Animal Nutrition Mc Donald, Greehalgh and Warner. 1987. Animal Nutrition. Longman
Animal nutrition
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Transcript of Animal nutrition
![Page 1: Animal nutrition](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061614/5576d677d8b42a87588b48e3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Animal Nutrition
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Need for Nourishment• body processes require the use of
energy
• obtained from ingested food or stored fat
• animal must have food to store energy in fat cells
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Need for Nourishment• animals spend most of their
time in search of food
• maintenance ration must be met first
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Need for Nourishment• wild animals eat a variety of
foods to obtain proper nutrients
• agricultural animals depend on the producer to provide balanced a ration
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Feedstuff• one component of a feed
ration
• not normally fed by itself
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Nutrients• water
• protein
• carbohydrates
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Nutrients• fats or lipids
• vitamins
• minerals
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Metabolism• all the chemical and physical
processes that take place in the body
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Metabolism• anabolism - metabolism that
builds tissue
• catabolism - metabolism that breaks down materials
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Water• most abundant compound in
the world
• animals must have frequent intakes of water to remain alive
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Water• provides basis for all of the
fluid of the animals body
• bloodstream requires liquid for circulation
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Water• digestion requires moisture
for breakdown of nutrients and movement of feed
• needed to produce milk
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Water• provides cells with pressure
to allow them to hold their shape
• helps body to maintain constant temperature
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Water• flushes the animal’s body of
waste and toxic materials
• a loss of 20% of body water will result in death
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Water• animals generally need about
three pounds of water for every pound of solid feed they consume
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Protein• largest and most costly part
of the ration
• composed of amino acids
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Amino Acids• building blocks of life
• tissue development
• muscle production
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Protein• enzymes are composed of
protein
• protein can be used to supply energy
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Protein• some animals need more
protein than others
• young animals
• lactating (milk producing) animals
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Protein• twenty three types of amino
acids
• ten essential
• thirteen nonessential
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Protein• crude protein content
• total amount of protein in a feed
• calculated by multiplying nitrogen content percentage times 6.25
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Protein• digestible protein
• the protein in a feed that can be digested and used by the animal
• usually about 50-80% of crude protein
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Protein• protein sources
• animal
• slaughterhouse by products
• dried fish meal
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Protein• plant
• superior to animal sources
• cottonseed meal
• soybean meal, linseed meal
• peanut meal, corn meal
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Protein• balancing rations is based on
the amino acid content
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Carbohydrates• main source of energy
• compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
• include sugars, starches and cellulose
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Carbohydrates• almost all come from plants
• generally found in grain
• wheat
• oats
• barley
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Carbohydrates• types of sugars
• monosaccharides - simple sugars
• glucose
• fructose, galactose
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Carbohydrates• disaccharides - complex
sugars
• sucrose
• lactose
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Fats• group of organic compounds
known as lipids
• found in plants and animals
• provide and store energy
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Fats• essential fatty acids:
necessary for production of some hormones and hormone like substances
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Fats• most important sources are
the grains that contain oil
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Minerals• inorganic
• have role in providing structural support for the animal
• bones (calcium and phosphorous)
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Minerals• egg shells (calcium)
• other essential needs provided by minerals
• aid in construction of muscles, blood cells, internal organs and enzymes
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Minerals• mineral elements required
• macro - 7
• micro - 9
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Minerals• usually added to feed in their
chemical form
• often fed free choice
• mineral ox or trough
• salt block
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Vitamins• considered micronutrients
• essential for the development of normal body processes
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Vitamins• health
• growth
• production
• reproduction
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Vitamins• provides animal with ability
to fight stress, disease, and to maintain good health
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Vitamin A• fat soluble
• converted from carotene
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Vitamin D• fat soluble
• depends on ultraviolet light for synthesis
• can be made commercially from irradiated yeast
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Vitamin E• fat soluble
• found in several forms of the organic compound tocopherol
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Vitamin K• fat soluble
• utilized to form the enzyme prothrombin
• synthesized in rumen and monogastric intestinal tract
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Vitamins• thiamine: coenzyme in energy
metabolism
• riboflavin: part of two coenzymes that function in energy and protein metabolism
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Vitamins• pantothenic acid: component
of coenzyme A
• niacin: involved in metabolism of far, carbs and proteins
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Vitamins• pyridoxine: coenzyme
component
• biotin: part of enzyme involved in fatty acid synthesis
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Vitamins• folic acid: needed in body cell
metabolism
• choline: component of fats and nerve tissues
• needed at greater levels than other vitamins
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Vitamins• B12: coenzyme in several
metabolic reactions
• essential part of red blood cell maturation
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Vitamins• inositol: found in all feeds and
synthesized in the intestine
• para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA): function no well known
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Vitamins• C: essential in the formation
of collagen
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Digestion• nutrients are converted to a
form that the cells can use
• nutrients are transported by digestive system
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Digestion• gastrointestinal tract
• organs that make up the digestive system
• also referred to as the alimentary canal
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Monogastric system• has only one compartment to
the stomach
• process goes through the:
• mouth
• esophagus
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Monogastric system• stomach
• small intestine: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
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Monogastric system• large intestine: cecum, colon,
rectum
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Monogastric system• humans
• dogs
• cats
• horses
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Ruminant system• multicompartment stomach
• ruminant animals are often called “cud chewers”
• no upper front teeth in ruminant mouth
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Ruminant system• no enzymes in the saliva
• examples of ruminant animals:
• cows, sheep, goats
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Rumen Compartments• Reticulum
• has appearance of a honeycomb
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Reticulum• traps dangerous objects and
prevents them from proceeding through the rest of the tract.
• Called hardware disease: cow eats wire, nails, staples
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Reticulum• stores, sorts, and moves feed
back to the esophagus for regurgitation (throwing up)
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Rumen• functions as a storage vat
• food is soaked, mixed, and fermented
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Rumen• some absorption of nutrients
• some breakdown of feed through microbial action
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Omasum• grinds roughage
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Abomasum• only true stomach
• functions similarly to a monogastric stomach