Animal Organization and Homeostasis. Tissues Specialized cells of the same type that perform a...
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![Page 1: Animal Organization and Homeostasis. Tissues Specialized cells of the same type that perform a common function in the body Types Epithelial Connective.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022072111/56649e6a5503460f94b686f0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Animal Organization and Homeostasis
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Tissues Specialized cells of the same type that
perform a common function in the body Types
Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous
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Epithelial tissue Covers surfaces and lines body cavities Mostly functions in protection Exposed to environment on 1 side, basement
membrane on the other that anchors it to the connective tissue
Named according to shape of cell Squamous (flat), cuboidal (cube) and columnar (column) Stratified (layered), pseudosratified (looks layered)
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Glandular epithelial Secretes a product
Exocrine into a duct
Endocrine into the blood stream
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Connective tissue Most abundant Each type has
specialized cells Ground substance Protein fibers
Types Fibrous connective
(loose and dense) Adipose Cartilage Bone blood
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Fibrous connective tissue Contain fibroblast cells within a gel matrix Loose fibrous – support Adipose – energy reservoir, insulation Dense fibrous – found in tendons and
ligaments, contains collagen fibers
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Supportive connective tissue Cartilage – cells in chambers called lacunae
surrounded by a gel like matrix 3 types of cartilage (based on fibers in matrix)
Hyaline – most common, fine collagen fibers Elastic - more flexible Fibrocartilage – strong collagen fibers
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Bone Hard matrix of inorganic salts around protein
fibers Compact bone – shaft of long bones
Cylindrical structures called osteons Bone cells found within lacunae
Spongy bone – end of long bones Contains bony bars and plates with space between Built for strength
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Fluid Connective Tissues Blood – formed elements and plasma
Hematopoiesis – production of blood cells, in red bone marrow
Transports nutrients and oxygen to tissue fluid, distribute heat and fluid, ion and pH balance
RBC’s – small, no nucleus, round WBC – larger, have a nucleus, phagocytes, produce
antibodies Platelets – involved in blood clotting Lymph – in lymph vessels, absorbs excess fluid
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Muscular tissue Made of cells called muscle fibers
Actin – thin, myosin – thick Movement and generation of heat
3 types Skeletal – voluntary, striated Smooth – visceral, involuntary, no striations Cardiac – muscles of the heart, involuntary,
striated, intercalated disks
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Nervous tissue Contain neurons (1 trillion on average)
3 parts: axon, cell body, dendrite Functions in sensory input, integration of data,
and motor output Neuroglia – support and nourish neurons
Microglia - phagocyte Astroglia – provide nutrients Oligodendroglia – form myelin in brain
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Organs and organ systems Organ – 2 or more types of tissues working
together to perform the same function Organ system – organs working together to
carry out a process
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Skin Largest organ Functions for protection and thermoregulation Contains receptors that monitor touch,
pressure, temperature and pain
Epidermis Dermis subcutaneous
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Epidermis Stratified squamous Hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands Skin cells are pushed to surface of skin and
slough off Melanocytes – cells that produce melanin,
pigment, UV rays induce production (vit.D) Basal cell carcinoma and malignant
melanoma are types of skin cancer
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Dermis and Subcutaneous Contains collagen and elastic fibers Overstretching due to fast weight gain can
cause stretch marks Blood vessels and sensory receptors
Subcutaneous – not true part of skin, source of energy, produces padding, overall rounded appearance
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Accessory organs of the skin Nails – protective covering, can be useful
medically hair – begin in dermis, extend out of
epidermis, dead, hardened epidermal cells Each follicle has an oil gland that when clogged,
produces white heads or black heads (oxidized sebum)
Glands – sweat (sudoriferous)
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Organ systems 2 main body cavities:
Dorsal (cranial and vertebral cavity) Ventral (thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavity)
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Homeostasis Maintaining and internal balance Negative feedback – keeps a variable close to
a particular value ex. – body temp. Positive feedback – brings a greater change in
the same direction ex. Oxytocin and birth