Animal Body Plans
description
Transcript of Animal Body Plans
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Criteria for Evolutionary Development & Classification
Cellular organization
Symmetry
Coelom
Digestive system
Segmentation
Cephalization
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Kingdom Animalia
Symmetry
Unorganized
Radial
Bilateral
Cellular organization
Tissues, organs, systems
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Coelom
Body cavity or not
Digestive system
None, 1 or 2 openings, how
Kingdom Animalia coelom
digestive tube
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Segmentation
Repetition of body parts
Cephalization
Development of a “head end”
Kingdom Animalia
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What to Remember
Match with common name
General characteristics
Special evolutionary features
General evolutionary location
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1st dinosaur
end of dinosaurs
1st reptiles1st amphibians
1st land plants1st fish
1st invertebrates
Millions of YearsGeologic Time Scale
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Ediacaran Fauna: distinctive group of fossils dating from and existing only during Precambrian time
• 600 mya
• Australia's Ediacara Hills
• Environment: shallow seas
• Description: soft bodies; worms, cnideria
• May be an evolutionary dead end
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Reconstruction of the sea floor during the Vendian times when the Ediacaran organisms thrived
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Ediacaran Fauna(600-540 MYBP)
end of Precambrian era
Ediacaran Fauna(600-540 MYBP)
end of Precambrian era
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Ediacaran SeasEdiacaran Seas
Mostly cnidarians and worms
Sea pens
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Ancient Seas at the During the Cambrian Radiation (540 MYBP)
Burgess Shale
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Ancient Seas at the During the Cambrian Radiation
(540 MYBP)
Ancient Seas at the During the Cambrian Radiation
(540 MYBP)
Drawings based on fossils collected from Burgess Shale in British Columbia, Canada
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Burgess Shale Fauna(540 MYBP)
Burgess Shale Fauna(540 MYBP)
An explosion of body plans
HallucigenaFeeding tentacles
spines
Similar to a sea urchin
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Pikaia- earliest known chordate
Burgess Shale Fauna(540 MYBP)
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Burgess Shale Fauna(540-530 MYBP
Burgess Shale Fauna(540-530 MYBP
Anomalocaris
OpabiniaWiwaxia
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Living InvertebratesLiving Invertebrates
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Phylogentic Relationships of AnimalsPhylogentic Relationships of Animals
Ancestral Protist
segmentation
true tissue
radial symmetry
bilateral symmetry
Deuterostomes:eucoelom
Protostome: schizocoelem
pseudocoelom
Porifera
Cnideria
Platyhelminthes
Nematoda
Mollusca
AnnelidaEchinodermata
ChordataArthropoda
no true tissues
acoelom
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Early Embryonic
Development of an Animal
Early Embryonic
Development of an Animal
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Major Stages of Animal Development
Major Stages of Animal Development
• gametogenesis
• fertilization
• cleavage
• blastula
• gastrulation
• differentiation and morphogenesis
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Hypothetical Scheme for the Origin of Multicellularity in Animals
Hypothetical Scheme for the Origin of Multicellularity in Animals
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Protostome vs Deuterostome
• Protostome: blastopore becomes mouth
• Deuterostome: blastopore becomes anus
Blastula
Blastopore
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What is a Phylum?What is a Phylum?
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Some Examples of Animal PhylaSome Examples of Animal Phyla
• Phylum Cnidaria– sea anemones, corals, jellyfish, man-of-wars & hydroids
• Phylum Mollusca– snails, slugs, chitons, clams, oysters, octopods & squids
• Phylum Arthropoda– spiders, scorpions, crabs, shrimp, insects & centipedes
• Phylum Echinodermata– sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers & sea lilies
• Phylum Chordata– sea squirts, fish, amphibian, reptiles, birds & mammals
• Phylum Cnidaria– sea anemones, corals, jellyfish, man-of-wars & hydroids
• Phylum Mollusca– snails, slugs, chitons, clams, oysters, octopods & squids
• Phylum Arthropoda– spiders, scorpions, crabs, shrimp, insects & centipedes
• Phylum Echinodermata– sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers & sea lilies
• Phylum Chordata– sea squirts, fish, amphibian, reptiles, birds & mammals
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Phylum ChordataPhylum Chordata
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Major Body Plan Characteristics of Animals
Major Body Plan Characteristics of Animals
• Symmetry• Primary Germ Layers• Gut Organization• Body Cavity• Segmentation• Skeletal Systems• Circulatory Systems• Appendages• Coloniality
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SymmetrySymmetry
• Asymmetry
• Radial Symmetry
• Bilateral Symmetry
• Asymmetry
• Radial Symmetry
• Bilateral Symmetry
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SymmetrySymmetry
Radial Symmetry Bilateral Symmetry
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Radial SymmetryRadial SymmetryJellyfish
Phylum CnidariaJellyfish
Phylum Cnidaria
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Pentamerous Radial Symmetry
Pentamerous Radial Symmetry
Sea StarsPhylum Echinodermata
Sea StarsPhylum Echinodermata
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Bilateral SymmetryBilateral SymmetrySlug
Phylum MolluscaSlug
Phylum Mollusca
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Bilateral SymmetryBilateral Symmetry
SquidPhylum Mollusca
SquidPhylum Mollusca
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Primary Germ LayersPrimary Germ Layers
• None• Diploblastic• Triploblast
• None• Diploblastic• Triploblast
Mesoderm
EctodermEndoderm
gut
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Fates of the Primary Germ LayersFates of the Primary Germ Layers• Ectoderm
– hair, nails, epidermis, brain, nerves
• Mesoderm
– notochord (in chordates), dermis, blood vessels, heart, bones, cartilage, muscle
• Endoderm
– internal lining of the gut and respiratory pathways, liver, pancreas
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The Formation of
Primary Germ Layers
The Formation of
Primary Germ Layers
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The Formation of
Primary Germ Layers
The Formation of
Primary Germ Layers
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Germ Layer PatternsGerm Layer Patterns
Ectoderm
Endoderm
gut
Diploblastic
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Diploblastic- two germ layersDiploblastic- two germ layersPhylum CnidariaPhylum Cnidaria
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Germ Layer PatternsGerm Layer Patterns
acoelomate
Triploblastic: 3 germ layers
Mesoderm
EctodermEndoderm
gut
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• No Gut
• Blind Sac Gut
• Complete Gut
Gut OrganizationGut Organization
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No GutNo GutSponges
Phylum PoriferaSponges
Phylum Porifera
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No GutNo GutSponges
Phylum PoriferaSponges
Phylum Porifera
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Blind Sac GutBlind Sac GutPhylum CnidariaPhylum Cnidaria
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Complete GutComplete Gut
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• Acoelomate
• Eucoelomate
• Pseudocoelomate
Body CavitiesBody Cavities
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Body CavitiesBody Cavities
Acoelomate- lacks cavity between gut and outer body wall
Mesoderm
EctodermEndoderm
gut
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Body CavitiesBody Cavities
Eucoelomate- body cavity completely lined with mesoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm
Endoderm
coelom
gut
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Body CavitiesBody Cavities
Pseudocoelomate: body cavity partially lined with mesoderm
Mesoderm
EctodermEndoderm
pseudocoelom
gut
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• hydrostatic skeleton
• greater freedom for internal organs
• greater body size because of body fluid circulation
Advantages of aFluid-Filled Body
Cavity
Advantages of aFluid-Filled Body
Cavity
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SegmentationSegmentation
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SegmentationSegmentationCentipede
Phylum ArthropodaCentipede
Phylum Arthropoda
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SegmentationSegmentationLobster
Phylum ArthropodaLobster
Phylum Arthropoda
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SkeletonSkeleton
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Functions of the SkeletonFunctions of the Skeleton
• supports basic body form
• protection of soft internal tissues and organs
• facilitates locomotion
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SkeletonSkeleton
• Hydrostatic Skeletons
• Hard Skeletons
– Exoskeletons
– Endoskeletons
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Hydrostatic Skeleton
Hydrostatic SkeletonSea Anemone
Phylum CnidariaSea Anemone
Phylum Cnidaria
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Hydrostatic Skeleton:• A non compressible fluid held under
pressure in a closed body compartment.
• Uses antagonistic muscles for movement.
• The gastrovascular cavity of the jellyfish acts as hydrostatic skeleton against which contractile cells can work.
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Hydrostatic Skeleton
Hydrostatic Skeleton
EarthwormPhylum Annelida
EarthwormPhylum Annelida
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ExoskeletonExoskeleton
ChitonPhylum Mollusca
ChitonPhylum Mollusca
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ExoskeletonExoskeletonStony Coral
Phylum CnidariaStony Coral
Phylum Cnidaria
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EndoskeletonsEndoskeletonsVertebrates
Phylum ChordataVertebrates
Phylum Chordata
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Types of AppendagesTypes of Appendages
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Functions of AppendagesFunctions of Appendages
• locomotion
• feeding
• sensory
• protection
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TentaclesTentaclesSea Anemone
Phylum CnidariaSea Anemone
Phylum Cnidaria
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Jointed AppendagesJointed Appendages
Bee AppendagesPhylum ArthropodaBee Appendages
Phylum Arthropoda
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Circulatory SystemsCirculatory Systems
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Functions of Circulatory SystemsFunctions of Circulatory Systems
• transport of nutrients and metabolic wastes
• maintains water and solute balance
• defense against pathogens
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Circulatory SystemCirculatory System
• None (simple diffusion)
• Body Cavity Circulation
• Closed Circulatory System
• Open Circulatory System
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No Circulatory SystemNo Circulatory SystemComb Jelly
Phylum CtenophoraComb Jelly
Phylum Ctenophora
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Circulation in a Moon JellyfishCirculation in a Moon JellyfishPhylum CnidariaPhylum Cnidaria
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Closed Versus Open Circulatory SystemsClosed Versus Open Circulatory Systems
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Nervous SystemsNervous Systems
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Functions of Nervous systemsFunctions of Nervous systems
• integration of animal behavior
• processing and interpretation of sensory information
• elicits external and internal responses
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Types of Nervous SystemsTypes of Nervous Systems
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ColonialityColoniality
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ColonialityColonialityCoral
Phylum CnidariaCoral
Phylum Cnidaria
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ColonialityColonialitySea Fan
Phylum CnidariaSea Fan
Phylum Cnidaria
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ColonialityColoniality Man-of-War
Phylum Cnidaria Man-of-War
Phylum Cnidaria
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Polymorphism in the Portuguese Man- of-War
Polymorphism in the Portuguese Man- of-War