Animal Behavior Chapter 51. Behavior Animal responds to stimuli Food odor Singing.
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Transcript of Animal Behavior Chapter 51. Behavior Animal responds to stimuli Food odor Singing.
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Animal Behavior
Chapter 51
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Behavior
Animal responds to stimuli Food odor Singing
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Ethology
Study of patterns of animal behaviors in nature
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Ethology
Proximate causation How the behavior works?? Ultimate causation What is the adaptive value to this
behavior??
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Behavioral ecology
Study of the ecological & evolutionary basis for animal behavior
Study of how natural selection shapes behavior
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Innate Behavior
Developmentally fixed behaviors Preset behaviors Individuals in a species respond
similarly Geese retrieving eggs
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Innate behaviors
Fixed action pattern: Sequence of unlearned behavioral
acts that are unchanged Carried to completion Sign stimulus (key stimulus) Triggers the behavior
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Fixed action patternStickleback fish
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Innate Behavior Fixed-Action Pattern: Begging behavior of new chicks Raised heads, open mouths, loud
cheeps Sign stimulus: Parent landing at the nest.
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Behavior
Taxis: Movement towards or away from stimuli Positive taxis: Towards a stimulus Negative taxis: Away from a stimulus Kineses: +/- nonspecific movement due to stimuli
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Migratory behavior
Migration: Long distant change in location
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Migratory behavior
Orientation: Following a bearing Navigation: Ability to adjust that bearing
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Communication
Signal: Behavior causes a change in
another animals behavior Communication: Reception & response of a signal Auditory, visual,
olfactory(chemical), tactile signal
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Courtship
Leads to potential mates Species-specific
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Courtship
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Bird of paradise
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Fruit Fly courtship
Orienting Tapping “Singing”1 2 3
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Honeybees
Waggle dance
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Pheromones
Chemical signals Animal communicationMating behaviors.Territorial behaviors
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PheromonesMinnowsbefore alarm
Minnowsafter alarm
1
2
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Pheromones
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Learning
Modification of behavior based on experiences
Non-associative learning: Simple No association between two stimuli Between a stimulus & response
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Habituation
Loss of responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli.
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Imprinting
Sensitive period (critical period) Soon after hatching Important for normal parent/child
behaviors Stimulation necessary for normal
behavior Premies Sexual behavior-mating
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Imprinting (Konrad Lorenz)
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Spatial learning
Memory based on environmental clues
Digger wasps
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Learning
Associative learning: Association between two stimulus Stimulus & a response Behavior is modified (conditioned)
through association
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Associative learning
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Associative learning
Classical conditioning Operant conditioning
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Classical conditioning
Pairing of two different stimuli Ivan Pavlov Dogs Food, salivate Ring bell at same time Dog learned to salivate with bell
ringing
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Operant conditioning
Associate behavioral response with a reward or punishment
Trial & error B.F. Skinner “Skinner box” Rats would bump lever, food came
out Learned to hit lever to get food
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Operant Conditioning
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Cognitive behavior
Ability of the animal’s nervous system to perceive, store , process
Use information gathered by sensory receptors
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Cognitive behavior
Chimpanzee Nuts Bugs
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Vervet monkeys and alarm calls
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Imprinting
CognitionSpatial learning
Associative learning Social learning
Forms oflearning and
problemsolving
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Forging Behavior
Obtaining food at the least expense
Energy efficient Food vs safety Food vs mating Food vs protection
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Territoriality
Defends an area Usually excludes members of own
species. Exclusive rights Food, mating
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Gannet
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Cheetah
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Reproductive strategies
Set of behaviors evolved to give maximum reproduction
Food source Nesting sites Members of opposite sex
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Mating relationships
(a) Monogamy
(b) Polygyny (c) Polyandry
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Jaw fish
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Sea elephant
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Altruism
Benefits others at the cost of individual