And at Home: Europe transformed

1. Economic stressors

2. Political challenges

3. Reform and counter-reform

The big questions:Why now?results of reforma new political outlook ‘the Whore

of Babylon’ - Cranach

Political Challenge:Hapsburg Europe

Charles V (r. to 1556)Ferdinand (r. 1556-64)Philip II (r. 1556-98)

Political Challenge:Hapsburg Europe signaling power1. To their own subjects2. To the Ottomans3. to the Catholic Church in Rome

Schloss Schönbrunn

God is on my side/I am next to God

Architecture does the same today

Political Challenge:Hapsburg Europe coming undoneWhy: Netherlands (1568-)

Eighty Years War

Wealth: portsmercantilismbankingempire

‘Iconoclast Fury’ (1566) van Delen

Belief: Reformed ChurchJohn CalvinCouncil of Dort (1618)

‘Iconoclast fury’ (1566) van Delen

Economic stressIberian Empires • pouring money into Spain• inefficient central administration• money to Rome• economic/geopolitical sniping from

mercantile states

Ottoman expansion• on this side, resisting the Ottomans is

hugely expensive

Political Challenge:Hapsburg Europe coming undone

Why: ascension of England as a world power

period of costly civil war - War of the Roses House of Tudor emerges – Henry VII

Henry VIII (1491-1547) r. 1509money woes, so…m. Catherine of Aragonbut, Pope aligned with Spain

Act of SupremacyChurch of England

Political Challenge:Hapsburg Europe undone

Three successors: Edward VI (1537-53) r. 1547 (at 9)Mary I (1516-58) r. 1553Elizabeth I (1533-1603) r. 1558

‘video et taceo’ever single

‘Fake’ war – against Caribbean privateers Spanish Armada (1588)

creation of mercantile companiesHBC, and EIC

“He blew with His winds, and they were scattered”

All this, and I have not used the term ‘Reformation’ once,

nor mentioned Martin Luther

The Protestant Reformation

• Martin Luther (1483-1546) • money to Rome: Indulgences and taxes

political and moral• wrote Ninety-Five Theses and excommunicated

• ‘Justification by faith alone’

• closure of monasteries• translations of Bible into vernacular• end of priestly authority, especially the Pope

• return to biblical text for authority – education to do so

Why not before?

• general, sustained attacks • based on textual criticism

i.e. John Wycliffe (1328-1384)

i.e. ‘Peasant’s Rebellion’ (England, 1381)

• further attacks, related to scholasticism ‘proofs’ not enough

• secular vs. Papal authority and the resulting schisms

Babylonian captivity

Secular Interest in Reform• coalesces with: theological arguments

popular support

• German princes interested

• support for reform spreads throughout Germany

Then,• Switzerland, Low Countries• England: King Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547)

Act of Supremacy• France: John Calvin (1509-1564) • Scotland, Netherlands, Hungary

Popular support

Urban classes• commercial

investors• connected• educated

Grace

Why (all) does that matter?

Biblical criticism

The old system worked, but it was clunky

• limited number of people with knowledge could operate

• extremely limited application

vs.

accessible – appeals to everyone, not just scientists

It is successful because it is about ‘what makes it work’ the operating system and the software

In some ways counterintuitive i.e. pay iTunes vs. free

Transformed culture and practice

The Catholic Reformation

Roman Catholic church • refined doctrine • missionary activities • renew spiritual activity

‘Ecstasy of St. Theresa’

Council of Trent (1545-1563) Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

founded by St. Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556)Roman Catholic Inquisition

Post-reformation EuropeNeed to know the

names, differences:

Roman Catholic

LutheranCalvinistAnglican

(Church of England)

Along with Reform•witch hunts

•religious wars•secular civil war in France

Molitar (1500), Ferguson

Collection• 1588 Philip II of Spain attacked England • Netherlands rebellion against Spain

The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1645)• all of Europe involved • 1/3 German pop. destroyed• Huguenots flee

Conclusions: • ‘Christendom’ increasingly splintered• unlike China, India, Ottoman Empire

• Europe no single empire, rather individual states• Protestant challenges fitted into state development,

imperialism and resistance

• these beliefs and identities continue to shape our world today

sectarian violence, Londonderry - the reason part of my family moved to Canada (a ‘mixed’ marriage - RC and protestant - not okay)