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INCF,ENATIONAL 0W;ANIZATIONS AND PmRAMS

TABLE OF CONITNTS

Introduction..........................................

Summary Table.........................................

UN Development Program ................................ UN Children's Fund.................................... International Atomic Energy Agency.................... UN Afghanistan Emergency Trust Fund................... Organization of American States

Development Assistance Programs........... ....... UN Environment Program................................ International Convention and Scientific

Organization Contributions....................... World Meteorological organization/

Voluntary Cooperation Program .................... UN Capital Development Fund........................... UN Educational and Training Program for

Southern Africa.................................. UNIDO Investment Prmtion Service.................... UN Trust Fund for South Africa........................ UN Development Fund for Women......................... Convention on International Trade in

Endangered Species..... .......................... UN Fellowship Program................................. World Heritage Fund................................... UN Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture.............. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change............. ....... International Fund for Agricultural Development

PAGE - 1

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND PKXWLMS (IO&P)

The purpose of this appropriation is to provide voluntary contributions for certain development, humanitarian, and scientific assistance programs undertaken by the United Nations (UN) and the Organization of American States ( O A S ) . These assistance programs, though relatively small in themselves, serve as catalysts for the development process in the recipient countries. The contributions financed by this appropriation constitute a tangible demonstration of the continuing U.S. commitment to economic and social development in the poorer countries as well as our underlying confidence in the purposes and activities of the UN and the OAS.

PROGRAM SUMMARY 1111 millions of dollars)

As in the past several years, the continued overriding need for austerity in the Federal budget has limited the resources available for this account. Some programs in this account directly serve specific U.S interests (nuclear non-proliferation, weather tracking, improvements in health, etc.). Others contribute to more generalized U.S. interests (the need for a more open international economic system, the opportunity to work cooperatively with other nations, etc.). Therefore, an effort has been made to distribute the resources in the account in a way that maximizes their impact on organizations that directly serve specific U.S. interests while protecting the role the U.S. has played in others. we remain cmitted to supporting those programs where there is evidence of progress toward management improvements and increased efficiency.

Actual

244.648

Despite the need for severe fiscal restraint, two new items are proposed in the account this year. In an effort to demonstrate U.S. cmitment to the Afghan people in their struggle for freedom, a contribution for the UN Afghanistan Emergency Trust Fund, established in June 1988, is being requested. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is included as a separate funding line item, recognizing the continuing need to analyze and respond to the growing changes in the Earth's atmosphere as a result of natural and man-made chemicals.

Our objective in this account continues to be to emphasize agency accountability and cost effectiveness, and we are continuing to see considerable progress toward these goals. The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) will direct a significant portion of its resources toward strengthening management capacity in developing countries. A substantial portion of funds designated for the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is being used for the development of safeguards technology and equipment in order to promote a more effective and efficient nuclear safeguards program. UNICEF's cost-effective programs have earned the trust and support of the American people: the private sector also provides financial assistance and is supportive of UNICEF's efforts at "social mobilization" on behalf of the world's children. We look toward the

FY 1989 Estimated

226.115

F Y 1990 Request

209.000

UN to continue its active role in the overall development effort to assure further progress in support of our goals.

Basic Interests

United States voluntary contributions to these UN and OAS programs provide the basis for U.S. efforts to improve their effectiveness and influence their substantive direction. U.S. contributions through this account:

--serve U.S. national interests that cannot be met through unilateral or bilateral action; e.g., world-wide weather data and coordination of global responses to such dangers as ozone depletion and locust plagues;

--encourage the acceptance of international responsibilities by other nations:

--strengthen U.S. efforts to integrate and coordinate multilateral technical assistance to contribute effectively to real economic development;

--provide tangible demonstration of U.S. support for humanitarian activities:

--serve to advance U.S. ideals and ideas affecting the evolution of the international system; and

--complement U.S. bilateral assistance programs, and serve U.S. purposes in areas too sensitive for, or outside the reach of, U.S. bilateral aid.

Examples of benefits derivedfrm U.S. contributions include:

--U.S. interests in nuclear non-proliferation are directly served by the International Atomic Energy ~genc~'s worldwide safeguards program. Part of the U.S. voluntary contribution is used to fund nuclear safety activities related to technical cooperation projects, thereby promoting the safe handling and use of nuclear mateiials. Much of the U.S. voluntary contribution is spent either in the United States or for u.s.-equipment which r&ults directly in incme for U.S. firms and individuals and creates future demand for U.S. equipment and services.

--World Meteorological Organization (WO) Voluntary Cooperation Program (VCP) efforts to strengthen the capacities of Central American and Caribbean states to monitor, collect, and disseminate weather data help protect American lives and economic interests through improved forecasting of hurricanes and other tropical disturbances affecting the Gulf States. U.S. support of kMO/VCP

enhances LLK participation in the World Weather Watch program and enables the United States to obtain otherwise unavailable data. This year, VCP contributions will be important in the organization's effort to upgrade existing substandard communications networks, particularly in Northeast Africa. Training and education are particularly needed in the application of the information obtained to agricultural production and water resources.

--The unique multilateral approach of the UN Environment Program ( W ) has played a key role in the development of international agreements on the environment. These include the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, and the Montreal Protocol to the Vienna Convention, which have stimulated action on global environmental problems of particular concern to the United States. U.S. business also benefits from the development of uniform international guidelines observed by all trading nations promoted by W.

--The UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) has continued to play a major role in addressing the many problems affecting children in the world. In addition to its time-proven programs in water and sanitation and in primary health care, UNICEF has aggressively embarked on a major program thrust aimed at decreasing mortality rates for children. The program emphasizes the use of inexpensive technology, such as oral rehydration salts and vaccination, and "social mobilization" techniques to achieve wide coverage.

--The UN Development Program (UNDP), with projects in more than 150 countries and territories, serves as the central source of funds for UN technical assistance. Its programs are based upon five-year Country Programs that identify each recipient's overall priorities. The UNDP has pursued internal reforms to improve the management, quality and relevance of the programs it finances. The United States and other donors have encouraged IJNDP to play a more active role as field coordinator of all UN system technical assistance programs.

--WS Development Assistance Programs are an important development component of the organization's overall activities and thus support its important security and peacekeeping functions.

--Financing projects that are smaller than those usually considered by other multilateral or bilateral financial institutions, the - UN Capital Development Fund (UNCDF) helps recipients in the least developed countries to use improved appropriate technology.

--The International Fund for Agricultural Developnent (IFAD) provides development assistance in the form of grants and concessional loans for capital projects aimed at increasing fmd

production in developing countries and improving the lot of the rural poor and landless. The IFAD is unique as the only international development assistance organization in which the OPEC nations participate on a basis nearly equal to that of the O K D nations. See the attached explanation of the funding status for IFAD.

--The UNIDO Investment Promotion Service brings together U.S. investors and developing country investment pramtion officers. The Investment Promotion Service offers investment promotion officers from developing countries first hand knowledge of U.S. business and financial practices, thereby facilitating their dealings with potential investment partners from the U.S. private sector.

--U.S. contributions to the UN Educational and Training Program for Southern Africa (UNElTSA) and the UN Trust Fund for South Africa (UIWFSA) provide tanqible evidence of a U.S. cmitrrent to peaceful change in-southern ~frica by funding many recipient students attending schools in the United States.

--The International Convention and Scientific Organization Contributions (ICSK) facilitate continued U.S. participation in certain international scientific conventions and activities serving U.S. domestic interests. The programs proposed for funding in this request protect the more important, direct benefits to American scientific, educational, cultural and business communities formerly derived through membership in UNESCO.

--The UN Development Fund for Women (UNIFTM) is of importance because of the significant achievements of the UN Decade for Women, i.e., accomplishing an integration of UNIFE2.I into the mainstream of development activities, yet maintaining UNIFEM's autonomous purpose and identity.

--Foreign nationals from developing countries participating in the UN Fellowship Program (UNFP) are exposed to American culture and values and carry this perspective with them when returning to their own countries.

--Through the World Heritage Fund, the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage provides financial assistance to nations to protect universally acclaimed sites from deterioration and destruction. The Statue of Liberty, Independence Hall and the Grand Canyon are among the U.S. sites on the official World Heritage list.

--The UN Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture (UNVFVT) provides worldwide humanitarian assistance to victims of torture and their families and serves to strengthen our worldwide human rights efforts.

--The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), established

in November 1988, is expected to become the primary international vehicle for addressing the global problem of climate change. Three Working Groups, formed at the first meeting of the Panel in November, will consider the scientific aspects of global climate change, potential impacts and possible response strategies. The Working Groups are expected to begin their important work in January 1989.

--The United Nations Afghanistan Emergency Trust Fund, established in June 1988, will provide humanitarian assistance and relief to the Afghan people as they begin to return to their homes and rebuild their farms, villages and country, and ensure a coordinated UN system response to this need.

(Voluntary Contributions) Budget Authority ($000)

UN Development Program (UNDP)... .......... UN Children's Fund (UNICEF)............... International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). UN Afghanistan Emergency Trust Fund 04s Development Assistance Programs (m). UN Environment Program ( U r n ) . ............ International Convention and Scientific

Organization Contributions (ICSOC)..... World Meteorological Organization (WMO)... UN Capital Development Fund (ZTNCDF)....... UN Educational and Training Program

for Southern Africa (UNETPSA) . . . . . . . . . . UNIDO Investment Promotion Service. ....... UN Trust Fund for South Africa (UNPFSA) ... UN Development Fund for Wcmen (UNIFEM) .... Convention on International Trade in

Endangered Species (CITES)............. UN Fellowship Program..................... World Heritage Fund (WF)................. UN Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture

WNWA!). .............................. Interqovernmental Panel on Climate Chanqe - -

(IPCC) ................................ International Fund for Agricultural

Development (IFAD)..................... World Food Program (WIT).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UN Trust Fund for the International

Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women (INSl'RAW) .....

UN Institute for Namibia (UNIN)........... UN Center on Human Settlements (Habitat)..

TOTAL.................................

FY 1988 Actual

FY 1989 Estimate

$111,000 60,400 - c/ 22,000 --- 10,000 9,500

2,000 1.960 1,500

800 250 500 800

650 245 220

100

---

2,500 980

200 110 400

226,115 - d/

FY 1990 Request

$107,830 33,900 25.200 16,000 10.000 8,000

2,000 2,000 1,500

800 500 250 220

200 200 200

100

100

--- ---

--- --- ---

a/ Does not include $350,000 in FY 1988 funds reprogramed from funds withheld in accoydance with Section 307 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 and Section 527 of the Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriation Act, 1988. Reprogramming did not increase aggregate appropriation for FY 1988.

b/ As appropriated in Public Law 100-202. -

c/ Includes $3 million earmarked for "CHILDHOPE" or similar organizations to help hmneiess or street children.

d/ As appropriated in Public Law 100-461. -

UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PRXRAM (UNDP)

7 PROGRAM SUMMARY 1 I ( In millions of dollarsl I

- - -- .

purpose: UNDP coordinates and funds U.N. technical assistance with emphasis on the poorest countries. It is the largest single source for grant multilateral technical assistance.

Background: UNDP was established in 1965 through the U.N. General Assembly's decision to merge two United Nations organizations: the Expanded Program of Technical Assistance (EPTA), set up in 1949, and the Special Fund which was set up in 1958 to provide pre-investment assistance to relatively large development projects. UNDP was created to improve the coordination and effectiveness of assistance that 35 U.N. Specialized Agencies and programs were providing. UNDP emphasizes five types of project activities: (a) surveying natural resources and identifying industrial and commercial potential: (b) stimulating capital investment: (c) vocational and professional skill training: (d) transferring appropriate technologies and enhancing recipient absorptive capacity; and (e) promoting the coordination and integration of economic and social development efforts.

Governments provide voluntary contributions for the general resources of UNDP. The recipient developing countries supply 60 percent of required project resources through cash contributions, physical facilities and services, locally-procured supplies and the provision of counterpart personnel. Additional financing comes f r m third parties, e.g., governments co-financing special projects or programs which UNDP is funding from general resources.

In 1987, UNDP expenditures totaled $936 million for approximately 5,000 projects, including the costs of 1,977 new projects in some 152 countries and territories. Its coordinating role within the U.N. system permits a multi-sectoral approach to the needs of developing countries. Of its program resources, UNDP spends sane 20.8 percent on agriculture, forestry, and fisheries; 17.6 percent on general development issues, policy and planning: 10.5 percent on natural resources, exploration and exploitation: 12.7 percent on industry: and 10.6 percent on transportation and cmunication. UNDP complements the aid programs of the United States, the World Bank, and other important donors. Although its annual program is modest in size, public and private follow-up investment well exceeds the UNDP contribution. In 1987, such cmitments amounted to $10.4 billion, almost the same as in 1986.

Through its 112 field offices and resident representatives, UNDP helps host governments to define development goals and formulate canprehensive development plans. UNDP's roundtable process provides prospective donors -- United Nations agencies, multilateral development banks, and bilateral contributors -- with a forum to discuss a country's econmic situation and development needs.

AID 370-3 1843)

7

U.S. Interests: The FY 1990 level request is in keeping with the need for the US. to maintain its longstanding leadership role in UNDP even though there is a decrease from the previous year's request. This decrease is based on the exceptional need to include in the I0 & P account, a contribution to the Afghanistan relief effort. The U.S. remains UNDP's largest donor with Sweden and the Netherlands close behind. A U.S. contribution at the $107.830 million level will allow the United States to retain its influential role in moving UNDP toward further improvements in programming and management reform as well as in the execution of its function as coordinator of U.N. system operational activities for development at the field level. The appreciation of the national currencies of UNDP's other major donors relative to the U.S. dollar over the past several years and increased contributions from a number of these same donors have increased resources available to UNDP and should enable UNDP to maintain its program in 1990 while absorbing the U.S. decrease. It is estimated that pledges for 1989 will show an eight percent increase over those of 1988.

U.S. support for UNDP is tangible evidence of U.S. commitment to solving the problems of developing countries. Financing multilateral technical assistance through UNDP helps the United States and other likeminded donors to resist expanded and proliferating funding for technical assistance through the assessed budgets of the U.N. Specialized Agencies. UNDP serves U.S. interests by promoting international stability and helping to create an environment conducive to U.S. trade and investment activities. UNDP's emphasis on agricultural production and rural development is directed to areas which the U.S. agrees are key. We have encouraged UNDP to direct a substantial portion of its resources toward strengthening management capacity in developing countries.

The UNDP Administrator has always been an American, and many of his key subordinates are also Americans. As of December 31, 1987, there were 112 U.S. citizens employed by UNDP as professionals. The U.S. economy benefits from UNDP. UNDP ordered more than $32 million in U.S. equipment, awarded $13.6 million in technical contracts to U.S. firms, and trained 1,287 recipients of UNDP-funded fellowships in the U.S.

Other Donors: The United States pledge for FY 1988 was $110 million, or 11.3 percent of $972.8 million in estimated total contributions. Other major pledges to the Program included: $87.5 million from Sweden (9.0 percent) ; $86.1 million from the Netherlands (8.8 percent); $82 million from the Federal Republic of Germany (8.4 percent): $79 million from Japan (8.1 percent); and $78.5 million from Norway (8.07 percent) .

N 1990 Program: UNDP's actual incme in 1988, the second year of the Fourth Programming Cycle, is expected to exceed planned targets for the second year in a row. During its 35th Session in June 1988, the UNDP Governing Council allmated $490 million additional programmable resources for fourth cycle country and intercountry programs, $60 million for a Management Development Program to assist developing countries design and/or implement long-term sectoral or multi-sectoral programs of management development and related institution-building, $20 million to support the Central American Special Plan, and $30 million for various activities to enhance coordination, program development, project design, and disaster relief. As a follow-up to the U.N. Program of Action for African Economic Recovery and Development, UNDP will assist interested African governments, in part through the Management Development Program, to strengthen their capacities to formulate and implement structural adjustment programs. Continuing its response to a sustained donor effort over the last five years, the UNDP Administrator will continue to give attention to improving the quality of programs as well as to improving the coherence of U.N.-system aperational activities for development at the field level.

Purpose: UNICEF encourages and assists the long-term humanitarian development and welfare of children in developing countries. UNICEF accomplishes this through educational programs which make governments, communities, and private groups aware of the plight of children and the possibilities for improving their situation. UNICEF also provides g d s and services to help meet basic needs in maternal and child health, sanitation, clean water, nutrition, elementary education, and social services in support of self-help efforts. In disasters, UNICEF also provides emergency aid.

- PROGRAM SUMMARY (In millions of dollars1

Background: The United Nations General Assembly created UNICEF in 1946 to aid impoverished children left in the wake of World War 11. Although originally an emergency aid program, UNICEF had evolved by 1953 into a long-term, voluntary development fund aimed at improving conditions for the poorest children of the developing world.

F Y 1988 F Y 1989 Actual Estimated

60.4 - a/

UNICEF has programs in 118 developing countries. In its work, UNICEF cooperates closely with governments, private groups and local communities in developing nations, as well as other aid donors to protect children and enable them to develop their full mental and physical potential. Individual governments set their priorities as a result of studies of major needs, and UNICEF assists in implementing the mutually agreed upon programs.

F Y 1990 Request

33.9

UNICEF assistance includes both g d s and expert services. All programs have a direct relation to the welfare of children and mothers. Some programs -- such as clean water and sanitation -- also benefit other members of the community. Programs are designed to involve local communities as much as possible and to use equipment and materials which can be locally obtained and maintained. Such projects are frequently linked to resources from other bilateral and multilateral aid agencies, e.g., the UN Capital Development Fund and the bilateral U.S. A.I.D. program. At the urging of the U.S. and other donors, UNICEF is increasing the attention it gives to assuring that the programs it supports can be maintained and sustained by local resources over the longer term.

a/ Of which $3 million is available as funds in trust for - CHILDHOPE or similar organizations to help homeless or street children.

AID 370-3 18-83)

UNICEF's assistance is allocated on a sliding scale according to such factors as the number of children, the wealth of the country, and, especially, the infant and child mortality rate. Allocations are scaled so that the larger countries do not monopolize most of the assistance. The per-child allocation among countries of similar size favors the poorest countries which receive approximately five and a half times as much per child as do the middle-income developing countries.

UNICEF has a small emergency assistance unit and continues to play a key role in many international relief efforts. For example, from the beginning UNICEF has played an important role in the emergency drought relief efforts in Africa. It has recently completed the process, begun in 1985, of strengthening its staffing in Africa (by shifting positions from other parts of the world) to be better able to cope with the continuing crisis. In early 1987, UNICEF succeeded in focusing global attention on the situation of children and mothers in southern Africa, through the publication of its report, chiidren on the Front Line.

Because it is careful to maintain an apolitical approach to its work, UNICEF frequently finds acceptance in countries seriously destabilized by civil strife, and has been a key humanitarian aid donor in Nigeria (during the Biafran crisis), CamMia, Lebanon, El Salvador, Uganda, Sri Lanka, Mozambique and, most recently, Afghanistan and northern Ethiopia.

U.S. Interests: UNICEF's approaches have generally been consistent with U.S. humanitarian development assistance priorities. UNICEF complements and reinforces U.S. bilateral assistance programs -- U.S. A.I.D.'s own Child Survival Fund, for instance. Since 1986, officers from U.S. A.I.D., UNICEF, WHO, PAHO, the World Bank and UMlP have held a series of meetings, both in Washington and New York, aimed at increased coordination of their several programs, especially in childhoxl immunization and oral rehydration therapy, and problems threatening the progress made in child survival. Under U.S. A.I.D. auspices, UNICEF played an active role in the third International Conference on Oral Rehydration Therapy (ICORT 111) held in Washington in December 1988.

Official U.S. support for UNICEF also conforms with the humanitarian ideals of the American people, who have supported UNICEF generously through private donations over the years. U.S. participation enables the United States to serve humanitarian aims in sane nations where direct bilateral assistance is not politically feasible or desirable. In these cases, multilateral aid often serves as an alternative to dependency on Soviet-bloc assistance and provides a western-oriented presence. UNICEF also furthers U.S. political and humanitarian interests in the developing world by mobilizing assistance from public and private sources throughout the world for programs which benefit children and mothers. The position of UNICEF Executive Director (currently James P. Grant) has always been held by a U.S. citizen.

Other Donors: The United States has always been a leader in UNICEF and one of its largest contributors. The U.S. contribution of $60.4 million in 1989 will account for 18.8 per cent of the estimated $299 million in governmental contributions to UNICEF's general resources. Other leading donors to UNICEF in 1989 include: Finland, Italy, Norway and Sweden. Japan is traditionally also a major donor.

FY 1990 Program: UNICEF's programs have a widespread, positive impact on the well-being of the neediest, most vulnerable population groups. They should be supported to the fullest possible extent even in the face of difficult funding decisions. More than any other program in the UN system, UNICEF has earned the trust and admiration of the U.S. Congress and the American people. UNICEF has provided important leadership in the field of child survival and development, and has been imensely successful in reducing dramatically infant and child mortality rates in developing nations. The best-known approach has been through well publicized mass childhcd immunization and oral rehydration therapy (OFT) campaigns. The 1989 State of the World's Children report estimates that these basic, lowcost health interventions save the lives of nearly 1 million children every year. 1990, the target date for attaining the World Health Assembly goals of universal childhod imunization and O W application, is fast approaching. To come as close as possible to achieving that goal and to sustain the momentum of these vitally important activities well into the next decade, UNICEF needs the continued, strong support of the United States.

This sc-called "Child Survival and Development Revolution," however, actually represents only a small part of UNICEF's activities to protect the lives of children and mothers. UNICEF pursues vital but less well known work in many other essential areas as well, including water supply and sanitation, nutrition and household food security, social services, education and emergency relief. A contribution of $33.9 million is evidence of U.S. commitment to support the work of UNICFJ, which complements and reinforces other U.S. humanitarian aid efforts -- notably U.S. A.I.D.'s own Child Survival activities. This request is lower than the FY 1989 contribution reflecting overall budget constraints. It will, nevertheless, help to ensure continued UNICEF representation in politically sensitive countries -- where U.S. foreign policy considerations sometimes interdict direct, bilateral U.S. aid and will help reinforce U.S. influence over UNICEF's policies and programs.

Purpose: The International A t ~ i c Energy Agency (I=) is a central element of international efforts to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons. Through its system of international safeguards, the IAFA provides assurance that nuclear material in peaceful development programs is not diverted for non-peaceful purposes. The IAFA also maintains an important program in nuclear safety and is the primary focal point for international cooperation in nuclear safety. US voluntary contributions are used in part to strengthen the IAEA's safeguards system in ways that improve its effectiveness and to enhance the IAEA's ability to use the most advanced safeguards techniques and equipment available. U.S. voluntary contributions are also used to promote nuclear safety worldwide and to encourage adherence to and support for the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and/or the Treaty of Tlatelolco by assisting nuclear projects in a number of developing countries that are party to these important nuclear arms control treaties.

IWERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY (I=)

PROGRAM SUMMARY (In millions of dollars)

Background: The IAEA's program of technical cooperation was initiated in the late 1950s to assist developing countries in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. At present the IAEA is providing assistance in the form of nuclear training and equipment to approximately 80 of its 113 member-states. For many IAEA members, the IAFA's technical cooperation program is the most important ccmponent of the IAFA's activities.

m ' s technical cooperation activities include a nuclear safety ccmponent to provide requisite training and support for the safe handling of nuclear material. Nuclear safety and radiation protection continue to be an international priority in the aftermath of the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident.

F Y lq90 Request

25.200

F Y 1988 Actual

21.854

The U.S. Program of Technical Assistance to IAFA Safeguards (POTAS) was begun in 1975 as a means to assist the IAFA in the development and continued implementation of the most effective safeguards system possible. The most significant achievement of POTAS has been development and transfer of new technology for international safeguards. Providing inspectors with the ability to make accurate measurements of nuclear materials in the field has resulted in a dramatic increase in effectiveness of IAFA safeguards and improved efficiency of safeguards implementation. The vast majority of non-destructive assay equipment used today was developed through POTAS. Training in equipment maintenance and use represents a second major area of PdAS effort. Assistance in these and many other areas of safeguards development has been offered by a large number of U.S. experts provided cost-free to the Agency. Men and wanen with a wide variety of expertise have worked with inspectors and other safeguards staff on a daily basis. This technology transfer from the United States has made possible and encouraged the development of a modern safeguards system.

F Y 1989 Estimated

22.0

AID 370-3 (8831

13

US Interests: The United States historically has strongly supported the IAEA and its safeguards system, which serves critical U.S. security and non-proliferation interests. Under Article I11 of the NIT, all non-nuclear weapon states party to the Treaty (over 135) are required to accept IAEA safeguards on all nuclear material in peaceful uses under their jurisdiction. Thus the NPT and IAEA are inextricably linked as the cornerstones of international efforts to prevent the further spread of nuclear weapons.

U.S. efforts to strengthen IAEA safeguards through the U.S. voluntary safeguards support program are central to ongoing efforts to upgrade and update safeguards procedures and techniques. The U.S. POTAS has stimulated other countries to establish voluntary safeguards support programs, of which there are now 13 (although POTAS remains by far the largest and most effective). Koreover, as part of U.S. efforts to maintain and strengthen the critical components of the international non-proliferation regime, the United States implements its long-standing policy of providing preferential funding in nuclear assistance to NPT/~latelolco parties almost exclusively through the IAEA's technical cooperation program. This practice is designed to highlight some of the tangible benefits of participation in these important arms control treaties, and thereby strengthen support among developing states. The NFT five year Review Conference will be held in 1990. Recognizing the significance of this Review Conference to U.S. national security interests, additional funds are being requested for application of the NPT-preference policy in order to reinforce the assurances given under Article IV of the NPT that parties will facilitate "the fullest possible exchange of equipment, materials, and scientific and technological information for the peaceful uses of nuclear energy."

Part of the U.S. voluntary contribution is used to fund nuclear safety activities related to technical cooperation projects, thereby promoting the safe handling and use of nuclear materials. Yuch of the U.S. voluntary contribution is spent either in the United States or for U.S. equipment which results directly in income for U.S. firms and individuals and creates future demand for U.S. equipment and services.

Other Donors: Estimated extrabudgetary voluntary support in 1987 from other countries and organizations amounted to approximately $41.5 million. Over 40 donor states and 6 organizations offered assistance to members for the provision of experts, equipment, and training in various applications of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. A total of 50 states provided cash contributions to the Technical Assistance and Cooperation Fund (TACF) which supports technical cooperation projects in member states. The United States was the largest single contributor of extrabudgetary funds for technical cooperation in 1987, followed by the Soviet Union, the

Federal Republic of Germany, the United Kingdom, and Japan. U.S. voluntary support for 1987 included an $8.2 million cash contribution to the TACF (24% of $34 million target figure), $4.6 million for in-kind and extrabudgetary assistance, and $7.5 million for U.S. safeguards support and non-proliferation activities.

FY 1990 Program: In 1990, POTAS will continue to address a number of safeguards technology issues which the IAEA has identified as high priority needs. These include new technology for those states of particular regional security concern, and a number of projects, many in cmperation with allies (Japan, the FFG, the U.K., and France), to develop and implement advanced safeguards systems for large automated facilities producing and fabricating plutonium. This latter effort is of importance both to maintain effective international sa£eguards and to develop new methds which minimize the resource requirements needed to implement safeguards at these new facilities, thereby controlling the growth in safeguards costs in the regular IAEA budget and in the U.S. assessed contribution. Other eff,orts include development and implementation of a next generation surveillance system with increased reliability to replace the present equipment which is approaching obsolesence, and continuation of efforts to strengthen the IAEA's infrastructure for procuring and deploying safeguards.

The projection of $1.45 million for other non-proliferation activities covers recurring annual costs for activities that fall outside the purview of POTAS, but have the basic purpose of improving the scope and effectiveness of the non-proliferation regime. A significant percentage of these funds will continue to be used for U.S. bilateral programs in support of non-proliferation. The funds also support training courses in the U.S. with multilateral participation and research studies on technical aspects of proliferation problems. A small percentage is reserved for contingencies of critical short-term non-proliferation problems that may arise.

U.S. assistance to the Technical Assistance and Cooperation Fund (TACF) will continue to support projects involving the safe application of nuclear energy and radiation sources to promote human health, agriculture, power production, industrial development, and related research activities in developing states. In addition, the United States will provide equipment, U.S. expert services, fellowships and training courses to support activities in these and other areas, including nuclear safety and radiological protection. As noted above, the U.S. voluntary contribution to the IAEA is the primary source of funds used to show preferential treatment to NFT/Tlatelolco parties. Additional technical assistance funds requested for 1990 will be used for this purpose, as a means of dmstrating U.S. commitment to peaceful nuclear cooperation under

Article I V of t h e NPT, thereby s t reng then ing suppor t among developing n a t i o n s f o r t he T rea ty i n t h e per iod i m e d i a t e l y prior t o t h e NPT 1990 Review Conference and beyond.

I n 1990, t h e United S t a t e s vo lun ta ry c o n t r i b u t i o n of $25.200 m i l l i o n is c u r e n t l y planned to b e d iv ided a s follows: $7.2 m i l l i o n f o r safeguards; $1.45 mi l l i on f o r o t h e r non-pro l i fe ra t ion r e l a t e d t a sk s : $11.375 m i l l i o n i n cash c o n t r i b u t i o n s to t h e TACF; $3.275 m i l l i o n f o r t r a i n i n g , fe l lowships , and expert s e rv i ce s : $1.9 m i l l i o n f o r t e chn i ca l a s s i s t a n c e p r o j e c t s .

Purpose: The Trust Fund which was established in June, 1988, will provide relief and assistance to the Afghan people as they begin to return to their homes and rebuild their lives and country following the Soviet occupation.

UNITED NATIONS RFGHANISTAN EMERGENCY TRUST FLTND

PROGRAM SUMMARY lln millions of dollars1

Background: Nine years of Soviet occupation and war have wreaked incalculable damage on Afghanistan. Countless thousands of Afghans have been killed. Approximately three million Afghans fled to Pakistan in the years following the Soviet invasion: another two million are estimated to be living in Iran. In addition several million have been displaced within Afghanistan itself. In fact, population distribution within the country has been dramatically altered, putting significant pressure on the fragile infrastructure and slender food resources of many regions of the country.

FY 1988 Actual

In addition to its human losses, Afghanistan has also suffered extensive damage to all sectors of its economy. Homes, and indeed whole villages, have been destroyed, fields are laced with mines and irrigation systems have been decimated-systems which are vital in as arid a country as Afghanistan. Health care and educational systems among the refugees and in many sections of Afghanistan are minimal or non-existant.

The United Nations system is preparing to meet this massive relief and reconstruction challenge. The Secretary General has appointed Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan as the Special Coordinator for Afghan humanitarian affairs. Prince Sadruddin is responsible for coordinating the work of the U.N. specialized agencies involved in Afghan relief and reconstruction efforts (including the UNHCR, UNDP, UNICEF, and the WET) to ensure adequate, cost-effective and non-duplicative U.N. actions, organizing specially needed projects, such as a mine clearing program and seeking donor contributions. The Trust Fund was established to receive these contributions.

F Y 1989 Estimated

0

A donors pledging conference was held on October 12, 1988, four months after the initial donors meeting in June. Almost $900 million has been pledged to the United Nations for humanitarian assistance for Afghanistan. (Approximately two-thirds of this amount has been pledged as in-kind assistance by the Soviet Union, but it is not yet clear how much of this amount will be useful to the Afghans and actually made available by the U.S.S.R.) As its first contribution to the Fund, the U.S. made available $17 million in food aid in June 1988. Our FY 1989 multilateral contribution will amount to $55 million; an additional $95 million of humanitarian aid to Afghans will be provided bilaterally. The requested $16 million wuld be part of our FY 1990 multilateral pledge, which would also include contributions to UNHCR and WFP.

F Y 1990 Request

16

U.S. Interests:

The United States has an enormous investment in Afghanistan. We have taken world leadership on an issue of malor significance to much of the non-aligned movement, the Muslim world, and western Europe. We have done this in countless fora: in the United Nations and its agencies, in NATO and throughout the world with an active political and diplomatic offensive.

In our public diplomacy and diplomatic initiatives, we have ccsnmitted ourselves not only to support the Afghans in their struggle for freedom, but also to participate in rebuilding their country once the Soviets have left. Afghanistan was the lead issue in the President's regional peace proposal (U.N. address, mtober 24, 1985). In the 1988 Proclamation on Afghanistan, the President said: "Our commitment to the freedom of the Afghan people will not end should the Soviets withdraw. We will join other nations and international organizations to help the Afghans rebuild their country and their institutions."

Further U.S. contributions to the Trust Fund will serve our interests in several ways, including maintaining a substantial level of influence with all parties concerned, giving us an authoritative voice with which to encourage other donor states to contribute to the Trust Fund, demonstrating to other Islamic countries that we have a genuine interest in what happens to the Afghan people and that we were not just interested in them as long as the Soviets were in their country, and fulfilling the repeated pledges which we have made over the years to support the Afghan people as they rebuild Afghanistan.

Program Focus:

Trust Fund program and projects are being defined and developed. Two broad phases are envisioned in the overall Afghan project. Phase one will be the implementation of basic relief programs for the refugees as they return to their homes. The primary emphasis will be on establishing a mine education and mine clearing program, providing food aid and agriculture supplies (seed and tools), rebuilding Afghanistan's irrigation networks, delivering basic health care and rebuilding the educational system. Phase two will occur at a later date and will focus on major reconstruction projects.

The United States will seek to monitor the emerging programs closely to assure that they are appropriate and make the best use of the scarce resources available.

0KAN:ZATIOrl OF M R I C A N STATES (OAS) DEVELOPMEW ASSISTANCE P R O G W

PROGRAM SUMMARY (In millions of dollarsl

- FY 1988 T-- Fy10189 FY 1990 -. Actual Estimated Request

12.0

Purpose: OAS Development Assistance Programs mobilize multilateral resources in the hemisphere, other non-member countries and international public and private institutions to promote economic development.

Background: The OAS undertook in the sixties to strengthen the underpinnings of representative government through mutual assistance in economic progress. Its members created the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), and since then the OAS has prepared feasibility studies which the IDB, the World Bank and the private sector used to justify more than $6.5 billion in down-stream financing of major development projects. The OAS focused its limited resources on human development - education, training, scientific and technological specialization - and institutional development - economic planning, foreign trade promotion, tourism, upgrading and commercialization of traditional crafts, etc. Over 85,000 specialists benefited from these Rrograms and, in turn, helped disseminate new technologies and mobilize heretofore untapped natural resources.

The progress achieved by some countries -- Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and Venezuela -- has converted them from strictly beneficiaries of OAS programs into net donors. In 1988, Brazil contributed $2.3 million, Argentina $800,000 million, and Mexico $1.8 million. The OAS, therefore, is no longer so predominantly dependent on the U.S. for voluntary contributions even though the US., with 87% of the GNP of QAS members, remains the overwhelmingly dominant economy in the hemisphere.

In keeping with U . S . objectives of budgetary austerity and streamlining of managernent/administration in international organizations, the CAS drastically restructured its General Secretariat in 1982-6. Personnel was cut 30%: some programs have been dropped and new programs adopted consistent with current priorities, e.g. drug abuse control. Another 30% reduction in personnel will be carried out in 1989. Overhead costs on programs have been sharply reduced and program direction, execution and accountability significantly enhanced. Today, the OAS has an infrastracture attuned to the specific needs of member countries capable of delivering effective, lowcost program and technical cooperation. The FY 1990 request is for $10 million, the same level as in 1989.

U.S. Interests: U.S. policy seeks the strengthening of QAS effectiveness as a forum for dealing with hemispheric issues. Outcomes favorable to the United States on such issues have been consistently more possible in the OAS than in other international fora, most recently in thwarting Nicaraguan efforts to condemn the U.S. for the trade embargo. The level of U.S. contributions to the (YLS is perceived as a measure of the U.S. commitment to the Inter-American system and willingness to continue mutual efforts in development. Consequently, the US. can expect a higher degree of cooperation on issues of concern to the U.S. (peacekeeping, human rights, and preservation of an environment conducive to fair trade and private investment) if these countries are convinced of U.S. interest in and support for the area.

Other Donors: OAS development programs funded by members' voluntary contributions in 1988 totalled $19.4 million, of which the U.S. contribution of $12 million accounted for 62%. Other voluntary contributions, including those from non-member observer countries (Spain, Canada, Israel, Italy etc.), bring the overall total to $28 million, reducing the U.S. share to 43%.

FY 1990 Programs: Priority areas are the following: drug abuse control, energy, financing and external debt management, tourism, foreign trade, education, technological services (metrology, quality control, standardization), and skills training and marketing of handicrafts.

-- Special Development Assistance EWND (CIES) - $4.0 million. This fund specializes in regional planning, and pre-feasibility studies for financing by the public (Inter-American Development Bank) and private sectors. The 1990 program will focus principally on energy, food production, export and tourism promotion, and employment generation. The Caribbean is a special target area. Projects are carried out principally by technical assistance of OAS specialists and externally contracted experts.

QAS members contributed $8.4 million in 1988. The estimated budget for 1990 is $8.0 million.

-- Special Multilateral Fund - $4.750 million. This fund works primarily through national institutions which it aims to strengthen in the fields of education, science, and technology. The 1990 program will focus mainly on drug abuse education, basic education and education for work. Other programs will be carried out in biotechnolqy and food, environment and natural resources, materials and microelectronics and in£ ormatics.

OAS members contributed $7.0 million to the fund in 1988. The estimated 1990 budget is $8.5 million.

-- Special Projects Fund - $1.0 million. The U.S. started this fund in 1973 to focus exclusively on horizontal cooperation among two or more members states. Its priorities are the same as for the Special Multilateral Fund, but the methd of cooperation permits the more developed countries to pool resources for the benefit of the less developed members. Educational projects, including drug abuse, absorb approximately 50% of the budget, science and technology the remaining 50%. OAS members contributed $2.4 million to the fund in 1988. The estimated 1990 budget is $2.2 million.

-- Special Cultural Fund - $250,000. This fund's focus is on job creation to preserve traditional artisanal techniques and also td upgrade prducts to commercial standards for export. A network of Inter-American Centers, which receive supplemental funding from countries, are the principal vehical in carrying out the program. The fund also supports restoration of monuments, a program on libraries, information and communications as well as the integration of folk culture into formal and informal education to make it more accessible to indigenous population. QAS members contributed $700,000 to the fund in 1988. The budget estimate for 1990 is $700,000.

UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENP PREFAM (UNEP)

Purpose: The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) promotes and coordinates international, regional and national efforts to preserve, protect and improve the environment and maintain the natural resource base.

PROGRAM SUMMARY (in millions of dollarsl

Background: The UN General Assembly established UNEP in December 1972 to catalyze and coordinate environmental programs and activities of LIN agencies and promote international efforts to protect the environment. UNEP established a voluntary Environment Fund to finance its program activities. The United States has been a major participant in UNEP since its inception.

F Y 1988 Actual

Principal goals of LTNEP are to monitor and assess major global and regional environmental trends, and to coordinate international action to improve environmental and natural resource management. For example, UNEP's Regional Seas Program has developed eleven Action Plans for environmental cooperation in specific ocean areas, including the Mediterranean, the Wider Caribbean Region (including the Gulf of Mexico) and the South Pacific Region (which includes U.S. Trust Territories). UNEP has also played a key role in initiating environmental treaties including the Endangered Species Convention (CITES) and the Vienna Convention on the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. UNEP is also expected to be a key player on the issue of Global Climate Change as the secretariat for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The United States is also interested in LINEP's Global Environmental Monitoring System (GEMS), in particular, the Global Resource Information Data (GRID) subprogram developed with major assistance from NASA: and programs on tropical deforestation, soils, and desertification. Another priority UNEP activity for the United States is the International Register for Toxic Chemicals, Including Pesticides (IRPPC) . U.S. Interests: UNEP's activities generally closely parallel U.S. interests and, therefore, complement the efforts of the United States to improve our own environment. Since U.S. businesses must meet high domestic environmental standards, the development of uniform international guidelines observed by all trading nations will improve the U.S. competitive stance. There are also benefits for U.S. industries which supply pollution control equipment.

I I i F Y 1989 Estimated

AID 370-3 1883)

F y 1990 Request

UNEP is particularly responsive to U.S. interests in protecting the global environment and promoting sustainable development. UNEP's multilateral approach engages both industrialized and developing countries and promotes cooperation on regional problems such as acid rain, marine pollution, and desertification. Its global mandate enables it to address issues such as carbon dioxide buildup and ozone depletion. UNEP is responsive to other U.S. interests. At the last Governing Council, the Special Session to consider the Systemwide Medium Term Environment Program (SWTEP), Council members strongly supported U.S. proposals. The Executive Director worked to help minimize the impact of political issues on the Council's environmental deliberations.

Other Donors: Pledges for 1988 total $23 million with the U.S. pledge of $7.84 million representing 34% of the total. Other major donors included: the USSR - $4.4 million (19%); the Federal Republic of Germany - $2.8 (12%); Norway - $1.5 million (6.5%); France - $1.2 million (5.2%); and Finland $1.2 million (5.2%).

FY 1990 Pr ram: The FY 1990 request level of $8 million includes be contributed to UNEP's Environment Fund and an

estimated $300,000 for multilateral environmentally related activities. UNEP will continue to administer critical programs such as GN/GRID, Water and Air Pollution, and Desertification. Programs such as the Regional Seas Programs in the Caribbean and in the South Pacific are expected to expand during this period. The International Environmental Information System (INFOTERRA) and the UNEP Clearinghouse, two unique UNEP programs, will also be continued.

INPERNATIONAL CONVENTION & SCIENTIFIC ORGANIZATION CONTRIBUTIONS (ICSW)

Purpose: To continue support for U.S. participation in and to meet U.S. commitments to international conventions and scientific organizations engaged in work considered essential and important to U.S. interests and formerly funded through membership in UNESCO.

PROGRAM SUMMARY Iln millions of dollanJ

Background: With its withdrawal from the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) effective December 31, 1984, the United States no longer contributes to activities supported directly by UNESCO. Annual contributions in the ICSK program beginning in FY 1986 have enabled the concerned U.S. cmunities to maintain positions of leadership in multilateral programs and to take initiatives to implement new activities that serve U.S. interests. These activities would not continue as individual budget requirements in the future should the United States resume membership in UNESCO.

F Y 1988 Actual

U.S. Interests: The U.S. withdrawal from UNESCO does not alter the U.S. policy of supporting international cooperation in educational, scientific, cultural and communication activities where there are technical, economic and political benefits to the United States. The programs proposed for funding in this request protect the more important, direct benefits to American scientific, educational, cultural and business communities formerly derived through membership in UNESCO. The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) the Man and the Biosphere Program, the International Hydrological Program, and the International Geological Correlation Program were of U.S. origin or created with the encouragement of the United States, and we have a continuing interest in the work they do.

The U.S. contribution to the 102 enables American vessels to gain access to foreign waters for research and makes possible the participation of U.S. oceanographic experts in research workshops, in both cases providing access to data otherwise unobtainable.

Fy 1989 Estimated

FY 1990 Request

Largely based on U.S. initiatives and leadership, new global long-range investigations are being implemented to better understand natural and man-influenced processes effecting change in the earth's environment and to take steps to protect this environment as well as mitigate the effects of natural hazards. The International Council of Scientific Unions and associated bodies in collaboration with other governmental and non-governmental organizations are undertaking a major, decades-long, collaborative effort entitled the International Geosphere-Biosphere Prgrarrr-a Study of Global Change. The UN-sponsored International Decade of Natural Disaster Reduction will provide opportunities for the scientific, engineering, and social science communities to focus attention through multilateral collaboration during the 1990s to reduce loss of life, property damage and social and economic disruption caused by natural disasters. Data exchange networks associated with all the above efforts provide information on a global scale essential for comprehending global problems and not otherwise available through bilateral or regional agreements.

The Universal Copyright Convention provides the only international copyright protection currently available to the United States, and the other conventions, similarly, respond to the needs of U.S. constituencies and provide benefits to them.

FY 1990 Program: The following items reflect estimates of activity by the United States in these forums.

Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (ICC). The ICC is the only intergovernmental body For coordinating oceanographic programs on a global scale. Maintaining U.S. membership provides a unique mechanism for promoting US. interests in a number of high-priority areas. These include:

Global Climate Research - The ICC is responsible for coordinating a number of climate-specific programs essential for the collection of oceanographic data to support, correct and plan global climate research programs. These activities directly benefit U.S. interests as defined by Congress in the Global Climate Protection Act of 1987.

Oceanographic Data Exchange - Cost savings derived by the United States through this ICC program are estimated at $3.57 billion (archive replacement value) for bathymetric and oceanographic data. For 1985 alone the value was $116 million.

Tsunami Warning System - This system monitors earthquakes in the Pacific and warns of resulting tsunami (tidal wave) travel time and impact. U.S. interests in the Pacific and coastal states benefit directly. In addition, support through the ICC for the International Tsunami Information Center in Honolulu is $5.25 million annually.

Bathymetric Charting - A project of particular interest to the United States is the International Bathymetric Chart of the Caribbean, the first phase of a longer-term project for geological and geophysical mapping of the region. The United States will acquire new, higher quality charts of its own econanic zone, as well as others, at a fraction of the cost of a U.S. effort.

Global Sea-level Observing System - A new global netwrk of 250 sea-level monitoring stations is being implemented to provide data essential to climate research.

Marine Pollution Research and Monitoring - The global assessment of oceanic contaminants and biological effects of pollution is expected to provide a scientific basis for regulatory actions under various international conventions - e.g., the London Dumping Convention. The ICC cooperates closely in this program area with the UN mvironment Program (UNEP) .

Global Ocean Services - The I E coordinates a global system of real-time marine meteorological and oceanographic observations used by U.S. forecasters for medium- and long-range forecasts, and by U.S. shipping and maritime interests to promote safety at sea. They also are vital for climate research.

The 25 percent vacancy rate in key professional posts in the 102 Secretariat, due to the fiscal crisis in UNESCO, has adversely affected programs of high priority to the United States. Given the documented direct benefits received by the United States, and the key role the 102 is expected to play in support of climate research, a contribution of $500,000 is warranted.

International GeosphereBiosphere Program - A Study of Global Change (IGBP). This new, long-range program was authorized by the International Council of Scientific Unions in 1986 with the obiective of describina and understandina the interactive ~hvsical. < - chemical and biological processes that regulate the total earth system, the unique environment that it provides for life, the changes that are occurring in this system, and the manner in which they are influenced by human actions. National programs are being organized involving many agencies and professional bdies. The planning and coordination of multilateral activities, including the contributions of national efforts, are being guided by a Special Committee of the International Council of Scientific Unions. The Special Committee is canprised of prominent U.S. scientists. Partial support of the international coordination of this program would be provided by a contribution of $140,000.

Natural Hazards Prqram (NHP). This UNESCO program, in collaboration with other international governmental and nongovernmental organizations, promotes cooperative efforts on the assessment, prediction, and mitigation of natural hazards such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, floods and land slides. Particular attention will be given to supporting scientific, engineering and social science contributions to natural disaster reduction in the 1990s within the framework of the UN International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR). Support of activities of particular benefit to U.S. interests at a rate of $120,000 per year would be provided to bodies of the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) and other nongovernmental organizations.

International Nongovernmental Cooperative Research and Training Programs. UNESCO funds are provided for a variety of research and traininq activities sponsored by nonqovernmental organizations of direct benefit to U.S; scientific and engineering interests not included'in the above categories. These funds are of particular value in supporting high quality projects sponsored by the Scientific Unions and Associated Bodies of the International Council of Scientific Unions. In addition, support is provided for activities of direct benefit to the U.S. sponsored by the International Brain Research Organization, the International Cell Research Organization, the International Social Science Council, the Microbiological Resources Centers and other international scientific and engineering organizations. A contribution of $405,000 directly to the work of international nongovernmental organizations would make up some of the loss in subsidies from UNESCO.

Intcrnationsl Geological Correlation Program (IGCP). This program directs the attention of qeolcqists worldwide to projects on mineral and petroleum deposits and corielates data on geoiogical strata, research projects, and standards for geological maps and earth science projects. Continued participation in these programs, heretofore funded through the UNESCO budget, would cost $80,000 per year.

Man and the Biosphere Program (MW). This is an interdisciplinary program of ecological research that enables U.S. Government agencies and American scientists to carry out studies abroad among its 114 member states, acquire data, and cooperate in the development of new resource management techniques for ecosystems of particular interest to the United States, e.g. tropical forests, arid zones, Caribbean islands, and polar regions. Although the United States lost its place on the MAE Intergovernmental Coordinating Council, $390,000 per year would support U.S. participation in selected international projects and workshops. U.S. influence on the MAB Secretariat, made possible with funds from this account, have helped to direct MW research toward programs of interest to the United States.

International Hydrological Program (IHP). This program undertakes studies and promotes standards and cooperation among UN specialized agencies and nongovernmental organizations that provide the United States with infonation on water resources worldwide. Although the United States lost its place on the IHP Intergovernmental Council because of withdrawal from UNESCO, a contribution of $100,000 per year would permit the United States to remain active in important IHP projects.

International Libraries, Archives and Science Documentation Program. This activity sets standards for and provides data on international library, information, and archival activities. The U.S. contribution strengthens U.S. participation and leadership in key research areas and in the development of international information policies and standards favorable to U.S. interests. These include trans-border data flow, security of data transmitted internationally, and exchange of scientific and technical information. Other programs include education and training in library, information, and archival sciences and preservation of cultural records. There has been much progress in the development of standards for information products and services as a result of the U.S. contribution. Continued U.S. participation is of particular benefit to the American information storage and retrieval industry. Support is estimated at $200,000 per year.

Intergovernmental Committee on the Universal Copyright Convention (ICUCC). The United States is a signatory to the Convention and is expected to make an appropriate contribution to the costs of the committee, whose work benefits U.S. copyright interests, including those relating to home video and audio recording and protection of ccmputer software and satellite signals; $60,000 would be sufficient.

International Conventions. The United States has ratified several international conventions that are vital to U.S. interests. They - include the Beirut Agreement (1984) and the Florence Agreement (1950) concerning the international transfer of educational, cultural, and scientific g d s : the Convention on the Exchange of Official Publications (1958): and the convention on the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property (1970). Continued U.S. participation would require a payment to cover administrative overhead costs in lieu of dues to UNESCO, estimated to total $5,000 per year.

WRLD METECROLCGICAL O m N I ZATION (WO) VCYXMFARY COOPERATION P H S W (vCP)

Purpose: The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Voluntary Cooperation Program (VCP) provides training and equipment to help less developed countries (LEs) improve their national meteorological and hydrological services. This assistance permits LDCs to upgrade basic weather observation networks and related telecommunications systems and improve local data processing capabilities and weather forecasting techniques. L E s are thus better able to obtain and utilize weather data necessary to their national economies, and to participate in WMO programs, particularly the World Weather Watch (WWW). The WWW monitors atmospheric and oceanic conditions, and coordinates the rapid collection and exchange of weather data on a global basis.

-- PROGRAM SUMMARY

Background: The WMO established the VCP in 1967 in response to a U.S. initiative. Each year a WMO Panel of Experts prepares a list of eligible projects in accordance with the overall WMO program. Donor countries support particular projects according to their own priorities. Contributions to the VCP may be cash, equipment, services, or training.

--

1.960

Equipment and services are provided to establish new weather stations, or to support existing ones. Training is provided both at regional training centers and donor institutions. In 1987 donors provided 219 fellowships, including 103 hosted in the United States.

FY 1990 Request

2.000

The WMO uses cash contributions to supplement donor-supported projects and occasionally to provide full support for a project when no donor is available.

The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( N W ) administers the U.S. contribution to the VCP on behalf of the United States.

U.S. Interests: U.S. support of the WMO VIlP enhances L E participation in the WwW and enables the U.S. to obtain otherwise unavailable data that is necessary for our national requirements. As a result of the U.S. contribution, we receive more timely and reliable data for the U.S. National Meteorological Center, and international meteorological reports which are used by U.S. civil and military agencies, and private companies. For example, N W uses enhanced observation and reporting capabilities by African, Central American and Caribbean L E s to provide more accurate forecasts of hurricanes affecting the United States. NOAA and the U.S. Department of Agriculture use WMO reports to analyze and forecast weather and agriculture production. USAID uses this information for early warning of natural disasters around the world. U.S. aviation requires meteorological information for international and domestic flight planning. In addition, the U.S. contribution utilizes nearly all U.S.-made equipment.

AID 370.3 18-83)

29

Other Donors: Thus far in 1988, the hMO VCP has received pledges totalling approximately $5.7 million including $1.9 million (33% from the U.S. Of the contributions received in 1988, 4% were in cash and the remainder were in g d s and services, including training. Contributions in 1989 are expected to total approximately $6.7 million with a U.S. contribution of $2 million (30%), including a direct cash contribution of approximately $100,000 and $1.9 million in equipment and services.

FY 1990 Program: The WMO Secretariat will continue to work with Members to complete a worldwide network of meteorological observatories, meteorological centers and the communications systems needed to support the international meteorological community. Increased VCP contributions will be needed in 1990 to support major efforts by Members to upgrade the existing substandard communication networks, particularly in Northeast Africa. VCP support is also being used to help provide mobile platforms and in combatting the locust plague now affecting Africa. Increased VCP support to provide training and education to L E s in new technologies is necessary and should continue to grow in 1990. Training and education is particularly needed in the application of the knowledge of meteorology to support agricultural prcduction and water resource management. The new technologies include the use of autcmatic data processing in the fields of agricultural meteorology and hydrology, climatology and the monitoring of environmental quality. The U.S. is particularly strong in these fields and can take a leadership role in these technical cocperative activities. The U.S.-led international climate computing (CLICCN) project under the W V C P to link data collection efforts of developing and developed countries in support of monitoring for climate change will install an additional 18 units in 1990.

UNITED NATIONS CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT FUND (UNCDF)

rp -- PROGRAM SUMMARY 7 -- - - -- ( In millions of dollars)

Fy 1989 Estimated

F y 1990

Purpose: The United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF) provides concessional capital assistance to the least developed countries (LEs) for small-scale investment projects designed to promote socicreconomic development and national self-reliance.

Background: The General Assembly established W D F in 1966 and in 1967, placed it under the Administrator of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), subject to policy guidance from the UNDP Governing Council. UNCDF is headed by an Executive Secretary and is supported by a small secretariat staff. UNCDF's structural link with UNDP allows it to draw on UNDP's central services and to utilize its network of resident representatives in developing countries, thereby keeping operating costs to a minimum.

A combination of special features makes W D F ' s role in the multilateral financing system unique. UNCDF'S mandate and operational policies enable it to (a) fccus on the poor by working at the grassroots level with laborers, small farmers, micro-entrepreneurs, the unemployed, low-inccme urban dwellers and other vulnerable groups: (b) help meet basic needs for food, safe drinking water, and sanitation as well as develop the productive sectors and income generating activities in agricultural and small-scale industries: (c) invest in small-scale projects ($200,000 to $5 million) that are not large enough to be considered by other multilateral financing institutions.

U.N. Specialized Agencies, working with host governments, international development banks and private entities, execute W D F projects. In 1987, UNOF amended its project funding process to allow expansion in annual new project starts and synchronize colranitments of project funds more closely with actual annual funding requirements. In 1987, WDF approved a total of $59.1 million in new commitments. UNCDF general resources funded $57.1 million while the remainder was funded through joint financing arrangements. Project expenditures for 1987 were about $41.1 million.

U.S. Interests: U.S. support of W D F is consistent with our policy of helping the poorest people. While reflecting current economic realities, our continued support demonstrates our view that W D F is a well-run program. Two-thirds of the countries served by UNOF are located in Africa, where drought and the cumulative effects of desertification have exacerbated chronic economic problems.

AID 370-3 18631

E D F has concentrated on the basic needs of t h e r u r a l sector. I n 1987, approximately m e t h i r d of UICDF's t o t a l comnitments went to t ranspor t and communications. Other important sec to r s receiving s i g n i f i c a n t UICDF a l l cca t ions were to develop ag r i cu l tu re and a g r i c u l t u r a l water resources (24.7 percent ) ; drinking water (9.1 percent) ; i ndus t r i e s (2.0 percent) ; housing (12.8 percent) : education and t ra in ing (6.6 percent) : and heal th (9.5 percent ) . Typical UNDF pro jec t s include food s t o r e s f o r drought r e l i e f , food protect ion, and improvement of water supply.

Other m o r s : Tota l pledges fo r 1988 amunted t o $38.7 mil l ion, of which the U.S. pledge of $980,000 represented 2.5 percent. Major donors t o UICDF in 1988 were: Sweden - $7.7 mi l l ion (19.9 percent ) ; t he Netherlands - $6.9 mi l l ion (17.8 percent ) ; Denmark - $4.6 mi l l ion (11.9 percent ) ; and Norway - $4.4 mi l l ion (11.3 percent ) .

FY 1990 Program: W D F w i l l continue its e f f o r t s t o expand the scope and volume of its projec t commitments. In addi t ion , UNCDF w i l l continue t o coordinate its a c t i v i t i e s with UNDP and o ther development agencies s o t h a t the re is follow-up to pre-investment a c t i v i t i e s , c a p i t a l and technica l ass is tance , and financing of operating cos ts .

W D F estimates projec t approvals in 1990 of $80 mil l ion without any s i g n i f i c a n t change i n pro jec t make-up and del ivery.

UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL & TRAINING PREPAM FOR SOIPI71ERN AFRICA (UNETPSA)

PROGRAM SUMMARY ( In millions of dollars)

Estmated

Purpose: UNETPSA prov ides s cho l a r sh ip s f o r secondary and c o l l e g e l e v e l educat ion and advanced t e c h n i c a l and voca t iona l t r a i n i n g to s t u d e n t s from t h e Republic o f South A f r i c a and to a lesser e x t e n t from Namibia who are denied such educat ion and t r a i n i n g i n t h e i r own societies. The t r a i n i n g he lps p repare t h e s e s t u d e n t s to assume l e ade r sh ip roles i n t h e development o f t h e i r coun t r i e s .

Background: The U.N. Educat ional and Tra in ing Program f o r Southern Af r i c a (UNETPSA) was e s t ab l i shed by t h e U.N. General Assembly i n 1967 by i n t e g r a t i n g e a r l i e r s p e c i a l programs designed to assist i n t h e educat ion and t r a i n i n g of persons i n minority-ruled southern Afr ica . Besides Namibia, South Af r i c a , and Southern Rhodesia, t h i s included Portuguese territories i n Af r i c a be fo r e they became independent i n 1974-75. Following t h e independence of t h e Portuguese territories and of Zimbabwe (Rhodesia), UNETPSA ceased giving new g r a n t s to s t u d e n t s from those na t i ons , al though renewals w i l l c on t i nue to be made u n t i l e x i s t i n g s t u d e n t s f i n i s h t h e i r s t ud i e s . UNETPSA's o b j e c t i v e is to enab le t h e s e young people to p l ay a f u l l role i n t h e i r societies a s they become independent or a s major i ty r u l e is achieved and to prov ide gene ra l support f o r t h e concept o f peace fu l t r a n s i t i o n i n southern Afr ica .

UNETPSA's a b i l i t y to award new scho l a r sh ip s is based on to ta l annual c o n t r i b u t i o n s and pledges rece ived , balanced a g a i n s t t h e i nc r ea s ing cost of educat ion and t h e need to renew t h e awards o f con t inu ing s tuden ts . The total number o f awards g ran ted under t h e program dur ing t h e 1986/87 r epo r t i ng per iod was 1,398 (838 new awards and 560 renewals) , as a g a i n s t 1,109 (504 awards and 605 renewals) f o r t h e 1985/86 per iod.

During t h e 1986/87 r epo r t i ng period, s t uden t placement by region w a s a s follows: A f r i c a - 762 (54.5 pe r cen t ) : North America - 416 (29.7 percen t ) : Asia - 156 (11.2 percen t ) ; Europe - 63 (4.5 percen t ) : and L a t i n America and Caribbean c o u n t r i e s - 1 (less than one percent) . U.S. I n t e r e s t s : The primary United S t a t e s i n t e r e s t i n support ing UNETPSA is to i n d i c a t e U.S. suppor t f o r t h e a s p i r a t i o n s o f t h e young people i n southern A f r i c a to be a v i t a l part of t h e i r societies a s they become independent or a s major i ty r u l e is achieved. U.S. support w i l l h e lp develop a core of s p e c i a l i s t s , t e chn i c i ans , and admin i s t r a t o r s who are a b l e to assume p o s i t i o n s i n t h e governments.

Other Donors: I n 1988, t h e U.S. c o n t r i b u t i o n of $784,000 represen ted 17.1 pe r cen t o f t h e to ta l pledges. lilajor donors i n 1988 included: Norway - $994,882 (21.7 percen t ) : Denmark - $662,558 (14.4 pe r cen t ) : Finland - $390,911 (8.5 p e r c e n t ) ; and Sweden - $333,333 (7.2 percen t ) . N 1990 Program: UNETPSA is concen t ra t ing on s t u d e n t s from t h e Republic of South Af r i c a , wi th 935 (67 pe r cen t ) o f t h e s c h o l a r s h i p ho lde r s i n 1986/87, and to a lesser e x t e n t Namibia, with 460 s cho l a r sh ip ho lde r s (33 pe r cen t ) . Faced wi th an ever - increas ing demand on a s t a t i c or decreas ing resource , t h e Advisory Committee on UNETPSA (with 13 members, inc lud ing t h e U.S., and t h r e e observer s t a t e s and fou r observer o rgan i za t i ons ) is c o n s t a n t l y seeking new ways to prov ide s cho l a r sh ip s to s t u d e n t s from southern Afr ica . These inc lude s cho l a r sh ip s i n Commonwealth c o u n t r i e s a t no cost to t h e program, t h e promotion of co-financing arrangements and t u i t i o n waivers, and t h e encouragement of s tudy i n Af r i c a and o the r low-cost regions.

The U.S. con t i nues to s e r v e on t h e lTNFPPSA Advisory C m i t t e e , which is t h e governing M y of t h e Program. Many of t h e s c h o l a r s h i p r e c i p i e n t s w i l l c on t i nue to s tudy i n t h e United S t a t e s . I n t h e r epo r t i ng p e r i c d , 405 of 1,398 awardees (29 pe r cen t ) were s tudying i n t h e United S t a t e s .

UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIN. DEWLOPMCNT ORGANIZATION (UNIDO) INVESTMCNT PRWOl'ION SERV'ICE (IPS)

PROGRAM SUMMARY ( In millions of dcllars) -

Purpose: The UNIDO Investment Promotion Service office (IPS) in Washington is the chief United Nations proponent in North America of private sector participation in developing countries. It strengthens industrial cooperation by promoting joint venture opportunities to U.S. firms. It also coordinates activities of developing country institutions and enterprises to identify sources of American knaw-how, direct investment, financing, market access and specialized consulting services.

Background: UNIDO became the sixteenth specialized agency of the United Nations on January 1, 1986, with a mandate to promote industrial development in developing countries in coordination with the private sector. The IPS represents the clearest recognition within the UN system of the importance of private investment capital in the development process by promoting the flow of external financial, technological and managerial resources to developing countries.

The Washington IPS coordinates closely with the Departments of State and Commerce, the World Bank, International Finance Corporation, other multilateral lending institutions, chambers of commerce and regional business associations.

The Washington IPS office is one of nine such offices worldwide; the others, all fully funded by the host government, are located in Cologne, Milan, Paris, Seoul, Tokyo, Vienna, Warsaw and Zurich.

U.S. Interests: Promotion of private sector development is a major U.S. priority. The IPS network worldwide reflects UNIDO's recognition of the importance of private investment capital in the industrial development process. The IPS program stimulates the private sectcr in developing countries, which prduces a catalytic impact on their domestic economies, and industrialization of the developing countries leads ultimately to increased markets for U.S. goods and services. The Washington IPS office provides developing countries first-hand knowledge of U.S. business and financial practices, which facilitates dealings with potential investment partners from the U.S. private sector. The Washington Investment Promotion Service has negotiated successfully three joint ventures: (a) a $1 million rubber gloves factory in Thailand, (b) a medical examination gloves factory in China; and (c) a $7 million tufted carpet factory in China.

In contrast to other host governments, the U.S. has never fully funded the Washington IPS. Prior to this year, the UNIW secretariat had been subsidizing the Washington IPS. Now, due to severe budgetary constraints, as well as other considerations attached to such a subsidy, UNIW no longer can provide funds to this service. Therefore, the sole funding source for FY 1990 is the IOLP account. A $500,000 contribution would fully fund the core activities of the office and demonstrate U.S. support for its activities.

Other Donors : None

FY 1990 Program: Program emphasis will be twofold:

1) To accelerate current activities of direct contact with industry associations, chambers of commerce, state and regional development associations, financial institutions as well as private American businesses to promote investment projects in developing countries: and,

2) To improve every aspect of the Washington IPS communication network by using public and private sources, institutions and organizations, publications, and personal appearances.

UNITED NATIONS TRUa FUNE FOR SOUTH AFRICA (UWFSA)

7 PROGRAM SUMMARY 1

Purpose: The U.N. Trust Fund for South Africa (mFSA) provides humanitarian assistance to victims of apartheid and racial discrimination in South Africa and Namibia.

(In millions of dollars]

Background: The Trust Fund For South Africa was established in 1965 to provide assistance to persons living in South Africa and Namibia who are being victimized by legal and social discrimination. The Fund provides legal assistance to persons persecuted under South African legislation, offers relief to such persons and their dependents, provides relief assistance for refugees from South Africa, and offers assistance to persons persecuted under legislation in Namibia.

The Trust Fund is administered by a 5-member Committee of Trustees who disburse grants to voluntary organizations and other appropriate bodies concerned with relief and assistance to victims of apartheid, and facilitates the activities of these organizations.

FY 1990 Request

FY 1988 Actual

The growing opposition to apartheid within South Africa and Namibia and the actions undertaken by foreign investors and operators have dramatically increased the vulnerability of those actively opposing apartheid as well as endangering the economic status of the black majority in these areas. The Trust Fund can play an important, if limited, role in ameliorating the problems facing the black population in these areas. It is important that the United States play an appropriate part in helping these people to withstand the pressures of apartheid.

FY 1989 Estimated

U.S. Interests: Support of the Trust Fund demonstrates U.S. commitment to the cause of freedom in southern Africa and provides a positive indication of our opposition to the system of apartheid.

Other Donors: Our FY 1988 pledge of $245,000 is estimated to represent 6.2 percent of $3.9 million in pledges and contributions. Other prminent contributors for 1988 include: Sweden $750,000 (19.04 percent) : Denmark $728,682 (18.5 percent) : Norway $669,291 (16.9 percent): Italy $564,516 (14.3 percent): and Finland $366,479 (9.3 percent) . FY 1990 Program: Many statutes and procedures based upon racial discrimination continue to exist in the Republic of South Africa. Additionally, there will be econanic dislocations connected with divestitures and other econmic measures taken to induce political and legal changes in the Republic. The funds in FY 1990 will continue to support efforts through the South Africa judicial system to sustain the position of black South Africans and will provide assistance to families of those persecuted under existing repressive legislation.

AID 370-3 18-83]

37

UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT FWD FOR WOMEN (UNIFEM)

PROGRAM SUMMARY lln millions of dollard

F Y 1988 Actual Estimated

-- .220

Purpose: The purpose of the UN Development Fund for Wanen (UNIFEM) is to improve the status of women in the least developed countries through their increased participation and integration in the economic and social development processes.

Background: The United Nations Voluntary Fund for the UN Decade for Wanen was created by UN General Assembly resolution 311133 in 1976. UN General Assembly resolution 391125 (1984) decided that the activities of the Voluntary Fund for the UN Decade for Women should be continued beyond the end of the decade through the establishment of a separate identifiable entity in autonomous association with the UN Development Program (UNDP). Thus, the Voluntary Fund for the UN Decade for Women was renamed the UN Development Fund for Women, with the acronym UNIFEM, and the autonomous association with UNDP came into effect on July 1, 1985.

The fund provides financial and technical assistance to promote economic growth and social equity through stimulating the full participation of women, who have too often been considered marginal to the essential processes of development. Priority is given to the least developed, land-locked, and island developing countries. The Fund's resources are used mainly within two priority areas: (1) to serve as a catalyst, with the goal to ensure the appropriate involvement of women in mainstream development activities, as often as possible at the pre-investment stages: and (2) to support innovative and experimental activities benefitting women in line with national and regional priorities.

The fund has assisted more than 400 projects and other activities including 100 project development missions since becoming operational in 1978. Approximately 200 projects are ongoing. The projects range from $2,000 to $400,000. Of the projects approved in 1987-1988: 34% involve employment-generating activities, appropriate technologies, and rural/urban development activities: 32% involve human resource development: 24% are concerned with development planning, project design, and research: and 10% are concerned with information/publications. Ninety-three percent of the projects were at the country level, with UNDP having responsibility for their screening and monitoring. The remaining regional projects were similarly handled by the UN regional commissions in Africa, Asia and the Pacific, Latin America and Western Asia. Final decisions on project selection are made by a special consultative committee representing the UN world regions.

AID 370-3 18-831

The fund is the only UN development cooperation mechanism whose frame of reference lies specifically at the interface of development and women. In its project support operations, the Fund reflects this basic point of connection between the two issues. During its ten operational years (1978-87), the Fund has followed the primary criterion that development is the overall goal, and women are an integral part of it.

U.S. Interests: The management of mIF!S4 as a result of its autonomous association with UNDP is of importance because the transfer represented one of the significant achievements of the UN Decade for Women, i.e., accomplishing an integration of KINIFEM into the mainstream of development activities, yet maintaining UNIFEM's autonomous purpose and identity.

The United States has been one of the principal contributors to the Fund, with cumulative donations in excess of $8 million. Our recent contributions are as follows: FY 1984 ($500,000). N 1985 ($500,000) , N 1986 ($239,000) , N 1987 ($219,000) , and FY 1988 ($220,000) . Our pledges have been a manifestation of our commitment to women in the least-developed countries.

Other Donors: Pledges from governments to the Fund in 1988 thus far (October, 1988) totaled $5.65 million. Norway is the largest single governmental contributor in 1988 with a pledge of $1,259,843 or 22% of the total pledges from governments. Other major contributors include: Canada $934,959 (16.5%): the Netherlands $802,139 (14.2%): Finland $765,432 (13.5%). NGOs have pledged $61,839.

FY 1990 Program: Special features will be directed towards sustainability in the current and forthcoming bienniums (a) strengthening national instititional capacities to address women and development, with particular reference to national machineries, planning ministries, line ministries and non-governmental organizations (NGOs); (b) human resources develapment: and (c) continuation of support to innovative and catalytic projects for the longer term, within the priorities of the Fund's regional frameworks. UNIETM's evolution from a project-centered to a programming approach saw the initial design of the Fund's operational framework for Asia and the Pacific, which followed the implementation of its Africa Investment Plan (emphasizing food security, energy, credit support systems and strengthening of management capacities): and its Participatory Action Plan for Latin America and the Caribbean (PAPUC) (emphasizing rural women in peasant economies; urban women in informal sector employment: violence against women: and communications systems). The Asia and Pacific framework for UNIFEM's priorities identifies as its major areas (a) agriculture and f d security: (b) industry: (c) the environment and (dl tourism.

CCNVENTION ON INPERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FMFA (CITES)

Purpose: The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) provides a mechanism for protection of endangered species of wildlife and plants against over-exploitation through international trade.

PROGRAM SUMMARY (in millions o f dollarsl

Background: CITES resulted from a conference held in Washington, D.C. in 1973, at U.S. invitation, to promote conservation of endangered and potentially threatened species of wild flora and fauna. It has since become the key instrument for international wildlife conservation, with 95 countries as Parties to the Convention including most major prcducers and consumers. CITES is also a significant element of U.S. conservation policy and continues to receive broad public support domestically.

CITES' principal achievements are the identification of over-exploited species and establishment of trade controls to protect those species. Other notable accomplishments include: (1) designation of wildlife authorties for the first time in many countries: (2) development of guidelines for the safe shipment of live specimens of plants and animals; (3) preparation of a species identification manual for use by custom officials at ports of entry; (4) improved standardization of documentation, annual reporting on worldwide wildlife trade, and information requirements to amend listings of endangered and threatened species; (5) more effective trade controls for specimens such as elephant ivory, rhinoceros horn, whale products, reptilian leather, exotic plants and rare birds; (6) improved acquisition and exchange of wildlife trade data and statistics; and (7) improved cooperation among Party members in ccnservation of endangered species.

F Y la90 RequeR

.200

F Y 1988 Actual

.I70

The CITES Trust Fund supports meetings of Parties and certain operations of the Secretariat such as enforcement of the Convention's trade regulations and identification of appropriate levels of trade control. The Trust Fund is administered by the United Nations hvironment Program, which provides administrative support to the Secretariat. Since the Trust Fund is not adequate to finance all project mrk authorized by the Parties, CITES has established a Special Projects Funds supported by voluntary contributions from member Parties, conservation groups and trade associations. Contributions are earmarked for projects of special interest such as population studies of heavily traded species (e.g., Nile crocodiles) .

- F Y 1989 Estimated

.650

U.S. Interests: All countries, including the U.S., benefit from CITE protection of the endangered and potentially threatened species of wild plants and animals which represent the world's irreplaceable living resources. The Convention was concluded after Congress, in response to strong public support, directed the Administration (in the Endangered Species Act) to negotiate an international agreement to prevent over-exploitation of wildlife.

The U.S. has been actively involved in CITES since its inception and currently serves as Chair of the CITES Standing Committee. Such participation provides the primary vehicle for U.S. leadership in an area of wildlife protection having unusually broad international acceptance of common policy goals and complements U.S. implementation of the Convention domestically through the Endangered Species Act. U.S. participation is also a principal means by which U.S.-based conservation and trade organizations -- strongly supportive of CITES -- exert influence internationally on wildlife issues directly through the U.S. government.

In addition, CITES facilitates private American comercial ventures in wildlife. Farming and ranching of some endangered species has resulted in successful breeding of certain animals, such as the American alligator, and their subsequent removal from endangered status. Such actions substantially benefit U.S. producers and traders.

Both the American public and other countries look to the U.S. to remain in the vanguard of international conservation and preservation of endangered plants and animals.

Other Donors: Contribution levels to CITES for FY 1988 and FY 1989 were set when the 1988-89 biennial budget was approved at the Sixth Conference of Parties which convened in Ottawa in July 1987. Levels are based on the United Nations assessment scale as adapted to CITES. In each year, principal donors were called upon to contribute - to the General Fund as follows: United States - $404,487 (25.0%): Japan - $175,386 (10.8%) : U.S.S.R. - $165,031 (10.2% - never paid) ; Germany - $133,643 ( 8.3%) and France - $103,063 (6.4%) . FY 1990 Program: The U.S. contribution will support Secretariat efforts in several important areas. Of particular note is the work of the Ivory Quota Control Unit. Although largely funded through external sources (including the U.S.), core funding from the Central Fund will be needed to support many of the Unit's activities. Also important is the continuation of studies now underway through the

Secretariat to evaluate trade in several plants and animals, such as the South American caiman and some species of cacti, which may warrant trade protection under CITES. These studies will clarify the status of subject species and determine levels of trade control, if any, needed. Finally, the Secretariat will pursue its work with producer governments to develop domestic implementing legislation for improved enforcement of trade controls, and will continue to assist member parties with general implementation of convention provisions as necessary.

UNITED NATIONS FELLOWSHIP PRXRAM ( U N I T )

PROGRAM SUMMARY ( In millions of dollarsl

Purpose: The Program is designed to compensate U.S. Government agencies for administrative costs incurred in arranging and monitoring training which is funded by the organizations of the United Nations system.

F Y 1988 1- Actual

Background: The United Nations Development Program and other organizations of the United Nations system provide from their resources technical assistance in the form of training of individuals in various countries where pertinent expertise is available. When training is provided in developed countries, it has been the practice of the several host governments to cover the administrative costs associated with such training. Until the early eighties, the United States paid for administrative costs through the Agency for International Development which consolidated this activity with its bilateral training efforts. More recently the U.S. agencies involved have covered a large part of the costs supplemented by funds appropriated through this program.

Currently, training for selected nationals from developing countries has been provided in the United States through the auspices of the Departments of Agriculture, Commerce and Labor, the Federal Aviation Administration, and the Federal Communications Commission. Within Commerce, the training is carried out by the National Maritime Fisheries Service.

F Y 1989 Estimated

The United States leads all other countries in the receipt of trainees under various fellowship programs with almost 11.1 percent of the total placements in 1987. Other leading host countries for fellowships in 1987 were the United Kingdom, France, India, Italy, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Philippines, Switzerland, and Thailand.

F y 1990 Request

U.S. Interests: The training of foreign nationals in the United States provides numerous long-term advantages aside from the obvious one that U.N. funds (to which the U S is a major contributor) are expended in our own institutions. Persons trained in the U.S. learn our techniques and become familiar with American equipment and suppliers as well as with American commercial, technical, and educational organizations. In a larger sense, these trainees and students are exposed to American values and priorities. Returning to their own countries, they carry this exposure into their daily lives and professional endeavors.

FY 1990 Program: The size of the fellowship programs will be dictated by the funds available to implement country and intercountry programs of the UNDP and other U.N. bodies and by the ability of the U.S. as the receiving country to cover attendant administrative costs.

AID 370-3 18-83)

WJRLD HERITAGE FUND

PROGRAM SUMMARY [In millions of dollan/

Purpose: The Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (Convention) officially designates, as outstanding and irreplaceable, properties of international significance. The Convention obligates governments to protect and preserve these chosen sites for future generations, the only such treaty to do so. Through the World Heritage Fund (Fund), the Convention provides financial assistance to nations to protect these universally acclaimed natural and cultural sites from deterioration and destruction. The Convention and its Fund have enabled many countries to preserve their unique natural and cultural legacies.

F Y 1988 -- Actual

.220

Background: The United States initiated the development of the Convention and was the first nation to ratify it (December 7, 1973). The Convention is the pre-eminent international conservation treaty, with 106 States Party, and 315 protected properties.

The Convention is governed by an elected 21-member body, the World Heritage Committee, which approves the inscription of properties on the World Heritage List (List) and allocates financial resources. The Fund provides countries (in practice developing countries) with financial assistance to safeguard designated sites: for inventory and documentation of potential properties; and to develop public awareness of the Convention and of the value of preserving these unique natural and cultural legacies. With secretariat support provided by UNESCO, the Committee allocates a major portion of the Fund to technical assistance and site preservation, a sharp contrast to many other conservation conventions.

F y 1989 Estimated

.220

The United States served as Vice chairman and Chairman of the World Heritage Committee from 1976 until 1983. In November 1987, the United States sought and was reelected to the governing committee by more votes than any other State Party. Our Committee membership is decisive in influencing the allocation of the Fund to projects of importance to U.S. policies and programs.

F y 1990 Request

.zoo

U.S. Interests: The Convention is a keystone of our international environmental conservation program. As the treaty encourages and promotes bilateral cooperation among State Parties, World Heritage protection is now an important component of many U.S. bilateral science and technology agreements (e.g., with China, @brocco, Spain, India). The Fund often provides financial support which advances U.S. and Congressional interests and is compatible with current U.S. policies and projects. For example, in 1986 the Department and Congress embarked on a campaign to halt the dramatic decline of the

AID 370.3 18-83)

rhinoceros due to poaching. Since 1981, the World Heritage Fund has contributed $114,000 to assist Garamba National Park in Zaire, a World Heritage site listed for the last remaining population of northern white rhinoceros which are found there. The most recent census revealed a 50% increase in numbers, a current total of 21 rhinos up from 13 in 1984.

In addition, the Convention fulfills important provisions of the International Environmental Protection Act (in the Foreign Assistance Act of 1983), which calls upon the Secretary of State to assist in the protection of species, biological diversity and habitat. The Convention, by designating outstanding undisturbed ecosystems, not only fosters worldwide protection of these important areas but enhances the priority given to them by host governments. The World Heritage Convention is an extension of the national park concept: a uniquely American idea and value transposed to an international level. 320 million visitors per year to U.S. national parks is indicative of the interest and priority Americans place on the preservation of natural and cultural heritage. U.S. bilateral efforts to provide financial assistance to preserve this heritage worldwide would be prohibitive. Our contribution to the Fund is matched tenfold and 66% of the Fund is utilized directly for site preservation, technical assistance and training.

Recognition of the importance of the work of this Convention is best illustrated by a recent increase in secretariat staff, provided by UNESCO, and by the continuing increase in the number of parties to the Convention. Additionally, reserve and contingency accounts were established to protect against currency exchange rate slides and unanticipated financial shortfalls. The fiscal restraint, self-imposed by the Committee, is indicative not only of the Convention's financial stability but also of the importance of the Convention's success to all signatory states.

Other Donors: Parties to the Convention can opt to pay either mandatory or voluntary contributions. Leading mandatory contributors in 1988 included the United Kingdom, $110,441: Italy, $89,599: Canada, $72,350: Spain, $47,914: Australia, $39,289; and Argentina, $14,614. In addition to the U.S. contribution of $220,000, other leading voluntary contributors in 1986 were France, $150,688: Federal Republic of Germany, $195,488: Denmark, $17,009: Norway, $12,687: and Brazil, $33,060.

FY 1990 Program: The 1990 program will aim to implement stricter interpretation of the criteria for proposed sites and greater use of comparative studies to ensure continued listing of the world's most outstanding and unique sites and monuments.

Purpose: The United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture (the Fund) provides worldwide humanitarian assistance to victims of torture and to their families. Its major goal is to provide medical and psychological assistance to victims and to their families. Secondary goals are legal, financial, and social assistance to victims and their families.

UNITED NATIONS VOLUNTARY FUND FOR VICl'IMS OF TORTURE (UNVFCPT)

PROGRAM SUMMARY (In millions of dollars)

Background: The United Nations General Assembly established the Fund in 1981. The United States strongly supported the Fund's establishment and has contributed financially to it since FY 1985. Since the fund began operations in 1983, more than 96 grants totalling approximately $2.8 million have been authorized for over 57 projects. The projects are from 27 countries on four continents. These grants are aimed at the medical and psychological rehabilitation of victims of torture, including grants to the well-known and respected International Rehabilitation and Research Center for Torture Victims in Copenhagen, Denmark and to the Medecins sans Frontiers (Doctors Without Borders), France. Furthermore, several rehabilitation projects are carried out for the UN High Commissioner for Refugees. Ninety percent of the Fund expenditures are made in developing countries. Grants are awarded by the Fund's Board of Trustees who report directly to the UN Secretary General. The Board's mandate requires it to distribute aid through "established channels of humanitarian assistance," such as hospitals, research and training centers, and overseas doctors projects. The Board may contribute to ongoing projects or it may give to a humanitarian operation, providing detailed criteria of the Board's desires for a particular project.

F Y 1988 Actual

.09

U.S. Interests: U.S. contributions to the Fund are important to our multilateral human rights objectives in the UN Human Rights Commission and supplement U.S. bilateral human rights efforts. They boost the United States in world opinion as a nation dedicated to unselfish support of the unfortunate victims of human rights violations. Equally as important, the very nature of the Fund singles out for censure those nations that chronically violate human rights, thus achieving a U.S. policy objective without the direct action of the United States.

Other Donors: As of October 1988, approximately $600,000 in contributions was received from governments for the calender year. The U.S. contribution of $90,000 will represent approximately 15%. Other major donors include: Finland- $155,000: Denmark- $139,500: Sweden- $96,000: and Japan- $50,000. The Fund has also received contributions from nongovernmental organizations as well as by several individuals.

F Y 1989 Estimated

.10

F Y 1990 Request

.10

FY 1990 Procjrams: The Board of Trustees expects the Fund to expend about $400,000 for hospitals and overseas doctors projects treating torture victims. The Fund plans to expand its operations from its present purely medical and psychological concentration to include sane social services to torture victims and their families. These will include small grants to assist victims and their families in rebuilding shattered lives through self-help projects and small stipends while rehabilitated victims look for work. The Fund will place increased emphasis on emergency relief for political prisoners.

INIXRGOVERNMENPRL PANEL ON CLIWTE CHANGE (I=)

Purpose: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an international mechanism established to provide an intergovernmental forum to analyze and respond to the growing changes in the Earth's atmosphere as a result of natural and man-made chemicals.

PROGRAM SUMMARY (In millions of dollam)

Background: Over the last several years, scientists, environmentalists and governments have become increasingly concerned with reports of a growing threat to the planet's atmosphere posed by increasing concentrations of natural and man-made chemicals into the atmosphere. This is a global problem which must be approached from a global perspective.

In May 1987, the Tenth World Meteorological Congress asked the Executive Council of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in cooperation with the governing bodies of UNEP (United Nations Environment Program) and ICSU (International Council on Scientific Unions), to develop an appropriate mechanism to undertake consideration of scientific and other aspects of "greenhouse gases." The request of the WMO Congress was conveyed to the W O Executive Council and to the Governing Council of UNEP, both of which responded positively. In June 1988, WMO formally established the IPCC as an autonornus body, jointly administered by WMO and UNEP. The IPCC is based in Geneva with a Secretariat supported by both WMO and UNEP.

F y 1990 Request

.10

F y 1988 Actual

0

At its first meeting in November 1988, the Panel established three Working Groups, one each to assess the scientific aspects of global climate change, potential impacts and possible response strategies. The United States was selected to chair the Working Group on Response Strategies which will meet initially January 30 - February 1, 1989 and thereafter.

FY 1989 Estimated

0

U.S. Interests: Several national scientific assessments have alerted the U.S. Government to increasing concentrations in the atmosphere of greenhouse gases from natural and man-made sources, and the need to develop a sound international basis to consider response strategies. The Global Climate Protection Act, passed by the Congress in 1987 is, in part, a recognition of the need for the United States to be integrally involved in both domestic and international developments on this issue. In addition, there is a growing international concern that action must be taken. As one of the countries likely to be most affected by climate change and by decisions as to the manner in which to respond to this global problem, the United States must play a leading role in the determination of those decisions.

AID 370-3 (883)

INPERNATIONAL FUND FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT (IFAD)

PROGRAM SUMMARY (In millions of dollars)

F Y 1988 7 FY 1989 FY 1990

Purpose: IFAD focuses international development assistance on increasing food production in the poorgr developing regions. The Fund's activities are directed specifically at small farmers and the landless poor, through concessional loans and grants. In addition, IFAD has engaged the OPEC countries in a significant development effort with the more traditional OECD donors.

Actual Estimated

Background: IFAD is a United Nations specialized agency created in 1977 with strong leadership from the United States. It is the only international financial institution founded on the premise of burden sharing between the OPEC and OECD countries. For the initial capitalization and first and second replenishments, the United States has pledged a total of $460 million to IFAD, while the other OECD donors have pledged $1 billion and OPE€ $1 billion. The proportionate shares have been between 40% to 42% and 58% to 60% for the OPEC and OECD donors respectively.

. . Request

An additional special characteristic is IFAD's tripartite structure, which divides voting strength in the Fund's Governing Council and Executive Board equally among OECD members (Category I) , OPEC members (Category 11) and the I K s themselves (Category 111). Relationships among IFAD's members are generally constructive, with little political polarization. In practice, decisions have been made on the basis of consensus rather than actual votes.

U.S. Interests: The United States is the only country which enjoys a permanent seat on IFAD's Executive Board, the body which approves projects and determines policy (all other countries must rotate on and off the 36 member Board). As a result of this permanent seat, the United States is always able to make its views known regarding the design of IFAD's projects and to closely monitor the consistency of IFAD's projects with the U.S. Government's own developrent objectives. The A.I.D. Administrator is the United States Governor of the Fund.

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U.S. support for IFAD reflects the Administration's continuing commitment to programs that directly benefit needy people in developing countries.

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Program Focus: IFAD is primarily a facilitating and co-financing institution for the world's poorest people. For the ten-year period 1978-87, cofinanciers invested US$ 3,373.2 million in all projects (34.4% of total project cost) supported by the Fund compared to IFAD's investment of US$ 2,337.1 million (23.9% of total project cost). Domestic contributions were US$ 4,081.6 million (41.7% of total project cost). During 1987, IFAD initiated 84 percent of the projects it funded and cooperating institutions 16 percent. In 1987, 57 percent of IFAD's regular loans were highly concessional (50 years term at 1% service fee) and benefitted low income rural people, especially landless families and women. In the 1977 - 1987 period, 84 percent of IFAD's loans to Africa were targeted to people with annual per capita incomes below US$ 300 in 1976 prices.

In developing its projects, IFAD closely studies the policy environment of a potential loan to identify potential obstacles to smallholder production. If host country policies discourage small farmer agricultural prcduction (through controlled prices, state-owned marketing channels, etc.), IFAD will work with the recipient government to make the adjustments necessary for market-based incentives.

In addition to IFAD's traditional development efforts, in 1986 the Fund launched a Special Program for Sub-Saharan African Countries Affected by Drought and Desertification. This special program has received over $300 million in pledges, including $10 million frm the United States in N 1987, for a four year (1986 - 1989) effort to assist lowincome f d deficit African countries suffering for the long-term effects of drought and desertification. By the end of 1987, twelve projects were financed with these resources and another fourteen are scheduled to be financed during the 1988-89 period.

Funding Status: The $2.5 million contribution appropriated by the Congress for FY 1989 is the last installment for the U.S. cmitment of $80 million under IFAD's Second Replenishment. A zero amount is shown for FY 1990 because negotiations for IFAD's Third Replenishment are still underway. After a satisfactory agreement is reached, the Administration will request funding within existing levels for IFAD.