Animal Nutrition. 5 Basic Classes of Nutrients Water Energy Nutrients Proteins Minerals Vitamins.
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Transcript of Animal Nutrition. 5 Basic Classes of Nutrients Water Energy Nutrients Proteins Minerals Vitamins.
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Animal Nutrition
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5 Basic Classes of Nutrients
• Water• Energy Nutrients• Proteins• Minerals• Vitamins
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Water
• Most Important Nutrient
• Needed in largest amounts of all nutrients– 65%-85% of body weight at birth– 45% to 60% of body weight at maturity– 90%-95% of blood is water
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Functions of Water
• Transportation of other nutrients and waste products
• Temperature regulation
• Maintains shape of cells
• Lubricates joints and organs in the body
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Sources of Water
1. Drinking Water
2. Water within the feed
3. Metabolic water
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1. Drinking Water
Things That Affect Drinking Water Consumption• Heat• Dry Matter Consumption• Dietary Factors– Feeds high in water reduces drinking– Feeds high in fiber, salt, and proteins increase drinking
• Access to water– Location, length of water trough, competition with
other animals
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1. Drinking WaterThings That Affect Drinking Water Consumption
• Function of the animal (lactating cow vs. dry cow)– Dairy Cow 4-5 lbs of water= 1 lb of milk– Dairy Cows allowed water twice a day milk production
reduced by 15%
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1. Drinking Water
How much water do mature, non-stressed animals need?
Swine= 2-5 gal/hd/day
Sheep= 1-4 gal/hd/day
Cattle= 8-16 gal/hd/day
Horses= 10-14 gal/hd/day
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2. Water Within The Feed
• Grains can range from 8% to 30% water
• Forages can range from 5% in a dry hay to more than 90% water in lush young grass
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3. Metabolic Water
• Water produced by the body during chemical reactions
• 5-10% of total water intake
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Water Loss
How is water lost from the animals body?1. Urine
2. Feces
3. Sweat
4. Milk production
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Water Deficiencies
What happens if animals are deprived of water?1. Reduced feed consumption – Reduces amount of feed eaten by 27%– Reduces feed efficiency by 33%– Reduces weight gain by 50%
2. Weight Loss
3. Water Intoxication– 4-5 days without water animal will drink up to 50% of body weight in
½ hour
4. Death
All of these lead to a loss of what?___________________
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5 Basic Classes of Nutrients
• Water• Energy Nutrients• Proteins• Minerals• Vitamins
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Energy Nutrients
There are 3 types of energy nutrients, what are they?
1. Carbohydrates
2. Fats
3. Oils
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Energy Nutrients
Where do animals get energy nutrients?• Grains– Corn, Oats, Wheat, Barley, Rye
• Forages– Corn Silage, Straw, Pasture Grasses
• Animal Fats
• Molasses
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Energy Nutrients
What are the functions of energy nutrients?
1. Provide Energy2. Maintain body temperature3. Muscle development4. Growth5. Development of fetus
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Energy Nutrients
What happens if animals don’t get enough energy nutrients?
• Slow growth• Delayed puberty• Decreased milk production• Weight Loss• Less resistance to diseases and parasites
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Energy Nutrients
Animals need more energy nutrients when they are doing what?
1. Producing Milk– Energy needs double
2. Pregnant– Energy needed for baby
3. Working
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Energy Nutrients
What is the most important energy nutrient?
Carbohydrates
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Energy Nutrients -Carbs
What are the 4 things carbohydrates are made up of?
1. Sugars
2. Starches
3. Cellulose
4. Lignin
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Energy Nutrients- Carbs
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
1. Provide energy for the cells– Chemical reaction very much like burning
2. Provides energy for muscle movement– Heartbeat, Walking, Breathing
3. Produce heat to keep animal warm4. Extra carbs are stored as fats
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Energy Nutrients- Carbs
There are 2 types of carbohydrates, what are they?
1. Simple Carbs– Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE’s)– Consist of sugars and starches– Supply immediate energy– Come from cereal grains
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Energy Nutrients- Carbs
There are 2 types of carbohydrates, what are they? 2. Complex Carbs– Known as fiber– Consist of cellulose and lignin– More difficult to digest than simple CHO’s– Fiber is found primarily and roughages such as hay
and pasture plants.– Examples are alfalfa, brome grass, orchard grass, and
bluegrass.
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Energy Nutrients- CarbsFiber Content
• Dry weight- weight of a feed with the moisture content removed
• The dry weight of most grains and roughages ranges from 65-80% CHO
• Mature roughages contain more fiber when harvested than those that are less mature
• The mature plant is not easily digested
• Ruminants can digest large amounts of fiber
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Energy Nutrients
Carbohydrates are the most important energy nutrient what are the other 2 energy
nutrients?
Fats and Oils
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Energy Nutrients- Fats and Oils
• Contain more carbon and hydrogen than do CHO’s
• Fats have 2.25 times the energy value of CHO’s
• Fats are solid at room temperature, oils are liquid
• Easily digested by animals
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Energy Nutrients
How do we measure the amount of energy nutrients in a animal feed?
Calories
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Energy Nutrients
What is a calorie?• Unit of energy required to raise the
temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree centigrade – From 14.5 to 15.5 degrees centigrade
• Energy in feeds is expressed in the unit of measurement of the calorie.
• Kilocalorie (1,000 cal) states the heat content of feed.
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Energy Nutrients Review
1. What are the three types of energy nutrients?2. Name 2 sources of energy nutrients3. Name 2 functions of energy nutrients4. What are 3 things that can happen if an animal
doesn’t get enough energy nutrients?5. What is the difference between complex carbs
and simple carbs?6. Why can cows digest fiber better than pigs?7. Explain what a calorie measures
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5 Basic Classes of Nutrients
• Water• Energy Nutrients• Proteins• Minerals• Vitamins
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Proteins
What are proteins?• Organic compounds that
are made up of amino acids
• Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins
• Most expensive part of animal ration
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Proteins
What are the functions of proteins?
1. Build and repair body organs and tissues
– Ligaments, Hair, Hooves, Horns, Skin, Muscles
2. Production of milk, eggs, and wool
3. Fetus development
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Proteins
When do animals need the greatest amounts of protein?
1. Young and Growing
2. Pregnant
3. Lactating (producing milk)
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Proteins
What are the 2 types of amino acids?
1. Non-Essential Amino Acids
– Needed by animals
– Are synthesized by the body from other A.A.’s and do not have to be provided
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Proteins
What are the 2 types of amino acids?
2. Essential Amino Acids
– Cannot be made from other A.A.’s
– Must be provided in the diet
– Nonruminants need most of their A.A.’s provided
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ProteinsWhat are the 2 sources of proteins?
1. Animal Proteins– Meat and Bone Scraps– Blood Meal– Fish Meal
2. Vegetable Proteins– Soybeans– Peanut Meal– Hay– Pastures
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Proteins
Animal Proteins Source vs. Vegetable/Plant Protein Source
Which is a better source?Animal Proteins
Why?They contain a good balance of the essential
amino acids
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Proteins
• Simple stomached animals need a balance of the essential A.A.’s
• Cereal grains combined in the right amounts, can provide a balanced ration
• Urea- synthetic nitrogen source that is mixed in a ration to provide nitrogen for making AA’s in the ruminants body
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Proteins
What is crude protein?
• The amount of ammonical nitrogen in the feed (ammonia) multiplied by 6.25
• It may contain materials that are not true protein
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Proteins
What is digestible protein?
• The true protein in a feed
• Not all protein is digestible
• 60% of the crude protein(CP) in a roughage diet is digestible
• 75% of the CP in a high concentrate ration is digestible
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Protein Review
1. What are proteins and what are the functions of proteins?
2. Explain what crude protein is.3. Name two sources of proteins and an example of
each.4. Why do young animal require more protein that
older animals?5. What is the difference between essential and
nonessential amino acids?6. What is digestible protein?
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5 Basic Classes of Nutrients
• Water• Energy Nutrients• Proteins• Minerals• Vitamins
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Minerals
What are minerals?
• Inorganic substances that animals need in small amounts
• Minerals contain no carbon
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Minerals
What are some functions of minerals?
1. Provide material for growth of:– Bones, Teeth, and Tissue
2. Help with muscular activities
3. Reproduction
4. Digestion of feed
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Minerals
Minerals are divided into 2 groups, what are they?
1. Major (macro) Minerals
2. Trace (micro) Minerals
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Minerals- Major• Needed in large amounts
• 7 Macro Minerals– Calcium
– Phosphorus
– Sodium
– Chlorine
– Potassium
– Sulfur
– Magnesium
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Minerals- Major
What are the most common major minerals animal rations lack?
• Sodium
• Calcium
• Phosphorous
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Minerals- Major
Sodium• Functions:– Maintain osmotic pressure in cells– Muscle and nerve activity
• Deficiencies:– Reduced appetite– Rough hair coat– Cannibalism in chickens– Dirt eating
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Minerals- Major
Calcium• Functions:– Bone development– Nerve and muscle function
• Deficiencies:– Rickets- in young animals bones are soft, bend
easily, and are malformed
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Minerals- Major
Phosphorus• Functions:– Bone and Teeth Development– Appetite
• Deficiencies:– Rickets– Stiffness in joints– Loss of appetite
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Minerals- Trace• Needed in small amounts– Sulfur– Magnesium– Iron– Iodine– Copper– Cobalt– Zinc– Manganese– Boron– Molybdenum– Fluorine– Selenium
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Mineral Review
1. What are minerals?2. What are minerals important?3. What are 3 major minerals that animal feeds
commonly lack? Name one deficiency of each.
4. What is the difference between major minerals and trace minerals.
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5 Basic Classes of Nutrients
• Water• Energy Nutrients• Proteins• Minerals• Vitamins
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Vitamins
What are vitamins?
• Trace organic compounds needed in small amounts by animals
• Needed for development of normal tissues and for health, growth and maintenance
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Vitamins
Vitamins are divided into 2 groups, what are they?• Fat-Soluble Vitamins (A,D,E,K)
– Dissolved in fat
• Water-Soluble Vitamins (C, B-Complex)
– Dissolved in water
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Vitamin A
• Function:– Vision– Conception Rates– Disease Resistance
• Deficiencies:– Night Blindness– Blindness in calves– Reproductive problems
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Vitamin D
• Function:– Bone Development – Growth
• Deficiencies:– Rickets (young animals)– Osteomalacia (older animals)
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Vitamin E
• Function:– Reproduction– Muscle Development– E and Selenium together help immune system
• Deficiencies:– Reproduction failure– Muscular dystrophy
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Vitamin K
• Function:– Blood Clotting
• Deficiencies:– Blood doesn’t clot fast
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Vitamins
What are some sources of Vitamin A,D,E,K?
• Green Leafy Hay
• Yellow Corn
• Cod Liver
• Fish Oils
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Vitamin C
• Function:
– Formation of teeth and bones
– Prevents infections
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B- Complex
• Function:– Appetite
– Growth
– Reproduction
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Vitamins
What are some sources of water-soluble vitamins?
• Green Pastures and Hay
• Cereal Grains
• Milk
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Vitamin Review
1. What are vitamins and why are they needed?2. List the fat-soluble vitamins and their functions
as well as deficiencies.3. What are the sources of fat-soluble vitamins?4. What is the function of Vitamin C?5. What the sources of the water-soluble vitamins?