Anette Muller
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Bauhaus-University WeimarChair of Mineral Processing ofBuilding Materials and Reuse
Recycling of construction anddemolition waste
Status and new utilisation methods
Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Anette Mller
20. CODATA
October, 23-25, 2006; Beijing
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Bauhaus-University WeimarChair of Mineral Processing ofBuilding Materials and Reuse Topics
1 Sustainable development in construction industry
2 Classification and properties of recycledconstruction materials from CDW
3 Closed loop of materials from concrete CDW
4 Utilization of masonry CDW as raw material
5 Summary and prospects
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Bauhaus-University WeimarChair of Mineral Processing ofBuilding Materials and Reuse
Sustainabledevelopment
Durability
Secondary
buildingmaterials
Con-struction
Utilization
Maintenance
Demolition
Primarybuilding
materials
Processing
CDW is the umbrella term for very wide
range of materials which are generatedby all construction activities.
Sustainable developmentin construction industry
Recycling
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Bauhaus-University WeimarChair of Mineral Processing ofBuilding Materials and Reuse
Sustainabledevelopment
Amount of CDW per inhabitant in Europe
European countries Others
0
0,4
0,8
1,2
1,6
2
30 333 6126
Pop. density [C/km]
Hong
Kong
Japa
n
USA
0
0,4
0,8
1,2
1,6
2
0 100 200 300 400
Population density [Capita/km]
Spec
.amount
ofCDW
[t/a*Capi
ta]
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Bauhaus-University WeimarChair of Mineral Processing ofBuilding Materials and Reuse
Sustainabledevelopment
Composition of CDW inEurope
Substitution of natural materials byrecycled materials
Concrete 239 %
Asphalt 6...21 %
Masonry CDW 4292 %
Mixed rubble 211 %
Ref.: F.I.R. Interforum 2005
0 10 20 30 40
CZ
CH
B
E
D
A
ST*
NL
Substitution [%]* South Tyrol
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Bauhaus-University WeimarChair of Mineral Processing ofBuilding Materials and Reuse Topics
1 Sustainable development in construction industry
2 Classification and properties of recycledconstruction materials from CDW
3 Closed loop of materials from concrete CDW
4 Utilization of masonry CDW as raw material
5 Summary and prospects
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Bauhaus-University WeimarChair of Mineral Processing ofBuilding Materials and Reuse
Classification
and properties
Features for classification
Division in at least three main groups
Concrete + mortar + natural aggregates All kinds of brick + ceramics
Asphalt
Composition
Division in at least two groups
> 2,0 (OD) / 2,2 (SSD) kg/m
> 1,5 (OD) / 1,8 (SSD) kg/m
Bulk density
(water absorption)
Division in at least two groups
Material without contaminations
Material with contaminations lower than certain,defined threshold values
Content of leach-
able substances
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Bauhaus-University WeimarChair of Mineral Processing ofBuilding Materials and Reuse
Classification
and properties
German standard on recycled aggregates DIN 4226-100
Constituents [% by mass] Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4
DIN 4226-100: Recycled aggregatesConcrete
chippings +crusher sand
Construc-
tion chip-pings
+ c. sand
Masonrychippings +
c. sand
Mixedchippings+ c. sand
Concrete and natural aggregates 90 70 20
Clinker, non-pored bricks 80Sand-lime bricks 5
Other mineral materials (i.e. poredbrick, lightweight concrete, no-finesconcrete, plaster, mortar, porousslag, pumice stone)
2 3 5
Asphalt 1 1 1
Foreign substances (i.e. glass, nonferrous metal slag, lump gypsum,
plastic, metal, wood, plant residue,paper, others)
0.2 0.5 0.5 1
OD density/oven dry [kg/m] 2000 2000 1800 1500
20
10 30
80
Ref.: DIN 4226-100
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Bauhaus-University WeimarChair of Mineral Processing ofBuilding Materials and Reuse
Classification
and properties
Properties of real concrete CDW
Composition of processed concrete from one recycling plant
Ref: SERGIO CIRELLI ANGULO 2005
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 3 5 7 9 11Sample
Content[%]
Concrete and mortar Natural rock
Mean: 95.1 %Variation
coefficient: 3.1 %
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Bauhaus-University WeimarChair of Mineral Processing ofBuilding Materials and Reuse
Classification
and properties
Bulk density of processed concrete from one recycling plant
Mean: 2.20 g/cmVariationcoefficient: 4.4 %
Sample
Bu
lkdensity[g/cm]
Nat. aggregate
Cement paste
Ref: SERGIO CIRELLI ANGULO 2005
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Bauhaus-University WeimarChair of Mineral Processing ofBuilding Materials and Reuse
Classification
and properties
Composition of processed masonry from several recycling plants
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25
Sample
Con
tent[
%]
Brick and ceramics
Mean: 48.3 %Variation
coefficient: 21.3 %
Ref.: WINKLER 2001
h i i i
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Bauhaus-University WeimarChair of Mineral Processing ofBuilding Materials and Reuse
Classification
and properties
Bulk density of processed masonry from several recycling plants
1,4
1,6
1,8
2
2,2
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
Sample
B
ulkdensity[g/cm
1,4
1,6
1,8
2
2,2
1 3 5 7 9 11 13
Sample
B
ulkdensity[g/cm
Fraction< 10 mm
Fraction> 10 mm
Fraction < 10 mmMean: 1.74 g/cm
Variationcoefficient: 8.5 %
Fraction > 10 mmMean: 1.91 g/cmVariation
coefficient: 5.3 %
Ref.: WINKLER 2001
B h U i it W i
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Bauhaus-University WeimarChair of Mineral Processing ofBuilding Materials and Reuse
Classification
and properties
Conclusion: Considerable fluctuations in compositionand density
Concrete CDW: Caused by composite nature of concrete morethan by composition
Masonry CDW: Caused by composition
Consequences for reuse in closed loops
High-grade applications not realizable so far due to unstablequality of processed CDW
Technologies for quality improvement and homogenization haveto be developed
Ba ha s Uni ersit Weimar
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Bauhaus-University WeimarChair of Mineral Processing ofBuilding Materials and Reuse Topics
1 Sustainable development in construction industry
2 Classification and properties of recycledconstruction materials from CDW
3 Closed loop of materials from concrete CDW
4 Utilization of masonry CDW as raw material
5 Summary and prospects
Bauhaus University Weimar
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Bauhaus-University WeimarChair of Mineral Processing ofBuilding Materials and Reuse Concrete
Coarse recycled concrete aggregates:Composites of cement paste andnatural aggregate
Consequences of the composite nature on properties ofsecondary concretes
Fresh concrete: Increase of water absorption and loss ofworkability caused by additional porosity of the adheredcement paste
Hardened concrete: Loss of compressive strength caused byincreased porosity.
Hardened concrete: Loss of modulus of elasticity as a result
of higher porosity and higher content of CSH phases.
Further effects on shrinkage, creep and durability.
Bauhaus-University Weimar
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Bauhaus-University WeimarChair of Mineral Processing ofBuilding Materials and Reuse Concrete
40
60
80
100
0 20 40 60 80 100
Portion of RC aggregate [% by mass]
Rel.comp.stre
ngth[%]
Rel.modulusofe
lasticity[%
Rel. comp. strength
Rel. modulus of elasticity
Coarse aggregates Coarse + fine agg.
Replacement of coarseand fine aggregates
Strength 32 % E-modulus 39 %Replacement of coarseaggregates only
Strength 16 % E-modulus 20 %
Mechanical propertiesvs. portion of recycledaggregates
Bauhaus-University Weimar
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Bauhaus-University WeimarChair of Mineral Processing ofBuilding Materials and Reuse Concrete
PrescreeningConcrete
CDW
Fe-scrap
Jawcrusher
Liberation
Fines,
soil
Separation
CP-poor
Products
CP-rich
Separation by particlesize or density
Mechanical orthermal liberation
Consequences for quality improvement of coarse recycled
aggregates
Generation of cement pastefree aggregates with suitabletechniques for liberation and
separation
Bauhaus-University Weimar
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Bauhaus University Weimar
Chair of Mineral Processing ofBuilding Materials and Reuse Concrete
Reference Kasai [1993] Yanagibashi [2002]
Operatingmode
Material parameterVirginaggregates
= 2.62 g/cm
WA 0
= 2.5...2.61 g/cmWA = 1.2...3.6 %
Secondaryaggregates
= 2.52 g/cmWA = 3.0 %
= 2.4...2.53 g/cmWA = 1.8...5.4 %
Removal of adheringcement paste byabrasion stress
External cylinder: 720 mm; height 800 mmRotor: 720 mm; height 800 mm; 500 U/minEccentricity: 11.7 mm
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Bauhaus University Weimar
Chair of Mineral Processing ofBuilding Materials and Reuse Concrete
Applying of thermal stress
Applying of cavitation stress
Flow cavitation chamberwith specimen (1)
Degree of separationbetween 46 und 90 %
water60 kg
450 kggravel
350 kgsand
1 t Concrete waste
dehyd. CEM < 150 m130 kg
reinforcement10 kg
CEM
700 C
Massbalance
Ref.: MULDER 2002 Ref.: MOMBER 2004
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y
Chair of Mineral Processing ofBuilding Materials and Reuse Concrete
Applying of high performance sonic impulses(HPSI)
Electrical energy
Disruptive electricaldischarge under water
Shock wave
Pressure amplitudes up to 100 MPa Rise time < 5 s
Reflexions at interfaces
of different density
Failure at the interfaces
Generation of pressureand tensile stresses
Ref.: LINSZ 2004
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y
Chair of Mineral Processing ofBuilding Materials and Reuse Concrete
Degree of liberation versusratio of size reduction
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5
Ratio of mean particle sizes [-]
Degree
ofliberatio
nchem
[%]
10-2
0J/g
25-4
0J/g
>40
J/g