ANGAN 2019, New Delhi, 9 September 2019 · 2019-09-20 · ANGAN 2019, New Delhi, 9 September 2019...
Transcript of ANGAN 2019, New Delhi, 9 September 2019 · 2019-09-20 · ANGAN 2019, New Delhi, 9 September 2019...
ANGAN 2019, New Delhi, 9 September 2019
ANGAN 2019, New Delhi, 9 September 2019
Ms. Swati Puchalapalli
Founder, Terra Viridis, Hyderabad
THIS PRESENTATION WAS SHARED BY
FOR THE SESSION:
“Analytical Tools to Estimate Building Performance”
DURING ANGAN 2019
10th September 2019
Thematic Track 11 – Analytical Tools to Estimate Building Performance BEE ANGAN Conference
Swati PuchalapalliDirector, TerraViridisDirector, VeraTatva
THE ROLE OF SIMULATION TOOLS IN HIGH PERFORMANCE DESIGN –A PRACTITIONER’S PERSPECTIVE
High Performance Sustainable Design in India – A 1000+ Year History
Vernacular Traditions evolved around Climate
Focused on achieving Comfort with minimal active intervention
Design Principles – Natural Ventilation
NATURAL VENTILATION
Design Principles – Daylighting in the Buildings
Manual Tools & Calculations
• Climate analysis charts
• Sunpath Diagrams
• Shading Protractors
• Daylight and Radiation overlays
• SHGC calculator (for glazing)
• Daylight Factor Calculations
• Ventilation and stack effect calculators
Computer Simulation Programs
• Irradiation Analysis – DIVA, Ecotect, Grasshopper
• Windflow Analysis – Openfoam, Winflow, CFD, Fluent…..
• Microclimate Analysis – Envimet, UTCI….
• Shading analysis – external shading analysis, solar radiation penetration studies – Ecotect, Sketchup, Vasari…
• Dynamic Thermal Analysis - natural ventilation, comfort conditions, cooling load calculations, eQuest, Design Builder, Espr, TAS, IES….
• Daylight Analysis - daylighting analysis, glare analysis, complex shading and complex daylight enhancing design analysis – Radiance, Daysim, Diva….
Daylight Studies
CFD Studies
Glare Assessments
Shading Studies
Dynamic Thermal Modelling for Passive Design and Energy Modelling
Master planning Studies
Technology
• Insulation
• Efficient glazing
• Phases change materials
• Efficient HVAC systems
• LED lighting
• Solar PV…..
1. Learnings from Vernacular Design
2. Passive Design Principles
3. Climate Analysis
4. Design Principles
5. Manual Calculation Tools
6. Simulations and Calculations
So much information… So many tools…
7. Codes – ECBC, NBC, ASHRAE, CIBSE
8. Rating System Guidelines – GRIHA, LEED, IGBC, WELL….
9. Thermal Comfort Metrics – IMAC, ASHRAE, CIBSE, NBC
ARE THEY REALLY USEFUL? WHAT CAN THEY HELP ACHIEVE?
Days of ‘The Master Builder’ are gone!!
IT’S A TEAM EFFORT.
Architecture and
Masterplanning
Interiors
Structural Engineering
Landscape
Sustainability
MEP and Fire Engineering
Lighting Design
Architecture and
Masterplanning
Interiors
Structural, MEP, Fire and Lighting Engineering
Landscape
Sustainability
Sustainability overlaps with every other Team Member
Simulation Tools Bridge the Gap – Numbers can Talk!Masterplan
Concept Design
Building level
Schematic and Detailed Design
Construction
Construction and Commissioning
Post Occupancy
Post occupancy evaluation
CLIMATE DATA
SOLAR STUDIES
WIND FLOW & OUTDOOR COMFORT
DAYLIGHTING and SHADING
THERMAL, ENERGY & VENTILATION
STUDIES
TOOLS USED
Rhinoceros+
Rhinoceros+
Rhinoceros+
Rhinoceros /Ecotect+
Grasshopper+ladybug
Grasshopper +ladybug, DIVA
Autodesk flow design, Ladybug,
OpenFoam
Grasshopper +honeybee /
Ecotect, DAYSIM
EDSL TAS/eQuest/Design
builder, OpenFoam CFD, EnviMet
• Form• Orientation • Masterplanning Layouts• Landscaping• External Comfort studies
• Internal space planning• Natural /Mixed Mode Ventilation Design • Façade design• Shading• Reducing Fabric Loads• Maximizing Usable Daylight• Glare Minimization• Building Materials• Internal Surface Properties• Artificial lighting integration into daylight• Low energy cooling system integration• HVAC and Electrical Sizing• Controls, Metering and Monitoring Protocols• Landscape design to enhance microclimate
• Tender documents and Shop Drawings Checking
• On-site Coordination Problem Solving
• Pre commissioning of passive systems
TOOLS USED
TOOLS USED
TOOLS USEDTOOLS USED
• Setting real time benchmarks
Simulation Tools help in..
Vernacular Design
Building Physics Principles
Engineering
Technology
The design development from start to finish1. Combining design with technology most
effectively2. Identifying problem areas and helping to solve
them3. Optimising the design
Project: Amaravati High CourtArchitects: Foster + Partners, AHC
Simulation Tools help in..
Vernacular Design
Building Physics Principles
Engineering
Technology
The design of High Performance Buildings with ambitious energy consumption targets
30kWh/sqm/annum – Institutional Building75kWh/sqm/Annum – Office Buildings
And Achieve Net Zero Energy Targets
Project: Amaravati High CourtArchitects: Foster + Partners, AHC
High Performance Without Considering Comfort….
SENIOR CLASSROOM – THERMAL STUDY
Internal External
Temperature 34.7° 36.7°
Humidity 33% 27%
Daylight 220 lx 8084 lx
12 PMExternal Wall
Clearstory
Project: Aga Khan Academy Retrofit
JUNIOR CLASSROOM – THERMAL STUDY
Internal External
Temperature 34.3° 34.4°
Humidity 40% 31%
Daylight 315 lx 2600 lx
Internal External
Temperature 34.7° 36°
Humidity 32% 23%
Daylight 500 lx 4850 lx
10 AM
2.30 PM
External Wall
Project: Aga Khan Academy Retrofit
High Performance Without Considering Comfort….is a wasted Opportunity
SIMULATION TOOLS THAT HELP WITH COMFORT ASSESSMENT
Early Design Stage – Climate AnalysisMasterplan
Concept Design
Building level
Schematic and Detailed Design
Construction
Construction and Commissioning
Post Occupancy
Post occupancy evaluation
CLIMATE DATA
SOLAR STUDIES
WIND FLOW & OUTDOOR COMFORT
DAYLIGHTING and SHADING
THERMAL, ENERGY & VENTILATION
STUDIES
TOOLS USED
Rhinoceros+
Rhinoceros+
Rhinoceros+
Rhinoceros /Ecotect+
Grasshopper+ladybug
Grasshopper +ladybug, DIVA
Autodesk flow design, Ladybug,
OpenFoam
Grasshopper +honeybee /
Ecotect, DAYSIM
EDSL TAS/eQuest/Design
builder, OpenFoam CFD, EnviMet
• Form• Orientation • Masterplanning Layouts• Landscaping• External Comfort studies
• Internal space planning• Natural /Mixed Mode Ventilation Design • Façade design• Shading• Reducing Fabric Loads• Maximizing Usable Daylight• Glare Minimization• Building Materials• Internal Surface Properties• Artificial lighting integration into daylight• Low energy cooling system integration• HVAC and Electrical Sizing• Controls, Metering and Monitoring Protocols• Landscape design to enhance microclimate
• Tender documents and Shop Drawings Checking
• On-site Coordination Problem Solving
• Pre commissioning of passive systems
TOOLS USED
TOOLS USED
TOOLS USEDTOOLS USED
• Setting real time benchmarks
0
10
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0
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IMAC comfort lower limit IMAC Comfort Upper limit 25 per. Mov. Avg. (Dry Bulb degC) 25 per. Mov. Avg. (Relative humidity)Dry Blub Temp. (degC) Humidity(%)
Climate Analysis – Ambient conditions
/
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Most discomfort due to HighAmbient Temperature
IMAC Comfort limit Monthly avg. dry bulb temperature
• 86% of the year is comfortable• Max IMAC threshold temp. – 29.1c• Discomfort hours as per IMAC is forone month only when ambienttemperatures go above 32 deg C
IMA
C C
om
fort C
hart
Most comfortable – low ambient temperature with Humidity (less than 60%)
Dry Blub Temp. (degC) Humidity(%)
Most comfortable – low ambient temperature with
Humidity (less than 60%)
Instances when temp > 30°C and Relative humidity >50% on a sunpath
Dry bulb temperature annually on a sun path diagram
Summer
Solar Radiation Distribution at Bengaluru1. Intensity of solar radiation is higher pre-noon compared to post noon.
However ambient temperature is higher post noon compared to pre
noon.
2. Intensity of solar radiation is high 9am to 4pm (From April to June)
3. As it is very cloudy, the intensity of radiation is the least during monsoons
(July to Sep)
4. The intensity increases again post monsoon from October to March.
However, the intensity is high from around 10 am to 3pm.
Monsoon
Winter
Summer
Monsoon
Winter
Solar control and shading requirement
Based on the combination of solar intensity and ambient temperatures, effective
solar shading is required from
• 9am to 4pm in from Mid March to Mid September
• 10am to 3pm from Mid September to Mid March
Wind flow at BengaluruWindflow is primarily from east and west in Bangalore and quite consistent
through out the year.
• During the SW monsoons, it is predominantly from the west.
• During NE monsoon, the wind direction changes to East and wind speeds are fairly high
• During the winter months, the direction shifts to E, however the wind speeds are fairly low.
• In summers, the wind direction ranges from W, SW and E.
Orienting for wind and enhancing natural ventilation at Bengaluru
Given the varying wind direction and consistent winds through out the year, the following strategies have to be employed
to enhance natural ventilation
1. Orient to catch both West, East as well as SW breezes.
2. Provide for stack ventilation along with cross ventilation to help enhance natural ventilation through out the year
Climate Analysis – Solar Intensity and Wind
Climate Analysis – PET Temperature
Hourly PET temperature Under direct sun (Max 46.6c)
Hourly PET temperature Under Shaded outdoor Condition (Max 39.6 – Min 12c)
PET Body characteristic Input Conditions –
• Age – 25 yr.
• Weight – 60kg
• Body position – Standing
• Clothing insulation – summer cloths
• Activity duration – 180 minutes
• Metabolic rate – 1.6
Hot conditions(PET >38c)
PET Levels -• Category -4 (<14c) – Very Cold
• Category -3 (14c-18c) –Cold
• Category -2 (18c-22c) – Cool
• Category -1 (22c-26c) – Slightly cool
• Category 0 (26c-30c) – Comfortable
PET Levels -• Category 1 (30c-34c) – Slightly warm
• Category 2 (34c-38c) –Warm
• Category 3 (38c-42c) – Hot
• Category 4 (>42) – Very Hot
Warm conditions(PET>34)
Observations
Ph
ysio
logi
cally
Eq
uiv
ale
nt
Tem
pe
ratu
re -
Un
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r D
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ct s
un
& s
had
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co
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itio
ns
• Under direct sun very hot conditions starts from Feb to June, while
intensity is higher in March to May.
• Under Shaded Outdoor conditions From March to May prevails
warm conditions.
• Maximizing shaded path ways along with soft scaping can reduce
mean radiant temperature at outdoor conditions.
• During Mar-May humidity levels are lower (<30%) - Humidification
through water elements (fountains, waterbodies) can reduce
ambient air temperature aiding comfort in outdoor conditions.
Early Design Stage - MasterplanningMasterplan
Concept Design
Building level
Schematic and Detailed Design
Construction
Construction and Commissioning
Post Occupancy
Post occupancy evaluation
CLIMATE DATA
SOLAR STUDIES
WIND FLOW & OUTDOOR COMFORT
DAYLIGHTING and SHADING
THERMAL, ENERGY & VENTILATION
STUDIES
TOOLS USED
Rhinoceros+
Rhinoceros+
Rhinoceros+
Rhinoceros /Ecotect+
Grasshopper+ladybug
Grasshopper +ladybug, DIVA
Autodesk flow design, Ladybug,
OpenFoam
Grasshopper +honeybee /
Ecotect, DAYSIM
EDSL TAS/eQuest/Design
builder, OpenFoam CFD, EnviMet
• Form• Orientation • Masterplanning Layouts• Landscaping• External Comfort studies
• Internal space planning• Natural /Mixed Mode Ventilation Design • Façade design• Shading• Reducing Fabric Loads• Maximizing Usable Daylight• Glare Minimization• Building Materials• Internal Surface Properties• Artificial lighting integration into daylight• Low energy cooling system integration• HVAC and Electrical Sizing• Controls, Metering and Monitoring Protocols• Landscape design to enhance microclimate
• Tender documents and Shop Drawings Checking
• On-site Coordination Problem Solving
• Pre commissioning of passive systems
TOOLS USED
TOOLS USED
TOOLS USEDTOOLS USED
• Setting real time benchmarks
Irradiation studies for Option 4B
Project: IIPEArchitects: Architect Hafeez Contractor
Ventilation studies For South West-Option 4B (1.8m)
Point of interest (a) Point of interest (b) Point of interest (b)
Project: IIPEArchitects: Architect Hafeez Contractor
PET Analysis
A1 North West Semi Shade
PET 92 % of year comfortable (<34)
PET 80 % of year comfortable ( <34)
A1 South East Semi Shaded
N
N
Project: IIPEArchitects: Architect Hafeez Contractor
UTCI of outdoor spaces
3
1
24
Exposed area without overshading
Exposed area with some self-shading
Shaded corridors (semi open space)
Shaded entrance area
UTCI is an outdoor comfort metric that
combines various factors like –dry bulb
temp, wind speed, relative humidity and
MRT, to arrive at a comfort index.
A UTCI between 26 and 28 degrees Celcius
indicates slight heat stress (comfortable for
short periods of time). Between 28 and 32
degrees, UTCI indicates moderate heat
stress (hot but not dangerous). Between 32
and 38 degrees, UTCI indicates strong heat
stress (dangerous beyond short periods of
time). Above 38, UTCI indicates very strong
to extreme heat stress (very dangerous).
Project: MAHE Architecture SchoolArchitects: Purple Ink Studio
Detailed Design StageMasterplan
Concept Design
Building level
Schematic and Detailed Design
Construction
Construction and Commissioning
Post Occupancy
Post occupancy evaluation
CLIMATE DATA
SOLAR STUDIES
WIND FLOW & OUTDOOR COMFORT
DAYLIGHTING and SHADING
THERMAL, ENERGY & VENTILATION
STUDIES
TOOLS USED
Rhinoceros+
Rhinoceros+
Rhinoceros+
Rhinoceros /Ecotect+
Grasshopper+ladybug
Grasshopper +ladybug, DIVA
Autodesk flow design, Ladybug,
OpenFoam
Grasshopper +honeybee /
Ecotect, DAYSIM
EDSL TAS/eQuest/Design
builder, OpenFoam CFD, EnviMet
• Form• Orientation • Masterplanning Layouts• Landscaping• External Comfort studies
• Internal space planning• Natural /Mixed Mode Ventilation Design • Façade design• Shading• Reducing Fabric Loads• Maximizing Usable Daylight• Glare Minimization• Building Materials• Internal Surface Properties• Artificial lighting integration into daylight• Low energy cooling system integration• HVAC and Electrical Sizing• Controls, Metering and Monitoring Protocols• Landscape design to enhance microclimate
• Tender documents and Shop Drawings Checking
• On-site Coordination Problem Solving
• Pre commissioning of passive systems
TOOLS USED
TOOLS USED
TOOLS USEDTOOLS USED
• Setting real time benchmarks
Increasing beam-depth (75%)
Increasing beam-depth (50%)
UDI between 100 and 2000 lux(Chief Justice court room)
Key plan_ 6th
floor_location of court hall
100% glazing with shading (base case) 75% glazing with shading (base case) 50% glazing with shading (base case)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.75 1.5 2.25 3 3.75 4.5 5.25 6 6.75 7.5 8.25 9 9.75 10.5 11.25 12 12.75 13.5 14.25 15 15.75 16.5 17.25 18 18.75
UD
I< 1
00
lux
Distance from light well façade in m
100% 75% 50%
Chief Justice’s Court hall 1_ UDI between 100 and 2000 lux
Project: Amaravati High CourtArchitects: Foster + Partners, AHC
Fish eye images for Daylight glare possibility
50% glazing case-Chief justice’s court (sixth floor)Daylight glare probability – 0.202 (DGP<0.34 is imperceptible glare)
75% glazing case- chief justice's court (sixth floor)Daylight glare probability – 0.24 (DGP<0.34 is imperceptible glare)
100% glazing case- Chief justice’s court-(sixth floor)Daylight glare probability – 0.27 (DGP<0.34 is imperceptible glare)
Key plan_ 6th
floor_location of court hall
Project: Amaravati High CourtArchitects: Foster + Partners, AHC
North Shading is ideal when takenperpendicular to the surface, incase it isextended in line of skylight, dimension ofshading increases to 610mm.
SKYLIGHT GEOMETRY
605mm
750mm
1200mm
600mm
600mm
450mm
1200mm
Project: Aga Khan AcademyArchitects: DCOOP
STEREOGRAPHIC SUN PATH PROJECTION
North skylight is well shaded and sunlight infiltration isobserved only after 5pm during summer months
South East skylight is well shaded and sunlight infiltration isobserved only till 8.15 am during winter months
Project: Aga Khan AcademyArchitects: DCOOP
6 6 12 6 7 7 15 8 7 9 10 11 14 13 13 27 61 67 38 58 61 29 66 71 47 71 62 58 54 68 57 55 56 71 39 74 39 45 20 33 39 31
5 5 13 7 7 7 8 10 11 14 12 17 14 25 48 61 50 50 58 67 63 72 69 74 76 74 78 83 76 71 57 55 56 71 39 74 39 45 20 33 39 31
6 6 6 14 8 9 10 11 10 10 17 20 23 27 64 65 64 64 67 67 71 71 72 71 76 76 63 63 75 75 78 66 69 73 72 45 54 57 30 41 30 43
6 6 7 15 8 10 10 12 15 17 38 44 31 72 75 74 72 70 71 66 69 83 82 82 81 82 82 73 75 84 82 81 73 73 77 75 64 64 45 38 65 61
7 7 7 8 11 12 12 18 20 55 60 63 65 76 74 76 84 81 84 78 78 83 80 82 83 84 81 79 85 85 84 71 73 80 80 70 68 75 73 63 60 60
7 7 8 8 19 10 12 26 47 68 47 64 69 76 76 82 86 86 85 84 81 82 82 84 85 84 83 85 87 86 85 80 82 82 82 78 75 76 79 73 67 65
7 8 8 10 19 12 14 23 27 58 62 65 66 67 85 86 72 73 86 86 81 80 80 80 81 81 82 82 88 88 86 85 84 83 83 81 77 79 81 77 71 68
15 9 14 12 21 17 26 30 35 68 71 71 69 79 86 83 75 82 87 85 82 82 82 83 83 83 83 87 90 89 87 87 80 79 86 85 79 79 80 79 77 74
14 15 12 14 17 22 45 50 67 70 73 76 78 79 80 81 83 85 85 83 84 83 87 90 89 89 92 92 86 86 88 86 82 84 87 84 81 81 82 81 79 77
26 23 26 24 28 45 49 55 72 73 78 79 80 81 82 84 86 85 84 85 85 88 91 90 91 92 93 91 87 90 86 91 91 91 89 88 83 82 85 84 75 73
46 33 23 26 31 53 57 72 74 76 82 82 84 82 83 84 88 88 89 86 87 87 87 87 86 93 93 91 89 88 92 92 92 91 89 87 84 86 87 84 76 74
42 46 37 38 48 62 61 72 74 79 83 84 88 89 90 89 89 89 87 87 87 86 85 84 84 86 86 86 94 94 93 93 93 92 91 91 89 88 88 83 84 81
50 45 38 41 68 71 82 75 74 83 86 87 90 90 91 89 89 89 88 88 92 91 90 86 88 87 87 87 92 93 94 93 92 92 92 91 89 89 86 84 83 85
61 59 51 58 71 73 86 80 82 85 87 89 91 91 89 89 89 89 91 92 93 93 92 91 91 90 93 93 93 93 93 94 95 94 94 90 93 92 92 85 89 86
64 52 53 52 82 79 80 82 85 86 88 88 89 89 89 89 90 90 90 93 93 93 92 92 92 91 95 94 94 93 94 95 95 95 95 93 93 93 90 89 89 87
53 74 87 82 81 84 84 84 82 84 84 93 93 92 95 90 90 90 90 93 92 92 92 92 94 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 93 93 93 92 90 90 90 88
66 73 76 84 72 77 83 83 82 87 92 93 93 94 90 91 90 92 93 93 93 93 95 95 95 96 95 95 92 94 95 95 94 93 93 93 93 91 91 91 90 89
55 66 72 78 75 79 84 84 84 83 89 91 91 91 91 91 91 93 93 93 94 95 95 95 95 94 94 93 92 92 94 96 94 94 94 93 92 91 91 91 93 92
63 68 69 76 77 83 84 85 86 88 89 89 90 91 91 92 93 93 93 93 94 95 95 95 94 94 94 93 92 92 93 95 94 94 94 92 92 92 92 94 93 92
68 66 71 72 84 88 88 87 87 88 89 89 93 94 94 95 94 94 93 94 94 94 94 95 95 95 94 94 94 94 94 95 95 95 94 93 93 92 95 94 94 91
66 66 70 81 91 88 87 87 87 88 93 93 93 94 94 95 95 95 94 94 94 94 95 95 95 95 94 94 94 94 95 94 94 94 94 94 94 95 95 94 92 91
83 69 78 79 88 86 87 87 87 90 90 92 93 94 94 95 94 94 94 94 94 95 95 95 95 95 94 94 94 94 95 94 95 95 94 94 93 94 94 95 93 92
86 84 83 83 83 91 86 88 89 90 90 90 93 93 94 94 94 94 93 94 95 95 95 96 96 96 95 95 95 96 96 95 95 95 94 94 93 93 93 93 93 92
73 78 81 81 81 85 89 89 89 89 92 93 93 94 94 94 97 94 95 95 95 95 96 96 95 95 95 95 95 96 96 96 95 95 96 95 94 93 94 94 93 94
78 83 82 85 92 87 88 89 94 94 95 93 93 93 94 94 94 95 95 95 95 95 96 96 96 95 94 95 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 95 95 95 95 94 94 94
79 76 82 83 84 91 90 91 94 94 91 91 92 97 97 96 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 96 95 95 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 95 95 95 95 94 96 95
65 82 81 84 85 90 84 90 92 92 91 94 95 97 97 98 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 96 96 96 96 96 95 97 96 96 96 95 95 95 94 94 96 96 95
84 89 82 83 83 89 83 87 89 90 90 91 96 97 97 96 96 95 95 95 95 95 96 95 96 96 96 96 95 95 95 95 96 96 96 96 95 94 94 95 95 95
72 81 87 82 83 85 86 87 88 89 94 94 95 96 96 96 95 95 95 95 95 97 97 96 96 96 96 95 95 94 94 94 97 96 96 96 95 95 94 94 93 96
70 75 77 81 83 84 86 87 90 93 94 94 94 95 95 95 95 95 95 96 97 97 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 94 94 97 97 97 96 95 95 95 95 96 95
85 79 82 84 85 86 86 87 94 94 94 94 95 95 95 96 96 96 96 96 97 97 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 97 97 97 97 96 96 95 95 95 96 95 95
78 78 83 81 83 85 88 91 92 93 94 94 95 95 95 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 95 95 95 96 96 97 96 96 95 96 96 95 95 95
72 84 84 89 89 86 88 90 92 93 95 95 95 94 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 95 96 96 96 95 95 95 97 96 96 95 94
82 82 87 88 88 85 87 88 94 94 95 95 96 94 94 94 96 96 96 95 95 95 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 97 96 96 96 97 96 96 96 95 94
82 85 84 86 86 86 88 89 92 93 94 94 94 94 95 95 96 95 95 95 95 95 96 96 96 96 95 96 96 96 96 97 97 97 97 97 97 96 96 96 95 95
83 83 83 84 84 85 86 92 92 92 91 91 93 94 94 95 95 95 95 95 95 96 96 96 96 95 97 97 96 96 96 97 96 97 97 97 97 96 96 95 95 95
87 87 88 88 89 89 90 91 91 91 91 91 91 96 96 96 96 96 96 95 97 97 97 96 97 97 97 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 97 97 97 96 96 95 95 95
82 86 85 87 88 88 89 90 90 90 91 93 96 96 96 96 96 96 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 96 96 96 96 96 96 95 96 96 96 96 96 95 95 95 95
90 84 84 86 87 86 89 90 90 91 91 95 95 95 95 95 96 96 95 96 96 97 97 97 97 97 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 95 96 96 95 95 95 94
80 86 85 85 87 93 88 90 91 91 95 96 96 96 96 96 95 95 95 95 95 97 97 97 97 97 98 97 97 96 96 96 96 96 95 95 96 96 96 95 95 94
77 91 84 84 86 92 88 92 92 94 95 96 96 96 96 96 95 95 95 95 96 96 96 96 98 98 97 97 96 95 95 95 95 95 97 96 96 96 96 95 95 96
86 89 82 82 92 91 95 92 92 93 92 93 95 96 96 95 95 95 96 96 96 96 96 98 98 98 97 97 97 96 95 95 95 97 97 97 96 96 96 96 96 96
79 79 79 91 91 92 95 91 91 91 92 92 93 97 97 96 95 95 96 96 96 97 97 98 97 97 97 97 97 97 96 96 97 97 97 97 97 96 96 96 96 96
76 77 89 82 91 92 92 92 91 92 92 94 96 96 97 97 96 96 96 96 96 98 98 97 97 97 96 96 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 96 97 96 96 96 96 95
87 83 85 87 92 91 91 91 91 92 93 96 96 96 96 97 96 96 96 95 96 96 96 96 97 96 96 96 98 99 99 99 99 98 97 97 97 96 96 96 95 95
87 79 78 90 86 91 92 91 91 91 95 96 96 95 95 96 96 96 96 96 95 95 95 96 96 96 96 96 99 99 99 99 99 97 97 97 96 96 96 96 95 95
86 76 81 89 83 92 92 91 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 96 96 96 97 97 96 96 96 96 96 96 99 99 99 99 99 98 97 97 96 96 96 96 96 95 95 96
83 87 80 91 91 92 92 92 93 95 95 95 94 94 95 97 97 97 97 97 97 96 96 96 96 96 99 99 99 98 99 97 96 97 96 96 96 96 96 95 96 96
53 71 85 89 93 91 92 92 92 93 93 95 95 96 97 97 97 97 97 97 96 96 96 96 99 98 98 98 99 99 99 99 99 97 97 97 96 96 96 96 96 96
85 77 90 90 92 90 91 92 92 93 94 95 95 96 97 97 97 97 96 96 96 96 96 97 97 97 98 98 99 99 99 99 99 97 97 97 96 96 96 96 95 95
89 87 88 86 90 88 88 90 91 91 95 95 95 94 94 94 95 95 96 96 96 96 97 97 97 97 99 99 99 99 99 99 97 97 97 97 97 97 96 96 95 96
87 84 87 86 87 87 86 87 91 92 92 93 94 94 94 95 95 95 95 98 99 98 97 96 96 96 96 97 97 97 99 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 95 95 96 96
71 85 85 84 86 87 88 89 91 91 92 93 94 94 94 94 95 97 99 99 99 99 99 98 97 96 96 96 95 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 96 95 95 95 95 96
86 88 80 90 90 93 90 90 91 92 93 93 93 94 94 94 94 98 98 98 99 99 98 98 98 96 96 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 95 95 94 95 95
84 83 89 88 88 88 89 92 92 93 92 93 93 93 93 94 94 97 97 97 95 96 97 98 99 99 99 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 96 96 96 95 95
75 88 83 89 90 89 94 91 92 92 95 95 95 93 93 98 97 96 96 96 95 95 97 99 99 99 99 98 97 97 97 96 96 96 96 97 96 96 96 95 95 95
85 79 89 87 89 90 94 90 93 94 95 95 95 94 94 95 96 96 96 95 94 94 95 96 97 98 97 97 97 97 96 96 96 95 95 96 96 96 96 97 96 96
87 85 90 88 87 89 89 90 92 93 94 94 93 93 93 93 95 96 96 96 95 95 94 94 94 97 97 97 97 97 98 97 96 96 96 96 96 97 97 96 96 96
83 89 93 87 86 87 90 90 92 92 97 96 96 93 94 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 93 93 99 98 98 97 95 96 97 97 97 98 97 97 96 96 96 96 96 95
71 72 81 88 85 85 88 90 93 95 97 97 97 96 96 96 95 95 95 95 95 95 99 98 98 98 97 95 95 95 96 97 98 98 97 97 96 96 96 95 95 95
63 85 73 91 85 86 87 89 92 94 95 96 95 96 96 96 94 94 94 96 96 96 97 97 97 98 96 96 95 96 95 96 96 96 97 95 95 95 95 95 95 94
82 85 81 90 84 86 87 91 92 92 94 94 95 95 95 94 94 95 95 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 95 96 96 96 96 95 95 95 95 95 96 95 95 94
79 73 80 89 89 92 92 91 91 93 94 94 94 96 96 95 93 93 94 95 94 96 96 96 98 97 96 95 96 96 96 96 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 94 94 96
80 69 84 91 89 91 91 91 91 92 93 95 96 96 96 95 93 93 94 94 94 95 96 96 98 97 96 96 96 96 96 95 95 95 95 95 95 94 94 93 96 96
82 84 88 93 82 86 89 89 90 91 91 92 95 95 95 95 95 94 93 94 95 95 94 96 97 97 99 97 97 95 95 96 95 95 94 96 95 95 95 95 95 95
75 83 86 80 89 82 85 87 89 90 90 91 93 94 94 95 95 95 96 96 95 94 94 96 96 97 98 98 98 97 95 95 95 96 96 95 95 95 95 95 93 93
81 83 85 89 94 83 84 84 89 89 92 92 92 93 94 94 97 96 95 95 96 96 96 95 95 96 98 97 96 96 96 96 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 94 93 92
71 72 75 83 85 84 91 90 87 90 92 92 92 93 97 97 97 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 98 98 98 96 96 96 96 95 95 95 94 95 95 94 94 93 93
72 63 76 81 83 86 90 88 90 91 91 91 93 95 96 96 94 94 94 95 95 95 94 95 96 98 98 98 96 95 93 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 93 91
65 77 71 79 79 80 81 86 89 90 93 92 93 94 96 98 93 93 95 95 94 93 93 93 97 97 92 95 96 95 94 93 95 94 96 95 93 93 95 94 91 90
52 63 72 71 75 77 79 81 85 89 92 91 93 93 92 92 95 95 94 94 95 94 93 93 95 94 92 94 95 95 91 93 93 95 95 95 93 94 94 93 91 90
55 53 64 68 81 85 85 82 83 84 91 92 92 92 91 93 94 94 94 94 95 94 94 95 95 93 93 93 94 94 95 95 94 94 95 94 93 92 94 92 90 89
39 51 65 71 75 77 82 84 82 86 90 91 87 87 95 95 90 92 93 93 92 93 94 93 94 93 92 93 93 93 95 94 93 93 95 95 91 92 93 93 91 90
17 44 48 57 66 77 78 78 74 76 87 87 85 91 93 92 88 88 92 92 91 91 95 94 93 93 93 92 93 93 94 94 93 94 94 92 89 89 92 92 90 89
14 23 45 46 69 61 78 80 81 85 84 84 89 91 93 93 94 95 91 95 93 93 94 92 92 92 91 91 92 91 93 93 93 93 93 92 93 92 91 90 89 87
22 13 32 37 64 61 69 79 70 82 73 81 81 79 88 92 93 90 89 94 92 87 92 91 94 91 91 91 95 89 92 91 95 94 92 95 91 91 94 93 85 85
10 14 22 22 35 41 46 66 63 67 79 75 85 85 79 85 84 92 89 93 90 93 93 81 93 90 91 87 91 90 88 91 95 92 90 94 94 90 86 90 81 82
3 4 11 4 4 5 12 6 5 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 10 12 8 15 12 11 19 16 12 17 18 14 13 18 17 17 11 28 11 30 11 10 8 8 9 9
4 4 11 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 9 11 9 9 10 12 13 18 15 20 25 22 28 45 29 26 17 17 11 28 11 30 11 10 8 8 9 9
4 4 4 11 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 10 10 12 12 12 12 16 17 17 17 25 24 13 13 25 25 34 21 20 28 28 12 13 13 12 10 12 11
4 4 5 12 5 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 8 14 15 15 16 16 17 13 15 40 37 42 36 40 39 21 25 46 43 42 28 26 35 32 15 16 12 11 16 13
5 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 10 11 16 16 19 49 38 44 30 35 43 36 42 43 44 38 33 54 52 46 18 25 39 39 21 18 22 20 14 13 13
5 5 5 6 13 7 7 8 9 10 9 10 13 20 21 41 59 56 54 50 43 41 41 50 52 47 44 53 62 59 51 39 55 48 49 37 27 27 37 21 16 15
5 5 6 6 14 7 7 8 8 10 10 11 15 16 57 61 24 23 65 65 45 44 57 56 52 50 58 57 71 71 57 60 61 59 56 44 33 39 49 34 20 17
13 6 10 7 14 7 8 8 9 13 15 17 17 34 64 53 32 57 68 63 51 60 63 62 60 62 63 69 75 74 70 70 47 45 66 64 52 48 52 46 32 27
6 7 7 7 7 8 9 9 13 15 16 34 37 40 41 44 62 67 67 64 63 62 70 74 73 72 80 80 65 64 73 66 58 63 69 65 58 59 60 50 38 31
14 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 17 19 40 44 47 46 50 64 69 68 66 66 65 71 80 76 79 79 81 78 68 75 63 79 79 79 72 72 60 56 67 65 37 32
14 15 8 8 8 17 13 17 21 23 37 44 46 54 58 64 73 72 73 69 72 71 71 70 68 81 81 79 75 70 82 82 81 77 74 70 65 68 70 64 43 39
13 19 10 10 12 20 14 18 24 32 40 48 69 71 72 73 73 73 71 71 72 71 67 66 65 68 67 67 85 86 83 83 82 79 78 77 74 73 72 62 63 56
17 18 10 11 16 18 34 27 26 39 56 63 74 75 76 74 74 73 72 73 82 78 79 69 70 69 69 69 82 85 86 83 80 80 80 78 75 74 67 65 62 68
21 19 15 15 17 22 44 38 40 59 71 73 76 77 74 74 74 73 78 81 84 84 81 79 82 76 82 83 83 85 84 85 87 86 85 77 83 81 82 66 75 70
22 16 20 14 28 28 39 50 61 68 71 73 74 74 75 75 75 75 76 84 83 85 82 82 81 80 88 87 86 84 86 89 88 88 88 85 84 83 75 74 73 72
18 28 40 31 27 34 52 55 51 63 64 81 83 80 85 76 76 76 75 83 83 82 83 83 86 89 88 88 88 90 89 89 89 89 84 84 84 81 77 76 75 73
24 25 27 34 20 27 52 55 46 62 78 81 83 84 77 78 78 81 84 83 84 84 90 90 89 89 89 89 82 85 90 89 87 85 84 84 82 78 78 78 77 74
22 22 25 25 30 38 56 56 54 51 75 77 78 78 80 79 80 84 84 84 87 90 90 90 89 86 85 84 82 82 87 90 87 86 85 83 80 79 78 79 83 82
24 23 23 29 34 48 51 58 64 72 74 75 76 80 80 81 83 84 84 84 87 90 89 90 87 86 86 84 83 83 85 88 88 87 87 81 80 80 80 85 83 82
23 21 22 22 40 65 62 64 69 72 74 75 84 84 85 88 87 87 85 86 86 87 87 89 88 88 87 86 86 86 87 88 88 88 86 85 83 81 88 87 86 77
26 21 22 37 59 66 57 65 69 71 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 89 87 87 87 88 88 89 89 89 87 87 86 87 88 87 87 87 86 86 87 89 88 87 82 78
38 23 30 32 46 50 68 69 70 75 78 81 83 85 88 88 87 86 87 87 87 88 88 88 88 89 88 87 86 86 88 87 89 88 87 86 84 86 86 88 82 80
42 41 38 36 39 66 67 71 75 76 77 78 85 86 87 87 87 87 86 86 89 89 89 91 91 91 89 88 88 92 90 90 89 88 87 85 85 84 83 84 83 82
28 33 34 36 38 58 68 71 73 75 80 84 85 86 87 88 93 87 90 90 90 91 91 91 90 89 88 91 91 92 91 90 89 89 91 89 88 85 87 86 85 86
34 40 39 49 62 60 67 70 85 86 88 84 84 84 87 87 87 90 90 90 90 89 91 91 91 89 88 90 92 92 91 91 92 91 91 91 90 88 87 86 86 86
34 29 37 41 48 62 73 79 84 85 80 81 81 93 93 92 89 89 89 89 91 90 90 90 90 90 92 92 92 92 91 91 92 92 91 91 89 88 87 86 91 89
22 36 35 44 50 55 53 74 80 81 79 86 89 92 93 96 89 89 89 89 89 90 90 90 91 92 92 92 92 89 92 92 92 91 90 89 88 87 86 92 91 90
43 44 37 41 43 51 49 67 73 76 77 79 91 92 92 91 91 90 89 89 90 90 91 90 90 91 92 90 88 88 88 90 91 91 92 91 90 87 88 89 89 90
22 37 53 41 46 62 67 70 72 74 86 86 87 90 90 91 90 90 89 89 89 93 92 92 91 91 91 89 89 88 88 87 92 92 92 92 91 88 87 86 86 91
21 26 30 39 48 58 67 68 76 84 86 86 86 90 90 90 90 90 89 91 93 92 92 91 91 91 90 92 92 91 88 88 93 93 92 92 91 90 89 90 92 91
44 32 39 47 51 63 66 69 84 85 85 85 88 88 88 91 92 92 92 92 92 92 91 91 91 92 92 92 92 92 94 94 93 93 92 91 91 90 90 91 91 90
33 33 40 39 52 60 72 78 80 84 86 87 87 89 90 91 91 91 91 91 91 92 92 92 92 92 92 92 91 90 90 92 92 93 91 91 90 91 91 90 90 89
26 44 44 63 70 62 70 75 81 83 90 90 89 87 91 91 91 91 91 91 92 91 92 92 92 92 91 91 92 92 90 91 91 91 91 90 90 93 92 91 89 88
38 39 51 58 66 59 70 71 86 87 89 90 90 87 87 87 91 92 92 88 88 90 91 91 91 91 92 92 92 92 91 91 93 92 91 92 93 92 92 91 89 87
37 45 46 55 61 65 71 74 82 83 85 87 86 87 89 90 91 90 90 88 88 88 92 92 91 91 90 91 92 92 92 93 92 92 92 93 93 92 91 91 90 88
43 44 43 46 46 54 67 80 81 81 80 80 84 87 87 90 91 90 88 88 91 91 92 92 91 90 93 93 92 92 91 92 92 93 93 93 93 92 91 91 90 89
48 45 55 56 63 66 74 78 79 78 79 80 81 91 91 92 92 92 91 89 93 93 93 92 93 93 93 92 91 91 91 91 91 92 93 93 93 91 91 90 90 89
36 49 48 52 57 63 72 75 78 78 79 85 90 90 90 91 91 91 92 93 93 93 93 94 93 93 92 92 91 91 91 91 91 92 91 91 92 91 91 90 90 89
46 43 45 50 53 54 73 76 78 79 80 89 89 89 89 90 91 91 90 91 91 93 93 93 93 93 91 91 91 91 91 91 92 91 91 91 92 91 91 90 89 88
36 41 43 46 67 76 71 74 79 80 90 91 91 92 92 92 89 89 90 90 90 94 93 93 93 93 94 93 92 92 91 91 91 91 91 90 92 92 91 90 89 87
31 49 40 48 64 74 72 81 82 86 89 91 92 92 92 92 90 89 90 90 92 92 92 92 94 94 94 94 92 90 91 90 90 90 93 93 92 92 91 90 88 92
47 47 37 38 78 75 84 80 82 84 82 84 89 91 91 89 89 89 91 91 91 91 91 94 94 94 93 93 93 92 90 90 90 93 93 92 92 91 92 92 92 91
38 32 32 68 75 79 83 78 79 80 81 83 84 92 92 91 89 89 92 91 91 93 93 94 94 93 93 93 93 93 92 92 93 92 93 92 93 92 91 91 91 91
28 29 46 38 71 79 80 80 80 80 81 87 92 92 92 92 91 91 91 91 91 94 94 94 93 93 92 92 92 92 93 92 92 92 92 92 93 92 92 91 91 90
49 39 39 52 74 77 77 78 79 81 83 91 91 91 92 92 92 91 91 90 91 91 90 92 92 92 92 92 94 96 96 96 96 94 93 93 93 92 92 91 90 89
46 32 33 51 58 76 79 79 79 80 89 90 90 88 90 91 92 91 91 90 90 90 90 91 91 91 92 92 95 95 96 96 96 93 93 92 92 92 91 91 90 88
46 28 34 46 46 78 79 79 89 89 89 89 89 88 89 91 91 91 94 93 92 91 91 91 91 91 96 95 95 95 95 95 93 92 92 92 92 91 91 91 90 92
40 46 34 69 72 78 81 82 83 89 89 89 86 87 89 93 93 93 93 93 93 92 91 91 91 91 95 95 95 95 95 93 92 92 92 92 92 92 91 91 92 92
15 23 46 62 71 77 80 81 82 83 83 89 89 91 93 93 93 93 93 93 92 92 92 91 95 95 95 95 96 97 98 97 97 93 93 93 92 92 91 92 91 91
44 29 57 67 70 74 78 80 81 84 88 88 89 91 92 92 93 93 92 92 92 92 91 93 93 93 94 94 95 96 97 96 95 93 93 93 92 92 91 91 90 89
46 49 57 54 61 67 70 75 79 80 87 88 89 86 87 87 90 91 91 91 91 92 93 93 92 92 95 95 95 95 96 96 93 93 93 94 93 93 91 90 90 91
44 43 50 50 63 67 66 71 79 81 82 85 86 86 87 88 90 90 90 95 95 94 93 92 92 92 91 92 93 93 95 93 93 93 94 93 93 93 89 90 91 91
30 41 45 46 54 67 71 73 78 79 81 84 87 87 87 88 89 92 95 95 95 95 96 95 94 92 91 91 90 94 93 93 93 93 93 93 92 89 89 88 88 91
48 44 36 67 68 77 72 75 77 81 84 86 86 87 87 87 87 94 94 94 95 95 95 95 95 91 91 93 94 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 89 89 88 91 90
42 37 59 61 63 65 72 80 82 83 82 85 85 86 86 86 87 93 93 93 89 91 92 94 96 96 96 93 93 93 93 93 94 93 93 93 93 92 92 91 90 88
32 44 40 58 70 67 82 78 80 81 89 89 90 84 85 95 93 92 91 91 88 88 93 96 96 96 96 94 94 94 93 92 91 92 92 92 92 92 91 91 88 88
44 34 47 52 64 72 81 75 83 87 88 89 89 86 86 90 92 92 92 90 87 87 88 92 93 95 94 93 93 93 91 91 90 90 89 92 92 91 90 93 92 92
48 44 58 52 56 64 70 74 81 84 86 86 85 85 85 85 91 91 91 91 90 89 86 86 86 93 93 93 93 93 94 93 92 91 92 92 91 92 93 92 92 91
40 54 59 50 51 55 74 76 79 81 92 90 89 84 87 90 90 90 90 90 90 89 85 85 95 95 95 92 90 92 94 93 93 94 94 93 91 91 91 91 91 89
30 29 38 46 47 54 70 74 81 87 90 91 92 91 91 91 89 89 89 89 89 90 95 95 95 94 92 89 90 90 92 93 94 94 94 93 91 91 90 89 89 88
26 48 31 51 49 52 67 70 81 85 88 89 89 89 90 90 87 87 87 92 91 91 93 93 93 94 91 91 90 91 90 91 92 92 93 90 90 89 90 90 89 87
44 46 38 53 47 63 68 79 80 81 87 87 88 88 87 85 86 88 90 91 92 92 93 92 92 91 91 91 90 92 91 91 90 90 90 89 89 90 91 90 88 87
42 32 36 57 61 76 78 77 78 83 86 86 86 91 91 88 85 85 86 88 87 93 92 92 94 93 92 90 91 90 91 91 90 90 90 89 89 88 87 87 87 91
46 27 43 54 57 70 76 76 78 82 85 88 91 91 90 90 86 85 86 86 86 90 91 92 93 93 92 90 90 90 90 88 89 88 88 88 88 86 85 85 91 90
48 48 54 62 39 55 68 73 72 77 79 81 89 89 88 90 89 87 85 87 88 88 87 91 93 92 95 94 92 89 89 91 90 89 86 90 88 88 90 89 88 89
40 40 47 38 48 42 52 60 69 73 74 77 84 86 87 88 88 88 91 91 89 87 86 91 92 93 95 94 94 92 89 89 89 90 90 90 89 89 89 88 83 82
45 40 45 60 69 44 46 49 63 66 77 80 82 83 86 87 93 90 90 89 91 91 90 89 89 92 94 92 91 92 91 91 88 88 88 88 88 88 87 84 82 79
34 32 32 42 46 46 70 64 58 65 79 80 82 83 92 92 92 89 88 90 90 89 87 88 87 94 94 94 91 90 91 90 88 87 86 85 87 86 85 85 83 80
37 23 30 38 41 52 64 59 67 71 75 79 85 89 90 91 85 85 86 89 88 88 84 88 89 93 93 93 92 89 83 84 86 86 85 85 85 84 85 83 80 70
31 40 32 35 36 40 42 52 62 64 78 79 83 87 88 92 83 84 88 87 85 83 82 82 91 91 80 88 91 87 86 82 86 85 90 88 83 82 86 84 70 67
21 26 30 27 31 34 36 42 52 62 72 73 81 82 76 77 87 86 86 85 87 85 79 78 87 83 75 85 90 87 74 79 80 86 89 89 82 83 84 81 69 66
21 21 27 30 39 45 48 44 48 48 71 73 75 76 72 79 84 84 84 85 85 84 85 85 85 79 78 75 82 84 85 83 83 84 87 84 79 76 77 73 66 64
13 18 29 29 31 33 42 49 42 50 63 69 61 60 81 82 66 75 82 82 79 80 81 80 83 80 74 75 78 79 86 83 79 79 85 84 72 72 73 73 68 65
7 15 15 21 25 35 36 37 32 33 55 56 54 67 76 69 60 60 77 76 74 74 83 81 78 75 73 72 75 74 85 84 79 80 80 74 65 64 73 71 66 63
7 8 15 15 29 23 40 40 46 49 48 45 61 64 73 72 84 85 72 83 70 69 79 68 74 72 65 65 71 66 74 75 75 74 71 70 72 71 69 67 63 59
7 7 10 13 27 24 32 40 31 43 32 40 47 37 55 68 80 64 60 78 68 58 69 64 74 63 65 66 78 61 69 66 83 74 67 79 65 65 74 71 55 54
7 7 8 8 12 13 16 32 25 27 41 36 52 49 38 51 51 66 59 70 63 73 70 41 72 64 68 57 64 64 60 66 77 69 64 75 76 63 56 65 50 48
3 3 10 3 3 4 11 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 7 6 7 7 7 9 10 9 10 9 8 7 8 6 7 7 11 8 11 7 7 5 6 7 6
3 3 10 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 5 6 6 7 6 7 7 7 7 9 9 10 10 10 10 20 12 9 6 7 7 11 8 11 7 7 5 6 7 6
3 3 3 10 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 9 9 10 10 13 14 9 11 10 9 9 9 9 7 10 7
3 3 3 11 4 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 17 10 17 11 13 12 10 10 19 20 21 15 10 12 12 9 11 8 7 11 8
3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 14 10 11 9 9 17 11 17 13 13 11 11 22 21 19 8 15 15 15 10 10 10 10 8 8 7
4 4 4 4 11 5 5 6 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 10 17 15 13 12 10 11 13 18 15 14 12 18 26 26 23 11 17 18 14 12 10 10 12 10 9 8
4 4 4 5 12 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 13 14 10 10 16 15 10 10 13 13 12 12 13 13 31 31 26 23 20 18 16 13 11 12 14 12 10 9
11 4 8 5 12 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 10 14 12 10 13 19 14 11 13 15 14 14 14 15 27 38 38 34 34 12 12 25 23 12 12 13 12 11 9
4 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 10 11 12 12 12 15 19 21 16 16 16 26 32 30 27 46 46 20 19 38 26 19 19 29 25 14 14 15 13 11 10
12 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 11 12 13 12 13 16 24 21 17 20 19 27 44 35 41 44 50 42 25 41 19 58 56 55 36 36 16 15 21 18 11 10
7 13 6 6 7 14 8 8 9 9 11 13 13 13 14 16 33 32 33 22 37 33 31 25 24 53 51 46 37 29 63 63 62 49 39 30 18 24 29 19 11 11
7 14 7 7 7 14 8 8 9 10 12 13 20 22 24 31 39 39 29 33 37 37 25 23 21 23 21 21 63 67 58 60 56 56 50 48 45 42 40 16 19 13
8 14 7 7 8 8 16 9 9 12 15 16 30 30 35 44 44 37 32 38 66 54 50 28 27 25 24 24 67 72 65 61 60 58 56 55 49 47 26 20 16 29
9 9 8 8 8 9 18 12 12 19 29 32 34 36 39 39 40 38 51 59 70 69 63 50 63 48 62 66 68 71 66 64 74 71 69 56 68 63 64 24 43 32
10 8 15 8 10 9 12 15 20 24 30 34 38 39 42 42 45 44 46 70 69 70 63 64 63 60 73 73 72 69 72 78 75 75 76 71 70 68 44 41 37 35
8 11 19 11 9 11 16 17 16 19 22 46 56 52 54 48 48 46 45 68 67 64 68 67 72 76 75 75 77 79 78 77 77 78 69 69 69 62 48 45 45 38
11 10 10 17 8 10 15 16 15 21 37 48 54 61 48 56 53 62 71 70 70 72 80 79 77 77 77 76 66 72 79 78 75 71 71 70 63 52 50 52 48 42
12 9 10 15 11 12 17 17 17 16 41 44 48 47 55 54 61 70 71 70 74 82 80 80 78 73 71 69 67 66 75 79 75 73 71 66 57 55 52 58 69 65
11 9 9 10 12 16 17 20 22 32 39 43 47 57 56 62 67 70 70 71 74 81 78 82 75 74 73 70 68 68 71 76 76 75 74 62 59 56 62 71 69 66
10 9 9 9 19 22 22 23 27 33 38 43 67 68 68 74 74 74 73 74 74 74 74 81 77 76 76 75 74 73 74 77 76 76 73 70 69 65 75 74 73 52
16 9 9 13 25 20 19 23 27 29 54 63 66 70 73 75 76 77 76 76 75 75 76 79 78 78 77 76 74 75 76 76 75 74 73 72 74 77 75 74 67 54
20 9 11 12 21 17 26 27 29 36 48 55 62 70 75 76 75 74 75 75 75 76 76 76 76 79 77 76 75 74 76 76 78 76 74 72 70 72 72 76 67 62
22 18 16 13 14 28 25 30 40 42 45 48 70 72 72 75 75 74 74 74 79 79 78 84 81 80 77 77 77 82 80 79 78 77 74 72 70 70 69 70 68 66
12 14 13 14 14 21 25 29 33 40 51 64 71 72 73 75 83 74 80 80 80 81 81 82 80 78 76 83 80 82 81 80 79 77 81 78 75 71 75 73 71 73
19 16 16 21 30 20 24 27 69 72 74 70 70 70 74 75 74 79 79 80 80 79 83 81 81 78 75 82 85 82 81 81 83 82 81 81 79 77 75 73 73 72
19 12 14 16 19 26 31 44 67 70 57 61 63 84 85 82 79 78 78 78 81 81 79 79 79 79 84 84 85 86 81 81 83 82 81 81 78 76 74 73 80 77
9 14 14 16 18 25 20 34 55 57 54 71 76 83 84 88 78 78 79 79 79 79 79 79 80 82 84 83 83 80 85 84 82 81 79 79 77 75 73 82 80 78
21 22 13 15 16 23 17 26 32 40 45 54 80 81 83 81 82 80 78 78 79 80 80 78 80 81 83 80 76 76 75 78 81 80 83 82 80 74 77 78 78 80
9 15 24 15 16 22 26 28 30 33 66 72 73 79 80 81 80 79 78 78 78 85 85 82 81 81 80 78 79 79 75 74 83 84 84 83 81 77 76 74 73 82
9 10 11 14 16 20 27 27 37 53 70 70 71 78 80 80 80 78 78 82 86 85 83 82 81 80 80 84 83 83 76 75 87 87 85 82 81 79 77 79 82 80
20 12 14 17 20 23 28 32 68 69 69 68 74 75 75 82 83 83 83 84 84 84 83 82 81 82 84 83 82 82 87 87 87 87 85 81 81 80 79 81 79 78
14 14 15 14 20 23 32 42 51 64 68 70 74 77 79 81 82 82 82 82 82 84 83 83 84 84 84 82 81 80 79 83 85 86 82 81 80 81 81 80 78 77
11 19 18 26 30 23 29 39 54 59 78 78 77 73 80 81 81 82 82 82 83 82 83 84 83 83 82 81 85 83 80 81 81 81 81 81 80 85 84 81 79 76
16 17 22 24 26 22 30 32 66 65 76 78 79 75 75 76 82 82 83 76 76 79 81 82 82 83 83 83 84 84 81 81 85 84 82 83 85 84 83 81 78 75
16 20 20 22 24 24 32 37 57 63 67 74 73 74 77 79 81 80 79 76 76 75 83 83 82 80 80 82 84 83 84 85 85 84 84 87 85 84 81 81 79 76
17 17 18 18 17 21 27 46 47 54 52 54 71 74 74 80 81 79 76 75 82 82 83 83 83 80 86 85 84 83 81 84 84 85 87 86 85 83 80 80 79 77
20 19 23 22 28 27 35 40 49 50 58 63 64 82 83 83 82 82 82 77 88 86 85 85 87 86 85 84 82 81 81 82 82 85 86 85 84 80 81 80 79 77
15 19 19 22 24 26 31 39 50 50 58 72 80 81 80 81 81 82 85 87 87 86 87 88 87 86 85 84 82 81 81 81 82 82 83 83 83 82 81 80 79 77
25 18 19 18 19 21 33 39 50 56 63 78 77 77 77 79 81 82 80 81 82 87 88 87 87 86 82 82 82 81 81 81 83 83 82 81 83 82 81 80 78 76
16 22 16 17 23 34 29 35 59 61 78 80 82 84 84 83 78 78 79 79 80 88 89 86 88 85 88 87 85 84 81 82 81 82 81 81 83 82 80 80 77 75
14 27 16 18 23 33 33 55 66 72 77 81 83 83 83 83 79 79 79 79 83 83 82 85 88 88 88 87 84 80 80 79 80 79 85 84 83 83 82 79 77 82
23 25 14 15 42 36 49 51 60 69 64 69 77 82 79 78 79 79 81 82 82 82 84 89 88 87 87 87 86 84 80 80 79 85 85 84 82 81 84 83 83 82
17 12 13 33 37 43 47 46 49 54 60 65 70 83 84 81 78 79 83 82 82 85 86 88 88 87 86 86 86 88 84 82 85 84 85 85 85 83 82 82 81 81
11 12 23 16 34 43 47 45 46 52 57 73 82 83 84 84 81 81 82 82 82 89 88 87 86 86 84 84 84 85 86 85 84 84 84 84 85 84 83 81 81 80
22 17 19 22 37 38 39 41 45 51 68 80 81 82 83 84 82 81 81 81 82 81 80 83 83 83 83 83 89 92 92 92 91 88 86 86 84 83 83 81 79 77
21 13 12 24 20 37 44 42 45 51 76 79 80 76 80 81 82 81 81 81 80 80 79 83 82 82 83 83 91 91 91 91 91 85 84 84 83 83 82 81 79 76
23 11 12 21 16 39 42 43 71 73 75 74 79 78 79 81 82 82 89 86 83 84 83 82 82 82 91 91 91 91 91 89 85 84 83 82 82 81 83 81 80 83
18 22 13 36 35 39 47 50 59 71 74 77 74 76 79 86 87 88 88 88 88 86 83 84 81 81 90 90 90 90 90 86 85 84 83 82 85 84 83 81 84 82
7 10 20 30 37 39 44 49 57 62 66 77 77 81 85 85 85 87 88 88 84 83 82 84 90 89 89 89 92 95 95 94 94 86 86 84 84 83 82 83 79 79
21 11 28 32 32 32 42 48 52 62 73 74 76 81 85 85 85 85 83 83 83 83 82 88 87 87 88 87 91 92 94 91 89 85 85 84 83 82 81 79 78 77
26 22 26 22 27 25 30 38 47 50 72 75 76 75 75 75 81 81 81 82 82 84 85 85 84 83 90 90 91 91 92 93 86 86 86 87 86 85 81 80 78 81
23 19 21 22 23 25 26 31 47 53 58 66 72 74 76 78 79 80 81 89 89 88 87 84 84 83 82 84 87 87 91 86 86 86 87 87 86 85 78 79 80 82
13 17 18 18 21 25 30 35 45 49 52 64 74 75 74 76 79 85 89 89 89 89 91 89 89 82 82 85 81 88 86 86 85 85 86 86 82 79 77 77 76 81
25 23 15 28 29 37 32 36 45 55 69 72 73 74 75 75 75 88 88 88 89 89 89 89 89 81 80 86 89 87 86 86 85 85 88 87 86 78 78 77 80 78
20 20 23 24 25 27 31 48 53 60 59 70 71 72 73 74 75 86 86 87 79 82 84 88 93 92 92 87 87 87 86 85 88 88 87 86 86 84 83 81 80 77
13 22 17 29 34 28 44 41 46 53 75 76 78 70 71 87 85 85 82 80 77 77 88 92 93 92 91 87 87 88 85 84 81 82 83 84 83 82 82 80 77 76
20 14 24 24 30 35 43 38 64 72 74 75 75 72 73 79 83 83 83 79 75 75 78 83 87 90 87 87 86 86 81 80 80 79 78 83 83 81 79 84 83 81
24 21 31 25 26 28 31 36 49 60 70 72 69 70 70 70 81 80 80 80 79 80 74 75 74 86 85 85 87 87 88 85 83 80 83 83 82 84 85 83 82 80
19 27 32 23 21 23 37 40 44 47 75 74 74 68 76 79 79 78 77 77 79 81 73 72 89 89 89 84 79 82 88 87 86 89 86 85 80 80 79 80 80 77
13 13 16 23 19 22 32 37 47 60 71 73 82 80 81 80 77 75 75 75 75 79 89 89 88 88 84 78 79 79 83 87 87 87 87 85 81 79 78 75 78 76
12 23 12 25 20 22 30 33 50 58 63 65 76 78 79 79 75 75 75 80 81 84 85 86 86 87 81 81 80 80 79 82 83 83 86 78 77 77 76 75 77 74
22 21 15 26 19 26 31 43 46 50 70 72 72 72 72 70 71 77 79 81 83 86 84 83 82 81 81 80 79 81 80 79 77 79 78 77 78 79 80 78 76 73
20 13 15 26 28 41 43 40 43 53 69 70 71 79 82 77 70 68 74 76 75 86 82 85 86 84 82 78 81 77 79 79 79 78 78 77 77 76 76 71 71 78
24 11 19 28 28 36 39 39 45 55 65 74 81 81 80 80 72 72 72 72 72 80 79 83 85 84 80 76 77 76 75 73 77 76 75 77 76 74 70 66 77 76
25 25 28 35 15 24 31 35 34 41 46 53 70 73 75 79 77 73 69 74 73 72 70 79 82 81 88 85 82 76 75 79 78 76 71 77 72 75 78 75 75 73
19 17 21 14 23 16 21 26 33 36 37 40 56 61 72 73 73 74 80 79 74 67 64 77 81 84 87 86 86 81 77 77 77 78 76 76 77 77 76 73 59 56
23 17 19 28 36 17 17 20 30 32 41 44 50 54 64 68 78 79 78 75 78 76 76 74 73 80 85 82 77 79 81 79 74 71 68 67 68 71 66 60 54 49
15 12 12 18 20 19 38 33 27 32 44 47 58 58 78 79 74 69 69 77 71 70 66 69 68 84 83 84 76 75 79 76 68 66 64 63 65 63 61 60 57 52
16 10 11 15 17 24 33 28 35 37 39 45 62 69 70 72 61 60 65 71 67 66 58 64 68 76 76 76 79 70 61 61 63 63 64 64 62 59 60 57 52 37
13 19 13 15 15 17 17 24 31 32 45 45 56 65 65 68 55 58 67 63 59 56 54 52 73 73 47 70 75 68 65 57 63 62 72 68 59 57 64 59 38 35
9 10 12 11 13 13 14 17 25 32 40 40 50 51 43 44 63 62 61 60 63 58 48 47 64 55 42 62 75 64 47 52 53 64 70 68 57 59 60 53 40 37
10 10 11 12 16 19 21 21 22 21 36 42 45 44 41 49 57 56 56 59 59 58 60 61 59 50 48 46 55 58 61 59 57 58 65 61 51 48 54 47 37 34
7 9 13 11 12 12 17 22 17 22 31 38 30 28 56 58 34 42 51 51 48 51 54 54 54 50 46 47 48 49 62 56 51 50 61 60 42 44 48 46 41 37
6 7 7 9 11 14 15 15 12 13 29 28 26 35 48 39 30 30 49 46 41 41 59 54 48 47 46 43 48 48 59 58 54 55 56 47 34 32 47 44 38 34
5 7 7 8 12 10 19 17 22 25 24 20 33 35 45 44 58 59 42 56 43 41 52 37 46 43 34 36 43 34 47 48 48 46 44 42 44 42 41 39 33 30
6 5 7 7 11 11 13 19 12 20 14 16 23 16 29 38 48 34 28 48 39 29 41 33 50 34 35 37 55 30 39 37 59 50 39 58 37 37 50 45 27 26
5 5 6 7 7 7 7 16 11 11 19 15 29 24 16 28 28 38 28 42 34 46 44 17 46 36 41 28 35 36 30 39 53 42 34 52 54 33 28 37 24 22
DAYLIGHT AUTONOMY
DA@250: Average- 54.2% DA@200: Average- 71.7% DA@150: Average- 87.1%
Project: Aga Khan AcademyArchitects: DCOOP
600MM SKYLIGHT OPENING- Acute Angle Panel options
CASE 1A
• With translucent panels, daylight levels drop by more than 40% to around 150 lux as compared to the above case.
• Glare is also high due to the brightness of the translucent panels.
CASE 1B
350mm overhang
800mm overhang 600mm
overhang
Acoustic panels along this edge
60
0m
m2
25
0m
m
CASE 1A
PLT white DGU
• Clear DGU with 0.75 VLT is used • Position of Acoustic panel as per architect’s
drawing
• This configuration of acoustic panels doe snto provide sufficient shading from direct sun. It also results in high visual contrast in the line of sight (as seen as red patches) that results in glare.
• Daylight levels are adequate
350mm overhang
800mm overhang 600mm
overhang
Acoustic panels along this edge
60
0m
m2
25
0m
m Translucent Panel
CASE 1B
• Translucent panel with 0.7 VLT is used • Position of Acoustic panel as per architect’s
drawing
Project: Aga Khan AcademyArchitects: DCOOP
600MM SKYLIGHT OPENING- Obtuse Angle Panel option
CASE 2
• This configuration of acoustic panels with clear DGU provides adequate daylight as well as good glare control.
Recommendation• Increase the spacing between the roof monitors by reducing the
number. 350mm overhang
800mm overhang 600mm
overhang
60
0m
m2
25
0m
m
Acoustic panels along this edge
PLT white DGU
CASE 2
• Position of Acoustic panel as per report 9• Clear DGU with 0.75 VLT is used
Project: Aga Khan AcademyArchitects: DCOOP
Detailed Design StageMasterplan
Concept Design
Building level
Schematic and Detailed Design
Construction
Construction and Commissioning
Post Occupancy
Post occupancy evaluation
CLIMATE DATA
SOLAR STUDIES
WIND FLOW & OUTDOOR COMFORT
DAYLIGHTING and SHADING
THERMAL, ENERGY & VENTILATION
STUDIES
TOOLS USED
Rhinoceros+
Rhinoceros+
Rhinoceros+
Rhinoceros /Ecotect+
Grasshopper+ladybug
Grasshopper +ladybug, DIVA
Autodesk flow design, Ladybug,
OpenFoam
Grasshopper +honeybee /
Ecotect, DAYSIM
EDSL TAS/eQuest/Design
builder, OpenFoam CFD, EnviMet
• Form• Orientation • Masterplanning Layouts• Landscaping• External Comfort studies
• Internal space planning• Natural /Mixed Mode Ventilation Design • Façade design• Shading• Reducing Fabric Loads• Maximizing Usable Daylight• Glare Minimization• Building Materials• Internal Surface Properties• Artificial lighting integration into daylight• Low energy cooling system integration• HVAC and Electrical Sizing• Controls, Metering and Monitoring Protocols• Landscape design to enhance microclimate
• Tender documents and Shop Drawings Checking
• On-site Coordination Problem Solving
• Pre commissioning of passive systems
TOOLS USED
TOOLS USED
TOOLS USEDTOOLS USED
• Setting real time benchmarks
Project: Amaravati High CourtArchitects: Foster + Partners, AHC
Such as understanding the impact of U-Value on cooling loads as well as comfort in a fully shaded space…..
-5%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
% R
ed
uct
ion
–A
nn
ual
Co
olin
g Lo
ad
U-Value, W/m2K
U-Value Sensitivity Graph - Fully Shaded Judge's Chambers
Fo- J.Chamber 13- I Fo- J.Chamber 16 - I Fo- J.Chamber 19 - I
Fo- J.Chamber 20 - I Fo- J.Chamber 23 - I Fo- J.Chamber 26 - I
Project: Amaravati High CourtArchitects: Foster + Partners, AHC
Such as understanding the impact of U-Value on comfort in a fully shaded space…..
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Court Complex 13 -Resultant Temperatures -Day 158
External Temperatures Single Glazing Double Glazing
Planitherm Pristine White SKN 165 Dry Bulb Temperatures
SKN 165+U-0.4(walls and roof)
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Court Complex 13 -Radiant Temperatures -Day 158
External Temperatures Single Glazing Double Glazing
Planitherm Pristine White SKN 165 Dry Bulb Temperatures
SKN 165+U-0.4(walls and roof)
Project: Amaravati High CourtArchitects: Foster + Partners, AHC
Irradiation studies-North Facing Balcony for all east and west facing Villa
Unshaded Area
Un-Shaded (% of Time Annually)
Shaded (% of Time Annually)
Hot to Very Hot
(>38°C)
17% 4%
Warm(34-
38°C) 6% 4%
Slight Warm
(30-34°C)
8% 7%
Cool to
Comfortable(<30°C
)
65% 85%
shaded Area
• Based on the irradiation studies it is recommended to shade the open terrace on the North since the irradiation is higher than 2064kwh/m2 throughout the year to allow the occupants to use the space.
Project: Organo AntaramArchitects: FHD Studios
West Facing-First Floor Bedroom Typical Summer Week Results
W-Bedroom FF-1
Case-1
Window A 2.4 X 2.4 m
Open from 7am to 10 Pm
Window-B0.6 X 1.5 mOpen all day
W-Bedroom FF-1
Window-A1.8 X 2.4 m
Open from 7am to 10 Pm
Window-B0.6 X 1.8 mOpen all day
Window-B0.6 X 1.5 mOpen all day
Case-2
W-Bedroom FF-1
Window-A1.8 X 2.4m
Open from 7am to 10 Pm
Window-B0.6 X 1.8 mOpen all day
Case-3
Window-B0.6 X 1.8 mOpen all day
Window-B0.6 X 1.5 mOpen all day
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Case-1Bed Room FF_1 Solar Gain (W) Bed Room FF_1 External Conduction Opaque (W) Bed Room FF_1 External Conduction Glazing (W)External Temperature (°C) Bed Room FF_1 Dry Bulb (°C) Bed Room FF_1 Radiant Temp (°C)Bed Room FF_1 Resultant Temp (°C)
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Case-2
Bed Room FF_1 Solar Gain (W) Bed Room FF_1 External Conduction Opaque (W) Bed Room FF_1 External Conduction Glazing (W)
External Temperature (°C) Bed Room FF_1 Dry Bulb (°C) Bed Room FF_1 Radiant Temp (°C)
Bed Room FF_1 Resultant Temp (°C)
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Case-3Bed Room FF_1 Solar Gain (W) Bed Room FF_1 External Conduction Opaque (W) Bed Room FF_1 External Conduction Glazing (W)
External Temperature (°C) Bed Room FF_1 Dry Bulb (°C) Bed Room FF_1 Radiant Temp (°C)
Bed Room FF_1 Resultant Temp (°C)
Project: Organo AntaramArchitects: FHD Studios
At 1.5mt from floor level
Option 1– Temperature in C
Due to low wind speed and weak eddies only 1c drop in temperature is observed.
The corridor though having less windspeed manages to have 2c temperature drop.
1c temperature drop is observed.
The inlet regions can feel too hot .
1c temperature drop is observed.
The corridor though having less windspeed manages to have 2c temperature drop.
Project: TCS PuneArchitects: Edifice Architects
It is also important to understand what simulations can’t help with in relation to Comfort
⁻ Privacy
⁻ Security
⁻ Dust
⁻ Noise pollution
⁻ Mosquitoes and flys
⁻ Spiders and spider webs
⁻ Pigeons
⁻ Rain (water tightness)
⁻ Accessibility of openings
Performance criteria is defined
Design generation
Simulation
Evaluation
Optimisation
Design process uses Simulation and optimization as techniques to
formulate a design problem and generate an optimum solution. This
iterative performance optimization requires a responsive approach to
design that anticipates design modification.
An Iterative Design ProcessEvery building is unique
‘Cookie Cutter’ solutions seldom work well
Comfort is
• Very subjective
• Unpredictable sometimes
However, if not considered, it has the potential to ruin any design