MATERI~LS and METHODS

alee is a a.UtqUatia plM\ Mill; •nocU'Pie '- ••--·

'~be genua O£DI J.Qcl'*'•• 24 -aecJ.ea ( t3 ) of wh1ta U - ilt

•d 2 _.. culUvattd, namely .9~"Dt .t•»n •• .2• ~· AU the r.lce Val'ieUea of AaU, ~P• tad Merica :HI.•• til

the apeciea of Quu 11»11 vWe ••Y of tbe •lU.va..a fti'M­

U.. of Weat Africa belong - the .,ec.l•• et .2• ........ 'lbe •1Sb1 r.t.ce vari.Uea are g&"O\Ipe4 into J _.IPMitlt

n-.ly J.ncU.oa, J eponica act J_.•ica. Thue d.t.aua.-ae• are

baa.S uponmo&"phologLcal, eda»tatioaa to ......... ,. .. r

pho•pc1o4 oona1Uona. 1ll lDU.. rice 1a euluvat.~ -

a0

- JfJ It latitude ect WldW w.l4ely YUJ'iag OlftU"--• ••

ral.ftfall, elU~• md cUaatJ.o con41Uooa. Phote.-...-allF

~:ice 1• a eho&"War plat.. Ho•••• IMMd •11 •• .-.. ,.i•• t1

d.,_l.-otb (photoperiodiC •nt.t.UOGI) , .:ice vui•U•• - 1M

clua1f1ecS !Dto photoperiod atna.t.Uve ad £n•••J.Uve ald.­

vu•• Late duration vu1eUu u:e uwally •••1Uve •• have to be growJl Oftly dvJ.ng tb• .,.c.uJ.c ..... , .. _ •• .,_., ,

vbil• the abart dur:aUon vui•d.•• ue J.a••aitift •• •• be

grown .m any part of the rear ea4 COMOA17 culU'ftW •sat -- d.ry aa4 vn eeUOile.

£WUiUW&MI'

a>ur: t:ice (0£Dt ll"ft L.) c:u1UYU"I v.t.a. Ra .. •C

Jar• (cSvut,. pb0toperio4 ua.aat.uve) c4 Kanr1 •• Qlejil'

(-.11, pbotopelod .. e£Uye} w.-e uaed aa ..........

••...,.W• tbnugbout tnla uwaUgaUca.

•

lbe imt;o&-Uft' pbae .. of "tNt d...-elt,.•\ ,_...,. •••

tbe eoU.• .U.fe cycle of fo\$' rioe 0\ll.t..lw.•• ~~~r~ •••• Jaya, KUUJ'J. lftd Kel.Oji.l'a, ~CIWD a\ the .... Va1Y.ai'f

Qop Reaear-oh hill. luc'c!wa, lDdia, nave ..._ tlv. • rit••l•

!b• culU•• Rataa hu a 1004 UU•Aag ..... , via

avcage plct be.i.gbt of 74-. AOtbu1a •• pl-._ ••

pl•• age ot awn 15 dara *"' .,_ pla"U •• t~~~•aUr

hUYHUd dter wu• 111 d•ya• '!be CNlUYU Jar• ie .... .,.

in tlll.•iDG b.abi\ wit:h a •"-• height ol 11 -. MtMaa

..Ua place a• •• pl•• •• of 11 daya •• tbe .._ l• ;.auaur ba.rveatad .,._ lilt 4at•a. ,_,. •1"-•• ...... , 1a Weak 1o tlllUinf hab.f.• With a pl.IA\ heltbt. Ot l41 ...

ADtb4teia taJJ• plece •• •• p.W.' ave ot 110 4ap _. tiW

pl•'• •• ••alr bUft•-' .,._ ,.., •ar•· .... -.J.U••

Kalojua 1• weak .fA t.a.Uu4al bablt w.t.tll a pla• ••• •t

143 •• Mthlla!a uaa plate at. tlbe pl•' •11 ef llf dap

ud the pl•-. •• ocuallr buveaw &!tel' 1M •••

SMl&!lSIAD Stl R~Miil •

c.n.tfi.S ...,., -.!at 100" --inabUiq .. tM

afo:r' ... aDUcxuad low c1oe ,culUYel'a wer• ooU_... .... tbe

1sor

1401-

1201-1 J Harvest '

100j ~ Senescent ~ ~ V1 r f Groin maturation i ~ ~ j 1- Grair> rlevelopment 1 ~ I I ;; 80~. r Grain formatiOn l I ~ j ~ Anthes1s i

....... I I 8·:::0~ -:. ~-'J~C: ~

~

c 0

0:: 60 r

Vegetative stage

40

~ Transplanting -20 ·~

Seedling stage

0 ~ Germ1nat1on - ~

Rot no

Harvest

Senescent

G:--c::; ::;8-t ~ration

Groin development

Groin formation

Anthesis

Boot stage

Vegetat1ve stage

Transplanting

Seedling stage

Germ motion

Jay a

t

~ ~ ~

i r ~ I l I

- ~

. r-

Harvest

Senescent

Grain maturation

-1-

r

t-

Grain deveiopment -~ ~

Groin formation j t.nthe>SIS

Boot stage ~ r

Transplanting

Seedling stage

Germination

""" Masur\

I l . I

I I I I

-

-

ft .. 11-1. De:¥•Jopa•-.J. --·of •• &"i.cle au.u.,_. •

Harvest

Senescent -

Grain maturation

Grain development-

Grain formation i Anthesis l

~

I 8cct stage

I I I

Transplanting -

Seedling stage

Germination . Kalojra

I

Cr:op aea•U'Oh rara of ludwtn UrlS.Yclllt.r• ..... w .. ,_,_

• .,-&liald in o.1 puc•' •wcutc chlol'l.de (KIC'r Ill' 1 Ida

8114 v..w -.mugbly 1.11 dl.,Ul.l~ wat~W fol' ..., • .., ...... .

Tn.U,]'-4ay.old •.Slintl vwe u:.-apl•W aft4W ...... ,

llftd Vitb the COftWOft Ol'tiDh f•UU•U at *• ....•• 2 l&f

.-a, with oDe .. .sling,_ hill. iD s a2 plea"'* 11 ••,

1Al\ga pu plo\.

1M •••91 0011p0e._ ol auoh •U vu .... •

be u follow• • aS.tngaa Oel.61,., pho8pl.-taa (u •2o~ •·••"' po\ud\R o.ota• ad pH 1.0.

It vu en.DUIIh .. .ta tilll laboftwq ~- ._gea

in CbloS'OpbJ'U •d po..U ,._._ • .ad a tbll •U.Yidllea •f

.8)11 .. 8\ICh U PIO..._. .U.Ical.Aae PJftJhOaph- ••

oetalue would nrv• u ..-, tMd 111dl•--•• of 1 ..... ...

e•o• 1ft ,,c. ( as. JOt ) • --~--- ,.. dooe , ..... tUee

ca-.pw.lu of pl•u ' (A) with pl•u •• 1:ba .... --..-

pb- ,(8) vitb pJ.•u •• •• ctpi'Oducd.ft pha•,_. 4CO vltl\

plaat. Vh&.oh wee augl•al~r alunt.

(A) !J!Sz,pr. ...... , !*!a!fR• e 2!•51 •". at ,._i!S!VD,•MI'

II

2M fJZ.., nc:ona eacs thld lMI ••• • •P of -. •1• of fowr ~:ice oulU.••• ••• UIMd at. tbe pl .. , •• tl

•s ctaya (Fig• K-3) • Lfaaf ._1 .. ••• ..a.J.•tet •• •••

••• of 1 c!qa n.-iag f._ tbe pleAt. •11 of M ..... •

•

'II 4aya. • n.sr the ••••••• IMtbaYieu •• the 1!111 a

tagged Uppea:JDOR leana chlltillg tM Pnll••• ot ••••"­

devel._., ot t.M pl•t. ••- lAthe --• ••

Cblompbyll •« pro_... aftd! the •U.Yldaa ol ••,.•• •&• pr:o•u.. elkalifte PJI'OpMtiJbatue .a ••W-. ... M"oa&r ,.-. aa indiCator• ot •••aaa•• et 1••., _. .. aetbod• &..t t:beu tU&V&Gu..tQ •d ••"-"-• wW N .........

1 .....

Sibtlal &a ShiMR'e•• •«tL 2- I &I 't' "'dtuEBSRd •C a&rt lid al Mil D .. SU"III' • • .-1' -a£Gcal n••.l•t8 of tile ,..,. .. , the Chill ... ia *-aoa-.u of llltzog.a, l*e..,..ne •4 ,.._.al• .ta •

fk.-, aflCIOnd and thil"« leaf of .- ooawel p1•" -•

aeuund •t illtarVua of 7 4aya 4villt .._ P•IM•• ot

Rat no Jay a

\ \. I

I ' ' ' '\ \'.

f \ //;

1: \'\ ~ '

Masuri KaloJira

.fig. H-2 • Jtlosi t1oll of the tagg.t fir at (1) , 8NJDC (II)

end ~d led (XXI) of the plan~ of .four rin nl*u•

at the pl.aDt: a;e of 41 4ap dur.\Qg tb• veteuUve ehte•

ve"tat~v•, 4•elopmet of tM plan\ ttaniat ~ til• fl•\

age oJ GO daye tra all tl\9 culuv•••

b sCi!H( 111• SJit»Abll • 1b •1taeS4n• ·tJlt so•a.t.W.• rt~:at&oa be'Wacl moW.Uaatioa oC JiUt:l'leGta. ftoM ...... aZlCl leal

I ·•••~eenoe. ttt.e moblU.atJ.o11 pattem of ~bo._M 11:011

the ~gge4 leavee to GdflY growing upptw lMWU waa •taJ.yMC!.

itle -.-imal-t waa 4_.t£e4 o• at intervale ot 7 4aya

· at\lftt.Log t.:om *-. ·pi.•~ age of SO days up to 18 «ar•• TJ.p

P<Jlt\L<»\. ot: ~b l$.e waa tU.ppea fo# *b .ta a via1 coa.WtDg

1 ml of 2 * .l'alie>Phouba• aa tt112,o • (22.a Mlq) &n o.t 11

IIOd.lwn d1Pt&U !Ad,_ (pH e. I) • ,_,... ~aCliotiOt&.Yitr C~ .wa•S

leat'*-1 ) ... -.ja«t .»y •• fed leaf and. mt.orde<l te the ••lr f ;rovl.nfl ~ l...wu taulal aia.Jc o~pia) ••• "'.co.rded iD

GIJ,gear.t®.l.;r CbQ\t.r (Mod-' Ito• lctL "" QCS lt-A ) •

•

~lt!,.l&:VI.I!!.i! t tb tit:dy • l!'Ole of botam•• J.D

e•eecenc" of nt~.S la.vu, the oh¥\;u sn ••paeua

J..wela of cyt»ldftla.· att4 eb.cis.I.O 4Qid-1£Jce •ub•Uilce(~a)

itt. the first., .~.4 tft4 tb.U'4 leaf of fou c-iOe cultivua

were m•uun« et J.aterral• of' «•Y•· 4uri.Ao th• pm;;n•• oe veget:aU.v• 4evalopm8l.t ol tb• plan• ,w.ng1o9 tt:otll • to

.... F-11U; 1 I . tKQKIIIIJi'll" l.Cti.UTPI;fl •1:1 I HF, ,18.1 I PliQI[ IIIUF Jl,• It

.11 ...... I IF lb 1~. I P I I I I 11 P

78 • .,.. Cyt.oldA£D-l.ik• aub•t.BO•<w ......... .s, -

--~·• ~ccoi'4Si49 _, Oba\1;-S..,..to •« saUl ( aas ) •« b10usared eccodirl; m Pl•td~W ead Mc:Culla_. t 82 > •

Abnqic ec$d-1ike a@e1:8Dc•'• ••• ex\l'fiCUd eQ4 keo­

td.onate4 a4®1'4in; ., Wl'lObt t 403) ad biou..,.S

acce>tditlg to Wttgb' . aQd H.koa ( 406 ) • a. Clftel.l.S

metbcaoloQles wll& ·1M. 4.-~.r.t.JMd iBt.ar.•

ISltliGSlt btbWAaM.a&.tlll ltPIId 1118• 1&94 ,n1 #'*d

~- Albl,,.lal'll' JDflttQs$.1, XA\ll !la\JJ411iMMll cat E&&J&c,,.JS&d.OY.UIY.$!\1 RDEIII~if dl!t!REel d*IP!IE &Ht .. abiau •· !ib e~er th.• .,,,., .. ot two ~- on the patt~ o:l ~esemee oe t.be fi.#&t. aecooct .,<2 third

·leaf tlur£n,g ~· pRO;r-ese of 1re9f)tat.i11• develoPQfiDt. &qUtoUI

· tol\lttons of berutr():seolne (BAJ o.s x to··\o aDd udaio

. aoid (~ so•._ C••· optimum omc•U•Uoa• of a& •a ABA Wet$ Wtlally sc .. c OU\ kom a vl&l --ilia~

. u$g .4'-tfuen.t. toaoenvaUoGe ot ~eae boi'IDQQ.._, •••

. APGI"&ttely IIP'i4fed .U.$0g 0•1" ~1 (a 4•ttt1'91ht mede by

tbe Bl'.l.~eh n.:ug aouao, Xn41a) ae • aur faa~• em to t:be

1~ ot 12 Pllll te gtOWQ .JB "eh plot. •t the I' de et 5 m1

prs: pl.(U)., P• dar atert.lng kom tbe pJ.•t. oge of •a days

w4..th .tho help of a bet'id _..,_.. ~· ,8p#qirlg wu O')QI:!uctod

Q®leCUtiV.~Y 1!01' 3 4aye Ju•• J.Cio.l" to •adl expc!raetel

4ata itt tb.a mo.m.tng t.o avoid •co•Chl.ng •. CC• wu tate:•

fo~ Ull.l.So~m eprayiag of the bel:mOno (all. tb•· bo.Jlao&l.,

_,.,..., llllli . ) ,-1!'11) MI. i Itt. I th' . ,Ill ·1. W11U.liJ HIMM.I." nt.RIIi ... 11111£4. lUFllf .1' ·q

62

w•• obtdrlett eo. Sipa Cb•ice1• C~h '~• s.A,) • "'••• of

OODVOl pl-..U we.re sSanul._eou.,_y •P#«Ved Wit:b 4.Utlll4td

waw coot~UA1At oalo.r •• alll'faotan•• fh• ... ~ ...

pv•••e ill tuJU O·f onuva in ct.loApb.Jll, proteia •"'

th• act.lvitla of pr:otteat. $aline ppopbo.hatue •4

ca.a..ee• ••• aee.a•ett a• l..q""oJ.• ot 1 «•r• RUUAg

#om tbe p1m1t age ol '' t.o 16 ctan ill aU the fov l"ictt

cult1VfJI'I•

Qal.lll £a .. at.Q2UIIH•QI,I•~Z.· •• 4,1 M~Mli.MSIA-C&itS.

••• aa..mAe~ .. Aw tCW.Iltllt ••aam• .• , •. wm­~Ael9t»1!4,,1ktsws,j•S.M "'•·•• auEM! a& jlDJ.tl8mt o&.fa&oliii,GiM ... • ~t> •tuCJy i;tMt ett.au. of &Uu

llPI'&JiftQ W1th bi!Datl.S•£11• 1114 GH!dO .Clct OA the

ouV.l«Jt. O>At.en·tlf of l.MYe•, oha•• £A 1;bt coottDte o!

o'v~._. Pho'Pho~ aDd .Pitaaal• .&A th• J.e••• ••• .,..,e4 wtd\ *• p10gr:••• ot d••eloPO•• of tov C"lc.

oult&vat• et tbe ••vetat.lva ·~ AqU..,u. eoluUoasol

• co.G • ao·~<MJ encs AD.\ C1o·~ ••• •••-' .~n. tlbe ....

way ,q dee..-'b$(1 eaa:U•• .'111• Cllangee ita th• CDQtc• of

m!ller:al u\lt.J1on'• vu. aJ..uo,..., pboiiPboNa •« po•ulum

vert mnmur«l in the uvQed f.Uet, atcOD4 •d tb1N leaf

at 4n tenala of 7 dayw •ttu~o tnm the pk«at •oa o£ 51 to

7& d.,-••

63

C,~~~ 2-abUiblb IDQ&li.UiiiAQA ,-ll\¥11 .&wa I \til .•• ''""

IIQSUlSJ,~& .a ... ,.-MI' taa .. lll-.8861, lllJ'UDi IIPas,ltg• I'W

···~~ KI.UIIab !ill,if81.¥6EsMIID4 ,8194dl ISIW~:,,Jib Srlll Kalllll .i&ndiJtlUm&Ji ac •• ,,. &l»nu * • at\a\r the ,effecu o~ i>liet ~p~ariftg with belteylta•J.n• md

al:Jscla:f"'· eo£4 04 r·U.j-.pbo.pbot.e ;:ettSntlon u well ..

M1>1U~•tton Uom the -t;agged leavea to th• xuwly gnwag

uppe~ leavcu.i,. tbe wee leavea tiU's'" aQCOQd 11\4 t:bild)

' of tb.e plants e>f flout ~lee culUvu·aj c:toated with -

((1 .•. $ X. l~·att) -"<l ABA (tQ•~ * wer;e ttd .. PN"fttely V1t!l\

· C:Ja,j.,;,.Pbr>IIJiba:to bl the same Wllf/ •• deiQJ'ibed before. 1be

:r$11oaot.tvitY ~(aq nt1:i•1 1•at't, ~r.u.to.s l'IJ' ~ ted led

ad miora.tad to the rn.vly trowint "PP~tr leave• (dale) vee

meaow:«l In. a Qeiget-HUU.u CO.\Ilttt: at lntezval.a of 1 daya

e~~g Et'om 'the r.>1•1;· ag• o-f 57 to 78 daya ln ell the

foUl' culti.vara.

!!ibMSSP &n.-&llsa a&kl SSi:J.il\lt. .• ~;t.bt •• Malt4 Usdl .... IDA '8&Gi.Mml,sC 1911\&Ua S!i*lib'K& • • et-.ty "* ooaee­

qUence o.f .nuu;len.t tl·•P-t1vauono1 •txttse 4ue to mob1U.at.ion

of ~etoJ.x:~Utoe .ttom· the o14el' to the n.Wlr ~long lMft•t

the cnmgea ill. 'the oonteot. o,f pr:o1ilae- in "the lkst, ••aond

.end ti\4.&:(1 lod of the conao1 pluu w.we l1l•asU&"er! ••

u·tervala oil 1 4aye awrmg ... pro~es.a ol veg•tat1w develo~!

iiSl'f: of 'the plent; .atartiog COm tht~ plreo• age of SO • 78

4eys S. all t.be ctu1U~9-fa•

JDa •. !D!d. ill.ltbii .. A'alf,fll Mt.,..a. witb aa1~Mlill

ad.~ .. IQ&ct, •&M!,WBU! tl.dll:liSEB' 21 ltYC~riol SII&Sii!ICI • 1b ~r tb• ... \11, of •• ea.o• or a •• AlA

••~' on i:M. d.V~Jil'•'l of rtuttl•u; 4ep1"1ft.t.loflal aveaa -

tSu• to lQOb.lliaatLoa oe· .metatolitaa, cbentee 1D ..,. aca•t of paolJ.fta m the -.;ga~ tuat. eeootlcl IID4 tbkd 1.., of fo•

rriae cult£vua ttea'.S with BA end ABA, vca ._ ... unct at

intervals of 7 dare 4wrtng tb• pngr:esa oe cleY..J.opa•\ ot the

to•· ~:&o• wl.tJ.,;are a' t:b• vegataU'M .-..~ ••edlftg eo. the

.PleDit age of 57 to 78 4eya.

(8) U!!!t~d, II'IJJP..I!CI !!tll!V!swruH -i.Ell~•' S!!t ., USIR11!1il!rt .1asua ,

~£1£1dfi'Qj ......... I lbe U,pQimCU ver• our1ed

out with 1* •ampl•• colleQ'-4 f&'oll the· G.ag, MOODd and

tbi.J:4. 1e4f ll:om 4=h• top of t1'Mt plent• of fou rice culUYU•

•t the ~-t:Od~1ve stage. ~ a:"41J)I'Oduc:Uv• 4.welopaet JA

41fforeo.t J'ioe cul'd,vua cJ1ffUI •...,.ol'ally 1 h•c• di!ferat

#eprodt.ICUVe <l·.velopa•• •'••• ••• dQal'mJAtKl to nur:Jy 'th•

a•eaoen.co l:lehavio• of the flag, oeootM.i eJid tbil:d lhf of

culUvar• dUI"J.Qg wblcb P•Aoa• plente l.tl qu••doa wue 1D the

.repr:oduo'blve pMa• (l'abl• ilws ) , ·

f5

~abl• M-1 t AP5MJUaAce of ant.bea18 UJq M4 d!ffue\ .,.,..,. J,opaea1l ,n•9e• of fo~ rice oulUvua v1th· ,tb• pi'Og&-eat of • . .-productiYe vrov~

CV1-'vu •~•'• UM (pleat age .in 46Y•)

I\ able 15

4eya 87

Maa\11'1 110

Kale»Jllta. 115

~

Dev•1oJra•' n.oa . .tin!%'. ma •!ftD ... WltbM'f· a

' '' 31 a a

ltY! .liSt 91il.ti&JIU • • "*'V •• •••••c• t:Mab&riom: of

w..e .flag, eeco.S Gl\4 thh'4 1_, of jb• noe c\11dYua

tiwriag t1W pmgr•as Qf l'Gpi"'d'lctiVe 4We1opa&lll.t- Ohll\ ... ln.

·the cont•ta of CbloJOpbyll, PJOta.ln and. th• •cUYi_,.• of

PJ:Otea .. , el.Ulift• pf#Ophoap'bataee GD4 aotal ... · wwe

d~Qd ., An tfi&'Vala ot 7 c!ap 4UJ"iftg ttl• p.-1od from

cthenla ( o <~ar ) _, .-•.a•• •~P ( as a.,. >. h

methode foil their ext..ract.i.Oil ad enitlaUoft eM de~CJ"lbed

letu.

!lo.tJlglll~..r&o ·sna.tmll!il tl '·.I.E·!: la Wl• RY. IMmA

DDd · ·t;}Jid, lUC. AI· fall .. 1M• SH!MJIII • Cb8ll911 a the

oontea1:s o! nluogeo, pbo~ne and po•eatwn in tbfJ Clag,

. I

6.

atcon4 ana tb1l:d 1eaf ...... u.atea a• mt:Gn'al• of ?t ·dep

d•mg. tb• puLo<l fnm ctb•-'•. ( o day) to ••aOIIl• •ta;e

(as daf• ~ •.

GbeDi!S 1n 1ft P enS ~ !! set se;as.os of fQV dee cna1Uzare t .. '135 11 _Iff_ , , _ 1.1 _ _ t'!ffi. If ~ I P1 :.. 3 . . _ . 1 .. , L Z . , d . . , . I l!f!

Cbanvq l.b ·•• G:mtettts o:f nitr:o;tQ., p~trpbonaa •4 pttua.\\11

were meuued bl -. .g~raiQa •• w•elcly J.n.,.al• c!VIAO the

P.togruo qf r:ep.,cluoUv• <t•elopauat •b• ••••u ( 0 day ) •

Gf;aiD. fo·¥"matlcm staQit ( 1 d4We l, grura dw•~t ria;.

<s• aa.r•· > ond uwaAA ••••·~ eutt~ ., as a.,. ) . IINM"-t•« ,-.~&2-l!!i!l!ll!! tamt4!t .• pbi!f.ltl'M am. .. llflll re· SIU!t .. SJ,,foS,I!M ctU1Jd.YBf. '-~» d\lir the

possible. reletlQQibtp betw.c 1101:l.t.Uaa~ of 11..-litee ·

from the ~eaves 1:0 lhe 91'ain• and led •••~ec-. t.be

mob1Uaat101l pat~ of J:ediOpboaphat.t' flo• the !lag, •tiCIODcl

c4 th£1'4 1eef of foUl' c.Ac• w11ti.vue to tM gaodn• vue

en.aly•ed e:\ intWVelt of 1 «ay• dUI'iftO tb• PI'OOI'••• of

repJ:04uct.f.ve 4er~O»m•t• ~be thl'ee l$&Vee (flag, MOOll4

m<l 1:b1#4 led fit~ tQp ) £1\ the maiO t1Uc of ea cult.S.­

't/aJ: vve fe4 .HJ)e&ratelr ttwou~ thei1t U.• foJr 48 l\ w.lth

l ml of 2 ut~ rl!diophoapb.a'- u a,H,.,o4 ta2.a K Jaq ) .Ia o.t M

.eodium t:Ltfattt l:nlfiQJ: at ptl 6•1• .Rindotli..S •GPl•• eoUecUcS

bot# til• A.Ad1ttldue1 oroane, \fit. lMfea (flag, eeoona tDI

1;hl~. l l'lOA t~tain•, were •tPatatel)t·41rlH Ofl plcchett••

.ach• PbUUpe ·~fra . .-ttl 1..,• 'I!.N 1.4 ll. '1be ntioMtlYi.t.y

·- l.f'l 'I§ IT.) 'fi I iii.U'Jilil !11 •.. rn· II P.iflll .. l .. JIJ1 ..• , .IIJI. Pl .•. T .. I .Ill 111! . 1111'1

., ( Jq miti•' la_..1 ) l'...aaed by *• f«t 1..- •d ""-1\114

to tlbl gral.rut W8e U\4NUNI'.S in. a odgiiJ:•Hiillel' Cbla- 4UJ4g

tM P'J#lod IJ»ra atthtaia t o 4ar ) to --•••• • .._> ·( 21

ctar• > ~

!t!II!I!Aia.ot --· .l!!fl:l tf.SX!Pk&!Aa ., eiQiji"S .-HKIA.-Sbf~i1fle,f1919.4 '1\t l\l&d,lltfwai .. !WI AU JMJ.l&!IU • iJb· 1\Wly 'tM ttomoaal. 14W'.t dur.\av lui ......

oeaoe at ·the· &-ep1"04ucdv• •tapt, Change• 1n •• l•elt of

a<totaQOu• o~kSAa- ed abl01e1o ec£4-U.tc. aub ... _.(t)

wee meuvft a the Ca9, ~ cd. tbll'4 l•d el •v

arJ.ce cnalt~-v•• a' Jatentua ot 1 dar• du&a; tba ,.,... !loll

atbaela ( o <ht.Y l ·to ••••041lt ••• < I& dey• ) •

IIKM!ii\?A.S&.Matii!RBir &m&I.,Qt 9~ ej tWaJIY

MU 4B $ihl,ll'llat Q# UK r4tl S\QJ.\IID t _, ... tbe

cbet~OU of ~tl).9 bcU;tllOI\el 1ft the gi'..U.e 4UI"ill9 tta• rtpftduc-

tJ.v• de.velopl'I.Hil.t, tbt •ao-=u*' laval• or CJ"'ilird,.,. lft4

U.cisie .044-Ulc• aUba._c•h•l 1Q ~. p-&f.Ao ••• IIM8un4

at 4iBu•t reprod~cti.v• 4.ve10prat~~tal •••• of lou ~:tc•

cn~ltlvu• Vl•• ••-.a~.e ( o dey ) • pdQ fo&mai;loJa nave ( 7 dap ) , .f#ala 4WeJ.opaeat ••.-. ( 14 4ay~ ) a41 pai.A

t~UdUJietl.on G1t4\1* ( 21 dar•),

·--~.~~ .•• E9JI!.l!Jt1, q~.-- ozte~ele 9! 1991 ,,._z&WIMt • • d'*'-1 the poe•Dl.• itivolv*'*'' of root

,cytoldn4A 4ft ••••c•ot~ OhaatJU 1ft 1ibe ortoklnt.G· CCNl..,, .ill

•• nl' • It' I r

_,01 apJ.oe• of fou ;ric• culUYu• ••• -..u.red at V.eUlJ'

IA\eft.a.. 4VU9 1M ppf.Od .._. arlt:bul* ( 0 dq ) It

aaatetOm~ .__. ( 18 data J.

Mtlii•M~-*U,.tC. at Alit· ISlA WlA ll&d l.C t& .fQ8 ,J:iSli. SN:ll.&¥111 ~IIIII, &~Well ...... ,, .Iii' Mild• ·at•mt. 851 .... laY t. AqUec»\la toll&Uoll ol lA (t•l x

so•l,; ) •« AM.· ( ao·•H ) ••• •••..a.r •cr-t ... , •· " --~ 48 .- svfaotlat at the &"6i8 o.e I Ill PV pl .. , pv 4

ov• •a.c:b oi •• u plaau tl\)1ftl .&A HCh plo• •• thiii'II,PO.I:'-

4uatiw ~~ w1~ ~ belp ot • polrethfl•• b•4 IIPI"&n"

. lA . thtt aorrd4U. a. 'J'•ariAv •• .,~.a cooaecu"ni.J'

to~ two dart p.r•.t t,o Hch _...Ameaw. ooJ.lc ...... ol ' .

mat•&~., ata.r.t.AAv from tt. MtbuJ.a up w •• .. ._., n•;e of tbe pl•t• Gont1:01 plaa•• we• apl'.,.a vitb •

equal ecwua• ~~ o.s" ffMPOl· a. -•-•• pattua fa ..._ of decl&lla .£11 •• fOA~W of Ohloi'OphfU, PIO\da •t azo.l.fM. SA tbe eotiv1"e• of the •• ,... pn .... ., el_,.iA•

pt~t~Pbn.M· aao. oaUl•• ven •tdt.S Ill •• 1111,

eecond, :end thit:d l•d of *-• .~rio• C\11\Avua •• &Atvral•

of 1 d_.., Com ·••· •tta•-'• up to tbtt ... .c., ••te• ld&llll.fsJ.al.l•.l a\4 I· &a .t.M·II.-. .1 .. 14 &, Sill&d J.tiiJ~&AlYI .~Hi llblnlt tfttl leU. ·M-M IWI .,_.• .. *'•'*• ad uNia.t.o •cd4 • ., •ter· · ...... _ ett•a of · ·'W!il't!Mt:_G;r;; ···.G.if' tlMt ;MI,): a l1.1' J_;wt 11· ··•••• t .,..., · f • • W._ -

....... ,. p -\ J _tj_~· 4t lTJ .. (_ U'lidtki :.C· I : i 110 ·• 1ur . nr r ., ~· 1 Jl "·· I I I

I I

If

pb.o'Pbo•ws M4 pott.ttd.um 4rl the 1...,. t'hu ooll•tt w•• au!rUVe4 ln the flag, eeoond eo4 tbiat. leal of tou ~­

ct4t1var-. ••a'G4 wit.n SA aa4 ABA eepua.ur, •• ialtllr.Yal•

ot Y ctar• durinv tb• per.lod fl'oa. tb• 9l'UA £~ • .,.,.

i '1 d-.n ecw eatb•ate } to the aeuasc•·~ ata;e ( 21 ttaya ) * AqU80u~.t eol~sol Bll <o.s x ao•3H ) Met ABA (to•\c ) wee

sprafe!l ,. eialilar maru~er ... deacriJ>ed •• a ••

11aat1on ~ tl\$.· ~a leavu t.o th•·a£aln!.of !ov r:&c. ·-1 .. I' PI I !l!i~!l W ;r· IIJIIi Wjd .. P' il I. . ., .1 . I -I .• Jlf I 1 . . . -

A.llli&da AiW •· itt .-, 11M .-tCecu o£ lA and AlA oa . .

mob.lUaatlU. of Mtuo11M• f.rom 1eav•• to ~•· cbafJ.at

the progra• ot ~:epl'Oauoliv• ct.v.topmet;, tb• *" 1eavu

(flaft ~4 and: ti\U4 l•d ftoa •• top ) of fou d.c•

. ~t.Uv~• t.rea'tc! witb lA to.l a 10• lat .. ) M4 Aa ( ,,,.-,. ) . .

were 144 M.PU~tselr wou• ·tbU.r tiP• a,# 48 b wJ.'tb l a1 , .

of 2 _mM ~tt41opl'oi,Pbate u H3 »to4·(2a.t H .let) An 0.1 H

acKU~·• Pl.trata bUffer •• pH e.s. 1'b• .:.SI.otcU.•itr (Jiri .a•1

·~.r1 ) •auiftett by._ C..S leaf eAd ad.patcd 1» tbe r ' . '

;ralna wse meaave4 14 a OU9t&'•Mii11.- Ccuaw at uta-. . . . .

vale of 1 .:ta,_ .s~g troa tbe g~<a.IA-foaaa~ •••

( ., 4ars dte# acu::beaie) to tbe ••o.o.at etag.~ ( II 4aya).

PleDU ttea..S W1tll OAlf 0•1" Teepol Ml'ftcl e1 coawel.

,...,. w t · ·q t ui nn·- ·'-•-• r ts · 11_ :r ·r ••••~- 1f m ; t ., _ 1 _- I I I . I II li U ill'' I I 114WU

10

.f~l~"' t ltqatO\lJ toloUoaa of lA. NM ltl4 tiKJ a.,t (SO

••) w,etr• .a.muJ.tcc.ulr ap~rar.s uldtlt o.s, ftiJP01 •• •

e••ao•t at tbe .ratt .,, I ml ,I*" pl•t pu 4•r ooto the

1•••• ot! toq :.ria. caluvua at t'h• l'tpi."Oducta.v. •\ala u 'tbe .-. marm• .as 4..-IJM!d -.1Jer eo .. •ithel' ,lA e&-~

weat.m••• 'ae MQ·uceGoe ,_......,, &Jl tuu of 4b.lor:Ophrll

M4 pro~ ·tten· •••••• 4lt -- flat .-d •earcmd 1Mf of

to• ~1<t• oultivu-• at .i.Qt.w&J.•· of 7 ctar• 11:oa -. g~:ua

fomaUOD •tago ( t «•r• ) to * •••••• ••tt Cae 4art ) •

S&MiiJ,~AI R!!l&u.~sea.& 9.1. a ... US09f · efi,SW£4 1111 l!"'fal!·l&si.S'iMIID • xn on• t.o ••• .. .u AUV1ilona1 ettret• dfNeloptd •• • .:•nlt of •))lUAU. ot

meUJ:o1£• 'lt»> 1Mftl to traiAa, •• ucve• in ••

QOtat•' of J)a)liaa t a .Jeli.W.• J.o~U.oa•• of ..._.. ) , "'

tht flag, .-ft4 Gft4 Qkd. led of tou r.t.G• CQlU•al'•

wer:• meeeur..S •• U.uav.,_• ol f dQJ'• du.r£ng •• p.nod t.toa

the -.thea!• ( 0 d&f) 'CD ·the ._e•c•\ atag~a ( 18 4.,--).

~Sb!BBilS,_.rS!R.!eD!ei-I~,R!J~f ~.at ,15 !fi1!!4,•f

ibl£4.J.AII .. a& ••••at.aa\iiuu tCSH, "''•~·•-• viOl t.lfiVlartmJA! aJl4 abaa.l•tr! acdA t 1\1 .m.ty tbe

.- 1 . . . _. , .7rA .---= J I . __ Y. Jfl .'ftt _ XAi5 , G': .

71

of pxoUG• in the Uag, •llCort4 8Q4 ~ led of t>u, ~lee

CN1UVCI1 td:U_. lflpal'&Wy Wltb DA ,8Qd ABA in ~· tl.utU

4etetl'ibe4 eultu, ••• -.uue4 •• Ja-.rvu• of 1 dlf*

dU&Qg t:.he pJ:O;r•• ol l'flpl'Odu=U'M 4evfllopallll• '-•••, fl'oa

th4t ·51tb••la ( o 4cw ) fl.> tbt· ._ • .,.,, atege ( II 4tra ) •

!~A . c&.~'~&sr\. ~~l, !P4 •za•smric; ., ... ,. .~•· • . . "" et.u4t •• •fleot of •toaaw •'**'• on .,:ouae c::CQmlle\tGD M ~· ...... aqt&IOU• 101\IUQat of Dl' (J.O...,.,. )

arnt MA .. (ao••z.s' ), Wbi.Oh 01*'• ana ctlo••• ••aa, ~ti!PeO­tivety. Web .a.-at..:lr .,~_,., onto •• lUY•• ot eiiCh

<;u11ti•u "' •• lllu.Det: 4etcr'£b.S p~:moualr,•~ ••

:l'f!PI'Oduotlv• . R49'· md changu 4.n .._ •D'Il'l' of pnl.f.D•

in. tbe fl$9; . -=old m.d 'C~d 1M! o£ tov l".lo• cn4 t:LYue

vue meesus-e« at iAterYall of 1 4•11 atutino. flo• ~

Ql'dA fo#mad.t>Q. ttu!t~ ( 7 <taye ) to the •••••' ataoe

(. 28 dap:) ••

'

t:lt•l!l,&n,.$hl llll.~e!.S!BIRHfllrS tl f:eH !&a ma1\\IIU' o 2b 1tu11r the z-tllaUcmabip •••• tba- •.....W

tt••uaUM from 1~• of G>u ct.oe cntl•tvd'• •• th•ir'

aaeiiCenoe, tb• IteM of Vrll'l8Pll'e'dcm of eeeb GU1Uvu vu

~-..... et ut:ew.t.• of ' 44J• dQrl.ftg •• peC'iod ,.. the

athale ·' o tlQ'} to tb• _..,.,_, ••• ( 28 d.,.a ) •

.;auu.a& ba&uail~ U!A.iD4 6+W M4 •••fill,&GMiMM 'D£, iiOdr&t:tA' QD .~ltli .. £AM -,AC HEIRHIIl9a ,R I fQV liM

,;m!t;&wa t 1'> stt.tS:r tile effects of hotmOQ81 aQd etoM•Ml

12

reg\llants on tba a-ate of etaaptrauon, aqueou• aoluU.,e

of aA tc·.s x 10·~ ) Gtt4 ABA <1o·~ ) _end DP <so•fx ) •4

PMA (10.,.411) iG O.SN 1'~1 wwe 8f;petate1r. aprqett OftliO

tbe leave• of low: .rke culUY&r• at the #ate of 5 ml per

plant at tbG antbealt stage wJ.tb the help oi a polye~rleae

hood sprayC' • Leaves of coJU:ro1 plen t8 were •Smultan«>UIIl7

ept:a]tetl wltb 6!at1.11ed wate~- cofttalning only o.s" ~pel end c:b~ges 1n the rau of ta:enapuat.t.oa were meaa\JI'ed in

four .tlce. cultivars at the enthest$ suge.

!sesmaa .. !?.stnt.JloM Qj I t!la, .... -aana 1 §9J _lll!d _l!d sf. fQJS..r.l~l .a~l»YIII ''Sill A!AiM ,tluiDmM !itb P.t l941.!!h 1 1\> et».dy ·the effeots of at»m&tal cegulan ta oo

the pattern of l.enf eEOeucenc;e d~ing tb• progres• of

,_.e.p~odw:Uve development, plaats wet"e tt•atea with DP

(1o•4Hl GD4 fM.A (10-~ sepuatelr In tb• ••• in.-.nar _,a•

deS(U'.lbed eer1les-. The senescence patte&"n tn t.erma of lo•• ot chlo~opb.rU, .. end pi'Otein wu atu.~U.eG 1ft tbe Sag. •ealnc!

end. th.f.#a led ·Of £our &ice cul'livaa:e at irlter~al• of

7 d.ays dur4.ng tl\e period ~om the gre.S.n foa:ma'Uo:l ( 1 4aya )

. to the cenetcant stage. ( 28 dqa ) •

.,,

(Q ~~~~~~~~ ~~ ~U9etsec•,!».f!l!Y!9~ ia 1~!9.'' "l'f!!l!\ •• aurttio•l1v el..._. ....... ;::::;; A. t . . .. I . ' ,,

I'IIIC3l; ri!ilt~!d.UMIH ea t!Uf9ECI Jl!bt!l!fl " J:I!M4n!At,,~!f!tlrO~, §aH, •!U}f!!,i!Ct 4VAAI 'it dtE•M

£! I'RJ.Sd!lsMD t~dft'JMa!e• .• lo ordet tat JW!J tile

illvoi'hme.n' of 41ff.-cat l..vea ill tb• QnaclftGe pqcua

of «Uffetf!Qt ~:Ace eolt:J.Yua, ona 1.., IIIOtlf iM *- wu

ArertOYffcl c4 tn• •••ac•o• '""•tow .of ~· a:' ... laag

1••• h t.ema of loea of ohloJOPhfll ad pr:otldla wu

audHc! at tn;ttu:v41• of 1 d-wa dvillg tb• pvlod Rad~At

ftoa •• gratn-·.loblat.1otl • ._,. (' 4or•) to •• .-.. c••

atave ( ae dqe ) • za the •un ,_, Gc.maiatM,t of ao pl-.~ tM fle.g leaf don• wa• l'eiiOWMI, to tbe .-:oa• ••• onlr tl'l4t acol\4 led sad in •• ~ct an cmlr tta• ~ Uef weate lr4100Ve4 at the antbe•ia ._,.. lftU.O\ uac~.-UaUd

pl~DU aenM •• conwo1 ..

ada•ttleiJ!I. m• .£fl!l!9llij J:.ll!tl.!e lESt ·ot faa l"!OLcJtJ1!1DxdiJMI $t.RDi!M! S!~.£&194!f!»•t .........

. - I - - . .

IDml I 1b --~ ttl• •tt•t:$ Of 1eal -t.ao¥al OD IIObillaaUoa

ol m_..1£te• ea>m the •••£n1ftg 1•••• to tl\e pau• ad

, .. Julpact; on l•af ••••c•c• rJapJ.ptto-. •• wa.a ... 1 ~ -.. •• -taudnla; lea'f'•• to •• ;teine ttu me...,.s

i# t4\e d4doU..t.ecl plao• of foul" ric:• culd.•ar:•• •

t'fliUllnirlt le••• (.flag, •cona or· thU'd led ) of •• '

deto1&•tat plaa u of tbe lowt .:.t.oe cu11:lvua "•• ft4

14

aepuately tbro.ugb the1J:" tl.pe for 48 h vltb 1 a1 of a mM

.rad.I.OpbOaphato a$ u 3 »Po4 (22 .• 2 M Bq ) in o.1 H IJDC1'4•

eluate at pH &,s. eae l'ad.ioacUvl.tr (Bq miA•1 1e~1 )

ztetainfd .by th(c) fed led and ml~aced. ., the graille war:e

measured in a Gei.~·MiiUer o::nmte# a\ weekly .t.nten-al•

during 'tb• period £com the gra!4-tom•Uon ( 1 4•J'• ) to

the seneecen\ stave ( 28 day• ) •

tf~•a,os J.td r,..-oval,ga tn~.,~·l.!!t .. ,.nSBi!M• ,c(1pldnia

111G.Gasu&s.t~W.&o,Sb• '"''wa1un• ,, Al& "• ~!.l,~vu•~ dU!ai •• R~f'l!••• ~f a-ep~~u~Uve d••!!e!•' • 1'o ''\16J ·tbe &ffect o.f leaf l'tllfDYal on tbe eftdogeooq

hormone in tne ~emeJ.nmg leef, the 1evela of Cf1:0JdJlJ.n-

.an4 abact.s1c aoJd•ll~J• aubs'taocete) ••• measur.S 1ft the

second l~af of tb• pl..arlu ~om which tbe flag led vu ll'l

.t'at¥)WJ4 Md~the flag leaf ol lhe plant ~ wb1ch *• . -

eec:ond l·Q• ·vas #~Ve4 w£th t:h• parogr•a• of :l'tap.rodW:t.iYe

4~~Ne1Qpment.,

teavea. of ~o·w_:.rJ.og cult=1!M't 4!!£!9i .t!HP aRlOa£1!! S! t:!pt'O(luc-...ve «••lo@!t!i;, • tt. at..sr the eff"' ol. led

ranow~ on ttte p~olJ.Qe OOQttat ill the r•einin9 leeea,

75

c:bao;es in tbe patt.r.n of pi'Oline e.QCNmG1a1;J.oa ••• d•-.r­

G1il'Ud .tn the ;rana1o1ng 1eavea of lout c~ culU.vu• a\

iliter'falG of 1 tta.p csurlog tM puiocs fi'OII the ora&D­

&tcaat1ion ( 7 4aya ) to ~ •••c•t stage ( at dqa ) •

With the pro..-s of ~:..,roduoU.v• dW-.lOPMDt. lt

waa Obaencd that t.b• act . of penicl• exc1a1co fl"om the

p1G1'J.t. o-1 eeQh cul•lvar, cauaGIJ a daughter aboot. to CiwNop

Com the a:d.l. of ·tbe sec:onct atl<t/o,a: the 1rl\U:d lw ( :r.t..g.

M-J ) • Iu one. set of uperim.ntt., the panicle vu CC>~~~Ple­

telr l'emc>Ved fft)m tbe gl.ea\ anc1 ~· dau;tlwr eboot(.U va•

allowed to pow •tt the ieaf ,QU. 1A tna otbel' .-, tbe

panic1• Wd .ttlmOVed a4 the dau_..._. lhOOt(a) wu ftet

aUoved to gl'OV br pGJ;io4ie J:>..,vel of th• ••• ,tn o~u

to p~eve~us •• formation ol enr additional •lnk· :tnu.t

plal\ts aeJnted as cont~tol• fOJI' thea• .xpciment••

.iMtGSIA&~lii,Qlflt.lli,Ata..IGDC: ltlG AIM .J.fil

~~.12~, E~Sf8.SUlS1XfU .•!5H R!!1lf!!I,£ER!tl • a.uc•o• pat:~, J.n tum• of the los• ot ohlorOpbyU 1M P#Ot:eio

o~ t.Jle. flag, s1.JOonct &Qd thS.r4 leaf of·1:be planta .la Which

tbe pan.lo.lee wer• .ramo•.S.. wu o:o...v.s •* .t.ntuva1• of

7 dap dtu:tag th• per1o4 trom the ·;rain fomaa.on nav-

( if a•r•·) to me ameHent 1tage ( 28 d~ ) of t:tut pleDt•

rlg., tt-J .. nevelopment o:e .daughter ehoot at the axU ot second .leaf ( Lt'* ) oe fow: l'iee cultlva~:a

a.ftal'· panicle ~EOVal•

,..p • IMLcle: r~ed

1M ·t.' Jnao leal of mother plen'

Li'« .• 11\!1:4 leaf ol mothu plaat;

DS • Daugbtu ehOot

m "' flag leaf of deugbtd eboot

u,p • Sec:»na led o·t dau~ter: •'*>o'

Rat no

-P

FM ~

F

Masuri

-P

Jay a

KaloJira

.,.

BJY!'\11!1\ 2' ,,, !; .Ed ~ &!'! b I jl&IJI, ,1,!92H G SbAd lea~.of . ..,.wt lti£• ~ultivu• dt:M El•+on of la.t.~' • To

tJtUSr tbe eff.ec1;. of panicle %'.OVal on •dOGID0\11 auulea,.,

ol'u11ges J..Q th• conttnt o.i n£ trogGD, pho•phot-u• •ct .-w•1• An the IJ.~sr. •ecoGd oo4 ~ 1m of •• four c.lce cultl­

vazoa ftom Whi<:b tsbe panlcle wa• .l'tmoYed, ••• mMaC'e4 at

.tftteJ:Va1e of 7 day• etvtJA; h'a the gtain fot:aaU.o atav­

( 1 6ays ) to 'Uh• Mle•c•t: ••a;. ( .28 daya ) •

amaa,a~tS~~S· ea.C12e.2·ehe.eeu e• 4&£•t£•' .,.~., to ~sumsea- .!$2!\ ,ot. four r1o1 o,Ut.t.y~• .. •!• ucY!9n o!. !_~1~~ t • C:OI'telete tbe mo})J.Uaat.t.oo of m.tab011t.• f.a:>'m

the luvea to tl\e daughter lboo•• and @e patten of led

eenesceoctt, tht'ee 1eav•• (flag, seooft4 end th1l:d l•d ) o £

•• plane. trtOm ·wniQh the panlol• wu •ul.lu .renov.s w•• e.s aepuawr fo~ 48 b pr.io# to eecb ap•JJHnW 4iate

wJ.tb 1 ml. of a mM radiopbQ~b•u e• a3 ~s-o4 <za.a N eq >

JD o.l Jl $Odium citrate buffel" at pH 6.1 at itltenal• of

? dap 4utirl9 •• per1o4 f.tom the grw 10..-mstioll at&ge

( fl days alta# entbe.S.e) t:a· the •esetCent at.91 ( 18 CSaya).

lleAdom.l•eS GG11W1et coil.ecttd from ttMa J.nd1v.t.dua1 oz-v-e •

Yi&. leevea C£1ag, aecond sn4 t4\U."4) M4 d•u;h-. alboou

altar ee.aiag wttb f 12P..7•Ph08Ph•• vexe .,.,•••lr 41'&.ed oft plaru::l\et.~• \Uldu Pb1lipa J.nu: ... red. 1apa tor

24 h. !!be .:!f3ioaoUvS.ty (Bq m1a•1 1u.-'1 .c•~.S. bJ' th•

,,

eed. leaf Md m1;.r-.~ to the dat.tFMI" ahoo\ vaa .recoi'ft.s 1B a GeigeJ:-M\iUe.J" CO\Ja\U e.t iiatenala ot 1 4aya cSUI"inl

tbe :repJ:Od\\CtlVe 4oveloP'Jl4Ul"-

... &2AI&sa,s• . .eea.t.e&l I .., n\dy tb• etleat of VIDJ.cle

#COYU. on thGJ !!rL\4Qgtnou• l.vele qe hoc.,ne iti t1'* 1•ve•, cbM;e&J Ill the GQdoglftou• l.vela o! oyt»kiniD- aod aa.c1a1o

. ~

acus-~e aUbataceta) ••• ealreect in. the flag, .-oDd

and 't!lU4 lied of fow #.lee O'llUvue· b'oa Wblcb e. panicle wee J:ettQVe4•

~ .. SiC RD1AI•<Anralbl GUt tm••~ m4.SNJd.ltae gc tow '"'• .s~sxeu .UtmJ!h&sh dlhH sat ata&elt 0£ J!Otb !!f lf!J&l!.I!Ut 5Uf.,dtuAJUt£ l!ti$ 'fl£1 JiS~d t - .t\dy

the •ICects o.t ~:emoval of pM1cle •4 4au••• ahoott on

.001,10ul•Uoo o! p~lifte .tJ) • 1NY•-. C!banv-• 1ft th•

pattern ol ~l.iAe . aeowt&uladon ill ·the. flag, aecood •4

tbit:d led of INI'gioaUF eltue4 planU wue •••~ in

the .-. l'OillftM es 4eac~1bld •ultv.

!!!••·~~- R"~$.S! .2; t';ut .. Ba; .,ad_ fecoll4, 11'! of !\• A•»AbW.aaa.aJ-&ua.a&s• cub'JIEI-.•• au ''R114111a&u •!tt! • ttae daupt~ Moo~ 4evelop.S a• the u.U ot eiCOD4

Ol' thb'4 leaf ol "~ motn.- pleoi: aftea' e.t1out a v.e •• a

.result of patcl• r«aaVtl -.cS oon~lned a pftmJAa• nev

,. 8110004 l•f (occe.lionalll'• • 'tbil'4 led> beuirlo • t-'lhtu"

paniCle •• 1M WP• lh• ""'hesie stage of the dauQhtet eboo•

appear' .. afcu- 28 d•r• 1n aat:ne, JO aar• .lA .rara. •s ctaya ill

Ma~i and 49 df1J8 1n Keloj,._..4• !b• .-se~• patt.esa 111

t.,.. of .aec:.tM.e of: tbe cont•• of cbl01'ophy11 Md t.at·te.ID t

~ flag -.4 aeo.oDd lMf ot the daugbtel" abQou ot 1$ rice

cultivara wu rec~.s from -. antbetU •taoe ( o dCf > to

trut ••eSCGDt ataoe C a1 4•:ta ) ol th• «•"'• .,., ., .IA'-Val• oi 1 dar••

' Mo!JII!II,\8- l!tJl:fllll, ttl -b .SIIi!SI£, lfLotl ,'?I f9S ~~·.~~~t•~.,~~~·· •sa!~~-. a~~~ • ~n tm• • atu<ly the re1a~ahip bdfe8l tbe patten of Qlb11LaaUoe

. of m_.u.-. 11om leavea to -the grdtl• .net the patten

of led •••.,••~ tbe .,.rt ol £ 32P.].phofiiPletA fi'OII

the- aao 8A4 aeooft4 led to - _.__of .... 4augbW

tboet an4 alm t:be• l:$ttA1;.ioa of ~tadicMCU¥1~r a tbtt hi

led of to'U#'s-ice-culU.vua wu• atudiacl n IAuwele el

'I am 4\lttng the perio4 £rom •••• t o «ar ) • .-eeceu ••01 ( ll <~•r• ) of •• d ... , ... -~

•SI?i!14JAB ,liMit .I IV •to!r th• •dOQeD0\1•- leY- ot pcolt&te tn the leave• of dau_._. ahoot;* ch•J~e• 1a the

coQt.en.t of pM)UJle ill en• Jlq en4 acoed i•af of._

,. 1,11 1Ulf1Uitt.f1.11·. ij. 'lf.li'·. CJ I .·liP .. "* t.l ..... fTJIUJ. PI r(n t 11'8

«•uon., ab1o• ot fourt '"'" ou4Uvct ••• 4•.,."-tcl •• I

"''•wal.t of ·t 4•r• .__. .... , fi'Otl _,.._,,.. ' o cter l •

••e.cf.ftt .-.,_ f ll clap ) o.f ~· «•-.tv ..,.,.

cu11d.Y&#f di!tet in ttud.r loft;eYi'J •ut t'b• ~epn4111Cd.te

d•velopme• 1tena a <U.ft••• r£.c• c\JltJ'V•• £a 4&ftw•'

t.lmee ol' qea ol •• CtUlt£••• tM dur:au• ol ••uata••• end r:-,p..auotlv• pb.,. of tow .rtce oult.iYCI wu ..-eco1de4.

Her·•, the 4wa~ .bOa g.-miue~n of ••• up 1D tbe

••v- o' paic1• eMJ:9tlnc• wa• .,._. u ve;etau .. ••• c4

fr:oa ~-OJ overall .-e,c•c• of tbe pl•t ••• ooaddae4

•• .-~«gctive. aut*•

1&#19\1 ··RCu4&&1tuDI.VII-, II JO»ll .t&•M AA

a•&IQIIII, 11, Car WI II~S'!Ill • •• 44fl•rtov •fteou

ot honrmee (blftiY18d•4n• •4 o(.4apbthel•• ecnJ.c aoldl ,

outtJ.•n~ .a~ p4Qlfi•: r:emovel on •••••c• ot WhOle plcu

••~"• e'W4ied $\4 tll• ••r• d44.,.S o•u • W•decl "''* ,p1eq.ta .... ~ecto.1'4Mdt

Iff$ o,.t. _favo'Ff!tlt, f!d et•o!f!t»!.t RhOW•!!at• ,!AQ!Da at JI!Qsllatt a! • .I$9MRHM4:e&lt«t <=!UJ.UEJ,V.il.t~-I!U!£1. 'lG !tlb!J¥J I PbotopeJ:&odihlJ.r

.cA.ce la o .tbNW•J' pl••• ••.a on the .t:etPOQ" to 411'

ltlfitt:b tpbot.opc.iQ4 , .rice cnalU•ar.• d'e brOidJ.y olauUW

Aato wo )~toed group• tunelr, pb()to.p81'.loA-•••.t.t.lv• _.

pbotoper.t.o&-ta._t1Uv• variftl•• Mc)Qg •• tou '"'" oulUv<We nliU.e«~o tbe <:ultt•u• M-.,.u1'1 en4 ,.aloJU'a •••

pbOtopeJricut-•••J.tS.v•,

'I<> tt\ldf •• ••••• of t.~ttavo=~• ptao•peno4 on tlow•1tla enct e·••••c: .. of thea• two ault.t.var:a, tDiy vue

or:own ega.la 1ft tb• f1el4 •ttu b.,.,.. ~• ...U.iaga,

••ato~•• f'Me1'f'e4 .thOI"\ clay•· but tbe matlt#e pl•ta

l't!Qtl\ftd long 4ars (\1\fa\c\mablw • 1:1\e toW durd.S.c:D •f

MaauJ:'l aDd K.aloJJ.c-e ou1tJ.YU'a tcom ••-' ;~atioa _,

...._ ...,.-ce w•• -~..--.. a .. e-~ . ~ ·~ • ..,....,...,

!~tlll-al .. 12t&H.tu114t!a a1 aleS! x&;a, ,., et ~~sa .r&tlt .11 fQN SISI al:.Uau • Aq\leou. sola~• of M

(o.s. ··to·~) aa ~ ( 10•'.N) ._.,· eepuatlllr apr.,_.

at the raw of $ m1 pl.at•1 a.,·' tol' a c:oaucuuve czar• F10t to .eGQh ._,_._..Ul. date .war 20 plct./w.-..•

ot ·•• of oe ib\11' l'ic• oultivea:e \ll!llg O•l" '-fiPOl

. (a\ pH '•0) u a. 81lffacU\t. On eacb occuloft, conU"Ol

plen-.a wet• J4en.,.«Ja11y epnyed with equal emotmts of

. o •. s• tettpOl (ll)a, ao•• )~ only. s,tayifto wu 4oft• •• •

tlad t:tm;; .in tht 1ftOrAil'l9 to evoi4 ~tcht.at• Pltate ,.,..

benet_. dtM" tb• plut age of 115 .sera Ja RatD-.

m• r JJ 1 _ 1tPP 11 t · n J

Sit aar• An .,,.,._. 1• 4ar• il'l H....,i en4· ,,. «ara a ~alojt.ra.

Alvr .1.5 4•• o.f eWl4qin;, the following r£4114 4•• •••

coJ,leicW.

!he P•'-fi• 1fM\lb't. ad Wle p.s,Q yield PH ..sl~W

w•• enalyaed afta harveat ill th• wea..S ctt JA •tteatlld

plaJJ '-• 1tt.• mob1U•aUoa .&Ada CMI) , 4d&aM u tM l'tJio ot

cJ:Op wei.gb• to awaw weight of tb• p4eftt ( JOJ } co b'"en

iGClex btl) ,. 4efifted u tb• pecenc.tt of ._.id ctq vMgb'

of the. plcc that, cepr•••• the 9Jt•.tA rLel4 ( •• ) , vu• $1.o ~:eco&:ae« for eacb cultt.vu.

~~- o" .. .r:wltl.~f-"1 .l!lf _ jlrOJt !lll. Rl:!RM ,OfJ .at &!!II s~ &ss~~~!S! .. $!t,Si!t!l 41 ,1!1 ,I'&"P4YI!A!e. .... O!le ... ,

the thlree lew•• (ftq; -=ond ea ttli#d l•af) ot •lllh

culUvat ttao ;:~voCl at ~ anthea1e au .. .n4 ••

~omaSoiog leav.- wer• allown w tiOfl on t:h• plea-. ..

Jn~ mde£o11a'*i p.J.eat• we;• ...._ aa GODU01. D•loliaW

ee lieU u .S·aloll.et.d pllfttt w•• batv'••'" •<l yf.elct

aa• w·er• oo11_,.ed u ~J.oe.t.M .-. ••

~lfllebiU • ~d U.tauet ( IO.mo J w•• ••Md lo s 1111 of 01\llW eo• •••• aDd k~ ai; i'c &a a aMP fl"•­~· • ll• •• eup••ten• vu <Seoaznred ott •a the ,._,.

•anrplq w~e r.illnd .,-.sc. Vi.th • Udl·e WlQie Of 10"

"*i I_ 10 '$91 ... .ll.i.IUP tl,d_ .. il.in!UI_I(tll "ill .,.,'i I I .. f F. Itt TJ 'q

12

.-.:etoae until ~er wwe <:oreplet.elJ bee from gr.- oo~v •

'Ale ~atent e¥\4 the vaabJ.nge wer:• pooW to;etbu,} llad

~P 1:0 a, 4efJ.G1te wlllne ( 10 m1 ) an4 waa · ...uw:.s at tMS

in ~ spec.t.meh• b"tr:opbotcm•t.er f~i~;Hn• Xndl.a, Mot~

lfo. C·t 160 t16lS0) j.,, 'l!)e Obl.oJOphyU OODtel'lt Val ea.-ated

Ua.iag the fO·t!IUla Of! AmOQ ( 11 .) en4 eap.r••Md U •; t•l

ls:-eoh wotgbt•

~msam • The cblo~:ophyll ~ .. leaf aempl•s were cnlbe! . . i vS.th 80% eth~l and csttif~- at 6000 g fo;r 10 ldll• •

make the pellet. u.e ftom ph•ol, .f.t wu wuhed neceedv•ly

with ton Cw/v) eola tziehlo.roacettc acid (W1cel, ethyl

e1,cobol {once) , ethyl aloe> holt Cbl.o#o fozm ( 3a 1. v/v, twice ) .,

ethyl l$leoheltetbeJ: ( 3a1# v/v, once) Md elrlally v!tb

ethel' ( ottce ) following the method desol'ib.S by~- .sd

Mldic'a { 149 ) • ao peUet was the evapocat.ed to U"Ja•••• 'l'b$ pl'otelft was eolllb.tl.le«l by t.reatmg wlt:n 1•0 s .R"* at

80°C fl)r: 1 th A d$£1oite VOl't¥40 ( 4 :1\l ) Wa.a mede W1th th•

u~action !Qt!tdj.um •. 1tt.e protein wu eadmale4 by r:eactta;

the p.:otelo JJ~l.ut.ion. w£tb !t)lln-phcol 4'eaoent Mel •eae~u:iftg

the o.u.., val,ue •t GSO ram. lQ t:be s,ectrocha Spect:co~to­

•ete~" following tbe me~ ot Lowr:y et ai ( 186 ) .• 'lh•

qUm.t£tat1ve detetmioe~ wu made l1y COIIperJag the o.o.

values ·o! the statldUd curv•cutd.og .bOv.kle ,_. .. allna'-" (SSA, fr&Ot#.Ot\ V pOWdez:'t Sigaa Chan1ca1 Co•• U$A) • 1be

IJ l . I 1l li I J l' i . ! f . I ~:!: 'I CIA!iflf\OIN!f J .' . ; : ri. I I . IU; ·.11 I 1 •• Ill I W ·1 . PI ., . i1 . ; It a• .• , If 1 •

IJ

di:OU. ,J\.t8.• ) llatle ln 0•5 M of lfaOH ( 200 lQ1 ) • a. 1•

aoobe11e Galt (A~!\•) eto~.S in oo14. a. CoPPtl'·~atau :re•oea~ • so .rag cuso4, SRao (A•a•) ••• a1uo1•-s m so a1

(t,.e. o.s,. ot 1" Rocbelle sal\ juait betot• un. '1'UI

100 Ill ,-o• a~eo3 • RaOK I'~QII1\• were .S4ed to it.

"• J\,I)J.4A-c.ktoa1Mu I"M9ell • • 1 vol•e ot tb.la r•v-• wu dil\l- to 10 '101-.a tt4i:b tU.•tJ-1144 ve,br jun "foR llstt.

'!£QSSR ' t. 8\1. of p.cot.Un .olUUon wu m•asu.s o'* tile!

to i~ a. ml Q~t ooppv..-WW•to J:&a98fll waa .,s.,ea. lt vaa

mtud v.U end oU.owec.t to ats4 fbi' exaot.lr 10 #lin• 1 m1

of the dUutec~ lbJ..iO •eao-t v*e \btrl d.S a• #Qidly ad

u ~if0·11itlr u $o•ibl• t.o th• t.Ue· ~o .. lowed .by laaedlau

th010ugh m~g. lt ·w•• upt a~ •uc:b to~ JO mS4 aaa the

o .• D. we.e •••.s a• &10 ••

JatCIAM• 1 Led U.•••• .( 1 0) ·~• bOIIOQIDlwecJ wttb

8 - of O•l H 406lum .fbOSJ)hete buffer ttla,HPo •• IH2o.

ttaH3,o4,~3o l .(Pi a.s fO# P"otaas• amS pH t.a fo~ caUl.•••

~- !o0e; <:JettU'ifu9'« ,fl-. 10,000 v foz 10 •• ata.ct tbe ..,_. ...

aatanta were •• ·.up w 10 ra1 ttitb th• a~uw INffw

. I . J

••

IIOltittOAa S6 WGH UGG<l a• the :IIOUCOCt of a.r&a!e ••JM tb&­

tbe asew oe PJ:~Ot.N• t JG J ad ca'h.lu• C 149 ) • tht1r

oct4-vt"-• were uoare« folloWIAG t;h• method• atc4U\Iised

J.Q thi$ 1..,r.at:o.:r witb sligb• modU1catS.al• u dftdltld

below•

f.~o.lU!! •nsr • · Pn-.... aoUvltr ... II8U1Ihd

acc:>_.£Ag iO •• met;bod 4•••U'Ie4 br 11••• lll4 Cbouct"-1

t 25 ) • l'he ~rea".loa mixtn.B"e fo# •eawc.&ag pxoteue

e.c\t.¥4'¥ co"_.."" ot t ml eaqme .-sat ( pH •• I ) , . . '

o.~. m1 of o •. 1 M: Mgso4 eel. s. 111 JSA (SO ...ut/111 ) • ••

#QOOUoll. W$8 ftopped bt ldd1Ag I llll of' 10" Utcblo•ilhtlc ' ' .

e.ot4 (A.a.. gar.S-, 11m ) aftet tncubatw'lo fo~ 1 b ·- ll"c in tm SncubeOJz u4. the .retldual pro•~A vu •asa.ret bf

ll})l.-.pt8lo1 r:eagen' t J86 ) •

A&~llsM!:~RU!Rb!8$11AII,IS"IUI• Leal ...,1 .. ( I g) '

1f·e;e ~&<'ted W1tb 4i.Ull.S Wa._, CtnViluQ«! at

so.ooo g tor 10 mift and ee •upeaat.a• wu u .. ct u ••

C.Nde enaJrA• .aouoe -~ the ua•y oi al.ktiine pyr:opbo ...

pbetut·" ~e acuvitJ ot tbia ••JII• wa• &PWe4 foU.V1a.g " . '

the metbo4 4e~JCrilM4 by xu anO HLatw• ( 148 ) • !he .... ,

miatu• ( l ml ) cooteJn..S 150· ,u mol• a-i..aca ~ulfK (pti &•6) • 5 ,u mo;l.e •••fJQCU• pJJ:OpbotPha--. aoo _. •l•• Mgel.2 •4 l atl of ·tbt ••• •• ., •• ·At tal' .fAOUba"- -~

·J7°C fO~ 10 .,. tb.e #HCtkJA WQ etopped .bJ a4ding l mJ.

/ ·r 'J .1.1

L'l .· MI'VI: !IJI.Jii iMIII~ .:r: I ,I .1. , Jr. Jl!ll I I I 1. t d'l 111 l*tl'll ... J '• F II l. 1 'I

. 'IJ

·sa mJD, tb• GlGP eUpena_., vat taktll toa- iraor:o-i•

pho-.pha..• e•t.lm4t.i0q. by cbrroef1G10 C"eage\l ( l.U ) • ••

•••• e.oatadA.tag I 2111 ot aupema\at •• 1 a1 of ~r

pl'tJ>ar-.1 Ob#oJQofttde •eagatt ( 5 g AR pate JdO t' tK2t +

. 1 g • vra.ct• (NHJ 6 • 1 oa.t' • 1o, 4btolft4 • too 111 ••

. S N HaSO 4) WQ lOCUbattd 101' &I cUn at .10'4• ,_,. iotllfl.lty

ol .blu. colou of ,. mlxt\11'• waa • ...-.. •• 110 •· A

blenk wa• ,.,_l-•lr J'UG whee J. tA1 of dta.S.UIM! ••'- •u

•eel in ,place • 1She ·~_.. • .,.._

ast&as, ISMJ&:JX • catat ... aoUYit;r wu ... apes ••1'41Do to tM me~ of •••U ad SoA~\IIY (SOIJ) u de.-.u-s

bJ ••ll ar:ut snell ( JJO ) • '-be .cUv1\r o• oaw ... vu

.... -' bf .ceact$at a tOJ.ac• ol 1 Ill of ••,.a uw•• lpa t.a ) an4 2 .a. of o.ooas K H2o2 t= 5 alA a r7°c m 8ft .tncub.ato~>• the l"eacdoll wu ttopptld by .Sdiftt 1 al. ef

o.s" ''•"~ au1ph•• (IV) m 20t4 t~zto • (Y/Y) aD4 the

11!4.-we wu cetttr.t.lufd •• 6000 t tot.' iS tWit a. m-.d.tF

of the· yeUott oo·lo~ d . .welopas wu ... _... at 410 oa ill a

s.pee=chem Spe~t.o...-.

In eecb oaaeof ... ,._ •••tr• •~ tiel· ooa~l vaa

'*• u bl.- aod i:be aoUv.l.t.y of •• ,..,._ wu -~•..S

• C 6 A • '~./'• • ·9) j, ""-• D A 1• ~· .allMnlftO• of

the aeple afte.w Ulc\l:be.Uoa miAu,, 'l:b• tab.:t&"bance •• .., UM

coatcol• s-9 4t the to\,.al. .,,_. ol ~ CU\I"U., • 1..1 tu

tt_. _$ ., .•• r·r_ ·.r· ·1· Tt-ltft-h·.t_Jt.'?_i Plll.t.F_l __ q __ JLFt.\'_ ... 'flfJ.' ..•. J'L' _ -· •WI

I I 'I UJ PC . . I iii }1 I - tr n nu - I •• ·~~ I

Mat (mln) of low;nd>at.t.on with tul'I.Ue• aad • ia tM •'al volumt of. i.U.Wah •atwt fol' f.QOllbati<ll ( 19 ) • Sh4l _._...

-.::Uvtw ••• ••••.s u ••r- •'•·•:• ... 1 vt •• w ....... , • ...... _..,__ ·aCn,_Di&al8 I Dl'f le.C •fliP~• (100 ag ). •••

dl;ei.S vlfih a ml. of OOAc•tf.W R2so 4 (AP- _..,., etr 1 b •

. A hGrloOJGeoUI t.llMk ao1ta .. ttPP&Ui.ttl Wb.1Cb WU' cooltd to

•• ~tmP••••· Aft.et· collplete <Slp•Uoa,, • cw dn;• of

a2o2_ ••• t«tl<d • 41- and ctbeded •011 •• ao1~ vu

colouleSJ., lb$- \"'lm20 wu mee up to 50 Ill w.ttb 4£..UU..t

vaWw OJ)• ml ot •• ..waot.d aol~ wu mi.Md w.1a 1 Ill '

ol .10# -1• h1UOJd.de •« 10" eocU.'- aU~•• ( 1111 ) ,

toUow~ l)t· I d;, -Of •WOntlr alW!at •••1_. e z•••• (K1Kf' 4J fott \hf ••~••u• of tote& aiWOV'Il aooold£D,

to thfl me..a 4.8(JJ:'iW bJ' VOgtl. ( lfl ) t .Utu lS ••~

tbe· tfttt.all#.\y ol •• ,.uov COliOU dWelop.S WU ••at •t. t

410 tlnt 1G a sgeo~. ap_,.,photo_.u. A bl•Jc ' ' -

COfttaltliAW 4ia"1110 V4W w ... no - M .ldenUO~ nr• . '• '

.lllttoga~t 1•.:. waa aU.CNlaUCi -.. * o.o. Yaluea of •

stal14a.rt.cta"Q pltttpRG4 td.- CIBJ 2ao,. _Itt• ,., ....

QOQi;tiU\ va• exp#a..S •• mg o•1 d~rr weight.

»cau&&sa Rlr.fMIIB~I.CMad • as t of potaPt•

ioO~ .(gf) were 4ii.1Yt4 1ft 1.00 Ill Of 41t~U11.S '*••• 45 HgCla Wd· $ld.S to £• wt• c:ontJ.nuoua •tki'Jafl lllW ~

87

a el&gbt P~*oi.PitatiJ c-•ain.S• A •lutiofl of 120 .. of •aea . ' '

kl aso m1 of 4LaU11.S waw wu. w!(!-.t to tb.&. _. ~· f.taal . . . .

volume was ~· up 10 S l"tr• w.ttn tl.laWled ••W• A UWe

=~• H9Cla JOlut.ton WN t:h• ec54ed UDtU tbere ••• a pera ..

Gent •urbt<t&•r• tbe m4.UU'e wu al:\0We4 \O ••« etc 1 day

·and then <ieeenMct o£1. l'be · •luUoD ••• •• in • -*'• coloweet $toppeetJ 11ot;tle ~ '*" ( fl 1 ) •

lltMII&DISMla .tC id&&l»'HI • The •• •aple k011 soo mg

6q sqmple wu <llali01Yetl .J.Q. 2 ml ot ooocetl'ated • 2ao4 «• _.aa_,, a.t.1v'..s 1-e; to 121 111 -.t m-..s "'"• a

f :

lib~ l!to., 1 fllw P~W•• Dll'ea tftl of tM tl.lua• •••

m£ad w·Atb l rd. of ftelhlr Pl"ctPar.a abl'omoltllio ~ • ._, to&-, '

the 4etunWia~ ol iDo.:;atlle pbOfPilO~• ( 1D ) • tbe

_tnor~••• ot oh.loarooeoit: ~"•qat• hue .UM!r JMM

mon•toned. 'ltle m.-. vas tlMO ifl.c•Ud lo6 11 Ilia ••

S0°c a>r .9bO~nl deUI'mSD•Uoa, ttw .tAtelllt.J •t the

blat colour of tbe mtatu&"• wu ~tatel.y ••auad at ' ' . . .

S51,) Na £a a Sp~ Sp.ot:Rpbo.-"'"• A l)lMJt wu

•J.nd.lalv &-un Wbue J. m1 ot cu .• w.led va-tu,_.. uaea J.n

place Of 3 m1 flltrate. ·PbOOboW. l.wg W~ ca1R1flt.e4

IJ:c.>lfl.th• 0d)• velu• oe a etao481'4 oun• pt:epe.l'et w.t.t:h - .

tfaj04, l2HaO (AR gc.S-.l and up%eu.a •• -.g a·1 d#J val."'••

Rtit!m&!J!Mia, 1! ~2!bU!lD • axtr•ot.too atacS eata.Mti.Oo of

~tuslum ••• 49• .fblloV.iftg the Mtbodl ducriMd JA

.n 1 J ifi;;hP•fAP~Ii1 ·o:P1f.' _·] d 11 .'' J' J _Jt: 'LbUilll'!'r r_ J _$ ·.J IJP 4 JJ JPII r •• 1

.. •••- ·a:;· ·r · ·.·Pdf, · · . t. H!ilU nrnn _ _ ••u• f_ . 11 :· .r r ll t · nt t • • • ·-A•O•A•(:• ( 10 ) • Dq .leal ...,lea ( 260 Cf ) wee .._ J.a

t'l1geation fi.. G114 I ;a\1 of COR C. HNO S wer• fld4e4 to .tl,

cov•ecS wJ.tb a COVf!A glpa ead aUowtd ·to ••c! mUl ••

l'e6Ctiort wae complete. It vu. ~- h_.ted Ul1 the 10Wd

pantcl.•• 4iMPPetarect, eooltd •• 2_.1 m1 •f p•chlo•t• ect.4

( 70" ) ••• .Sdad to it. DU.• dlgaau« aol•Uon. wu tll:et

h•aM~S v• tll' &4 t.h• Vi;oxou.S.y untll •• 10luUca •••

clear. Aftu ooolLog, the «i;eft.S nlu"- waa pov .. into

e. mel\SViof aa.a, the vola. •• mate up • 2S a1 _, 144JAg

tU.•tU.14\! w.-, •11ovtd ·t» 1'-4 OVUAiob• ad f11t=-n4

that<nagb • Wbat.mltl ,lfo,, 1 IU._ pap• aU\ daf• AD a.J.1quot

ol IS J!ll. <"Jf tale above tol\IUoa wu ue.S to -.un .. po·taaa.laa GQAt•' lA the leaf Usa_,. l'be #atcu•r •• the

eolol.W of the llame wu 4walop.S or •b1e .,luUoa 11114 vaa

euwet by the flaM PbO-IIle..- (Wype l#S, &y.uonlo.,

ln4U) uc&ng e IUtel' to~ potua1'*1• ''DM _,., ot p0~ ~

•Diwn p.re1e\ j.n. the led u•aue waa de'hr'ldA.:! frc. tb•

oelibrattOQ <:Q&"VG P#*'loudy P#epatedl\' u.s.Dg lcMVIl

conccnv·auoo t 100 ppm) ot potu•1um oblo.:£4• cd ••

date ••• ~eaaed •• •9 ,,.1 dl/f welgb't.

!!Jt!'a!U!l·¥1'1!,£:3!LZ~&hlf • trtp po#UOD ( 1 •) of

t1&Ch led .lA the matn d.llel' o,t •e.oh oul.,lYU' wu ..... at.tlly

·41pped fol' 48 h lA 4ltt••t 9£61• COA--ill\1 i &11 ot 2 11M

C".Siopboapbote aa a3 lapo, (aa.a K aq > .s. o.l M .u.

ciwaa butf.rt at. pK o.s. Attw feeding 1:be imtope, the

•do tilleJ:e wer• fUn a~Md t=m tta• pltlllu .s o. .J,A41V14ual 0'9SJ v1•• l•el fed w i.1b f»pj.pboepbattt (fUat Oft flag, HOO_,f fdld 'thi&'d) 8tl4 ~iffer•t .. .tal

aiftlt or:gaua :( ruat1J' thtYGJ.ope4 rowag lew•• cw· paJ.Q o~

da-..ttatu shoo" ) ver• eepuatld kom 10 p1•u ot •b cu1Uvur. aemomlaed aampk1 collected fcota tb• .t.M._YJdual

o~gan• were HPUattir 4tti.S on p181l0het'.QI tad• •Wp• £a~a-•~ 1azw• ~u.- a' b. a• .ras».nlv.ttr ta; 1111tt1

l.ear1 J tetain.s b.r trua t.s. led ad GP0~''-4 • ••

·(U.tfGf.O•· autel 1i0Jc Ot:fll\• of: •• plal wee a:-.1"4 .. 1D

a Gei~U1l.- ())\Dter (ICX.t.,. tod,k, IIO<Iel ••• C. 11 • A ) •

.._action ~4 ll'actlofta"cm ot o,_lda.iD ••• dooe aoau:dm

to Ob4•sasUDto ana sua! ( ass ) • Leaf aaapl ... _..

hcmogeniled vltb eo• metb•ol ( lO m.1 ,-1 fl:•h ·--• ) in

a :hotaogec4.as m4 •tract«! at 4°c ~ 2• lh ~- saetbe­

aoJ. itt •• ·•ttacti wu 4WU01'6U4 iii Y.C\D •• .,• c. '1be

aqueo\ltt· so4uUora •••· t•*" tot f.bo, uarq of attok.iaiA-Uice '

•oba\;8Qce<a> • 2be a~eou solut.lOB wu t4JU.te4 • pH 2.1

v.S.tb 4Uute RCl. an4 partltloll-.4 avain•t tbl'• till• 1101 ..

of metby1eae obl(»cJd•..- •• equ.,u• pbue wa• adJua'*d agai.D

to pH s •. o with ss aaHco1 anc penlttanetl w4tb thl" .. td.M•

vo.J.•• of wa-...ae,taraced O•W'*'Ol• TM pcU,tloa.&.na ·

p.:ocecl\U."G wea J:cpeaW ~·· Un~a. 11'l• •olvc• pllue wae

61'1 . .:1 ell4 •*'~"4Mci to dt:lft•••• 1'be .:••£due •• diMIOlYecl

••

Aft a fiDalJ. volta• ol 80" m~l •us Cl't.#otlatotriiPUd w • \~~batman so~ 1 pape.r w&tb a-butanol• ••Uo eoidtwater (ttltl,

v/V) !.)y the ueeb4tnv manftu. the pap• vu d~&ecl llld ~

vanavuaelr iftUt 10 equal •trlp• co"re.,oadlo9 to ta. llf

Yalutll• Eaeh av&p wu cvt AAtD emall plac• •4 .xua~

vJ.Wl m•thanp.l at s0c overn1gb($ ana . ..._ Uil'to' ••• "*'~ bloas•ere4 br crtokinin J.nauc.s chl.o.ropbr.U I)J'IIdioll ia

••lola\64 c:ueutlbel" cot.yledona ( c•, L.ODI Gnc ) aceol'dla;

. to iletl:be~ Gftt MCC\tlla.gh ( tl ) • 1boae •••• wbicb lboWe4

b1ologJ.c.t a"'lvi'Y in bio-••r we~:• tnteQI'&Md end othus

eboWJJiO mugiaal JAOt;iYi\J wse eiltCUded •

. ~~HI¥ t ~r Mt4• lQ&u&l 11"!11 L. ov. J.ong Glrec )

were gerualru1\e<l 111 tbe d&J>k at IG t 2°c fol' f 4•1'1• 1'be

oo•y1111ona were exciaect •tt ;pl$1 .. 4ft 5 CJr& fet.riditbta ea­~Aag 3 m1 of Jci.Qeti.ft eolutlora (ua.S at suadt#4l &-.at.lng

kom 0.001 ·to 10 mQ Utt•l Wbicb g.Ve a 111\eM ~eapon• ( 81 ) •

l'ftll. Petrid,l;ehes ltra'e returAe4 t;O the d_.k at. U 0C: fira\ •d

theQ mcv$d ln_, 'tbe fluore•o•- 1£91\t ·w.1•h • intcatJ.tr of

ae ..QS m•2 ,.:•1 at 2$00. Aftu 2• b, the QblocopnJ>ll tcoa

tb• 10 co'tyledoaa wa• eatc'aottd v1t.b cold ••tbao1. &tide uP

t;o a ·wlgq of 10 rtl). ad ttl•· Chlorophyll lwel •u 4eteaa1Dtld

,by m~ulll'illf th•.1• U.O#btncy a\ 650 am Ln. • Spctnc:rb•

apectropho fDnletetr.

I

~e.c~n and f("ac:JtlorultJ.oQ ot ABA vue done ecco•uao t10

N.tlght ( 401 ) • JIGaf aamp1ea w•• ~gGOla.S with eo"

tl

eqo.et)\ll aetl\ano1 ( 10 al o•1 ~~'•• wc(lht ) ed uvac--' e• t'c fo# 24 r.. !fbe p.r-ooeaun waa .:-•••'*' oaoe •tua• KetbMol ,lQ the ~-eel .v,acta wu e\fapo.re.W. in •••

at «J0 c-. 111• reat<U• wet~ 1'.-:oo•~•uted 1ft J3 m1 of ••

distU1Gd va•r ( as•c- ) •« the aq\'&tout ..u-ac• vu • ' ;> " •

Gdj.uate4 tQ ptl l.&vlth 4Uu-. Hel aJtd the .,_ AlA-lOa

aubaeance(t) wu ••eoted ~ UIA~ wt.tb -cU,dhrl .-.

(p.:oldde-IJM) • Mhi\UOua ..SWI aulfate ( 90 9 ) •• 11t.S

•tth total •t~~• J.vu en4 kflpt fo., 2-s b to• tiqiag ••

-au.oue lar•• the ·~ lar• ooa\•lllt ,.. .. ABA-Uitia eub&teftt:e(e) vee ·cll'ied. the I'~ wu rtidie~CJ1Y•4 Ja a-

••U w1\ne ot e'"' metbanol -.14 etor•.S a\ a0 c •tt.U ue.s.

ib•-l•ftU' Which wu put11W)ntd •taJ.aat the ••• 1.,..

wu t;hGtJ tall• for 'tb• •!hatermi.aat:lon of-_,~ •• pH

WQ ldjut_. CO 1 tO Wlth 4Uute Re.OH, •••414 &\ 2°C oY_.

alub"- PI vee- a;atn e4Jqat:.s • ll•O "'- diJ.ne IJaOJl •cJ

ver.r.ea at tt'c fCC' at h-. At_.- hJti.mlra.l-, •• tolu'*

WU .r:.14&.J (:00184,. pH WU .Sjuc.l- a.& W1'lb 4Une HCle

»We,ctioaatlot'l u·u 4ofto in tJle manrua~· 4-eMribtd fol' fNe

ABA •. u.• ,.r:uwue wu d£Gao1ved io a •Ill vol•• ot •t:Mnol

an« ettoreA a\ a0 c. AU tM •• etttl'ac·- ••• tu~ pltl'ifi.S on •llS.ce ~oa-4 u.o pJ.a•• Owelop.S in •

ll$tnul:• of UoPJ:'OPaftOll CIIIOAWWatelr (&Otll S# Y/Y) ..S the

ton«t on eao-h- p1att ...,..re.~f49 to AaA ._.__. .,.. (£. ..

quench-'. •10'18 on v. V •) 1• eel'ap*l off •4 eluU4 with

·t2

m•tnellol erl4 eto~e4 at J°C ED~ 48 lt. D\e elute wae th.a

epp&f.ed ·~ paper c:Jwomato;c• (Wba-.n No. l) wbieab vu

4evelQptd .tn en aaoetiCUDg m~~mar in a • .._. ol tbe ....

aolYtAt tn« allow.S to hll lO CD• AfW dqJAg oveza...-·t al

1'00$ cemperatw:-. each ~ato91tam waa 41¥&4«1 Lftto

· bO.r:icootal aeotl.ooa Jlut ooJ.r thoae e.:~t.on• CDC'.reapolld•g

to tbe ABA aoae we~:• b1oaaa.vc witb whea• (Dit&Q•

JL~SJCI OV•: lbnalika) <»leopW• o•gaU.ve elol\pUOD

b1oa!lsa:r ( 406 ) eg~ft.~ foar ABA.

!1oae; .. x , Nbeae •.S• ( jN&aal IIIARIU cw. aonallu ) we:re

eu.:ft110e.ewWeect with o.l" mccuc-ie ob101'J4e (Hgcl2) tolu­

t.icn for: t 1\\tn fA4 thflli Wtah.O .ta dLe,tJJ.l.S wahl' fo.l" a...,_.al

U..t• seecULDge Vel"e QJ:'OVft ill wothe4 atu.Ue MD4 •t 2t' c

fb.c J day• 1a tOt~~. d•ae••• Cbleoput• •eoaeott~ e.a• am 1ft

leGgt:h w•e cut Juet below, tbl a.amm tip PIOJ:'t.l.oo• a,,. each

tletecmJAatlota; 10 aw:b • .,_..._ from 10 cU.ff4t"c' col•pUl•,

••• fltl4e6 t.o eacb PetrA4ilh contaiftino 5 tal ot un •l~ and ••• Ancub41:e4 to.r 11 b •• ae0 c £n total der:•••• '.l'Mu growtta was meassat wttb a fiDe ecala ( oa• 4.lvi•toa • o • .tt ~Qgtt. a .-~.. ~maaop• (alO ma~1flcatico) llol41DO tmt

aegaEJl\4 in e. •Veightel'.l.S podtloQ ~ • forctp. au. MM

l«:ngt:b of the 10 aewn•• to NCb 41ah ••• apnaaed u , pe.r:c•.tmt• -ol inc.r:aaen' of tb• watu control. t&.o. v...,

CQCU01 tru:.r..._t le equal • 100" ) eel plo\tad •Gida•t t.be

posS.tion oC 'the se~t;. on the chtomato9J'ell tD 91•• h.f.•t:oor••

"' A• tne a•• ,l.me, a tt.en.4u4 ow:v• wu p'epu..S w.ltt \M

pWJetl eolutJQAs of JcDow oonoett~aUona (0.1 mg to 10 •v llt•t. ) of t ABA (Sip& Chemlcal CO•; VIA ) lB • 14•t.t.cal

mataner ae 4e•c;r.lbed lol' wa'ka.owll ABA bioaeaar• 1$aCW ABA

vu esUma~ OOlDJGI'int wt~ tbt .t.rlblW.Uon of PDwth w1W\

tha\ .of 4\lt:bentl.c ABA.

•·•• CASUYII. a&, Mauux lllllit a .,_ ccto91ft0••; boamonal

l•.S.• #fPOI''*4 be.re were ••uu~:etl by b1ou•.v utbCWJa, •cS

tbel'efoJ:"•., er• su~Jeoc to JAhK•• l.1m1t4.tlon• ot th• blo­

us~y techniqUe• (e.g.; .ln•fuec., • lt. voU14 hrle bMn

bettu lf tl\e mraluatloo of cblftt•• An. boi'IIIOD• 001\c•tl'•tlOfta

U. .led tlaa'UU during aglfti oould 11e 4one udftg 1IOd em

phya£co-ol*i1t;al. rne'tbodl of botnDn• mauu••u wi\b ful"tbU

pwif.toa·tl<m peJiot to m•••••••• Iq. etJ41Ua., )do ... .,. •

.,.. vu1abl.•. e1ld 'tih&i# ablUty to l.'eaolv• aall d1ffel'eoce•

beiV•• treat:n'ltoU 1e qui• amaU. Ho'tl.vu,. tol' pcec:aution.-y

meaaure•; avema oce vaa \aka du;t.ng biousay «'4 .. cb

M¥urernen' wu &'epUcated •.tx d.sl••• tho• tba coao.~a­

~-- got. V$-tb bioUMJ' t41CbQI.que• dll;ht llO' b• 4CCU&t8t

•• cbaG;o:• in J»n1t)Q• conc•u•tS.oD• wi'b agitlg ••• fo..S

1D ~· .repftJduc!ble en4 tba• tlft blnta about tb.U ill'fol.,._

aera' ia a•eeaenc••

&rtiRI • P.rol.iae NU ea,.imaMI!i eouowU.g th• mettaoe of

sa-.. •• .a1 t 18 .) wlth aligb' e44.1!1oattoa•• Led e.-pl ..

••

( 100 mo) ver:• bomotlflh.1n4 vtth '·" .;uaou• •u1.to•eJJAJ11c

aciG 111 a mona&" .en.CI i:he bomoflll'late wee CIDtritug.S at

5000 g :fol' 'lO m&a .. a m1 .ol trb• a\lpel'Q&UB\ vee I'MCt*i v1

a m1 of .o14 ra4rah.Jd~£rl <t.as t~~A•a• alohJd.r.l.ft AD 10 ·~ .. •>~';';

Qlaol.d aced.o G.01d) •4 a a1 of 6 M photpho~:1c aolcS ,_. •

tel- ~- lbr: 1 b at 100°<: ad the l'fJIOUGft wu '-11\.I.IIMeG

ill an ~ ba\11• 1he a:-eeoUoo ad..xtw:e wa• utr~ w1tb • ml

tolw.l., •• toluene OOQWQillg tb• chrOU*pbore vu

eepiratea from -.:be equ.liO\l• pha•• eftd tl\• &b.oa-•c• wu

meaa•ea ae 520 nm ira • apeouocMII apeccropllotoftltJtB• ttte

p::ol.lne o:>ncen~eUoo tta d•~*' ttom a aU'ldaftl cN~:Y•

UlitJO prol.toe (Sl.\JD!l. GbMioel. c:o •• USA) tAtl upr:-ed ••

....u molu sj-1 fresh v;e£Qbt..

8191dt:·IIIQA ·a 2$0 atl ot apcJ.aJ.lr delitD.O arleoa.,_

flef. (w;Ule mo·\USb*' bc)tU•) WU fil'ad ·ut 1D ltl n-* With

••• entt the .root tJYStama of •• •at.c Ullu of etch

oultlvt« wel'e £os.r1181$· witibla th• ftuJc- •ow~ 2 Ill ot o.ftl

· wa• pow:ed on the evfaoe o! ••-• to cb.ok evapo~:..U..

f#om •• "•tu eul~•· 1h• whole ,.., u.p va• ••1Gb., llt4

a11oWe4 to atan4 lll4C . 30. I ...U I m•2 l.,.l UI'CUAO. at,

at t a0c. ,,..f .. tt\e e't4plll.-4 till., ~· ••liP wu

a-ewe.lgb••· !he dtlflcartc• .be••• oe &a• and t:h• a41C0Dd

we1gtu= ;av• the emo•• ot ••• ~••.o£1"414 by •• pl•'-C •1 ) • the ••api~etloft ••• wu elfP~"•••.S aa ao H2e an\2 n•l.,

tS

SISYSUI • laOh ~Ja•t vu l"fp1ic•tect ..._. tl•••~ Md

th• 4au 111-Udecl lA i:h• qb1•• wee ... .r ... M! £a PtJC ..

ta~ """' •••to• J.Dt.o ••• ••J.••stfdll-1 ......

fo~Oil Ol 1\.bel .d, Y•tu ( e0 )j' 81ld were aurd.allJ

allpe4 a• the ... ..,, lll4 l'tP1'-UOl'l ltnla to .. ts Velt:IM e' fJ" COOf.t4tllO. lJaib, ( fJO ) t fba ..._ ... ,:rMftU

.-urus •• maat wttt• oaleu1at414 t e l -.a plo-W il tb•

flG'WQ•