
4/29 Lecture Small Ruminants (Goats/Sheep) D. Morrical
SCHEDULE
Date Lecture/Lab Topic Instructor5/1 Lecture Small Ruminants (Goats/Sheep) D. Morrical
5/1 Lab Exotics C. Morris
Final Exam (Exam #3)
EVALUATION AND GRADE SCALE
Item Number Points each Total pointsProblem sets 12 25 300Quizzes 3 33.3 100Exams 3 100 300
Drop lowest total quiz or exam score -100 -100Total 600 Grades %A 93-100A- 90-93B+ 87-90B 83-87B- 80-83C+ 77-80C 73-77C- 70-73D+ 67-70D 63-67D- 60-63F <60
Grading:
DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS REVIEWPages 63-78
Nonruminant Digestive Tract
FUNCTIONS OF PARTS OF THE NONRUMINANT DIGESTIVE TRACT
• Mouth– Chewing – Taste– Secretion of saliva
• Amylase?• Stomach– Secretions
• Hydrochloric acid • Protease
– Pepsinogen → Pepsin• Hormone
– Gastrin
• Small intestine– Secretions
• Pancreas– Proteases
» Trypsinogen → Trypsin» Chymotrypsinogen → Chymotrypsin» Procarboxypeptidase → Carboxypeptidase
– Carbohydrase» Amylase
– Lipase» Lipase
• Liver– Bile salts
• Intestinal mucosa– Carbohydrases
» Maltase» Lactase» Sucrase
– Peptidases– Gut hormones
» Secretin» Cholecystokinin
– Absorption• Large intestine
– Structural carbohydrate fermentation• Importance and size dependent on diet
REVIEW OF NUTRIENT DIGESTION IN NONRUMINANTS
Nutrient Mouth Stomach Small intestine Large intestine
Starch Amylase initiates
digestion to
maltose
Pancreatic amylase & intestinal
maltase to glucose
Disaccharides Intestinal disaccharidases
to monosacharides
Structural carbohydrates
Fermented to volatile fatty acids
REVIEW OF NUTRIENT DIGESTION IN NONRUMINANTS
Nutrient Mouth Stomach Small intestine Large intestine
Protein HCL and pepsin initiates
digestion to
peptides
Pancreatic proteases &
intestinal dipeptidases
to amino acids
Lipids (Including fat-
soluble vitamins)
Bile salts & pancreatic lipase to
monoglycerides, fatty acids, and
fat-soluble vitamins
Water soluble vitamins
Absorption Produced during
fermentation
SIGNIFICANCE OF NONRUMINANT DIGESTION• Endproducts of nonruminant digestion are
the simple nutrients derived directly from the complex nutrients in the diet– Implications• Nutrient composition of nonruminant animal
products resemble the nutrient composition of the diet• Nonruminant nutrient requirements must be
met directly from the diet– Essential Amino acids
Which of the following is not an amino acid that is essential in nonruminant diets?
a. Glutamic acidb. Phenylalaninec. Lysined. Tryptophane. None of the above
AVIAN DIGESTIVE TRACT
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AVIAN AND NONRUMINANT MAMMALIAN DIGESTIVE TRACTS• Mouth
– No teeth– No amylase
• Esophagus– Has crop for feed storage
• Stomach– Proventriculus before feed is ground
• Gizzard (Ventriculus)– Grinds feed
• Small intestine– No lactase
• Large intestine (Ceca)– Small in most species
• Cloaca– Organ where feces mixed with urinary waste products
RUMINANT DIGESTIVE TRACT
FUNCTIONS OF PARTS OF THE RUMINANT DIGESTIVE TRACT
• Mouth– Prehension of feed
• Lips and tongue– Chewing
• Eating and Rumination– Taste
• Avoidance– Secretion of saliva
• Secretion of buffers– NaHCO3 and NaH2PO4
– Maintain rumen pH• Recycling of N, Na, P, and water to rumen• Bloat prevention
• Esophagus– Involved in rumination and eructation
• Stomach– Reticulum, rumen & omasum
• Fermentation• Absorption of fermentation endproducts
– Abomasum• Secretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen
• Small intestine– Similar to nonruminant– No sucrase
• Large intestine– Similar to nonruminant– More important in browsing species
CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTION IN RUMINANTS
Starch Structural CHO
Methane Undegraded Small intestine (Digestion similar to NR) Fermented
Volatile fatty acids (VFA)
Liver & peripheral tissues
Energy and fat synthesis
What is the primary volatile fatty acid produced in the rumen fed a high forage diet?
1. Acetic acid2. Butyric acid3. Lactic acid4. Conjugated linoleic acid5. Propionic acid
PROTEIN DIGESTION IN RUMINANTS
True protein NPN
Undegraded Small intestine Metabolizable Degraded proteinRecycled viasaliva (20% of dietary N) NH3 Microbial protein
NH3
Liver
Urea Kidney Excreted
LIPID DIGESTION IN RUMINANTS
Fat
Undegraded Small intestine (Digestion similar to NR) Degraded
Glycerol
VFA Long chain FA Saturated FA
Liver & peripheral tissues
Energy and fat synthesis
SIGNIFICANCE OF RUMINANT DIGESTION• Greater digestion of plant fiber than nonruminants• Major endproducts of carbohydrates are the VFAs
– High forage diets→More acetate (C2)→More milk fat– High grain diets→More propionate (C3)→Greater body weight
• Low amounts of glucose absorbed– High producing dairy cows subject to ketosis
• Protein requirement is primarily met by rumen degradable N– Rumen undegradable protein needed by high producing dairy
cows or growing cattle– No requirement for essential amino acids
• Ruminant animal products (meat and milk) contain high concentrations of saturated fatty acids (and CLA)