ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY

Dr. Sam RhodesOffice Hours: T – 9-10, W 9-10, R 10-12, F 1:30-3:30Tel: 317-738-8305

SyllabusClass OrganizationCourse WebsiteThe Importance of the Textbook

1. What is Physiology?

Mechanistic approach

Evolutionary approach

2. The Importance of the Hypothetico-Deductive Method

Interstitial fluid

Plasma

BloodVessel

Extracellular fluid

Intracelluar fluid

CellIssues of Being Multicellular A. each cell has requirements B. interstitial fluid C. circulatory system D. cells form tissues and organs that perform specialized functions for the whole organism

oxygen

nutrients

Carbon dioxide

wastes

•Organs are made of two or more types of of tissue (epithelium, connective tissue muscle or nerve)

• Organ systems consist of two or more organs functioning together to serve the body (exchange gases, obtain nutrients, void wastes

•All organ systems function together to provide the requirements of each cell in the body

Issues of Size and Scale

SA / V = 6 SA / V = 3

•Obtaining nutrients•Voiding wastes•Heat loss / gain•Gas exchange

Homeostasis: maintaining a relatively constant internal environment

•Regulators (expend metabolic energy to maintain homeostasis)•Conformers (do not expend metabolic energy to maintain homeostasis)

Maintain

Homeostasis

Is essentialForsurvivalof

Cells

Make up

Body systems

Fig. 1-6, p.11

Major Components of a Homeostatic Control System

•Set point

•Sensor (receptor)

•Integrator

•Effector

•Feedback

Sensor

Integrator

Effector(s)

Compensatory response

Controlled variablerestored to normal

Negative feedback to shut off thesystem responsible for the response

Deviation incontrolled variable

SetPoint

(leads to)

(results in)

(brings about)

(sends instructions to)

(informs)

* Relieves

(detected by)

Fig. 1-8a, p.13

Fig. 1-8c, p.13

Increase in fluid concentration

Detected by the hypothalamus – which signals the pituitary

Pituitary releases Antidiuretic Hormone which acts on the kidney

Kidney produces a low volume of very concentrated urine. This helps retain more water in body

Helps dilute body fluids and counteract affects of dehydration

Provides NegativeFeedback

Controlled variable

Sensor

Integrator

Effector

Set point

Higher regulator

(a) Reset control of negative feedback by a higher system or clock Fig. 1-10a, p.17

Integrator orregulatoryprocess

Deviation incontrolled variable

(May use a Sensor)

Output(may use an effector)

(b) Positive feedback

Accentuatesthe change

Fig. 1-10b, p.17

Uterus begins contractions

Stretchsensors

Mother’s hypothalamus

Pituitary gland

Contractionsenhanced

(c) Example of positive feedback: birth of a mammal

Oxytocin secreted

Signal from mature fetus

Fig. 1-10c, p.17

Importance of Mathematical Modeling (Curve Fitting)

• Describe and communicate information effectively

• Make predictions about the function of a system

• Help to formulate and select from alternative hypotheses