Animal Reproduction and Behavior

Asexual Reproduction

• What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

Asexual Reproduction advantages:

Only need one parentOne parent can quickly reproduce identical offspring

Types of Asexual Reproduction

• Budding: The type of asexual reproduction a hydra has. It is when a new animal grows out of the parent and breaks off.

• Regeneration: When an animal can regrow and even form all new animals by regrowing from a cut piece of an animal.

What are the disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction?

Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction

• The offspring have the exact same DNA as the parent.

• The offspring may not be able to survive changes in the environment.

Sexual Reproduction

• What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?

Advantages of Sexual Reproduction

• The offspring will have a new combination of DNA.

• The offspring may be better able to adapt and survive changes in the environment.

Sexual Reproduction

• What are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction

• It requires finding a mate• It takes longer for the offspring to develop.

External Fertilization

• Fertilization is the joining of a sperm cell and an egg cell. Fertilization forms a structure called an embryo.

• What is the difference between internal fertilization and external fertilization?

• External fertilization occurs outside of the body, usually in the water.

• Internal fertilization occurs inside of the body, usually on land.

External Fertilization

• What type of animals have external fertilization and why?

• Many fish, amphibians, and aquatic invertebrates have external fertilization.

• Most external fertilization takes place in the water to keep the sperm and egg cells from drying out.

Describe the differences in the number of offspring of external fertilization and internal fertilization.

• In external fertilization the female releases a large number of eggs into the water.

• The male then releases sperm nearby. • ******************************************• In internal fertilization, fertilization occurs inside the

female’s body.• The offspring of internal fertilization continue to develop

inside the mother’s body or inside fertilized eggs.• Internal fertilization involves a smaller number of

offspring.

Where do embryos develop?

Either inside or outside of the parent’s body.

• There are three different types:• Egg laying animals lay amniotic eggs.• Egg- retaining animals keep the eggs inside the

parent’s body and doesn’t receive any extra nutrients from the parent.

• Placental mammals have the embryo develop inside the parent’s body. It receives everything it needs during development from it’s mother through the placenta.

What is a gestation period?

The amount of time from fertilization to birth.

The larger the animal the _____________the period of

gestation.

Longer!The elephant has a gestation of almost

2 years!

What is metamorphosis?

A process of major body changes as an organism develops from young organism into an adult.

Name and describe the stages of Complete Metamorphosis

1. Egg, it hatches into a larva.2. Larva, the wormlike stage when

the organism eats and grows.3. Pupa, the stage when it is

enclosed in a protective covering. It does not eat during this stage.

4. Adult, where the organism is able to reproduce.

Name and describe the stages of Incomplete Metamorphosis.

1. Egg, the egg hatches into a nymph.

2. Nymph, a mini version of the adult but without wings.

3. Adult, it can now reproduce.

Animal Behavior

• An animal’s behavior consists of all the actions it performs.

• All animal behaviors are the responses to stimuli.

• Behavior almost always helps an animal to survive or reproduce.

What is a stimulus?

A stimulus is a signal that causes an organism to react in some way.

What is a response?

A response is an organisms reaction to a stimulus.

What is imprinting?

Imprinting is a learned behavior shown by certain newly hatched birds and newborn mammals when they recognize and follow

the first moving object they see.

What is Conditioning?

Conditioning is a learned behavior that is learned when a certain behavior leads to a

good or bad outcome.

What is Trial and Error learning?

Trial and Error learning is learned from repeated practice.

What are the two main types of behavior?

The two types are:Instincts and Learned behaviors.

• What is an instinct?

An instinct is a response to a stimulus that is inborn and an animal performs

correctly the first time.

What is a Learned Behavior?

A Learned Behavior is a behavior that depends on experience or practice.

What is Insight learning?

Insight learning occurs most commonly in primates like Coco the gorilla. It is when an animal learns

how to do something new by applying what they already know. Betty the bird and her bending the wire was the example given in the

book.

Animal Communication• What are pheromones?

Pheromones are chemical scents animals use to communicate. The

lab we did with pheromones modeled how salmon use

pheromones to find their “home rivers”.

What is Aggression?

Aggression is a threatening behavior that one animal uses to gain control

over another animal.

What is a Territory?

A territory is an area that is occupied by and defended by an animal or a group of

animals. Animals mark their territory with songs,

scents, and/or aggression.

What is a Courtship behavior?

A Courtship behavior is a behavior that prepares males and females of the same species for

mating.

What is Cooperative behavior?

Cooperative behavior is what animals living in groups cooperate to survive.

Tell the jobs of the listed honeybees. They live in a group and cooperate in order to survive in their society.

• 1. Worker bees• 2. Queen bees• 3. Drones

1. The worker bees are all females and they work to find food, build, defend,

and guard the hive.2. The queen bee works to lay over

2,000 eggs a day.3. The drones are male and they work

to fertilize the eggs the queen lays.

Cyclic Behaviors:

• What is a circadian rhythm?

A circadian rhythm is a behavior cycle that occurs over the course of a day.

What is Hibernation?

Hibernation is what some animals do in order to survive in harsh winter conditions. It is a state of greatly

reduced body activity that occurs in the winter when food is scarce.

What is Migration?

Migration is the regular, seasonal journey of an animal from one place to another and back again.