‘ENZYMATIC DEGUMMING’

Guided by- Dr. Jyotsna Waghmare.

-From ANIKET D. SHISHUPAL M.Tech (OILS)

OIL REFINING AND IT’S OBJECTIVES 1. Removal of undesired products from crude oils •free fatty acids (FFA) •phospholipids (gums) •oxidised products •metal ions •colour pigments •other impurities

2.Preservation of valuable vitamínes. (vitamin E or tocopherol–natural anti-oxidants)

3.Minimize oil losses

4.Protection of the oil against degradation

1) Degumming for removal of phosphatides

2)Neutralization for removal of free fatty acids

3)Bleaching for removal of color

4)Deodorization to distill odors and flavors

OIL REFININGPROCESS

TYPES OF GUMS NEED TO REMOVED :

Two main types Hydratable Phosphatides- easy to remove Non-Hydratable Phosphatides(NHP) -hard to remove from oil •some NHP removed with hydratables in water degumming •requires the use of an acid to convert to hydratable for complete removal

Type of Degumm

ing Processe

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1) Water Degummi

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3) Enzymatic Degummin

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2) Acid Degummi

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ENZYMATIC DEGUMMING FUNDAMENTALS

ABOUT ENZYMATIC DEGUMMING Enzymatic degumming was first introduced by the German LurgiCompany as the »Enzy Max process« .The EnzyMax process canbe divided into four different steps:

1. The adjustment of the optimal conditions for the enzyme reaction, i.e. optimal pH with a citrate buffer and the optimal temperature;2. The addition of the enzyme solution;3. The enzyme reaction; 4. The separation of lysophosphatide from the oil at about 75 °C.

Enzymes for enzymatic degumming; Lecitase® 10L (pancreatic phospholipase A2) Lecitase® Novo (microbial lipase) Lecitase® Ultra (microbial lipase)

ENZYMES –LECITASE (10 L, NOVO & ULTRA)1)Most of the phospholipids in crude oil (feed stocks) are hydratable and

can be removed by water degumming NHPL are not hydratable with water, can not swell and form gels or precipitate from oil. Removal of NHPL requires more complex process like enzymatic degumming.

2)Nowadays, two kinds of enzymes, such as Lecitase 10L (pancreatic phospholipase A2) and Lecitase Novo (microbial lipase), are used for oil degumming in the industry .

3)Advantage of Lecitase ultra EnzymeLecitase® Ultra is a new microbial lipase developed by Novozymes, and it is a protein-engineered carboxylic ester hydrolase from Thermomyces lanuginosus/Fusarium oxysporum produced by submerged fermentation of a genetically modified Aspergillus oryzae & most importantly it is able to identify only the phospholipids as substrate and did not hydrolyze the triglyceride in enzymatic oil degumming system.

ENZYMATIC DEGUMMING DIAGRAM

STEPS IN ENZYMATIC DEGUMMING:- 1)The enzyme solution (Aqueous solution of citric acid, caustic soda

and enzymes) is dispersed into filtered oil at mild temperature.

2)A high speed rotating mixer used for effective mixing of enzyme and oil.

3)The conversion of non-hydratable phospholipids (NHPs) into hydratable phospholipase (HPs) is attained by the effect of enzyme.

4)The enzyme treated oil is sent to mechanical separation

5)The degummed oil received is dried under vacuum and suitable for further process.

PLA & PLC ENZYMES1)For instance, phospholipase enzymes such as Purifine PLC specifically react with

phospholipid impurities in oil, leaving bulk oil untouched , phospholipases breaks the phospholipids into water soluble and oil soluble fragments minimizing the formation of emulsion and there by less yield loss.

2)Several commercially available degumming enzymes are available, most of which has a common mode of action.

3) Phospholipase A(PLA) enzymes removes fatty acid from phospholipid forming lysophospholipids that are poor emulsifier in low water environment of oil processing.

4)Degumming with PLA enzymes results in the significant oil reduction in entrained oil.

5) Enzymatic degumming using Purifine PLC can easily be integrated into most existing plant designs. The basic equipment required to carry out the process is an ultra-high shear mixer and a reaction tank.

6) Enzymatic degumming produces minimal wastewater because only 1-2% water needs to be added for efficient degumming.

7)The wastewater actually contains lysophospholipids that can be recycled by mixing degumming water with oil seed meals or recovered by evaporation.

8)In this way, enzymatic degumming becomes a refining process without waste products.

9)A low dosage of enzyme Lecitase ultra is added only 30g enzyme per ton oil. Enzymatic degumming is mainly focus on the development of new enzyme and optimal process for the reduction of phosphorus content

10)Compared with the conventional chemical refining process, physical refining is becoming more and more popular. Enzymatic degumming with Lecitase Ultra is a special type of physical degumming that is proving to give good performance and higher oil yields.

11) The enzyme process can optimized by controlling oil temperature, water dose, and enzyme dose. The result is a robust and uniform process where the enzyme is simply allowed to do its work, without adjusting process parameters according to the quality of the incoming oil.

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COMPARISON OF REFINING TECHNOLOGIES

TABLE ILLUSTRATING DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLA & PLC

THINGS TO BE NOTICED :-1)Use of enzymatic degumming reduces the total oil loss in degumming process

2) No soap stock

3)No wash water

4)Reduced process time

5)Reduction in chemicals

6)Zero phosphorous content

7)It is robust.

8)But reduction in oil losses must be pay for the enzyme cost and additional energy (power & heat)

THANK YOU