Page No-1

A PAPER PRESENTATION ON ANDROID VERSIONS

PRESENTED BY

N.SRIRAM AKHIL

II CSE KHIT

KALLAM HARANADHAREDDY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

CHOWDAVARAM

GUNTUR-522019

Page No-2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

ANDROID VERSIONS

1. Cupcake 1.5

2. Donut 1.6

3. Éclair 2.0

4. Froyo 2.2

5. Gingerbread 2.3

6. Honeycomb 3.0

7. Icecream Sandwich 4.0

8. Jellybean 4.1-4.3

9. Kitkat 4.4

10. Lollipop 5.0

CONCLUSION

REFERENCE

Page No-3

ABSTRACT

Android is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating

system, middleware and key applications. Android is a software platform and

operating system for mobile devices based on the Linux operating system and

developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance. It allows developers to write

managed code in a Java-like language that utilizes Google-developed Java

libraries, but does not support programs developed in native code.

The unveiling of the Android platform on 5 November 2007 was announced

with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 34 hardware,

software and telecom companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile

devices. When released in 2008, most of the Android platform will be made

available under the Apache free-software and open-source license.

Open - Android allows to access core mobile device functionality through

standard API calls. All applications are equal - Android does not differentiate

between the phone's basic and third-party applications -- even the dialer or home

screen can be replaced. Breaking down boundaries - Combine information from

the web with data on the phone -- such as contacts or geographic location -- to

create new user experiences. Fast and easy development - The SDK contains what

need to build and run Android applications, including a true device emulator and

advanced debugging tools.

Page No-4

INTRODUCTION

Android is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system,

middleware and key applications. Android is a software platform and operating system for

mobile devices based on the Linux operating system and developed by Google and the Open

Handset Alliance. It allows developers to write managed code in a Java-like language that

utilizes Google-developed Java libraries, but does not support programs developed in native

code.

The unveiling of the Android platform on 5 November 2007 was announced with the founding of

the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 34 hardware, software and telecom companies

devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices. When released in 2008, most of the

Android platform will be made available under the Apache free-software and open-source

license

THE BIRTH OF ANDROID

Google Acquires Android Inc.

In July 2005, Google acquired Android Inc., a small startup company based in Palo Alto,

CA. Android's co-founders who went to work at Google included Andy Rubin (co-founder of

Danger), Rich Miner (co-founder of Wildfire Communications, Inc), Nick Sears (once VP at T-

Mobile), and Chris White (one of the first engineers at WebTV). At the time, little was known

about the functions of Android Inc. other than they made software for mobile phones.

Open Handset Alliance Founded

On 5 November 2007, the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of several companies

which include Google, HTC, Intel, Motorola, Qualcomm, T-Mobile, Sprint Nextel and NVIDIA,

was unveiled with the goal to develop open standards for mobile devices. Along with the

formation of the Open Handset Alliance, the OHA also unveiled their first product, Android, an

open source mobile device platform based on the Linux operating system.

Hardware

Page No-5

Google has unveiled at least three prototypes for Android, at the Mobile World Congress

on February 12, 2008. One prototype at the ARM booth displayed several basic Google

applications. A 'd-pad' control zooming of items in the dock with a relatively quick response.

FEATURES OF ANDROID OS

Application framework enabling reuse and replacement of components

Dalvik virtual machine optimized for mobile devices

Integrated browser based on the open source Web Kit engine

Optimized graphics powered by a custom 2D graphics library; 3D graphics based on the

OpenGL ES 1.0 specification (hardware acceleration optional)

SQLite for structured data storage

Media support for common audio, video, and still image formats (MPEG4, H.264, MP3, AAC,

AMR, JPG, PNG, GIF)

GSM Telephony (hardware dependent)

Bluetooth, EDGE, 3G, and Wi-Fi (hardware dependent)

Camera, GPS, compass, and accelerometer (hardware dependent)

Rich development environment including a device emulator, tools for debugging, memory and

performance profiling, and a plug-in for the Eclipse IDE

Page No-6

ANDROID THE WORLD'S MOST POPULAR MOBILE PLATFORM

Android powers hundreds of millions of mobile devices in more than 190 countries

around the world. It's the largest installed base of any mobile platform and growing

fast—every day another million users power up their Android devices for the first

time and start looking for apps, games, and other digital content.

Android gives you a world-class platform for creating apps and games for Android

users everywhere, as well as an open marketplace for distributing to them instantly.

Page No-7

Cupcake 1.5

upcake was the first major overhaul of the Android OS. The Android 1.5 SDK was released in

April 2009 and brought along plenty of UI changes, the biggest probably being support

for widgets and folders on the homescreens.

There were plenty of changes behind the scenes, too. Cupcake brought features like improved

Bluetooth support, camcorder functions, and new upload services like YouTube and Picasa.

Home Screen Widgets

Android now offers the capability for users to customize their Home screen with widgets, a small

web application that displays live data retrieved from the Internet. Android 1.5 comes packaged with five Home screen widgets: search, calendar, analog clock, music player, and picture frame.

Support for third-party widgets is also included.

Smart Virtual Keyboard

Android users have access to the best of both worlds now that Android 1.5 supports both virtual and physical keyboards. The virtual keyboard supports both landscape and portrait orientation

modes and works in all applications, including but not limited to SMS, the web browser, Gmail, and third-party programs. It includes auto-correct capability, a suggestion algorithm and dictionary of suggestions, and support for custom user dictionaries. It even supports tactile

Page No-8

feedback via screen vibration. In addition, unlike similar platforms, Android 1.5 contains support for the installation of third-party virtual keyboards.

Recording and Sharing Video

Google rectifies a glaring omission to Android now that the platform can finally record and share video. Android 1.5 also includes more advanced support and improved playback for MPEG-4 and 3GP video formats. Recorded video can now be shared via email and MMS, or uploaded

directly to YouTube, including privacy controls that allow the user to dictate whether the video can be seen by all or just invited friends. The uploads occur in the background so that they do not

interfere with further use of the phone, including continuing to record videos and even uploading more videos.

Additional Benefits

Snappier overall application performance.

Voice search through Google’s mobile search. Smoother scrolling Gmail conversation list. Gmail now has features for delete, bulk archive, and label operations on multiple

messages. Google Talk friends’ status visible in Gmail, Email apps, Contacts, SMS, and MMS.

Simple photo sharing (just tap “Share”) using Picasa, Google’s online image service. Faster start-up and operating performance using the camera. Stereo Bluetooth support.

Acquisition of GPS location is noticeably faster.

It is evident that Google is striving to perfect the Android platform and has little intention of allowing Apple’s iPhone OS 3.0 to overshadow it. Google has designed the enhancements

included in Android 1.5 to bring the user a sleek, streamlined experience while keeping the

platform highly competitive.

Page No-9

Donut 1.6

Expanded Search Framework

The Android search framework has been redesigned and expanded to provide third-party

applications the opportunity to surface content from their applications in Quick Search Box, the global search tool. To do this, developers will need to make their app "searchable" and provide

suggestions in response to user queries. To enable application search suggestions, users simply select each application from which they'd like to receive suggestions, under Searchable items in the Search settings.

Text-to-speech engine

Android 1.6 features a multi- lingual speech synthesis engine called Pico. It allows any Android application to "speak" a string of text with an accent that matches the language. The engine supports the following languages: English (American and British accents), French, Italian,

German and Spanish. If you're using a T-Mobile G1 or Dream device, you'll need to download the SpeechSynthesis Data Installer from Google Play, which includes the "voices" needed by the

text-to-speech engine.

Gestures

A new gestures framework provides application developers with a framework for creating, storing, loading, and recognizing gestures and associating them with specific actions.

Page No-10

Developers can use the new GestureBuilder tool included in the Android 1.6 SDK to generate libraries of gestures to include with their application.

Accessibility

Android 1.6 provides a new accessibility framework. With this framework, developers can create accessibility plugins that respond to user input, such as making a sound when a new window is

shown, vibrating when navigating to the top of a list, and providing spoken feedback.

Expanded support for screen densities and resolutions

Android 1.6 adds screen support that enables applications to be rendered properly on different display resolutions and densities. Developers can also specify the types of screens supported by their application.

Telephony support for CDMA

Android 1.6 includes support for CDMA in the telephony stack.

New version of OpenCore

Android 1.6 includes the updated OpenCore 2 media engine, which has:

Support for OpenMAX encoders Support for additional audio codecs in AuthorEngine

Improved buffering model supports shared buffers allocated in the decoder

Eclair 2.0

Page No-11

Eclair was a pretty major step up over its predecessors. Introduced in late 2009, Android 2.0 first

appeared on the Motorola Droid, bringing improvements in the browser, Google Maps, and a

new user interface. Google Maps Navigation also was born in Android 2.0, quickly bringing the

platform on par with other stand-along GPS navigation systems.

Android 2.0 quickly gave way to 2.0.1, which the Droid received in December 2009, mainly

bringing bugfixes. And to date, the Droid remains the phone phone to have explicitly received

Android 2.0.1.

New User Features

Contacts and accounts

Multiple accounts can be added to a device for email and contact synchronization,

including Exchange accounts. (Handset manufacturers can choose whether to include Exchange support in their devices.)

Developers can create sync adapters that provide synchronization with additional data sources.

Quick Contact for Android provides instant access to a contact's information and communication modes. For example, a user can tap a contact photo and select to call, SMS, or email the person. Other applications such as Email, Messaging, and Calendar

can also reveal the Quick Contact widget when you touch a contact photo or status icon.

Email

Exchange support. Combined inbox to browse email from multiple accounts in one page.

Messaging

Search functionality for all saved SMS and MMS messages. Auto delete the oldest messages in a conversation when a defined limit is reached.

Camera

Built- in flash support

Page No-12

Digital zoom Scene mode

White balance Color effect

Macro focus

Android virtual keyboard

An improved keyboard layout to makes it easier to hit the correct characters and improve typing speed.

The framework's multi-touch support ensures that key presses aren't missed while typing rapidly with two fingers.

A smarter dictionary learns from word usage and automatically includes contact names as

suggestions.

Calendar

Agenda view provides infinite scrolling. Events indicate the attending status for each invitee.

Invite new guests to events.

Bluetooth

Bluetooth 2.1

New BT profiles: Object Push Profile (OPP) and Phone Book Access Profile (PBAP)

Froyo 2.2

Page No-13

Android 2.2 was announced in May 2010 at the Google IO conference in San Francisco. The

single largest change was the introduction of the Just-In-Time Compiler -- or JIT --

which significantly speeds up the phone's processing power.

Along with the JIT, Android 2.2 also brings support for Adobe Flash 10.1. That means you can

play your favorite Flash-based games in Android's web browser.

Media framework

New media framework (Stagefright) that supports local file playback and HTTP

progressive streaming Continued support for OpenCore in Android 2.2

Bluetooth

Voice dialing over Bluetooth

Ability to share contacts with other phones Support for Bluetooth enabled car and desk docks Improved compatibility matrix with car kits and headsets

2.6.32 kernel upgrade

HIGHMEM support for RAM >256MB SDIO scheduling and BT improvements

New Developer APIs

Apps on external storage

Applications can now request installation on the shared external storage (such as an SD card).

Media framework

Provides new APIs for audio focus, routing audio to SCO, and auto-scan of files to media database. Also provides APIs to let applications detect completion of sound loading and auto-pause and auto-resume audio playback.

Page No-14

Camera and Camcorder

New preview API doubles the frame rate from ~10FPS to ~20FPS. Camera now supports portrait

orientation, zoom controls, access to exposure data, and a thumbnail utility. A new camcorder profile enables apps to determine device hardware capablities.

Graphics

New APIs for OpenGL ES 2.0, working with YUV image format, and ETC1 for texture

compression.

Data backup

Apps can participate in data backup and restore, to ensure that users maintain their data after performing a factory reset or when switching devices.

Device policy manager

New device policy management APIs allow developers to write "device administrator"

applications that can control security features on the device, such as the minimum password strength, data wipe, and so on. Users can select the administrators that are enabled on their

devices.

Gingerbread 2.3

Page No-15

Gingerbread brings support for new technology as well. NFC (Near Field Communication) is

now supported, and SIP (Internet calling) support is now native on Android. Further

optimizations for better battery life round out a nice upgrade.

Behind the scenes, the fellows at Mountain View spent time with more JIT (the Just-In-Time

compiler) optimizations, and made great improvements to Androids garbage collection, which

should stop any stuttering and improve UI smoothness. Round that out with new a multi-media

framework for better support of sound and video files.

Enhancements for gaming

Performance

Android 2.3 includes a variety of improvements across the system that make common operations faster and more efficient for all applications. Of particular interest to game developers are:

Concurrent garbage collector — The Dalivik VM introduces a new, concurrent garbage

collector that minimizes application pauses, helping to ensure smoother animation and increased responsiveness in games and similar applications.

Faster event distribution — The plaform now handles touch and keyboard events faster and more efficiently, minimizing CPU utilization during event distribution. The changes improve responsiveness for all applications, but especially benefit games that use touch

events in combination with 3D graphics or other CPU-intensive operations. Updated video drivers — The platform uses updated third-party video drivers that

improve the efficiency of OpenGL ES operations, for faster overall 3D graphics performance.

Native input and sensor events

Applications that use native code can now receive and process input and sensor events directly in their native code, which dramatically improves efficiency and responsiveness.

Native libraries exposed by the platform let applications handle the same types of input events as those available through the framework. Applications can receive events from all supported

sensor types and can enable/disable specific sensors and manage event delivery rate and queueing.

Page No-16

Gyroscope and other new sensors, for improved 3D motion processing

Android 2.3 adds API support for several new sensor types, including gyroscope, rotation vector,

linear acceleration, gravity, and barometer sensors. Applications can use the new sensors in combination with any other sensors available on the device, to track three-dimensional device motion and orientation change with high precision and accuracy. For example, a game

application could use readings from a gyroscope and accelerometer on the device to recognize complex user gestures and motions, such as tilt, spin, thrust, and slice.

Open API for native audio

The platform provides a software implementation of Khronos OpenSL ES, a standard API that gives applications access to powerful audio controls and effects from native code. Applications can use the API to manage audio devices and control audio input, output, and processing directly

from native code.

Native graphics management

The platform provides an interface to its Khronos EGL library, which lets applications manage graphics contexts and create and manage OpenGL ES textures and surfaces from native code.

Native access to Activity lifecycle, window management

Native applications can declare a new type of Activity class, NativeActivity whose lifecycle callbacks are implemented directly in native code. The NativeActivity and its underlying native code run in the system just as do other Activities — they run in the application's system process

and execute on the application's main UI thread, and they receive the same lifecyc le callbacks as do other Activities.

The platform also exposes native APIs for managing windows, including the ability to lock/unlock the pixel buffer to draw directly into it. Through the API, applications can obtain a

native window object associated with a framework Surface object and interact with it directly in native code.

Native access to assets, storage

Applications can now access a native Asset Manager API to retrieve application assets directly from native code without needing to go through JNI. If the assets are compressed, the platform does streaming decompression as the application reads the asset data. There is no longer a limit

on the size of compressed .apk assets that can be read.

Additionally, applications can access a native Storage Manager API to work directly with OBB files downloaded and managed by the system. Note that although platform support for OBB is

available in Android 2.3, development tools for creating and managing OBB files will not be available until early 2011.

Page No-17

Honeycomb 3.0

Android 3.0 came out in February 2011 with the Motorola Xoom. It's the first version of Android

specifically made for tablets, and brings a lot of new UI elements to the table. Things like a new

System bar at the bottom of the screen to replace the Status bar we see on phones, and a new

recent applications button are a great addition for the screen real estate offered by Android

tablets.

Some of the standard Google applications have also been updated for use with Honeycomb,

including the Gmail app and the Talk app. Both make great use of fragments, and the Talk app

has video chat and calling support built in. Under the hood, 3D rendering and hardware

acceleration have been greatly improved.

High-performance 2D and 3D graphics

New animation framework

Page No-18

The platform includes a flexible new animation framework that lets developers easily animate the properties of UI elements such as Views, Widgets, Fragments, Drawables, or any arbitrary

object. Animations can create fades or movement between states, loop an animated image or an existing animation, change colors, and much more. Adding animation to UI elements can add

visual interest to an application and refine the user experience, to keep users engaged.

Hardware-accelerated 2D graphics

Android 3.0 offers a new hardware-accelerated OpenGL renderer that gives a performance boost

to many common graphics operations for applications running in the Android framework. When the renderer is enabled, most operations in Canvas, Paint, Xfermode, ColorFilter, Shader, and Camera are accelerated. Developers can control how hardware-acceleration is applied at every

level, from enabling it globally in an application to enabling it in specific Activities and Views inside the application.

Renderscript 3D graphics engine

Renderscript is a runtime 3D framework that provides both an API for building 3D scenes as well as a special, platform-independent shader language for maximum performance. Using Renderscript, you can accelerate graphics operations and data processing. Renderscript is an

ideal way to create high-performance 3D effects for applications, wallpapers, carousels, and more.

Support for multicore processor architectures

Android 3.0 is the first version of the platform designed to run on either single or multicore

processor architectures. A variety of changes in the Dalvik VM, Bionic library, and elsewhere add support for symmetric multiprocessing in multicore environments. These optimizations can

benefit all applications, even those that are single-threaded. For example, with two active cores, a single-threaded application might still see a performance boost if the Dalvik garbage collector runs on the second core. The system will arrange for this automatically.

Rich multimedia and connectivity

HTTP Live streaming

Applications can now pass an M3U playlist URL to the media framework to begin an HTTP Live streaming session. The media framework supports most of the HTTP Live streaming

specification, including adaptive bit rate.

Pluggable DRM framework

Android 3.0 includes an extensible DRM framework that lets applications manage protected content according to a variety of DRM mechanisms that may be available on the device. For

Page No-19

application developers, the framework API offers an consistent, unified API that simplifies the management of protected content, regardless of the underlying DRM engines.

Digital media file transfer

The platform includes built-in support for Media/Picture Transfer Protocol (MTP/PTP) over USB, which lets users easily transfer any type of media files between devices and to a host

computer. Developers can build on this support, creating applications that let users create or manage media files that they may want to transfer or share across devices.

More types of connectivity

The platform offers new connectivity that developers can build on. API support for Bluetooth A2DP and HSP profiles lets applications query Bluetooth profiles for connected devices, audio state, and more, then notify the user. For example, a music application can check connectivity

and status and let the user know that music is playing through a stereo headset. Applications can also register to receive system broadcasts of pre-defined vendor-specific AT commands, such as

Platronics Xevent. For example, an application could receive broadcasts that indicate a connected device's battery level and could notify the user or take other action as needed. Applications can also take advantage of the platform's new support for full keyboards connected

by USB or Bluetooth.

Enhancements for enterprise

In Android 3.0, developers of device administration applications can support new types of policies, including policies for encrypted storage, password expiration, password history, and

password complex characters required.

Ice Cream Sandwich 4.0

Page No-20

The follow-up to Honeycomb was announced at Google IO in May 2011 and released in

December 2011. Dubbed Ice Cream Sandwich and finally designated Android 4.0, Ice Cream

Sandwich brings many of the design elements of Honeycomb to smartphones, while refining the

Honeycomb experience.

The first device to launch with ICS was the Samsung Galaxy Nexus. The Motorola Xoom and

the ASUS Transformer Prime were the first tablets to receive updates, while the Samsung Nexus

S was the first smartphone to make the jump to Android 4.0.

New camera capabilities

Developers can take advantage of a variety of new camera features in Android 4.0. ZSL

exposure, continuous focus, and image zoom let apps capture better still and video images,

including during video capture. Apps can even capture full-resolution snapshots while shooting

video. Apps can now set custom metering regions in a camera preview, then manage white

balance and exposure dynamically for those regions. For easier focusing and image processing, a

face-detection service identifies and tracks faces in a preview and returns their screen

coordinates.

Media effects for transforming images and video

A set of high-performance transformation filters let developers apply rich effects to any image

passed as an OpenGL ES 2.0 texture. Developers can adjust color levels and brightness, change

backgrounds, sharpen, crop, rotate, add lens distortion, and apply other effects. The

transformations are processed by the GPU, so they are fast enough for processing image frames

loaded from disk, camera, or video stream.

New types of connectivity

Wi-Fi P2P

Developers can use a framework API to discover and connect directly to nearby devices over a

high-performance, secure Wi-Fi peer-to-peer (P2P) connection. No internet connection or

Page No-21

hotspot is needed. Android's Wi-Fi P2P framework complies with the Wi-Fi Alliance's Wi-Fi

Direct™ certification program.

Wi-Fi peer-to-peer (P2P) opens new opportunities for developers to add innovative features to

their applications. Applications can use Wi-Fi P2P to share files, photos, or other media between

devices or between a desktop computer and an Android-powered device. Applications could also

use Wi-Fi P2P to stream media content from a peer device such as a digital television or audio

player, connect a group of users for gaming, print files, and more.

Bluetooth Health Device Profile (HDP)

Developers can now build powerful medical applications that use Bluetooth to communicate

with wireless devices and sensors in hospitals, fitness centers, homes, and elsewhere.

Applications can collect and manage data from HDP source devices and transmit it to backend

medical applications such as records systems, data analysis services, and others.

Using a framework API, applications can use Bluetooth to discover nearby devices, establish

reliable or streaming data channels, and manage data transmission. Applications can supply any

IEEE 11073 Manager to retrieve and interpret health data from Continua-certified devices such

as heart-rate monitors, blood meters, thermometers, and scales.

JELLYBEAN 4.1-4.3

Page No-22

Jelly Bean arrived at Google IO 2012, with the release of the ASUS Nexus 7,

followed by a quick update for unlocked Galaxy Nexus phones. Later in the year,

the release of the Nexus 10 and Nexus 4 updated things from 4.1 to 4.2 and on to

4.3, but the version remained Jelly Bean. The release polished the UI design started

in Ice Cream Sandwich, and brought several great new features to the table.

Besides the new focus on responsiveness with Project Butter, Jelly Bean brings

multi-user accounts, actionable notifications, lock screen widgets, quick-settings in

the notification bar, Photosphere to the "stock" Android camera and Google Now.

Jelly Bean is hailed by many as the turning point for Android, where all the great

services and customization options finally meet great design guidelines. It's

certainly very visually pleasing, and we'd argue that it's become one of the nicest

looking mobile operating systems available.

The new Google experience on Android

Google Search

New Voice Search lets you launch apps, add meetings to your calendar or even find out when your next appointment is.

With Jelly Bean, a redesigned experience uses the power of the Knowledge Graph to show you search results in a richer way. It's easier to quickly get precise answers to

search queries and explore and browse search results. Get to Google Search faster: Google Search can be opened directly from the lock screen

by swiping up. For devices with software navigation keys, you can now swipe up from the system bar to quickly access Google Search with Google Now. For devices with a

hardware search key, you can tap it to launch Google Search. If you're using a wired headset, long press the headset's button to activate Voice Search.

You can quickly perform a search query by voice and have the result read back to you. You can say "Google" to activate Voice Search from within Google Search.

For many search queries performed through Voice Search, you can now hear a spoken answer.

Voice Search recognition is now significantly faster so you can search quickly on the fly.

Page No-23

Voice Search can now recognize queries even when you have a poor network

connection.

Google Now

Google Now brings you just the right information at just the right time, helping you manage your day, stay connected and be a local anywhere. And the best part? All of this happens

automatically. Cards appear throughout the day at the moment you need them.

New Hotel card: Get one-touch navigation to your hotel when you arrive in a new city. New Restaurant reservation card: Be reminded to leave for the restaurant based on live

traffic information. New Event card: Get reminders about events you purchased a ticket for. New Package card: See when your online orders ship.

New Next appointment card: When you have an appointment, Google Now checks traffic so you can know how long it'll take to get there. You even get a notification for

when you should leave. New Movies card: See showtimes and ratings for what's playing when you're near a

theater. Also be notified when a movie you're interested in arrives at theaters.

New Concerts card: See when your favorite artists have concerts at nearby venues. New Stocks card: Get real-time information about stocks you track.

New Public alerts card: Receive emergency messages such as storm warnings and earthquake alerts.

New Developing story & breaking news card: See breaking news and other developing

stories that match your interests. New Nearby attractions card: See what nearby attractions are popular to visit. New Nearby photo spots card: Learn of popular photo spots nearby.

New Time at home card: When you're in a different time zone, Google Now shows you the time at home so you never feel too far away.

Flight card: Get real-time flight status and traffic information to the airport. Weather card: When you start your day, Google Now shows weather for your current

location and work.

Traffic card: Get traffic conditions and alternate routes before you leave home or work.

Google Apps

Gmail

New Gmail now auto-fits messages to your screen and lets you pinch-to-zoom, so emails are easier than ever to read.

New You can now swipe to archive or delete emails when viewing your Gmail inbox.

New When composing a message, you can attach videos right from Gmail.

Page No-24

New When you receive an email with photos attached, Gmail gives you larger photo

previews and a gallery view so you can enjoy the photos more quickly and easily. Gmail has an optimized view for 7" tablets in portrait orientation to give you a better

experience reading email. Gmail and Email feature updated notifications will give you a preview and digest of your

inbox. Notifications will also now display the full text of new mail.

Maps

New Upload your Photo Spheres to Google Maps directly from your phone, so others can experience them on their desktop.

With support for offline maps, you can select an area to cache and later access it even when you don’t have a data connection.

Compass Mode for indoor views and street view is more accurate and responsive with gyroscope support.

With Zagat ratings and reviews built in to Maps, you can quickly get the information you need about places you search for.

You can now browse Google Offers within Maps to find local deals.

Get indoor walking directions in Maps.

Google+

New You can share Photo Spheres with your circles or publicly, and anyone you share with can experience them on Google+ on their desktop.

New Photo Spheres are now also saved in Instant Upload.

As you swipe through the stream, large bold photos now fall into place with animations giving you a more interactive browsing experience.

Google+ on tablets features a new magazines layout in the stream. You can now create and manage Google+ Events right from your device. Posts and

photos are saved to the event so you can relive it at any time. Party Mode lets you instantly upload and share photos during an Event so you capture

all the right moments in one place. New notifications let you +1, comment, or reshare without having to open the Google+

app.

You can now see live video streams of all participants in a Hangout. A new navigation menu lets you easily navigate through the app and quickly see

Google+ notifications. When viewing a post you can now swipe to expand and view comments.

Page No-25

Kitkat 4.4

Google announced that the next version of Android would be named for their favorite

confectioneries — Kit Kat bars — on September 3, 2013. We're not yet sure what manner of

goodies we'll find in the next version of Android, because Google has been understandably

cryptic with details.

Their US partner in the deal, Hershy, hasn't been so quiet. They promise an update that really

does taste as good as it looks, and offers adjustable orientation that works perfectly in portrait or

landscape. If you enjoy a little tongue-in-cheek humor, have a look here and speculate with

everyone else.

Low-power sensors

Page No-26

Sensor batching

Android 4.4 introduces platform support for hardware sensor batching, a new optimization that

can dramatically reduce power consumed by ongoing sensor activities.

With sensor batching, Android works with the device hardware to collect and deliver sensor

events efficiently in batches, rather than individually as they are detected. This lets the device's

application processor remain in a low-power idle state until batches are delivered. You can

request batched events from any sensor using a standard event listener, and you can control the

interval at which you receive batches. You can also request immediate delivery of events

between batch cycles.

Sensor batching is ideal for low-power, long-running use-cases such as fitness, location tracking,

monitoring, and more. It can makes your app more efficient and it lets you track sensor events

continuously — even while the screen is off and the system is asleep.

Sensor batching is currently available on Nexus 5, and we're working with our chipset partners to

bring it to more devices as soon as possible.

Audio timestamps for improved AV sync

The audio framework can now report presentation timestamps from the audio output HAL to

applications, for better audio-video synchronization. Audio timestamps let your app determine

when a specific audio frame will be (or was) presented off-device to the user; you can use the

timestamp information to more accurately synchronize audio with video frames.

Page No-27

Wi-Fi CERTIFIED Miracast

Android 4.4 devices can now be certified to the Wi-Fi Alliance Wi-Fi Display Specification as

Miracast compatible. To help with testing, a new Wireless Display developer option exposes

advanced configuration controls and settings for Wireless Display certification. You can access

the option at Settings > Developer options > Wireless display certification. Nexus 5 is a

Miracast certified wireless display device.

Graphics

GLES2.0 SurfaceFlinger

Android 4.4 upgrades its SurfaceFlinger from OpenGL ES 1.0 to OpenGL ES 2.0.

New Hardware Composer support for virtual displays

The latest version of Android Hardware Composer, HWComposer 1.3, supports hardware

composition of one virtual display in addition to the primary, external (e.g. HDMI) display, and

has improved OpenGL ES interoperability.New Types of Connectivity

New Bluetooth profiles

Android 4.4 support for two new Bluetooth profiles to let apps support a broader range of low-

power and media interactions. Bluetooth HID over GATT (HOGP) gives apps a low-latency

link with low-power peripheral devices such as mice, joysticks, and keyboards. Bluetooth

MAP lets your apps exchange messages with a nearby device, for example an automotive

terminal for handsfree use or another mobile device. As an extension to Bluetooth AVRCP 1.3,

users can now set absolute volume on the system from their Bluetooth devices.

Page No-28

Platform support for HOGP, MAP, and AVRCP is built on the Bluedroid Bluetooth stack

introduced by Google and Broadcom in Android 4.2. Support is available right away on Nexus

devices and other Android-compatible devices that offer compatible Bluetooth capabilities.

IR Blasters

Android 4.4 introduces platform support for built-in IR blasters, along with a new API and

system service that let you create apps to take advantage them.

Using the new API, you can build apps that let users remotely control nearby TVs, tuners,

switches, and other electronic devices. The API lets your app check whether the phone or tablet

has an infrared emitter, query it's carrier frequencies, and then send infrared signals.

Because the API is standard across Android devices running Android 4.4 or higher, your app can

support the broadest possible range of vendors without writing custom integration code.

Wi-Fi TDLS support

Android 4.4 introduces a seamless way to stream media and other data faster between devices

already on the same Wi-Fi network by supporting Wi-Fi Tunneled Direct Link Setup (TDLS).

Improved cryptographic algorithms

Android has improved its security further by adding support for two more cryptographic

algorithms. Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) support has been added to the

keystore provider improving security of digital signing, applicable to scenarios such as signing of

an application or a data connection. The Scrypt key derivation function is implemented to protect

the cryptographic keys used for full-disk encryption.

Page No-29

Lollipop 5.0

Android 5.0 brings Material design to Android and gives you an expanded UI toolkit for

integrating the new design patterns easily in your apps.

New 3D views let you set a z-level to raise elements off of the view hierarchy and cast realtime

shadows, even as they move.

Built- in activity transitions take the user seamlessly from one state to another with beautiful,

animated motion. The material theme adds transitions for your activities, including the ability to

use shared visual elements across activities.

To replay the movie, click on the device screen

Ripple animations are available for buttons, checkboxes, and other touch controls in your app.

Page No-30

You can also define vector drawables in XML and animate them in a variety of ways. Vector

drawables scale without losing definition, so they are perfect for single-color in-app icons.

A new system-managed processing thread called RenderThreadkeeps animations smooth even

when there are delays in the main UI thread.

Performance focus

Android 5.0 provides a faster, smoother and more powerful computing experience.

Android now runs exclusively on the new ART runtime, built from the ground up to support a

mix of ahead-of-time (AOT), just-in-time (JIT), and interpreted code. It’s supported on ARM,

x86, and MIPS architectures and is fully 64-bit compatible.

ART improves app performance and responsiveness. Efficient garbage collection reduces the

number and duration of pauses for GC events, which fit comfortably within the v-sync window

so your app doesn’t skip frames. ART also dynamically moves memory to optimize performance

for foreground uses.

Android 5.0 introduces platform support for 64-bit architectures—used by the Nexus 9's

NVIDIA Tegra K1. Optimizations provide larger address space and improved performance for

certain compute workloads. Apps written in the Java language run as 64-bit apps automatically—

no modifications are needed. If your app uses native code, we’ve extended the NDK to support

new ABIs for ARM v8, and x86-64, and MIPS-64.

Continuing the focus on smoother performance, Android 5.0 offers improved A/V sync. The

audio and graphics pipelines have been instrumented for more accurate timestamps, enabling

video apps and games to display smooth synchronized content.

Page No-31

Notifications

Notifications in Android 5.0 are more visible, accessible, and configurable.

Varying notification details may appear on the lock screen if desired by the user. Users may

elect to allow none, some, or all notification content to be shown on a secure lock screen.

Key notification alerts such as incoming calls appear in aheads-up notification—a small

floating window that allows the user to respond or dismiss without leaving the current app.

You can now add new metadata to notifications to collect associated contacts (for ranking),

category, and priority.

A new media notification template provides consistent media controls for notifications with up to

6 action buttons, including custom controls such as "thumbs up"—no more need for

RemoteViews!

Your apps on the big screen

Android TV provides a complete TV platform for your app's big screen experience. Android TV

is centered around a simplified home screen experience that allows users to discover content

easily, with personalized recommendations and voice search.

With Android TV you can now create big, bold experiences for your app or game content and

support interactions with game controllers and other input devices. To help you build cinematic,

10-foot UIs for television, The Android TV Input Framework (TIF) allows TV apps to handle

video streams from sources such as HDMI inputs, TV tuners, and IPTV receivers. It also enables

live TV search and recommendations via metadata published by the TV Input and includes an

HDMI-CEC Control Service to handle multiple devices with a single remote.

Page No-32

The TV Input Framework provides access to a wide variety of live TV input sources and brings

them together in a single user interface for users to browse, view, and enjoy content. Building a

TV input service for your content can help make your content more accessible on TV devices.

Document-centric apps

Android 5.0 introduces a redesigned Overview space (formerly called Recents) that’s more

versatile and useful for multitasking.

New APIs allow you to show separate activities in your app as individual documents alongside

other recent screens.

You can take advantage of concurrent documents to provide users instant access to more of your

content or services. For example, you might use concurrent documents to represent files in a

productivity app, player matches in a game, or chats in a messaging app.

Advanced connectivity

Android 5.0 adds new APIs that allow apps to perform concurrent operations with Bluetooth

Low Energy (BLE), allowing both scanning (central mode) and advertising (peripheral mode).

New multi-networking features allow apps to query available networks for available features

such as whether they are Wi-Fi, cellular, metered, or provide certain network features. Then the

app can request a connection and respond to connectivity loss or other network changes.

NFC APIs now allow apps to register an NFC application ID (AID) dynamically. They can also

set the preferred card emulation service per active service and create an NDEF record containing

UTF-8 text data.

Page No-33

CONCLUSION

I've learned through my research that Android is a much more diverse

operating system than iOS and Windows Phone Mobile. Android has

grown rapidly over the past 4 years becoming the most used smartphone

operating system in the world. It's because Android doesn't release 1

phone from 1 company with 1 new OS every year, but countless phones

from numerous companies, adding their own twist, throughout the year,

developing gradually day-by-day. Android's ability to customize is

unparalleled compared to Apple's and Microsoft's software allowing the

user to change and customize nearly every aspect of Android which

most iPhone and Windows 7 users wouldn't dream possible. I am not

one to say that Android is better or worse than one OS, but is unique and

incomparable to other mobile operating systems.

Page No-34

REFERENCE

1. http://www.android.com- Google Android official webpage

2. http://developer.android.com/index.html- Android Developer official webpage

3. http://socialcompare.com/en/comparison/android-versions-comparison

4. http://www.slideshare.net