Andreas Stohl Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) andTørseth, K. Virkkunen, C. Wehrli, and...

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Andreas Stohl Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) and E. Andrews, T. Berg, J. F. Burkhart, A. M. Fjæraa, C. Forster, A. Herber, S. Hoch, Ø. Hov, D. Kowal, C. Lunder, T. Mefford, W. W. McMillan, J. A. Ogren, S. Oltmans, S. Sharma, M. Shiobara, D. Simpson, S. Solberg, N. Spichtinger, K. Stebel, R. Stone, J. Ström, R. Treffeisen, K. Tørseth, K. Virkkunen, C. Wehrli, and K. E. Yttri

Transcript of Andreas Stohl Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) andTørseth, K. Virkkunen, C. Wehrli, and...

Page 1: Andreas Stohl Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) andTørseth, K. Virkkunen, C. Wehrli, and K. E. Yttri Average age of air north of 80°N Stohl (2006): Characteristics of atmospheric

Andreas Stohl

Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU)

and

E. Andrews, T. Berg, J. F. Burkhart, A. M. Fjæraa, C. Forster, A. Herber, S.Hoch, Ø. Hov, D. Kowal, C. Lunder, T. Mefford, W. W. McMillan, J. A.Ogren, S. Oltmans, S. Sharma, M. Shiobara, D. Simpson, S. Solberg,

N. Spichtinger, K. Stebel, R. Stone, J. Ström, R. Treffeisen, K.Tørseth, K. Virkkunen, C. Wehrli, and K. E. Yttri

Page 2: Andreas Stohl Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) andTørseth, K. Virkkunen, C. Wehrli, and K. E. Yttri Average age of air north of 80°N Stohl (2006): Characteristics of atmospheric

Average age of air north of 80°N

Stohl (2006): Characteristics of atmospheric transport into the Arctic troposphere. J. Geophys. Res. 111, D11306, doi:10.1029/2005JD006888.

Page 3: Andreas Stohl Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) andTørseth, K. Virkkunen, C. Wehrli, and K. E. Yttri Average age of air north of 80°N Stohl (2006): Characteristics of atmospheric

Continental BC contributions in dependence of time from aFLEXPART tracer model simulation– no chemistry, no removal, only transport using BCemission inventory from T. Bond

Lower troposphere Total column

Page 4: Andreas Stohl Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) andTørseth, K. Virkkunen, C. Wehrli, and K. E. Yttri Average age of air north of 80°N Stohl (2006): Characteristics of atmospheric

Continental BC contributions in dependence of time

BC inventories from T. Bond and D. Lavoue (boreal fires)

Lower troposphere Total column

Page 5: Andreas Stohl Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) andTørseth, K. Virkkunen, C. Wehrli, and K. E. Yttri Average age of air north of 80°N Stohl (2006): Characteristics of atmospheric

• 2004 was the most severe burning seasonin Alaska

• Strong fires also in western Canada

• > 5 million hectare burned

Pan-Arctic enhancements of light absorbing aerosol concentrationsdue to North American boreal forest fires during summer 2004

Stohl et al. (2006): JGR, 111, D22214,doi:10.1029/2006JD007216.

Pyro-Cb

Damoah et al. (2006):

Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6, 173-185.

Page 6: Andreas Stohl Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) andTørseth, K. Virkkunen, C. Wehrli, and K. E. Yttri Average age of air north of 80°N Stohl (2006): Characteristics of atmospheric

FLEXPART Tracer Simulation:Total CO column

Barrow

Alert

80°N

90°N

Page 7: Andreas Stohl Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) andTørseth, K. Virkkunen, C. Wehrli, and K. E. Yttri Average age of air north of 80°N Stohl (2006): Characteristics of atmospheric

Comparison model / satellite image5. July 2004

FLEXPART Total Column MODIS satellite image

Barrow

Alert

Page 8: Andreas Stohl Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) andTørseth, K. Virkkunen, C. Wehrli, and K. E. Yttri Average age of air north of 80°N Stohl (2006): Characteristics of atmospheric

Barrow, Alaska• Aerosol Optical Depth

(AOD) measurements(symbols) and FLEXPARTCO column (line)

Source analysis

”normal” value

• EBC measurements (blackline) and FLEXPART COtracer at the surface (colorsgive the ”age” sinceemission)

Page 9: Andreas Stohl Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) andTørseth, K. Virkkunen, C. Wehrli, and K. E. Yttri Average age of air north of 80°N Stohl (2006): Characteristics of atmospheric

Barrow, Alaska

Source analysis

using a FLEXPART backward calculation

Barrow

Emission sensitivity

Page 10: Andreas Stohl Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) andTørseth, K. Virkkunen, C. Wehrli, and K. E. Yttri Average age of air north of 80°N Stohl (2006): Characteristics of atmospheric

Summit, Greenland

• Aerosol Optical Depth(AOD) measurements(symbols) and FLEXPART

CO column (line)

• EBC measurements (blackline) and FLEXPART COtracer at the surface (colorsgive the ”age” sinceemission)

”normal” value

Page 11: Andreas Stohl Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) andTørseth, K. Virkkunen, C. Wehrli, and K. E. Yttri Average age of air north of 80°N Stohl (2006): Characteristics of atmospheric

Zeppelin,Spitsbergen

• CO and EBC measurementsfrom May til September

◀ CO ▶Anomaly

Page 12: Andreas Stohl Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) andTørseth, K. Virkkunen, C. Wehrli, and K. E. Yttri Average age of air north of 80°N Stohl (2006): Characteristics of atmospheric

Zeppelin,Spitsbergen

• Aerosol Optical Depth(AOD)-measurements(symbols) andFLEXPART CO column(line)

◀ fog, rain ▶

◀ CO anomaly ▶

• EBC measurements(black line) andFLEXPART CO tracer atthe surface (colors givethe ”age” since emission)

”normal”

value

Page 13: Andreas Stohl Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) andTørseth, K. Virkkunen, C. Wehrli, and K. E. Yttri Average age of air north of 80°N Stohl (2006): Characteristics of atmospheric

Effects on the albedo of snow

Albedo at Summit, Greenland

Fresh snowSnow drift

Page 14: Andreas Stohl Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) andTørseth, K. Virkkunen, C. Wehrli, and K. E. Yttri Average age of air north of 80°N Stohl (2006): Characteristics of atmospheric

Arctic smoke – record high air pollution levels inthe European Arctic due to agricultural fires in

Eastern EuropeStohl et al. (2006): Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 6, 9655–9722.

Fire detections in April/May 2006

Page 15: Andreas Stohl Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) andTørseth, K. Virkkunen, C. Wehrli, and K. E. Yttri Average age of air north of 80°N Stohl (2006): Characteristics of atmospheric

Record warmth in the European Arctic

Temperature atNy Ålesund,Spitsbergen inApril and May2006

Warmth”dismantles” thepolar dome andcreates effectivepathway into theArctic!

Page 16: Andreas Stohl Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) andTørseth, K. Virkkunen, C. Wehrli, and K. E. Yttri Average age of air north of 80°N Stohl (2006): Characteristics of atmospheric

Transport of fire emissions into theEuropean Arctic

Page 17: Andreas Stohl Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) andTørseth, K. Virkkunen, C. Wehrli, and K. E. Yttri Average age of air north of 80°N Stohl (2006): Characteristics of atmospheric

Extreme pollution

Picture courtesy: Ann-Christine Engvall

Page 18: Andreas Stohl Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) andTørseth, K. Virkkunen, C. Wehrli, and K. E. Yttri Average age of air north of 80°N Stohl (2006): Characteristics of atmospheric

Extreme pollution

At Zeppelin, new records were set for practically all measuredcompounds

Ozone, aerosol optical depth (both measured for about 15years!)

Carbon monoxide,particulate matter, etc.

Ozone formationwas highly efficient!

Page 19: Andreas Stohl Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) andTørseth, K. Virkkunen, C. Wehrli, and K. E. Yttri Average age of air north of 80°N Stohl (2006): Characteristics of atmospheric

Extreme pollution

At Iceland, a new ozone record was set, 15 ppb higher thanany previously measured value

Page 20: Andreas Stohl Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) andTørseth, K. Virkkunen, C. Wehrli, and K. E. Yttri Average age of air north of 80°N Stohl (2006): Characteristics of atmospheric

Polluted snow at Holtedahlfonna observed by John Burkhart

Snowmobile track

Polluted

snow

Ion chromatographic analysis ofsnow samples confirms BB source.

Page 21: Andreas Stohl Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) andTørseth, K. Virkkunen, C. Wehrli, and K. E. Yttri Average age of air north of 80°N Stohl (2006): Characteristics of atmospheric

POLARCATPolar Study using Aircraft, Remote Sensing, Surface Measurements

and Models, ofClimate, Chemistry, Aerosols, and Transport

http://www.nilu.no/polarcat

Contact me: [email protected]

Page 22: Andreas Stohl Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) andTørseth, K. Virkkunen, C. Wehrli, and K. E. Yttri Average age of air north of 80°N Stohl (2006): Characteristics of atmospheric

How? When? Where?Major Campaigns

1. March/April 2007: 2 aircraft based in Longyearbyen,Svalbard

2. February-May 2008: Approximately 5 aircraft, based atvarious locations throughout the Arctic, plus a ship cruisefrom North America to the Norwegian Sea

3. June-August 2008: Up to 10 aircraft based in Canada,Russia, Europe, Greenland, etc.; measurements with arailway carriage along the Transsiberian railroad

Surface stationsZeppelin, Barrow, Summit, etc.: long-term monitoring, plus intensive

campaigns

Satellite dataRetrievals will be made in near-real time for flight planning, and

for post-mission analysesModels

A variety of chemistry-climate, chemistry-transport,and pure transport models will be used

Some of thePOLARCATplatforms ....