AngiographyExcessive Commercialisation

Complications of Angiography1.Death2.Myocardial Infarction

Factors predisposingUnstable anginaAngina at restRecent sub-endorcardial MIInsulin dependent diabetes mellitus

3. NeurologicalTransientPersistent (Stroke) A-V fistulaeHaematomas with vascular and neuralCompression Delayed haemorrhage

4. Local, Brachial and Femoral Complicationsa. BrachialArterial thrombosis Median n.injuryLate arterial bleedBacterial arteritisLocal cellulitis, phlebitis. b. FemoralArterial or venous thrombosisDistal embolizationFalse aneurysm

5. Perforation of the heart or great vessels

6. Vaso-vaga; reactopms7. Arrjutj,oas and conduction disturbances

8. Phlebities infection, fever9.Pyrogen reaction 10. Hypotension 11. Allergic shock Hypotension/anaphylaxis

12. Other Complications Pulmonary oedema Pulmonary artery perforation Pulmonary haemorrhage Coronary artery dissection Systemic or pulmonary embolization of Vegetations Pulmonary embolism Catheter entanglement

13. Drawbacks High costs and risks involved Invasive procedure

Bypass Surgery a road destined to close

Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG): Coronary artery bypass surgery is another expensive surgical procedure which is a more extensive, mutilating and aggressive process of temporary solution to coronary artery disease. In this operation, the chest is opened in the centre in front. Blood vessels from the leg are surgically removed and used to bypass the coronary arteries.

Complications of CABG1. Respiratory complications

Alveolar dysfunctionPulmonary oedema InfectionPhrenic nerve injuryProlonged ventilatory insufficiency

2. Post – operative hypertension

3. Heart attack (myocardial infarction) during operation

4. Cardiogenic shock5. Left ventricular failure6. Cardiac tamponade 7. Septic shock8. Arrhythmias

Atrial fibrillation Atrial flutterVentricular fibrillation

9. Blood clotting disorders

10. Wound infection, non-healing of wound

11. Peripheral vascular complications 12. Rental failure13. Gastro-intestinal complications

Bleeding in the stomach, duodenum, shock liver syndrome

14. Reblockages15. Damage the brain during the heart –

lung machine running the blood supply to the brain.