Animal hygienic aspects of raising calves

dr. László KönyvesDVM, PhD, Dipl. ECBHM

SZIE Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Animal Hygiene, Herd-

health and Veterinary Ethology

General objectives

• To improve herd productivity through increased genetic value

• To rear healthy replacement hefers with high total lifetime production

• Cost effectiveness (low labour, feed, and fixed overhead costs)

Preset targets

• definition:

Expressed as performance indices, are the ultimate quantitative goals to achieve a certain time period at a specific farm

Primary indices

• Predicted min. age at calving. • Body weight postcalving• Wither height postcalving• Mortality %

(total rearing period)• Abortion in heifers %

• >= 24 hónap• 570 kg• 142 cm

• <10 • <4

Secondary indices I.

• Body weight gain g/day– Prepubertal (0-10 m.)

– postpubertal (>10 m.)

– average (0-24 m.)

• Reproductive performance– Age at conception

– Pregnant at first AI

– AI/ pregnancy

– 800

– 825

– 729

– 15 m.

– 70-75 %

– 1,3-1,5

Secondary indices II.

• mortality %:– 0-24 h.

– 1-30 days

– 31-60 day

– 3-24 month

• Morbidity % (prevalence/pen)– diarrhea

– Respiratory disease

– lameness

<6

<2

<1

<1

<20

<6

<5

Developmental time scale

• Breeding management cows/heifers

• Pregnant cow/heifer management

• Dry cow and calving management

• Calf management I.: Colostrum-feeding period (1-3 days)

• Calf management II.: milk-feeding period (4-60-90 days)

• Growth period (2-3 m.-pubety-breeding)

Pregnant cow/heifer management

• Grouping management (contact with older dry cows 6-8 weeks preparum to stimulate heard specific immune responses)

• Proper Nutrition (10 kg DM.,70 MJ NEl, 1600 g CP., 1,2 Ca:P; Low

concentrate, ad lib. Grass hay, „no stress”)• Goal BCS (3,0-3,5) !• Vaccination (E.coli, Rota-, Coranavirus)

Colostrum Ig

Maternity barn

Calving management

• Maternity barn: loose keeping, small groups, stressless, 10 m2/cow, 3-5 cows/group, dry, shiny, easy to clean and disinfect, „all-in-all-out”

• Assistance (hygienic)

• Navel disinfection (alcohol+tincture of Iodine, shortly after birth)

• Separation of newborn calves–Profilactoriun vs. Individual cages

• Recording and identification of calves

Colostrum-feeding I.

• Importance: Maternal immunity

Bovine shyndesmochorial placenta is non-permeable to proteins (Ig)

• Colostrum:

Secretion of mammary glands during the first few days after parturition:– 1st. day Colostrum,– 2-3rd days „transition milk”

Colostrum and milk composition I.(Foley and Otterby, 1978)

Parameter 1st milking 3rd milking Milk

Specific grav. 1,056 1,035 1,032

DM. % 23,9 14,1 12,9

Protein % 14,0 5,1 3,1

Casein % 4,8 3,8 2,5

IgG mg/ml 48,0 15,0 0,6

Fat % 6,7 3,9 3,7

Lactose % 2,7 4,4 5,0

Colostrum and milk composition II.(Minerals)

Item Colostrum Milk Ash % 1,11 0,74

Ca % 0,26 0,13

Mg % 0,04 0,01

Na % 0,07 0,04

K % 0,14 0,15

Colostrum and milk composition III.Vitamins

Item Colostrum Milk A-vitamin g/100 ml 295 34

D-vit. NE/g fat 1,5 0,4

E-vitamin g/g fat 84 15

Tiamin µg/ml 0,53 0,38

Riboflavin g/ml 4,83 1,47

B12-vit. g/100 ml 4,9 0,6

Folic acid, g/100 ml 0,8 0,2

Colostrum composition IV:

• IgG : 20-100 mg/ml (>50: goal)– Role: systemic and local immunity

• IgA, IgM (basically local immunity)

• Non specific antibacterial factors– Role: local immunity– Lysosime, Lactoferrin, Laktoperoxidase system

• Leukocytes: are absorbed!– „maternal cellular immunity”

– Other „cells” too: eg. E. coli

Level of colostral immunity depends on:

A. Ig concentration of Colostrum

• Grouping management, vaccination, nutrition

B. Time of colostrum intakeAs soon after birth as possible

C Amount of Ig intake– Point „A” is important– >= 100 g IgG at first 2 suckling– 10% of BW at first 24 hours

Colostral immunity(Tuboly S.)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Ellé

s6 ó

ra

12 ór

a

24 ór

a

48 ór

a

72 ór

a1 h

ét2 h

ét3 h

ét4 h

ét5 h

ét6 h

ét

IgG

Colostr. IgG

FelszívódásSzérum IgG

= absorbtion

Time: Óra = hour hét=week

Colostrum-feeding local immunity

• Small intestine: IgA more effective than IgG

• Prevention of enteral diseases (eg. Cl. perfingens A1, Cryptosporidiosis : 50-100 ml Colostrum 2 times daily mixed to milk replacer up to 21 days

• Risks: higher probability of M. avium subsp. Paratuberculosis infection in positive herds

Control of colostrum supply I.•Determination of Colostrum Ig concentration

• check of specific gravity by Colostrometer

>=50 mg/ml IgG: specific gravity >1,045 g/l•Sodium-sulfit precipitation test•Glutaraldehyde coagulation test•Radialis Immuno-diffusion (RID) test,•ELISA test•Refractometer:

•(high correlation between serum protein and gammaglobulin cc. (r=0,87))

Control of colostrum supply II.

Serum Ig mg/ml

14%

Na2SO2 16%

18%

>15 good + + + 10-15 suboptimal + + < 5, insufficient - - +

•Na2SO2 precipitaton test (Pfeiffer 1977)

• 2-3 days calves serum 0,1 ml to different cc. of Na2SO2 solution, check after 60 min.• +: opalescal change, precipitation

Controll of colostrum supply III.• Glutaraldehyde test

Mode of action: the glutaraldehyde makes cross-link with certain blood proteins and forming gel

– 2-3 days calf serum– 0.5 ml serum + 0.05 ml 10% glutaraldehyde– + (good): whole coagolation, non fluid whole

gel– +/- : semi fluid gel, – - (low): no change, fluid serum

Milk-feeding period I.

• 3 days-60-90 days (weaning)

• Rapid growth and health determind by:

– Quality of milk/ milk replacer

– Quantity and feeding practices

Milk-feeding period II.

• Acceptable to feed: – colostrum, milk, milk replacer, high SCC milk

after pasteurisation (85OC for 20 minutes S. aureus killed)

• Not allowed to feed: – Mastitic milk (Streptococcus spp. Vertical infection), – Antibiotic contaminated milk (not allowed by low, AB

resistence)

Milk-feeding practice

• 3 days colostrum• 4-5 days milk vs. Colostrum mixed with milk

replacer (<30% colostr.: Tripszin inhibitor), 1.5 l 3xdaily

• From 6 days- milk replacer (8-10% of BW. 2x/daily for 4 weeks than gradual decrease)

• feeding: 40oC, bowl, bowl with artificial teat, automatic milk feeder (advantages and disadvantages)

• water, hay and concentrates from 3 days of age

Main characteristics of digestive development

Factors affect the ruminal development ( A. Brand)

• Functional and physical development• Establishment of the ruminal microflora (steril at

birth, aerob-anaerob succession paralel with milk to solid feeds changes)

• Development of rumen motility and outflow (depends on start time of solid feeding. Physical signal from forage particulars. Ruminal motility starts from 3 week of age)

• Absorbtive ability of the rumen tissue (VFA as chemical signal induce the development of ruminal papillae)

Change in the proportion of each compartment of the ruminant stomache

(Church, 1976, plus+)Compartm. % Weeks

0 4* 8** 12*** 16 34 104+

Reticulo-rumen 38 52 60 64 67 64 85

Omasum 13 12 13 14 18 25 8

Abomasum 49 36 27 22 15 11 7 * : start of rumination, **: real ruminant

***: end of esophageal shunt reflex

4 week calf stomach on milk and hay feed

4 week calf stomach on grain and hay feed

4 week calf rumen-papills on milk and hay feed

4 week calf rumen-papills on grain and hay feed

12 Week calf stomach on milk and hay feed

12 Week calf stomach on grain and hay feed

12 week calf rumen-papills on milk and hay feed

12 week calf rumen-papills on grain and hay feed

Enzime activity in calves and cows (Barócsai, 1974)

Enzime Substrate calf Adult cow Rennin casein ++++ ---- Pepsin protein + ++++ Tripsin protein + ++++ Amilase starch + ++++ Maltase maltose + ++++ Laktase lactose ++++ ---- Lipase fat +++ +++

Weaning

• 60-(90) days of age

• Consume 1 kg grain and 0.5 kg hay

• Turn to fermented forages

• Changes in keeping system from individual to groups– mixing stress, social adaptation– new pathogens, high infection pressure

Environmental demand

Regulation of body temperature I.

• Good physical regulation capacity: Newborne calf tolerate the dry and cold environment:

– Low spesific body surface

– High buffer capacity of body hear (temperature)

– Vascularisation of the skin (effective A-V heat exchange)

– rapid development of neurological controll of physical regulation

Effect of temperature changes on body temperature of piglets and calves

(Kovács F.)

3233343536373839

- phase + phase - phase + phase

piglets

calves

4 h intervals

pigletscalves

o C

Regulation of body temperature II.Age

Newborn thermoneutral zone: 15-18 oC– Effective conversion of Brutto E to Product E

• 2 week calf lower critical temp.: +7 oC

• 10 week calf lower critical temp.: -8 oC(Mitchell 1976)

Regulation of body temperature III.Quality of bedding

(Mitchell 1976)

• lower critical temperature in barn in healthy calves with low air flow:

• Dry straw: -13 oC

• Wet straw: -10 oC

• Wood raster: -10 oC

• Dry concrete: -2 oC

Regulation of body temperature VI.Relative humidity, air flow

Sensitivity on wet cold temperature:

• Wet body hear increase the heat loss

At 60-75 % relative humidity the reproduction rate of most pathogens is on minimum

• Low air flow (0.1-0.2 m/s) is the goal

High and low temperature

• Heat stress from 26-28 oC– DMI decrease is remarcable (in case of real

ruminant)

• Cold stress: – under lower critical temperature DMI decrease

is remarcable

Quality of air

• Sensitivity on harmful gases

• [NH3 ] frequency of ventillation irritation of the respiratory mucosa

• < 0.2 % CO2 < 0.01 % NH3

• Dust concentration <50/ml• Total microba number < 250/l• Differences in types: eg. Belgian Blue: too heavy body

weight and too small respiratory capacity hyperventillation)

Air flow and ventillation in barn I.

• determined by temperature balance of barn• Calculating technical ventillation

capacity: eg. On the basis of total BW of calves in the barn: – 0.5-1.0 m3 / kg BW /h (avg. 0.75)

• Air flow speed:– 1 m/s at incoming area– 0.2 m/s at the animal level

Air flow and ventillation in barn II.Age, season (Bates 1985)

• Ventillation rate until 2 weeks of age:– winter 0.4 m3/ min.– Spring and autumn 0.9 m3 / min.– summer 1.4 m3 / min

• Heifers at puberty:– Cold weather 0.6-0.8 m3 / min– Neutral weather 1.7-2.2 m3 / min.– Hot weather 3.6-5.0 m3 / min.

Air flow III.

• Incoming air:– Wind break raster– Differences in quality of air and airflow speed in one

specific barn

• Direction of airflow:– From youngs to older!

• More separated room: to cut the infection chain– Most effective method to prevent aerborn respiratory

disease outbreaks on heard level

Veterinary tasks

• Dehorning (5-7 days)– chemicals (acids or basic chemicals)– electro-thermocauter

• Systemic and local anasthesia (n. maxillaris, n. zygomaticus r. cornualis subcutan)

• Extra teat remove– Local anasthesia, cut, saw

Keeping technology

Profilactorium

• 0-3-5 days – 15-18 oC, <0.2 m/s air speed, <75% relative

humidity, <0.01 % NH3, <0.2. % CO2

– Individual stalls, dry straw bedding or wood raster, room and local heating

– More room to change regulary

Free individual cages

• 0-56 days– Demand: 25-30 cage / 100 cow

• Size: able to standing and turningCage (cm): 150 l. x 120 w. x 120 h.

Paddock (cm): 120 l. x 120 w.

• equipments: raster for hay, bowl for grain, milk and water

Individual cages• Material: easy to clean and disinfect, low heat conductivity

– Cage: wood, plastic eternit, strow bale, eternit, Paddock: iron, wood

• Installation: – Protected, neutral non windy area in the farm close to calving

barn

– Good technical conditions to flow away the manure and dirty water (larger rock, concrete with slope backside)

– distances: 1 m between cages and 1.5 m between rows

Free individual cages

Calves into cages: according to date of birth (caretaker works from youngs to older direction)

– bedding: 0.5-1 kg straw/day – Calves out from cages : all out from one whole

row– cleaning, disinfection, rest withraval time, and

put to the space between cages

Weaning

• 60-(90) days of age

• Consume 1 kg grain and 0.5 kg hay

• Turn to fermented forages

• Changes in keeping system from individual to groups– mixing stress, social adaptation– new pathogens, high infection pressure

Keeping calves in groups

• Pre-, or postweaning

• Small groups (10-12 calves), – Room demand increases by age

Eg.:– 3-4 m: 1.8 m2/ animal– 5-15 m: 2.5-3.0 m2 / animal– 16-25 m: 3.7 m2 / animal

Replacement rearing management I.

• Priciples:

– Growing and fattening is different

– Physiological and cronological age is different

Replacement rearing management II.preset targets

• Puberty:– 7-11 m., 42% of adult BW.: 270-300 kg – The BW determine the puberty

• Breeding– 15 m., 55% of adult BW.: 370 kg

• Calving:– 24 m., 85% of adult BW.: 570 kg, – 95% of adult heigh : 142 cm

Development of udder(Ackers, 1981, Tucker, 1987)

• birth-2-3 m.• 2-3 hó.-puberty

• Puberty to 3rd part of pregnancy

• End of pregnancy

beginning of first

lactation

• Izometric• Allometric (alveolar

duct )

• Izometric (alveolar duct elongation, alveolar development.)

• Allometric (parenchyma growth)

Diseases of calves and growing cattele and prevention

Morbidity and mortality affected by: (A. Brand 1995)

• general quality and daily practice of rearing management

• Level of passive immunity

• Infection pressure (number and virulence of microbes)

• Feeding management

Preventive activity focus on:

• Immunbiological status

• Microbiological environment

• Keeping environment

• Neurohormonal and biological events during development

Level of colostral immunity depends on:

A. Ig concentration of Colostrum

• Grouping management, vaccination, nutrition

B. Time of colostrum intakeAs soon after birth as possible

C Amount of Ig intake– Point „A” is important– >= 100 g IgG at first 2 suckling– 10% of BW at first 24 hours

Colostrum composition

• IgG : 20-100 mg/ml (>50: goal)– Role: systemic and local immunity

• IgA, IgM (basically local immunity)

• Non specific antibacterial factors– Role: local immunity– Lysosime, Lactoferrin, Laktoperoxidase system

• Leukocytes: are absorbed!– „maternal cellular immunity”

– Other „cells” too: eg. E. coli

Colostral immunity(Tuboly S.)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

IgG

Colostr. IgG

Absorptionserum IgG

Colostrum-feeding local immunity

• Small intestine: IgA more effective than IgG

• Prevention of enteral diseases (eg. Cl. perfingens A1, Cryptosporidiosis : 50-100 ml Colostrum 2 times daily mixed to milk replacer up to 21 days

• Risks: higher probability of M. avium subsp. Paratuberculosis infection in positive herds

Control of colostrum supply I.•Determination of Colostrum Ig concentration

• check of specific gravity by Colostrometer

>=50 mg/ml IgG: specific gravity >1,045 g/l•Sodium-sulfit precipitation test•Glutaraldehyde coagulation test•Radialis Immuno-diffusion (RID) test,•ELISA test•Refractometer:

•(high correlation between serum protein and gammaglobulin cc. (r=0,87))

Control of colostrum supply II.

Serum Ig mg/ml

14%

Na2SO2 16%

18%

>15 good + + + 10-15 suboptimal + + < 5, insufficient - - +

•Na2SO2 precipitaton test (Pfeiffer 1977)

• 2-3 days calves serum 0,1 ml to different cc. of Na2SO2 solution, check after 60 min.• +: opalescal change, precipitation

Controll of colostrum supply III.• Glutaraldehyde test

Mode of action: the glutaraldehyde makes cross-link with certain blood proteins and forming gel

– 2-3 days calf serum– 0.5 ml serum + 0.05 ml 10% glutaraldehyde– + (good): whole coagolation, non fluid whole

gel– +/- : semi fluid gel, – - (low): no change, fluid serum

Microbiological environment

• Large scale farms: possibility to pathogens to select highly pathogen strains together with high infection pressure, in many animals

Main groups of pathogens causing diarrhea in calves

Pathogen agents

Viruses Bakteria Parazits Fungies

RotavirusCoronavirus Adenovirus

BVDIBR

E. Coli Salmonella spp.Klebsiella spp.

ProteusCl. perfingens

C and D

CoccidiesCryptosporidies

ProtozoonsYeasts

In diagnosis of calf diarrhea is a key information the age of the calves!

but

More pathogens can be present in the same time!

Most frequent enterable diseases in calves according to age and pathogens

E. coli

Rotavirus

Coronavirus

Cryptosporidiosis

Coccidiosis

Salmonellosis

1 day 3 day 1 w. 2 w. 3 w. 4 w. 5 w. 6 w. 7 w w h

E. coli diseases in calves I

Coli-septicaemia:

• 078:K80(B) and other E. coli species, no cytotoxin production

• Infection – feces – at calving

• 1st day endotoxin effect, high temperature, no appetite, faintness, death, no diarrhoea

E. coli diseases in calves II.

Coli-diarrhea:

• F5 (K99), F41, F17 fibrils species are able enterocyta adhesion, susceptibility is decreasing by age

• Infection with feces in the first days of life

• 2-7. days enterotoxin effect (LT and/or ST), high amount of water excretion, diarrhoea, loss of ions and water

E. coli adheting to mucosa

E. coli diarrhoea

Risk factors of infection

• Dam’s feces

• Personal hygien of assisting persons

• Infected bedding

• Infected caretaker tools and equipments

• Infected calves (suckling)

Risk factors I.

• Newborn calves with depressed vitality:– Metabolic disorders of the dam (acid-base

metabolism, energy- and protein metabolism, carotene supply, vitamin-A, -E, Se-,Mn-, Zn-shortage)

– Calving problems– Humid and cold environment– Infectious diseases (e.g..: BVD)

Risk factors II.

• Problems with colostrum (time, quantity, quality)

• Problems with colostrum feeding (temperature, infection with E. coli and/or other bacteria)„The question is whether the calve consumes

colostrums first or will be infected prior to colostrum feeding.” (Kovács Ferenc)

Prevention I

• Increasing the vitality of newborn calves– Appropriate feeding during transition period,

prevention of metabolic disorders– Appropriate calving procedure– Appropriate climatic conditions

Prevention II.Decrease of infection pressure:

• Hygiene (personal, calving, bacteria free environment in maternity barn and profilaktorium)

• Separation of diseased animals

• Disinfection: 60 Co,

Prevention III.

Improving passive immunity:

• Colostrum – high antibody concentration– Farm specific immune

status (grouping of pregnant animals)

– Good transition feeding, prevention of metabolic disorders

– Vaccination

Prevention IV.

Vaccination:E. coli vaccines against species with F6 and

F41 fimbria antigenes, inactivated

e.g: Rotacol (purified F6 + inactivated Rotavirus)

Pregnant cows prior to 8 than 2 weeks calving 2x

Prevention V.

Improving the antagonist flora in small intestine

Pre- and Probiotics (organic acids, natural intestine living bacteria)

eg. Probios gel

Salmonellosis in calves• S. typhimurium, S. dublin, S. muenster and S. newport • characterized clinically by one of three syndromes:

– a) peracute septicemic form:, b) acute enteritis or c) chronic enteritis.

• Zoonosis. Human infection is transmitted via contaminated water, raw milk and meat.

• Occurrence: 4 days- 4 weeks• Salmonellosis in stressed animals is frequently associated

with inadequate diet, irregular feeding, water deprivation, overcrowding, parasitism, weather extremes,

• Infection per os from infected animals feces with no symptons.

• Summer!

Rotavirus infection

• Occurrence between 3-19 days of age

• Infection with feces, per os. Villuses in small intestine are damaged, malabsorption, light diarrhea, complication free cases are recovered easily

• Widespread, except for iodophors are resistant against many disinfectants,

• No real chance to eradicate the whole herd

Coronavirus infection

• Occurrence 3-21 days (3 month)• Infection per os or aerborne way, from infected

animals with no clinical symptoms. Profuse watery yellowish diarrhoea. Mucosa laesions in large and small intestine,

• Exiccosis, loss of electrolites, acid-base metabolism disturbances, death

• Winter, early spring!

Cryptosporidiosis

• Zoonosis, occurrence (1)-2-3 weeks, • Infection per os already the first days, latent

time 2-7 days, light yellowish diarrhea, faintness, dehydration. Recovery time 5-10 days

• Oocysts are resistant to, a few desinfectatnt are able to kill them (eg. Oocyde)

• Prevention: separation

Coccidiosis

• E. bovis, E. zuernii, E. alabamensis (12 Eimeria species)

• Occurrence after 4 weeks,

• Infection per os in the first week, incubation time 3 weeks, diarrhhea (blood),

• Sporulated oocysts can infect for years,

• Prevention: all-in-all-out, disinfection,

Diseases during rearing II.Respiratory diseases 2-10 months of age

•Bovine adenovirus

•Bovine Respiratory Syntitial (BRSV)

•Para Influenza-3 virus (PI-3)

•Bovine Herpes Virus-1 (BHV-1)

•Bovine Virus Diarrhoea / Mucosal Disease (BVD/MD)

•Mycoplasma spp.

•Pasteurella spp.

•Haemophilus spp.

Adenovirus pneumoenteritis

• Bovine adenovirus, 10 serotype (H: 2,4,6,10)• Occurrence 1-4 month• Infection per os or aerborne way, from infected older

animals. 1st phase: Mild fever, serous rhinitis, conjunctivitis,

diarrhoea.

• Good hygenic conditions: recovery after 1-2 weeks from 1st phase

• Poor environmental conditions:Later secondary bact. infections (Pasteurella spp., Stretococcus spp. etc.), purulent nasal discharge, pneumonia, coughing, death

Adenovirus pneumoenteritisRisk factors, prevention

• Colostral immunity:– Poor: onset at 3-4 weeks, more bacterial complication– Good: onset 6-8 weeks, better recovery rate, less loss

• Hygenic conditions (general hygiene, aer flow, space demand)

• Separation and isolation of diferent age groups, and diseased animals

• Vaccination– Pregnant cows: 2X prepartum, to improve colostrum Ig– Calves Vaccines:– H: 1,8 serotype in comb. with BHV1, BRSV, PI3– Other vaccine combinations with reovirus and/or Pasteurella m.,

Haemophylus s.

Quality of air

• Sensitivity on harmful gases

• [NH3 ] frequency of ventillation irritation of the respiratory mucosa

• < 0.2 % CO2 < 0.01 % NH3

• Dust concentration <50/ml• Total microba number < 250/l• Differences in types: eg. Belgian Blue: too heavy body

weight and too small respiratory capacity hyperventillation)

Air flow and ventillation in barn I.

• determined by temperature balance of barn• Calculating technical ventillation

capacity: eg. On the basis of total BW of calves in the barn: – 0.5-1.0 m3 / kg BW /h (avg. 0.75)

• Air flow speed:– 1 m/s at incoming area– 0.2 m/s at the animal level

Air flow and ventillation in barn II.Age, season (Bates 1985)

• Ventillation rate until 2 weeks of age:– winter 0.4 m3/ min.– Spring and autumn 0.9 m3 / min.– summer 1.4 m3 / min

• Heifers at puberty:– Cold weather 0.6-0.8 m3 / min– Neutral weather 1.7-2.2 m3 / min.– Hot weather 3.6-5.0 m3 / min.

Air flow III.

• Incoming air:– Wind break raster– Differences in quality of air and airflow speed in one

specific barn

• Direction of airflow:– From younger to older!

• More separated room: to cut the infection chain– Most effective method to prevent aerborn respiratory

disease outbreaks on heard level

PI-3 infection in calves

Occurrence: • Worldwide serological positivity, • from 3 weeks of age, higher occurrence in Autumn and Winter • Infection by aerborne way, from infected older animals• „Clear” PI-3 respiratoric disease is rare, manifestation in combination with

other pathogens (bact. And viruses) Necrotic lesions and hyperplasia in respiratoric mucous menbranes,

possibility of bacterial infection • Symptoms: Fever, conjunctivitis, serous rhinitis, hyperventillationHigh risk in crowded, closed barns with poor ventillation capacity

Prevention• Colostral immunity (persisting 8-10 weeks) – better outcome• Improvement of hygenic conditions, isolation!• Vaccination:

– Dry cows 2x prepartum– Calves after 10 weeks of age

BRSV infection in calves

• Occurrence from 3 weeks, but all age group receptiveHigher occurrence in beef growing cattle between 3-9 mont, at

autumn and winter• Infection by aerborne way, from infected older animals• Fever and respiratoric symptomes are could be very expressed

at 1st infection, but not later• High risk of secondary bacterial ifections

Prevention:• Colostral immunity: not 100% protection but better recovery • Improvement of hygenic conditions, isolation!• Vaccination: (short time defence, reinfections)

– Dry cows 2x prepartum– Calves after 12-16 weeks of age

IBR infection in growing cattle

• Bovine Herpesvirus 1-5• BHV 1:

– general respiratoric disease (BHV-1.1)– IPVBHV-5: non purulent encefalitis

• PreventionEradication programs affected by:1. Vaccine type ( live attenu., inactivated )2. Vaccination program, protocol3. Isolation of the herd4. BVD infection

IBR in hiefers

BHV-I, infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV) in HF hiefers

Shipping fever• Occurrence: 7-10 days after transportation and herd mixing • Respiratoric symptomes, high temperature, pneumonia• Morbidity 30-40%, mortality max. 20%.• Multifactorial: transport stress, viruses and bacterial agents

in combination.• Viruses : IBR, PI-3, BRS, BVD and BCV. • Bakterias : M. haemolytica, H. somnus, P. multocida

PreventionVaccination before transportationMinimizing transport and mixing stress (duration, handling) Immunstimulant profilactic feed supplementation

Diseases during rearing III.Diseases caused parasites

• Nematods in digestive tract:– Abomasum: Ostertagia ostertagi, Trichostrongilus

axei, Haemoncus contortus,

– Small intestine: Cooperia onchophora, Nematodirus helvetianus

– Large intestine: Oesophagostomum radiatum

• Fasciolosis: Fasciola hepatica • Lungs: Dictyocaulus viviparus

• Trichophytiasis, Scabies

Fasciola hepatica observed in the bile ducts and liver parenchyma

Dictyocaulus viviparus is a lung worm in cattle causing verminous pneumonia or bronchitis

Trichophitiasis in hiefers

DD

• Multifactorial• Risk factors• Pathogen agents:

Spiroheta spp., Fusobacterium necroforum, Guggenheimella bovis?