Angie A. Owais A. Caleb S. Dustin C. Pavlo D.. Long molecules containing similar building blocks...
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Transcript of Angie A. Owais A. Caleb S. Dustin C. Pavlo D.. Long molecules containing similar building blocks...
Angie A.
Owais A.
Caleb S.
Dustin C.
Pavlo D.
Long molecules containing similar building blocks linked together by covalent bonds.
Monomers: The subunits that serves as the building blocks of polymers.Created by a condensation, or dehydration,
reaction. Prefix: Poly means many so polymers mean
many monomers.
Condensation reaction (Dehydration Synthesis): A covalent bond is formed between two molecules when a water molecule is lost.
Hydrolysis: Molecules spilt with the addition of water molecules. (opposite of condensation reaction.)
Glycosidic Linkage: The covalent bond between two monosaccharides formed by a dehydration reaction. These links are usually formed between carbon-1 and carbon-4
http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Sugar and their polymers Composed of carbon and water.Three main types:
MonosaccharidesDisaccharidesPolysaccharides
Simplest carbohydrates formed by single or simple sugars.
The molecular formula consists mostly of CH2O molecules and variants.Variants: If carbon is double, so are all other
elements: CH2O → C2H4O2Glucose (C6H12O6) is the most common
monosaccharide.
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/carbohydrates.htm
Two monosaccharides bonded together by a glycosidic linkage to form double sugars.Glycosidic linkage: The removal of a water
molecule forms a covalent bond.Most common types of disaccharides:
Maltose, Sucrose, and Lactose.Maltose (Malt Sugar): Two glucose moleculesSucrose (Table Sugar): Glucose and fructose
moleculesLactose (Milk Sugar): Glucose and galactose
molecules (Isomers)
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/carbohydrates.htm
What chemical mechanism is
used?C12H22O11
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/carbohydrates.htm
What chemical mechanism is
used?
C12H22O11
What chemical mechanism is
used?
http://www.wlass.user.icpnet.pl/sucrose.gif
C12H22O11
StarchPolymer consisting of only glucose monomers.Most monomers are joined by 1-4 linkages (#1
carbon, which starts with the hydroxyl group, to #4 carbon)
Amylose: The simplest form of starchAmylopectin: A more complex form with 1-6
linkages. Glycogen
A polymer of glucose that is extensively branched.
More complex than amylopectin.
CelluloseA polymer of glucose with different glycosidic
linkages because of the two slightly different ring structures.
Glucose monomers are all in the β-configuration, turning every other glucose monomer upside down.
ChitinSimilar to cellulose except it has nitrogen.
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/carbohydrates.htm
Carbohydrates are the main source of energy in the body.
When digested carbohydrates turn into sugars and travel into your blood stream, where cells take in sugar.
Monosaccharides, especially glucose, provide cells with much needed nutrition.
Glucose is the major cellular fuel.During cellular respiration, the production of
ATP when oxygen is taken in, cells take the energy kept in glucose molecules.
Main function: Store and provide sugar for cells.
Other polysaccharides protect cells or entire organisms.
Starch, stored energy, provides plants with an abundance of glucose.
Cellulose helps strengthen the cell’s walls within a plant and smoothens the digestive tract food takes in our bodies.
Chitin is used in building the exoskeleton of many organisms (spiders).
Consuming too much carbohydrates can cause serious effects to the human body including:
Diabetes, which is too much sugar in the blood.Obesity, carbohydrates that are not used turn
into fat.High Cholesterol, which in turn can lead to a
heart attack or blocked arties. But if not enough carbohydrates are consumed,
organism can become sick from malnutrition.
Foods filled with carbs.
Exoskeleton
Sugar in blood
http://health-club.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Carbohydrate-food.jpg
http://www.backyardnature.net/pix/ecdysis.jpg http://server2.myebiz.com/johnnymurray/library/blood_sugar_2.jpg
First Slide http://dietsindetails.com/userfiles/carbs.jpg http://getfitnesstogether.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/glucose-
molecule4.gif
References: Campbell, Neil A., and Jane B. Reece. AP Biology. 7th ed. San
Francisco: Pearson, 2005. 69-74. Pearson, Owen. "What Are the Consequences of Eating Too Many
Carbohydrates?." LIVESTRONG. N.p., 31 Oct. 2010. <http://www.livestrong.com/article/293219-what-are-the-consequences-of-eating-too-many-carbohydrates/>.
Carter, Stein J. Carbohydrates. N.p., 1996. Web. 12 Oct. 2011. <http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/carbohydrates.htm>.
http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP13104