ANIMAL BEHAVIOR Ch 51. Animal behavior involves the actions of muscles and glands, which are under...
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Transcript of ANIMAL BEHAVIOR Ch 51. Animal behavior involves the actions of muscles and glands, which are under...
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ANIMAL BEHAVIORCh 51
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Animal behavior involves the actions of muscles and glands, which are under the control of the nervous system, to help an animal respond to a stimulus Behavior is subject to natural selection
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The following questions are considered when analyzing animal behavior:• What is the stimulus that elicits the
behavior and what is the physiological mechanism of the response? (proximate cause)
• How do animal’s experiences influence the response? (proximate cause)
• How does the behavior aid survival and reproduction? (ultimate cause)
• What is the evolutionary history of the behavior? (ultimate cause)
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• Proximate cause: what mechanisms enable the animal to exhibit the behavior
• Ultimate cause: how did the behavior come to be?
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Behavior can be innate: developmentally fixed behavior and nearly all members of population exhibit the same behavior
Behavior can be learned: behavior is modified thru experiences
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I. KINDS OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
A. Fixed action patterns • A sequence of unlearned acts that is
unchangeable and is usually carried out to completion
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• Example: male stickleback fish (they have red bellies) will attack other males that invade their nesting territories but won’t attack females (no red bellies)
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What is the stimulus?
How could they prove this?
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B. Oriented movement • Kinesis: undirected movement
of an animal in response to environmental condition
Pillbugs are more active in dry conditions than in moist conditions. Why?
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• Taxis: directed movement towards or away from a stimulus. Ex: trout orient themselves upstream. Why?
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• Migration: seasonal movement of animals for long distance o Is circannual o follow sun’s position in sky,
Earth’s magnetic field or North star
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o What might be the stimulus to initiate migration?
o Depending on species of bird, it can be innate or learned
o How would they determine if it is innate or learned?
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C. Behavioral rhythms • Behavior that follows a biological
clock o Circadian rhythms follow a daily
clock like nocturnal vs diurnal animals
o What is the cue?o Circannual rhythms follow a
yearly clock like mating and migration
o What is the most common cue?
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Explain the biological rhythm of the fiddler crab
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D. Animal communication:• transmission of a signal from
one animal induces a behavior in another.
• Most animal communication is innate
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• Chemical communication: signal secreted by one animalo Can involve pheromones that are
secreted by females to indicate readiness to mate
Other types of chemical communication?
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• Visual communicationo To show courtship or aggression:
baring teeth and courtship dances
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• Auditory
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• Tactile = touch oGreeting, grooming.
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E. Habituation • animal learns to ignore meaningless
stimulus • allows animal’s nervous system to focus
on stimuli that signal food, a mate, or real danger
• What effect does habituation have on fitness?
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F. Imprinting • A learned behavior that is acquired
ONLY if appropriate stimulus is provided during the CRITICAL PERIOD
• Once behavior is acquired it is irreversible
• In birds, young imprint on parent and learn basic behaviors of their species.
• If critical period passes without imprinting, then species-specific behavior is not learned
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G. Associative Learning• Learned behavior where one
environmental feature is associated with anotheroClassical conditioning = arbitrary
stimulus is associated with a reward or punishment
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• social learning = animal learns by observing other animals
• Insight = animal performs a behavior without being learned
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oOperant conditioning = animal learns behavior thru positive or negative stimulus
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II. Genetics of Behavior A. Is behavior the result of genetics or is it learned? • Genes provide the instructions for
behavior • Nongenetic factors can modify how
instructions are carried out • Some behavior is more genetic than
learned and visa versa.
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B. The purpose of behavior is to enhance survival What is natural selection?
Genes for behavior have evolved by natural selection in order to enhance survival
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1. Foraging behavior • Foraging: food-obtaining behavior• Benefit of foraging: nutrition• Cost of foraging: energy expenditure,
risk of predation• Therefore any foraging behavior that
minimizes costs while maximizing benefits would be favorable
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2. Mating behavior• Mating behavior involves, attracting,
choosing, and competing for mates and the care of offspring
• Any behavior that maximizes this is favored
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Intersexual selection: where one sex chooses mate based on certain traits
Intrasexual selection: competition between members of the same sex for a mate