AND THE MOVEMENTS OF POPULATIONS INTO THE...

PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF CERAMIC ANALYSIS AND THE MOVEMENTS OF POPULATIONS INTO THE BAHAMAS

John Winter and Mark Gilstrap

The use of chemical analysis has been utilized to determine the provenience of prehistoric ceramics (Wilson 1978). This has allowed people to make inferences about trade networks, the migrations of populations, and the use of the local environment. There have been two main types of chemical composition measurements:

1. mineralogic/petrographic examinations to identify the compounds and minerals present; and

2. elemental analysis to determine the concentration of the constituent elements.

In using the latter case, the concentration characteristics of each element are defined for sherds at a site, and then a comparison of these concentrations with other sherds allows for a decision on possible sources. Normally, a number of sherds from the same site are analyzed and if possible some local clays. Often a number of elements are measured, although a single element can be used (Wilson 1978).

The present study is an attempt to determine whether or not an elemental chemical analysis of ceramics can be a useful interpretive tool for the Caribbean region. The authors have chosen to compare the Greater Antillean regions of Cuba and Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic) with the Bahamas. The authors hope to determine the provenience of possible Greater Antillean ceramics that were found in prehistoric Bahamian sites, as well as to make inferences on the migration of populations and trade networks between these two geographical areas. A major reason for selecting these areas is that they have a different geological history. These differences may produce different chemical concentrations in the sources used to make ceramics.

The Greater Antilles' geological history is of a volcanic origin. This has produced an environment rich in igneous and metamorphic materials, which would produce a clay textured soil upon weathering. The Bahamas archipelago is just the opposite. Its history appears to be related to a sedimentary environment derived from calcareous materials. Therefore, to produce a soil with a clay texture in the Bahamas archipelago, the necessary non-calcareous components were transported by atmospheric winds from North Africa (Mann 1986).

Therefore, the geochemical diversity of the areas and the methods used in the preparation of the pottery might produce element concentration differences within the ceramics. Some of these differences may be diffi cult to factor out when doing an elemental analysis of ceramics. For example, it would be difficult to identify the actual location of all the clay sources; to account for an individual potter's use of different clays

371

372 CERAMIC ANALYSIS AND POPULATIONS MOVEMENT

or mixtures of clays; or to determine whether any ceramics were introduced into a site from outside the area. With this in mind, the authors' initial observations of ceramic sherds from the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas archipelago reveal that the potter's treatment of the clay and the addition of temper produced marked differences between the areas. The Greater Antillean ceramics have a grit-tempering, either with feldspar, quartz, and/or other clastic inclusions, while the Bahamian ceramics have calcareous tempering, either crushed limestone and/or invertebrate shells (Winter et al. 1985).

PROCEDURES

A total of 62 prehistoric ceramic sherds were submitted for elemental chemical analysis. They were sent to the Geology Department at Indiana University, where they were analyzed by inductively coupled argon plasma emission spectrometry. The elemental analysis tested for the following elements:

1. Percentages of oxides - silicon, titanium, aluminum, iron, manganese, magnesium, calcium, sodium, potassium, phosphorus ; and

2. Trace elements in parts per million - barium, chromium, copper, nickel, strontium, vanadium, yttrium, zinc.

The authors only analyzed ceramics from the Ostionoid series in the Greater Antilles (Rouse 1986). The authors chose this series because they believe it to be the earliest ceramic series to enter the Bahamas. The Ostionan Ostionoid subseries of ceramics seems to have appeared in eastern Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico around A.D. 500. Then around A.D. 800 in the north central region of Hispaniola, a new subseries was produced--Meillacan Ostionoid. This subseries spread through western Hispaniola, eastern Cuba, Jamaica, and into the Bahamas. In the Bahamas, the subseries has been classified as Palmetto ware. Winter et al. (1985), however, believe that this is really just an extension of the Ostionoid potters, who were adapting to the calcareous environment of the Bahamas. In the eastern part of Hispaniola around A.D. 1200, the Ostionan Ostionoid subseries developed into the Chican Ostionoid, which then spread to other sections of the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas.

The 62 ceramic sherds were both donated to and collected by the authors. They derived from sites in the following four areas:

1. From Cuba (9 sherds) - Potrero del Mango (5); El Pino (1); Laguna (1); Yaguajay (1); and Loma del Indio (1).

2. From Haiti (12 sherds) - Duplaa (1); Limbe (1); Charitte (1); Macady (2) ', Montholon (1); Meillac (1); Carrier (1); St. Raphael (3); and Isle a Cabrit (1).

3. From the Dominican Republic (12 sherds) El Choco (2); El Carrill (2); Rio Verde (4); and Rio Joba (4).

4. From the Bahamas, Native samples (14) - Adelaide, New Providence (1); Casuarina Point, Abaco (1); Pigeon Creek,

WINTER AND GILSTRAP 373

San Salvador (6); Ward, San Salvador (5); and W2C3, Great Inagua (1).

From the Bahamas, Trade samples (15) - Man Head Cay, San Salvador (1); Pigeon Creek, San Salvador (2); Melville, Rum Cay (2); Long Pond, Rum Cay (1); Long Bay, San Salvador (1); East Conch Shell Point, Great Inagua (1); West Conch Shell Point, Great Inagua (1); Nixon, Great Inagua (1); East Salt Pond Hill, Great Inagua (1); and McKay, Crooked Island (4).

The numerical data for each site's elemental analysis were recorded and then the sites were grouped into five categories: Cuba, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Trade (Table 1), and Bahamas (Table 2).

Using an SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) computer program frequency analysis, the mean and standard deviation were calculated for each of the previously mentioned elements for each category. These results were then subjected to another SPSS computer program oneway analysis of variance. This produces F statistics, which indicate whether or not population means are probably unequal; and a multiple comparison test, which determines which population means are different.

Initially, the authors compared the results of the Cuban, the Haitian, the Dominican Republic, the Trade, and the Bahamian sherds to see if any elements varied significantly at the 0.05 level of confidence. Using the Scheffe comparison test, which is the most conservative for pairwise comparisons of means, the authors found that the Bahamian ceramics are significantly lower in silicon, sodium and vanadium, but higher in yttrium and calcium when compared with the Greater Antillean and Trade ceramics. There is also a significantly higher level of strontium in the Bahamian ceramics when compared with the other four groups. Surprisingly, there is a significantly higher level of strontium in the Trade ceramics when compared to the Cuban, Haitian, and the Dominican Republic ceramics. This last result may be brought about by the deposition of strontium into the Trade sherds from the calcareous environment of the Bahamas.

In addition, the levels of nickel and zinc are significantly lower in the Bahamian ceramics when compared with the Dominican Republic ceramics, and Haitian and Cuban ceramics, respectively. It would appear that these elements leach out in the Bahamian environment as the Trade ceramics produced a lower level of these elements when compared to the Greater Antillean ceramics, although not significant enough using the Scheffe method.

When the authors compared the Greater Antillean ceramics, they found that the sodium levels for the Cuban ceramics are significantly higher than the Dominican Republic ceramics, using the Scheffe method, with the values of the Haitian ceramics being closer to the Dominican Republic ceramics, but not significant enough. Although the F probabilities were below 0.10 for three other elements (barium, nickel and strontium) they were not significant enough for the Scheffe method. Yet when the authors compared all the F probabilities none were as low as these three elements, except


for the previously sampled sodium which was lower. Therefore, the authors concluded that there was probably a difference among these three elements. The authors then used a less conservative method of comparison-the least significant difference. At the 0.05 level of significance, the authors found that the Cuban ceramics have lower strontium and barium levels than the Haitian ceramics, with the Dominican Republic ceramic values being closer to the Haitian ceramics, but not significant enough. Also the Haitian ceramics have a significantly lower nickel value than the Dominican Republic ceramics, with the Cuban ceramic values being closer to the Dominican Republic ceramics, but not significant enough. The least significant difference method also revealed that the sodium levels of the Cuban ceramics were significantly higher than the ceramics from Haiti and the Dominican Republic.

When the authors compared the Trade ceramics with the Greater Antillean ceramics for the remaining elements tested they found no F probabilities below 0.10, except for the previously sampled strontium, and no significant difference using the Scheffe or least significant difference method.

From these results, the authors reached the following conclusions. First, the Trade ceramics had an origin in the Greater Antilles. Second, it appears that the sodium and barium levels were relatively stable for Greater Antillean ceramics whether they are found in the Greater Antilles or in the Bahamas; however, the strontium levels increased and the zinc and nickel levels decreased for Greater Antillean ceramics left in the Bahamian environment. Thirdly, it appears that the Greater Antillean ceramics might be divided since the barium, sodium, and strontium levels varied between the Cuban and Hispaniolan ceramics, while the nickel levels varied between the Haitian and Dominican Republic ceramics.

To test these conclusions, the authors then used another SSPS computer program hierarchical cluster analysis. This method attempts to identify similar groups of objects based on a variety of attributes, whereby small clusters are ranked individually and then merged to form a larger cluster. The authors chose the Ward method of analysis because the loss of information in passing from each level is minimized (Massart and Kaufman 1983). This increases the heterogeneity of the samples. Based on the authors' previous results, they then chose to test the following elements: sodium, barium, nickel, and strontium.

The authors then carried out the following cluster analyses on the ceramics from Cuba, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic:

1. sodium with barium 2. sodium with strontium 3. sodium with barium and strontium 4. sodium with barium and nickel 5. sodium with barium and nickel and strontium

The authors then joined the Trade ceramics with the Cuban, Haitian, and the Dominican Republic ceramics in the previously mentioned cluster analysis methods. The authors did not cluster the native Bahamian ceramics with any of these groups as they were significantly different for the


following elements: silicon, sodium, vanadium, calcium, and yttrium. The authors did cluster the native Bahamian ceramics with each other.

The results of the cluster analysis are produced in an agglomeration schedule that lists the squared Euclidean distance coefficient, which states that the distance between two cases is the sum of the squared differences in values on each variable (i.e., the lower the number, the closer the variables group together). A dendrogram is then produced which shows the clusters being combined and the values of the coefficients at each step. The dendrogram from this cluster program does not plot actual distances, but instead rescales them to numbers between 0 and 25. This preserves the ratio of the distances between the steps. Therefore, the greater apart the units the more dissimilar the units.

In comparing the clusters of the Greater Antillean ceramics, the authors observe that there appear to be two major groupings: Cuban and Hispaniolan. This holds true for all five clusters. Unfortunately, all the Hispaniolan ceramics do not cluster into two regions: Haiti and the Dominican Republic. There is, however, some pairing of Dominican Republic ceramics with other Dominican Republic ceramics and likewise for the Haitian ceramics. Fortunately, most of the Cuban ceramics cluster together, except for one, the El Pino site near Manzanilla, Cuba, which is found in the Hispaniolan group. There are also some Hispaniolan ceramics which are found in the Cuban group. A ceramic sherd from the Meillac site near Fort Liberté, Haiti, clusters into Cuba. Yet the ceramic sherds from two other sites near Fort Liberté (Carrier and Macady) cluster with Hispaniola. Two sites near Quartier Morin, Haiti, also separate into two groups: the ceramic sherd from the Duplaa site clusters with Cuba, while the ceramic sherd from the Charitte site clusters with Hispaniola. The Rio Joba site in the Dominican Republic has one ceramic sherd (#2) clustering with Cuba, while the remaining ceramic sherds (#1, #3, and #4) cluster to Hispaniola. These clusters may be the result of trade networks, the migration of populations or an improper choice of elements tested (Tables 3-7).

The cluster analyses comparing the Greater Antillean ceramics with the Trade ceramics found in the Bahamas reveal that the Trade ceramics came from the Greater Antilles and that they came from both groups: Cuba and Hispaniola. There is no one group, Cuban or Hispaniolan, found on a single island in the Bahamas. This could indicate a diversity of trade, population movements or an improper choice of elements tested.

On Great Inagua, Bahamas, the ceramic sherd from the Nixon site clustered with Hispaniola through the St. Raphael site (sherd B); whereas, the ceramic sherds from the East Conch Shell Point site, the West Conch Shell Point site, and the Salt Pond Hill site clustered with Cuba through the Loma del Indio site, Potrero del Mango site (sherd #3), and the Yaguajay site, respectively. On Crooked Island, Bahamas, a ceramic sherd (#3) from the McKay site clustered with Cuba through the Potrero del Mango site (sherd #4); whereas the other ceramic sherds from the McKay site (#1, #2, and #4) clustered with Hispaniola through the St. Raphael site (sherd B), the Macady site (sherd B) , and the El Carrill site, respectively. On Rum Cay, Bahamas, the ceramic sherd from the Long Pond site clustered with


Cuba through the Potrero del Mango site (sherd #3) , while the ceramic sherds from the Melville site (sherds #1 and #2) clustered with Hispaniola through the St. Raphael site (sherd B) and the El Choco site (sherd #2). On San Salvador, Bahamas, the ceramic sherd from the Man Head Cay site clustered with Hispaniola through the Rio Verde site (sherd #1), while the ceramic sherds from the Long Bay site and the Pigeon Creek site (sherds #1 and #2) clustered.with Cuba through the Potrero del Mango site (sherd #2), the Yaguajay site, and the Rio Joba site (sherd #2), respectively.

The authors also examined the native Bahamian ceramic sherds to see if there was any variation between and within the islands. Unfortunately, when the authors ran an SPSS computer program - correlation analysis, many of the elements were highly related. This high correlation has been taken to mean that the samples are very similar. The authors then selected trace elements which were not highly correlated. This was a difficult process because two ceramic sherds (sherds T and B) from the same vessel at the Pigeon Creek site, San Salvador, produced differing concentrations for similar elements, although they were still within one standard deviation of each other. The authors do not know whether the potter used different clays in the manufacturing process or if this variation is normally found in ceramic vessels. The authors would need to run more tests to determine if the variation of element concentrations is found in other ceramic vessels. Therefore, the authors needed to determine which elements would cluster these ceramic sherds together. The authors obtained both ceramic sherds in the same cluster unit when they clustered barium with chromium, copper, and zinc; and chromium with copper and zinc (Table 8). When these cluster analyses were run, all of the Pigeon Creek site samples clustered together as one unit. This did not hold true for the ceramics from the Ward site, San Salvador; however, 8 of the 11 San Salvador ceramic sherds did cluster together. The New Providence sherd separated out because of its high zinc content, but the other Bahamian islands clustered with the Ward site, San Salvador.

ANALYSIS

By obtaining radiocarbon-14 dates for sites, noting the ceramic decorations and determining the origin of the imported ceramics found in Bahamian prehistoric sites, it may be possible to make inferences about the movement of populations or trade networks within the Bahamas. The Melville site, Rum Cay, appears to be the earliest site in the Bahamas as it has yielded two radiocarbon-14 dates producing an average date of 985 ± 75 B.P. (Winter 1987). The site has yielded both imported and local ceramic sherds which are decorated in the Meillacan style. Two imported (Trade) ceramic sherds from the site, neither of which were decorated, were tested using elemental analysis and appear to have come from Hispaniola: St. Raphael (sherd B) and El Choco (sherd #2).

The McKay site, Crooked Island, appears to be a. transitional site in the Bahamas as it has yielded decorated import ceramic sherds of the Meillacan and Chican styles. Two radiocarbon-14 dates produced an average date of 700 ± 70 B.P. (Winter 1978). The use of elemental analysis reveals the possibility that four of the Trade ceramic sherds, of which none were


decorated, came from both Cuba (Potrero del Mango, sherd #4) and Hispani-ola (Macady, sherd B; El Carrill, sherd #1; and St. Raphael, sherd B).

Although no radiocarbon-14 dates have come from the Long Bay site, San Salvador, this site has yielded Columbian contact artifacts which would tend to date the site to around A.D. 1492 (Hoffman 1987a). An analysis of the prehistoric ceramics from the site have yielded some native Bahamian wares with a cross-hatched design (Hoffman 1987b), a possible Meillacan trait, and imported wares. One Trade ceramic sherd, which was not decorated, was tested using elemental analysis, and it appears to have associations with the Cuban ceramics: Potrero del Mango (sherd #2). If this were indeed the case, it would help to explain why the Lucayans chose to direct Columbus along a route to Cuba and not Hispaniola, the reason being that the Lucayans of San Salvador, Bahamas, had trading networks with the inhabitants of Cuba or perhaps Cuba was their traditional homeland.

It might be possible to speculate that the earliest movements or networks into the Bahamas came by way of Hispaniola with the Meillacan subseries, as evidenced by the Melville site. Then movements or networks came from Hispaniola and Cuba bringing both Meillacan and Chican subseries, as evidenced by the McKay site. The last movement or network into the Bahamas may have come from Cuba, as evidenced by the Long Bay site. The authors doubt that the expansions into the Bahamas were this simple. What they are trying to say is that elemental analysis of ceramic sherds might be used to analyze prehistoric systems.

CONCLUSIONS

From our preliminary study, it would appear that elemental analysis for the provenience of Greater Antillean ceramics is possible, especially to show that imported ceramics from the Greater Antilles were brought into the Bahamas. From this study, it would appear that sodium is the most important element, as all the cluster analyses produce the same groups regardless of the other elements. From this, the authors have suggested possible routes of origin for the Trade ceramics found in the Bahamas. These routes were based upon the chemical composition of the ceramic sherds and not the cultural sequence of the archaeological sites, although for the most part sequence and composition do fit together. It would seem that Meillacan potters entered first followed by Chican potters, both from Hispaniola, into the southern and central Bahamas. The central Bahamas may have continued contact with the Meillacan potters from Cuba until the arrival of Columbus in 1492.

The authors believe that this technique could lead to a more complete historical picture for tl}e area, especially on the movements of populations and the use of the local environment. The authors believe that the analysis could yield better results if there were larger sample sizes for each site and ceramic style. The authors also believe that clay samples from the area near the site should be sampled; however, if these are surface clays they could yield differences as a result of atmospheric contamination. Further study is needed to see if elemental concentrations vary significantly enough within each ceramic vessel. Although the authors have proposed many questions which need to be answered, they have also


shown that geochemical analysis could be a possible tool for the archaeologist in the Caribbean.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors would like to thank Don and Kathy Gerace of the CCFL Bahamian Field Station, San Salvador, Bahamas, for making it possible to collect the ceramics in the Bahamas. The authors would also like to thank the Geology Department, Indiana University, for the use of their equipment. Lastly, the authors would like to thank Dr. Irving Rouse, Maria Valdez, and Kurt Fischer for donating ceramic sherds from Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Haiti, respectively.

REFERENCES CITED

Hoffman, Charles 1987a Archaeological Investigations at the Long Bay Site, San

Salvador, Bahamas. Proceedings of the First San Salvador Conference, pp. 237-246.

1987b Current Research: Caribbean. American Antiquity 52(1):192.

Mann, C. John 1986 Composition and Origins of Material in Pre-Columbian Pottery,

San Salvador, Bahamas. Geoarchaeology 1(2):183-194.

Massart, D. Luc and L. Kaufman 1983 The Interpretation of Analytical Chemical Data by Use of

Cluster Analysis. John Wiley & Sons: New York.

Rouse, Irving 1986

Wilson, A.L. 1978

Winter, John 1978

1987

Winter, John 1985

Migrations in Prehistory. Yale University Press: New Haven.

Elemental Analysis of Pottery in the Study of Its Provenance: A Review. Journal of Archaeological Science 5:219-236.

Preliminary Work from the McKay Site on Crooked Island. Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress for the Study of the Pre-Columbian Cultures of the Lesser Antilles (Caracas 1977), pp. 237-242.

Current Research: Caribbean. American Antiquity 52(1):192-193.

Julian Granberry and Art Liebold Archaeological Investigations within the Bahamas Archipelago. Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress for the Study of the Pre-Columbian Cultures of the Lesser Antilles (Fort de France 1983), pp. 83-92.

SITE

SS-T-Man Head Cay SS-T-Pigeon CreeM SS-T-Pigec.n Crec-k2 PC-T-Long Pond RC-T-Melvill*l RC-T-Nelville2 SS-T-Lonq Bay Gl-T-E Ccmch'Shell GI-T-Nixon GI-T-H Conch Shell GI-T-E Salt Pd Hi I CI-T-McKayl Cl-T-McKayZ ri-T-Mcf.ay3 CI-T-McKsy4 Cuba-Pot d'Mangol Cub-a-F'ot d'Mango2 Cuba-Pot d'Mango? Cuba-Pot d'Manqo4 Cuba-Pot d'Mango5 Cuba-El F'ino Cuba-Laguna Cuba-Yaguajay Cuba-Loma d'Indio Haiti-Ouplaa Ha i t i -L i nibe Haiti-Charitte Haiti-HacadyH Haiti-MacadyB Haiti -Mont ho Ion Halti-Carr ier Haiti-St RaphaelH Haiti-St Raphaels Haiti-St PaphaelC Haiti-lsl Cabrits Haiti-Meillac Dom Pep-El Chocol Do™ Pep-El Choco2 Dom Pep-P. Uerdel Dom Pep-P. Verde!' Dom Pep-P. Verdeó' Dom F'ep-F'. Verd»>4 Dom Pep-El Carrill Dom Pep-El Carril2 Dom Pep-P i o Jobal Dom Pep-F'i o Joba2 Dom F'ep-Pio Joba3 Dom Pep-Pio .loba4

Percentages of Oxides Si Ti ñl Fe Mn Mg

58.200 01. 56.700 01. 56.700 00. 52.000 02. 61.500 01-59.400 01. 57.700 00. 48.900 00. 55.500 00. 59.400 00. 55.900 00.

00. 00. 00.

67.800 00. DOOI. 00-00-00 01. 01-01. 00-02. 01. 00. 01-00. 01. 00. 00. 00-00. 00. 00.

56.400 00.. 58.300 00. 62.800 00. 56.700 ÜÜ. 59.100 00. 54.400 01 56'.800 -00 52.000 01 61.200 00 65.600 00 66.200 00 70.100 00

240 060 624 050 010 180 708 890 900 640 800 721 392 520 375 878 110 953 ses 844 380 C70 110 B01 290 910 822 470 476 800 862 827 304 631 603 602 647 554 911 810 822 . 150 803 850 933 650 659 680

12.000 11. 16.900 09. 17.200 06. 16.500 11. 12.200 09. 14.400 09. 17.800 07. 18.300 11. 18.400 06. 14.200 05. 17.100 09. 15.700 05. 15.200 03. 13.200 06. 16.300 03. 13.200 07. 13.900 08. 15.500 08. 16.500 05. 13.500 00. 12.300 11. 15.800 09. 15.800 08. 17.200 08. 16.700 10. 14.900 12. 17.500 07. 14.000 09. 15.500 07. 14.500 09. 14.400 08. 14.200 08. 13.200 08. 14.800 12-08.740 04. 16.500 08. 15.300 06. 14.800 06. 13.700 08. 15.400 10. 16.400 10. 15.500 11. 12.600 10. 15.300 I1. 12.900 09. 14.500 06. 12.200 06. 13.000 06-

300 00. 360 00. 500 00. 900 00. 140 00. 250 00. 000 00. 500 00. 960 00. 560 00. 210 00. 020 00. 570 00. 040 00. 390 00. 410 00. 000 00. 750 00 620 00 806 00 400 00 520 00 500 00 380 00 600 00 000 00 570 00 460 00 670 00 930 00 320 00 360 00 190 00 100 00 890 00 000 00 300 00 240 00 920 00 200 00 600 00 600 00 300 00

eoo oo 780 00 110 00 550 00 760 00

161 04. 060 02. 064 01. 132 05. 135 01. 047 00. 082 01. 090 04. 050 01. 060 00. 140 04. 063 02. 046 00. 060 02. 045 00. 091 02. 082 03. 069 02. 058 00. 045 02. 114 02. 174 02. 099 02. 115 02. 159 04. 113 03. 064 02. 174 02. 119 00. 181 04. 107 02. 098 01. 126 06. 101 04. 230 01. 060 01. 037 01. 041 00. 146 01. .248 02. .202 01 : .155 06. 155 05. 110 05. 066 05. 059 01. 076 02. 068 02.

270 430 710 210 940 819 610 180 070 960 650 190 773 260 781 590 790 630 829 430 840 790 360 220 500 790 050 500 814 270 060 340 210 600 550 590 000 43B 710 180 920 620 160 610 690 570 860 730

03.590 02.300 03.420 04.420 03.260 01.630 03.210 05.160 02.830 02.800 02.160 03.020 01.370 02.680 01.430 02.750 03.720 02.260 02.330 02.470 02.400 06.060 02.310 02.670 04.750 04.220 03.150 02.760 01.720 04.740 03.960 01.920 03.190 03.690 02.450 02.110 01.670 01.290 02.460 01.970 01.920 06.640 03.640 06.150 03. 140 02.330 01.890 01.580

Ma

01.050 04.570 02.830 03.380 01.870 01.590 02.610 02.560 01.740 03.360 04.430 01.850 01.150 02.890 01.110 02.460 02.640 03.290 02.980 02.460 00.620 02.6e0 04.020 02.500 02.480 01.700 02.230 02.090 01.210 02.130 02.250 02.210 01.790 01.680 00.493 02.510 02.010 01.570 00.980 01.660

570 720 290 720 970 '0

010 120

Lol Parts per Million of Trace Elenient Ba Cr Cu Mi Sr-

01. 01. 01. 01. 01. U2. ro 02

413 835 300 571 840 710 450 960 960 450 390 210 340 594 850 140 904 500 240 410 552 530 752 498 376 373 320 73b 515 809 313 511 355 396 866 826 609 515 465 990 670 194 740 730 381 817 020 130

00.270 00.130 00.160 00.120 00.120 00. 180 00.130 00.200 00.160 00.090 00.130 00.270 00.069 00.117 00.070 00.149 00.185 00.162 00. 122 00.177 00.183 00.143 00.156 00.183 00.251 01.460 00.192 00.199 00.127 00.413 00. 181 00.123 00.119 00.152 00.209 00.142 00.610 00.470 00.160 00.220 00.220 00.170 00.160 00.140 00.550 00.470 00.260 00.210

380 520 410 030 171 620 490 020 250 310 540

06.650

020 530 540 810 030 350 210 560 510 990 500 150

000126 000110 001040 FJ00047 000276 000284 001140 000155 000972 000332 000866 000746 000181 000283 000165 000256 000172 000256 000316 000230 000415 000137 000161 000209 000492 000454 001032 000465 000682 000540 000299 000212 000193 000199 000484 000199 000177 000188 000313 000687 000631 000146 000444 000350 000875 000459 000466 000321

001100 000130 000039 002350 000324 000492 000088 000240 000230 000116 000315 000078 000070 000214 000057 0ÛÛ961 001255 0G0191 Ü00795 000314 001076 OÜ0371 000181 000086 000206 000857 000115 000464 000208 000337 000169 000106 000691 000555 000187 000183 000143 000098 000438 000140 000162 000591 000692 000321 002030 000226 001720 001370

000107 000057 000087 000037 000053 000063 000079 000068 000026 000021 000058 000016 000020 000026 000020 000046 000198 000071 000019 000071 000130 000057 000067 000089 000181 000185 000046 000104 000064 000077 000032 000074 000030 000118 000059 000027 000032 000039 000059 000187 000146 000100 000061 000074 000032 000044 000039 000035

000120 000074 O0OÜ36 000482 OUD 108 000047 000026 000099 000076 000028 DOOI 02 000034 000023 000047 000022 0U0137 000)95 000089 000271 000141 000172 000115 000055 000033 000087 000136 000034 000127 000054 000131 000042 000026 000106 000092 000087 000067 000047 000047 000144 000065 000067 000172 000163 000 Hl 000503 000139 000414 000360

000292 000320 000660 000427 (100591 000570 000751 000497 000972 000544 00041 1 000264 000273 000234 000271 D00150 000149 000136 000203 000117 000120 000212 000131 000161 000247 000231 000603 000265 000145 000273 000289 000138 000121 000135 000275 000305 Ü00079 000059 000310 000414 000290 000128 000170 000240 000185 000215 000193 000169

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Table 1. Elemental analysis of the ceramic sherds from the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Dominican Haiti) and the Bahamas (Trade).

Percentages of Oxides Parts per Hi 11 ion of Trace Element SITE

NP-N-Rdelaide RB-H-Casurma Pt SS-N-pigeon SS-H-Pigeon SS-H-Pige-on SS-H-Pxgeon SS-H-Pigeon SS-N-Piqeon SS-N-Hardl SS-N-Hard2 SS-N-Hard3 SS-H-Ward4 SS-H-Hard5 GI-N-W2C3

CreekL Creek2 CreekJ CreekT CreekB Creekfc

Si

17. 23. 20. 14. 17. 14. 21. 16. 17. 24. 12. 18. 24. 13.

L

.200

.200 800 .200 900 .600 .100 .000 800 300 100 500 600 700

Ti

00. 00. 00. 00. 00. 00. 00. 00. 01. 01. 00. 00. 01. 00.

L

.630

.990

.860

.490

.570 ,560 .870 .490 120 680 540 590 .010 .740

R]

14. 19. 14. 09. 12. 12. 18. 10. 19. 32. 12. 14. 22. 14.

1

000 500 800 670 800 000 .200 400 200 900 100 600 200 600

Fe

04. 07. 05. 03. 03. 04. 06. 03. 08. 13. 05. 05. 07. 06.

880 .770 .850 .330 .870 .480 .890 .720 .360 .200 .100 190 .870 270

Mn

00. 00. 00. 00. 00. 00. 00. 00. 00. 00. 00. 00. 00. 00.

.051

.041 053 .023 .020 .040 .040 020 .153 .119 020 .040 040 .040

Mg

01. 01. 01. 01. 01. 00. 01. 00. 01. 01. 00, 01. 01. 01.

.010

.500

.530

.130

. 130

.940

.390

.960

.860

.640

.870

.540 ,540 .100

Ca

29. 20. 25. 35. 30. 33. 22. 34. 21. 05. 34. 28. 16. 29.

.100

.400

.200

.300

.500

.400

.800

.900

.400

.810

.200

.500

.600 ,800

Ha

00. 00. 00. 00. 00. 00. 00. 00. 00. CIÛ. 00. 00. 00. 00.

331 386 572 .532 350 .390 .320 .360 .354 ,362 460 460 330 340

k

00. 00. 01. 01. 01. 00. 01. 01. 00. 01. 00. 00. 01. 00.

.724 831 360 170 ,170 .710 .060 . 140 .632 .030 220 .890 .060 .350

P

00. 00. 00. 00. 00. 00. 00. 00. 00. 00. 00. 00. 00. 00.

340 120 120 110 110 100 140 100 200 170 090 110 140 120

Lol

31. 25. 28. 34. 31. 32. 26. 32. 28. 18. 33. 30. 24. 32.

920 .680 .400 ,000 ,240 ,380 .820 .450 .800 .400 ,450 .000 .270 .840

Ba

000196 000128 000230 000180 000222 000209 000293 000205 000160 000160 000046 000195 000285 000052

c-

000130 000172 000086 000058 000096 000078 000117 000076 000160 000280 000109 000128 000181 000190

Cu

000013 000007 000006 000007 000007 000007 000010 000006 000010 000007 000005 000006 000009 000080

Hi

000026 000034 000037 000023 000018 000021 000036 000018 000075 000140 000025 000027 OD0045 000027

Sr

001180 001240 001000 001260 001030 001380 001280 001170 001870 001090 000990 001000 000930 001010

Table 2. Elemental analysis of the ceramic sherds that were manufactured and found in the Ba (NP = New Providence; AB = Abaco; SS = San Salvador; GI = Great Inagua)

W I N T E R AND G I L S T R A P 381

lescaled Distaace Cluster Colime ïeacaied Oistance Cluster Coibiae

C 1 S E

Libel

Caba-Pot d'Ianjol Caba-Pot d'laofaS

laiti-Daplaa Caba-Loia d'Indio Haiti-Ieillac Caba-Pot d'!aago2

Caba-Lagana Ooi lep-l io Joba2 Caba-Pot d'ïaago] Caba-Pot d'ïangoi Caba-Tagaajdy

Caba-El Pino la i t i - I s l Cabhts Jaiti-ïacadyB Dot iep-i l Cabtill Doi lep-1. ierdel Dot Iep-El Cïocoï

Dot lep-1. Terdel Doi lep-ï . Terde* Doi lep-Sl CabriU laiti-Liibe Haiti-St laphaelC

Doi lep-1. 7erde2 Saiti-St ïapbaelB ¡aiti-Carrier Hîiti-St lapbaell ïaiti-Cbaritte üaiti-ïontboloa Dai l e r i i o Jaba4 Saiti-!acadyl Doi iep-El Cbocol Dei lep-lio Joba] Doi lep-lio Jobal

Seq

1 S

10 5

21 2 1 l

31 3 4 Î

Í

20 14 21 24 23 2Í 27 29 11 19 25 18 1Í 17 12 15 33 13 22 32 30

0 S 10

- T

-+ -t -+

-+ !

-+ ! -+-+ ! -+ t -+ — t -+-+

-+ ! -+-+

-+ -+ -+ -t 1

-+ ! -+ : + ! . + i,

-+ ! -+ I -+ I

- • !

.+ +

-+ -t

-t

-+ -+

15 20 25

• i

h

C I S E Label Seg

10 25 - - +

Caba-Pot d'iaagol Caba-Pot d'IaagoS

laiti-Ooplaa Caba-Loia d'Iadio la i t i - l e i l l ac C-I-t-E Court Shell Caba-Pot d'iaagoî Caba-Lagaaa SS-T-Long Bay

SS-T-Pigeon Creei2 Doi lep-lio Joba2 CI-T-ïcîayJ Caba-Pot d'Haago4 ¡C-T-Long Pond

GI-t-i Coart Sbell Caba-Pot d'laago3 SS-t-Pigeon Creeil GI-T-I Sait Pd l i l Cnba-Tagaajdy Caba-El Pino la i t i - I s l Cabrits Saiti-ïacadyB Ooi Îep-El Cabrill

CI-McIay2 CI-T-ïcIay4 SS-T-ian lead Cay Doi ltp-1. Terdel

Haiti-Carrier Ïaiti-St Iapbaell

Baiti-Cbantte laiti-ïoataoloa Soi lep-lio Joba4 laiti-Iacadyi loi lep-El Clocol Doi lep-lio Jobai Doi lep-lio Jobal K-T-IelTillel

CI-T-ïcIayl Saiti-St lapaaelB ¡C-T-îebille2 Doi lep-El Cboco2 Doi lep-1. îerde3 Doi lep-i . ferde4 Doi lep-21 CabriU Saiti-Liiie Saiti-St ¡apaaelC Doilep-1. Terde! t l - I -I i ioa

1( -+ 20 -+ ¡5 -+

21 -+ 35 -+ 3 -+

17 -+ 22 -+---+

7 -+ I 3 -+ !

K . 1 ! _ . . - . .

14 -+ ! 19 - t !

4 -+ ! 10 - t — t

11 -+ 2 -+

23 - t 21 -+ U _ J . _ . ™ - _ - _

29 -+ 43 -• 13 -+ 15 -+

1 -+ 39 -• i t -+ . i -32 - t 27 -T

10 - r - t

41 -+ ! 28 -+ ¡

37 -+ ! 47 - t • 4

45 -+ ! : - t ¡

12 -+ ! 33 -+ ¡

í -+-+ 38 -r

41 -+

42 -+ 44 -+ 25 - t 34 -+ 40 -+

î -+

'

Table 3 . Dendrogram of Ward Cluster Analysis for the elements: sodium and barium. A - Greater A n t i l l e s

B Greater A n t i l l e s with Trade

382 CERAMIC A N A L Y S I S AND P O P U L A T I O N S MOVEMENT

lescaled Distance Clister Coibiae

C 1 S E Label Seq t — -

Caba-Pot d'laasol Caba-Pot d'!aaijo5 laiti-Diplaa Caba-loia d'lidio l a i t i - ï e i l l a c Caba-Pot d'!aajo2 Caba-Laoaaa Dot îep-ïio Jobai Caba-Pot d'laajol Cuba-Pot d'ïaago4 Caba-iaqaajdy Caba-Sl Pino l a i t i - I s l Cabrits Haiti-ïacadyB Doi lep-î l Cabrill Dot lep- i . Terdel Doi lep-sl Caoco2 Doi ¡ep-1. Terde3 Doi ¡ep-1. Terde4 Doi lep- î l Cabnl2 lait i- i i i ibe Haiti-it laphaelC Doi lep-l . Terde2 Haiti-St iapbaeia laiti-Carrier la i t i -St laphaeli Haiti-Charitte ïaiti-üoatholon Doi Iep-iio Joba 4 Jaiti-ïacadyl Doi îep-ï l Chocol Doi lep-lio Jobaj Doi lep-l io Jobal

-+ -+ -+ -+ - + --+

-+

-+ + -— +

-+ +--+ !

-+ -+ -t

-+ -+

-+ -+ -+

IS 20 — + -

25 —+

C I S ! Label

Caba-Pot d'lanjoi Caba-Pot d'ïaagoi lam-Daplaa Caba-Loia d'ladio l a i t i - ï e i l l ac CI-T-2 Coacb Shell Caba-Pot d'Iaago2 Caba-Laoaaa SS-T-Loaj Jay 5S-T-Pigeon Creet2 Doi lep-lio Joba2 CI-T-HcIaj3 Caba-Pot d'!aaao4 IC-T-Loag îoad t l - I - f Coach ¡bell Caba-Pot d'Hango] SS-T-Pigeoa Creekl 0I-Î-! Salt Pd l i l Caba-Tagaajdy Cnba-El Piio Haiti-Isl Cabrits laiti-ïacady! Doi îep- î l Cabrill CI-T-IcIa72 CI-Mclay4 SS-î-ïan Bead Cay Doi Iep-1. Terdel Haiti-Carrier la i t i - s t laphaeli Jaiti-Ciantte 3aiti-!oathoioa Doi iep-iio Jobal laiti-Iacadyl Doi ¡eD-ïl Cbocol Doi iep-ho Joba] Doi lep-lio Jobal IC-T-Ielnllel CI-T-Iciayl Haiti-St laphaelB l C - H e i 7 i l l e 2 Doi lep-Sl Cioco! Doi iep-1. Terdel Doi Iep-1. Terdel Doi lep-î l Cabril2 Jiiti- l i i ihe 3ai t i - i t ÎjpbaeiC Doi Iep-1. Terde2 C H - î i i o a

Seq t -

IS 20 25 24 ]i 8

17

. 22 1 !

4S 14 19 4

10 13 2

11 23 21 35 29 (3 13 IS

lescaled Distaace Clister Coibiie

S 10 15 20 > + +. +_.

-+ -+ - T

-+ -+ - 1

-+ - + h

-+ !

-t - + - --+ -+ -+ - T

-t -+ -t -t -T

-t-+ -t -t -+ -+ f -+ -+

-+ + -+ -+

Table 4. Dendrogram of Ward Cluster Analysis for the elements: sodium, barium, and nickel. A Greater Antilles

B Greater Antilles with Trade


C l S E Label

Cnba-Pot d'ïangol Cnba-Pot d'Saaqo5 laiti-Dnplaa Cnha-Lou d'Indio Jaiti- ïei l lac Cnba-Pot d'Iango2 Cnba-Ugnna Dot iep-iio Joba2 Cgbi-Pot d'Iango3 Cuba-Pot d'ïango4 Cnba-îagnajdî Cnba-21 Piso aaiti-Isl Cabrits Haiti-IacadyB Ooi Iep-El Cabrill Doi iep-i . Terdel Doi iep-El Cboco2 Doi iep-i. Terdel Doi iep-i . Ïerae4 Doi iep-El CabriU iaiti-Liibe Iaiti-St iapbaelC Doi iep-i. ïerde] Haiti-St iapaaelB Jaiti-Cbaritte ïïiti-Carrier Sait!-St iaphaell iaiti-ïontholon Ooi iep-iio Jobai Jaiti-IacadyA Dot iep-El Cbocol Ooi lep-iio Joba3 Ooi iep-iio Jobal

0 Seg t-

1 -5 -

10 -9 -21 -! -I -31 -3 -

20 14 2! 2( 23 2$ 21 23 11 19 25 1! 12 15 11 15 33 13 22 32 30

-+ t-

-+-+

¡escaled Distance Clister Coibite

5 10 15 ¡0 h + + T-

¡escaled Distance Clister Coibine

CUE Label Seg

15 20 25 —+

Cuba-Pot d'ïangol Cnba-Pot d'ïangoi Üaiti-Onplaa Ciba-Loia d'Indio Haiti-ïeillac Cnba-Pot d'ïangol Coba-Laguna SS-T-Long 3ay CI-T-E Coach Shell SS-T-?igeon C:eek2 CI-T-ïcIayJ Dot lep-iio Joba2 Cnba-Pot d'ïango4 IC-T-Long Pond OI-T-Ï Conch Shell Ciba-Pot d'ïangol SS-T-Pigeon Creeil CI-t-E Salt Pd l i l Cnba-Tagtajdf Cibi-El Pino I i i t i - I s l Cabrits ïaiti-ïacadyi Ooi iep-El Cabrill CI-T-ïcIay2 CI-T-ïciay4 SS-T-ïan Head Cay Ooi iep-l . Terdel

Haiti-Ciantte Jaiti-Carner ïaiti-St lapbaeü

Saiti-ïonthoion Ooi iep-iio Joba4 Jaiti-ïacadyl Ooi iep-El Cbocol Doi iep-iio Jobal Ooi iep-iio Jobal lC-T-!ehii lel CI-T-icIayl Iaiti-St iaphaell Doi iep-El Cboco2 Dot iep- i . Terdel ¡C-T-ïeni l le ' Ooi iep- i . Terde4 Ooi iep-El Cabril2 Saiti-Liibe Iaiti-St ¡aphaelC Ooi iep- i . Terdel GI-Huon

IS 20 25 24 36 11 22 1 J 3

H 45 19 4

10 IS

I 11 ¡3 21 35 29 43 13 15 1

39 21 11 32 30 (8 23 31 47 45 5

12 33 1! 41 S

42 44 ¡6 34 40 9

. i

- T

- T

-+ -t •+ -+ -+ +

-+ ! -+ ¡

-+ ! -t ! -+ ! -+—t -+ -t " •

-+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -4

-+ - i

-+ -+ -+-T

-T ¡

•+ ! -T ¡

-+ t

-+ 1 • • !

-T ¡

-+ 1 -+-T

-t

-+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -t

--

1

1 1

+ 1

! 1

"^

1

Figure 5. Dendrogram of Ward Clus te r Analysis for the elements: sodium and s t ron t ium. A - Greater A n t i l l e s

B Greater A n t i l l e s with Trade


A

CIS!

lescaled Distaace Cluster Coibiae

Label 0

Caba-Pot i'Siaqol Caba-Pot d'Iaajo5 !aiti-3aplaa Cuba-Loia d'lidio la i t i - l e i l lac Culu-Pot d'!aago2 Caba-lapaa Doi iep-lio J a h a 2 Caba-Pot d'ïaago3 Caba-Pot d'ïaago4 Ctba-Tagaajdr Caha-El Piao Jaiti-Isl Cabrits Haiti-!acadj8 Dot lep-El Cabrill Doi iep-1. Terdel Doi lep-Sl Choco2 Doi lep-1. Terde3 la i t i - l i ibe Doi iep-El Cabnl2 Dot lep-1. Terde4 Eaiti-St lapbaeK Doi Iep-1. Terde2 Haiti-St ¡apbaeiS laiti-Carrier I i i t i -St lapbaell iaiti-Charitte Haiti-loatholoa Doi lep-iio Joaa4 Haiti-ïacadyl Doi lep-ïl Caocol Doi lep-iio Joba3 Doi ïea-î io Jobal

-+ -+ -+ -+ - + --+

1 ' T

31 'T

) - + - f

} -T +-

2D 14 23 24 23 26 11 ¡9 21 19 2S 18 1Í 17 12 15 33 1! 22 32 30

10 15 20 25 —+

t i n Label

Caba-Pot d'ïaagol Caba-Pot d'Jaaqoi Haiti-Dapiaa Caba-Loia d'lidio la i t i - l e i l l ac 5I-I-I Coacb Shell Caba-Pot l'laajo2 Cnba-lagana SS-T-Long lay CI-T-1CÎ3T3 Caba-Pot d'!aago< SS-T-Pigeoa CreeU Doi lep-iio Joba2 iC-T-tiong Poad CI-1-î Coacb Shell Caba-Pot d'laaoo] SS-T-Pigeoa Creexl C-I-T-I Salt Pd i l l Caba-Tagaajdj Caba-sl Piao Jaiti-Isl Cabrits Iaiti-!acadj8 Doi lep-U Cabrill CM-IcIiyJ CI-T-IcIay4 SS-t-lia Jead Car Doi lep-1. Terdel Haiti-Carrier Haiti-St lapbaell Haiti-Chantte îaiti-Soatioloa Dot lep-iio iohal ïaiti-ïacadfl Doi iep-21 Clocó! Doi lep-iio Jobal Doi iep-lio Jobal IC-I-lelTillel CH-Kclayl Haiti-St lapbaell K-I - ! e ln i l e2 Doi lep-1. Terdel Doi lep-Il Caocoi îaiti-liiibe Doi lep-21 Cabrii2 Doi Iep-1. 7erde4 Haiti-St iaphaeiC Doi iep-ï. Terde2 51-T-!iioa

0 Seg + -

15 -20 -¡5 -24 3( !

11 22

1 14 19 3

45 4

10

-+ -+ -+ -+ - + --t - t

-t -+

-t-t -+ -t - T

-+ -+ f -+ -+ -+

¡escaled Distance Claster Coihiae

5 10 15 20 ...+ + h t_,

Figure 6. Dendrogram of Ward Cluster Analysis for the elements: sodium, barium, and strontium. A Greater Antilles

B - Greater Antilles with Trade

W I N T E R AND G I L S T R A P 385

îescaied Distance Clister Coibine lescaled Distance Clister Coibiae

C 1 S S Label

Caba-?ot d'ïangol Caba-rot d'!aago5 ïaiti-Dnplaa Cnba-Loia d'India Jaiti-Seillac Cuba-?ot d'!ango2

Caba-lagaaa loi iep-iio Joba2 Caba-Pot d'ïangol Cuba-Pot d'!ango4

Cnba-7agna]dj Cnba-Sl Pino

¡ut i -Is l Cabrits 3aiti-IacadyB Dot iep-îl Cabrill Dot iep-i. Terdel Doi îep-ïl Choco2

Doi lep-!. íerded laiti-Uibe lai iep-îl CabnU

Ooi iep-i. Terde4 iaiti-St ïapbaeiC Doi iep-1. ïerdei Iaiti-St îapaaelB ¡iiti-Carner iaiti-St îaphaelÀ iaiti-Cbantte

Baiti-îontiolon Doi ïep-îio Joba4 îaiti-ïacadyl Doi lep-El Ciocol Doi iep-iio Joba] Doi iep-iio Jobal

1 i

10 3

21 2 i i

31 3 4

a s

20 14 2! 24 23

25 11 29 21

ÍS 25 ÍS

U

n 12 15 33 13 22 32 30

0 5 10

-+ "• - T

*+

-f \

-+ '

~ + ~T ¡

-+ + + +

-+-T

-+ ! -+-+ -+ -+

-+ -t

-T +

- ^ 1

-+ ! -t ;

-+ ¡ -+ ¡ -4 '

- +

-+ -t - 4

-+ -+

15 20 2

k

i C 1 S î » label

Cnba-Pot d'ïaagol Caba-fot d'Baagoi laiti-Daplaa Cnba-loia d'Iidio ¡aiti-leillac

H-ï-ï Conch Shell h Cuba-Pot d'ïaigoî

Cnba-Lagnna SS-T-Long !aj CI-T-Bdayi Ciba-Pot d'Iaogo4 SS-T-Pigeon CreeM Doi iep-iio Joba2 iC-T-Loag Poad ÍI-T-I Coach Shell Caba-Pot d'ïaagoî SS-I-Pigeoa Creell

h î l - t - ï Sait Pd l i l Caba-Tagnajdf Caba-El Pino Baiti-Isl Cabrits Baiti-ïacadyB Doi lep-El Cabrill

CI-T-IcIajl CI-T-lcIar4 SS-T-ïaa Head Caj Doi iep-i. Terdel îaiti-Carner Baiti-St lapàaell îaiti-Chantte

Baiti-!ontaoion Doi iep-iio Jo:a4 Baiti-ïacadyi Doi Îep-El Chocol Doi iep-iio Joba3 Doi iep-iio Jobal IC-T-ïehillel CI-HcIayl Iaiti-St laphaelB iC-T-!ehille2 Doi iep-1. Terdel Doi iep-îl C:oco2 iaiti-Liiie Doi iep-îl CabrilJ Doi lep-i. Terde4 Haiti-St iaphaeiC Doi lep-1. Terde2 C-I-T-Jiioa

Seg

1Í 20 25 24 i i

1 11 22 7

14 19 3

4S 4

10 ÍS

2 11 23 21 35 29 43 13 15 1

39 31 32 27 30 48 28 37 47 45

5 12 31

Í

41 38 2Í 44 42 34 40

9

0 5

-+ -+ -+ -+ " T

"t

"t f

-+ ! - • !

_ x i

- t ! -+ ! - + — t -+

-+ -+

- i

-+ -+ -+ -t -t -+ - T

-+ -+-T

-+ 1

-+ !

-+ +

-+ !

-+

10 15

, ! i

, ' î i

! 1

i-

20 ¡S

•

~*

Figure 7. Dendrogram for Ward Clus te r Analysis for the elements: sodium, barium, n i c k e l , and s t ront ium. A Greater A n t i l l e s

B - Greater A n t i l l e s with Trade

386 C E R A M I C A N A L Y S I S A N D P O P U L A T I O N S MOVEMENT

Xescaled Distance Cluster Coibine

Label

ss-s SS-5-SS-Ef-

ss-s-SS-5 S5-S

SS-S' SS-S SS-H-GI-»

IB-IT SS-S SS-Ï JP-Ï

C 1 S E

•Pigeon CreekT •Pigeon CreekG •Pigeon CreekJ •Pigeon Creekl •Pigeon Creek2 •Hardi •Pigeon CreekB •Ïara5 •îard3 •Ï2C3

•Casnrina Pt •ïardl -Ïard2 -Adelaide

0

Seg +-

10 15 — t -

20

3 4

12 7

13 11 14

2 9

10 1

-+ - + -+

-+ + -— + - + — -+ — + .

— + - + — -+

iescaied Distance Cluster Coibine

Label

SS-S' SS-S-SS-S' SS-S' ss-s-ii-t-ss-s-ss-s-iB-S-i^-SS-Ï-GI-Ï-ss-s-ÍP-S-

C i S E

•Pigeon CreekT •Pigeon CreekG •Pigeon Creek2 •Pigeon Creekl •Pigeon CreekJ •ïard3 Pigeon CreekB ¡ardí Casurina Pt ïardS •ïardl Ï2C3 ïard2 Adelaide

Seq t -

11 7

12

10 — f -

t t 20

t-

13 -+-+ ¡ ; 9 - t + T ¡ ¡

14 — + + + ¡ 10 T ;

1 +

Table 8. Dendrogram of Ward Clus ter A n a l y s i s for the n a t i v e Bahamian ceramic sherds . A for the e lements barium, chromium, copper and z i n c .

B for the e lements chromium, copper, and z i n c .

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