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Transcript of AncientAncient GreeceGreece Where is Greece? Sunny Greece is 1,500 miles from England. It’s...
Where is Greece?Where is Greece?
• Sunny Greece is 1,500 miles from England.
• It’s capital city is Athens
• It is famous for its beautiful beaches and sea!
Geographical Features
Greece is located in the Northern Hemisphere on the continent of Europe. It is a Peninsula.
The three bodies of water which surround Greece are the Mediterranean Sea, the Aegean Sea, and the Ionian Sea.
Greece has a rugged coastline with 437 islands surrounding it. Most of the land is rocky and mountainous with only 1/4 of the land suitable for farming.
The Aegean WorldThe Aegean World
• Peninsulas – 3 sides of Water– Largest are the Attica (Athens) and
Peloponnesus (Sparta).
• Islands – Surrounded by water– Crete and Rhodes are the largest islands of
Greece.
Mountainous IslandsMountainous Islands
• Limited transportation and communication have made the country difficult to unite.– Mt. Olympus is the highest peak
• Small separate communities formed because of this. – Sheep, goats, olives, figs.
• Each had independence and resisted outside interference.
Ancient Greece - terrainAncient Greece - terrain
• No part of Greece is more than about forty miles from the coast (a couple of days walking).
• There are lots of islands surrounding Greece.
Soil and plantsSoil and plants
• However, other parts of Ancient Greece had drier soil and less vegetation, particularly around the cities.
• Although surrounded by sea water, they found it difficult to find fresh water away from the valleys.
• The high mountains also prevented large-scale farming, so the Greeks were forced to look beyond their own country for fertile land.
Volcanic ActivityVolcanic Activity
• Another important aspect of the Greek environment is that it is very unstable.
• Greece is in the middle of a volcanic zone, between the European and African tectonic plates.
Ancient GreeceAncient Greece
• In Ancient Greece, the different cities were at war with each other.
• The most fearsome fighters came from the town of Sparta.
Importance of the SeaImportance of the Sea• Sea was a good source for food.
• Sea was important for travel.– Traveling by sea was much easier than traveling
through the rough land.
• Trireme – Major sailing vessel– Powered by 3 oarsmen– Greek merchants sailed in triremes to exchange
goods for fish, timber, grains, and meat.
Mediterranean ColoniesMediterranean Colonies
• Colony – settlement of a group of people.
• Greeks competed with Phoenicians (also sea travelers of the Mediterranean) for colonies throughout the Mediterranean region.– They competed to gain control of useful places.
Exchange of IdeasExchange of Ideas
• Greeks learned to write from the Phoenician culture.
• Phoenician alphabet of 22 symbols.
• Greeks learned the symbols by interacting with the Phoenicians.
AdaptationsAdaptations
• Same language and culture despite differences.
• Adopted Coined Money – Lydians– Gave rise to strong merchant class.– Began to challenge nobles and demand a
greater say in government.
Minoan CivilizationMinoan Civilization
• Great trading power located on island of Crete
• Knossos – palace city of Minoans– 800 rooms– No defensive walls– Great drainage system
– Frescoes – wall paintings
Achaean CivilizationAchaean Civilization
• Invaded Greece from the North – 2000 B.C.
• Osmosis of Greek Ideas/Thought
• Palaces & Tombs
• Tributes
• Art – jewelry, pottery, tools
The Trojan WarThe Trojan War• The Trojan War actually occurred: The city of
Troy fell into the hands of the Greeks.• Archaeologists have found historical evidence
of the war. • Was it exactly as told in The Iliad?
– No. It was probably fought over commerce and trade between Greece and Asia Minor.
– But Homer’s version (The Iliad) is more exciting.– Some of the characters may have been based on
real personalities.
HomerHomer
• Blind poet who roamed – Told his people the myths of the Gods– Epics – Homer’s detailed poems
• The Iliad and The Odyssey are two well known epics that tell about the war b/t the Greeks and the Trojans.
• Among the oldest works of literature.
What’s a What’s a TrojanTrojan??
• A person from Troy
• One who shows qualities like those of the soldiers who defended ancient Troy: endurance, toughness, determined energy
Where’s Where’s Troy?Troy?
• Troy is across the Aegean Sea from Greece.
• A well-walled city with broad streets and beautiful palaces…until the Trojan War.
Who?Who?
• Greece (Achaeans)– Achilles
• Greatest Greek Warrior
– King Agamemnon– Patroclus
• Fought for Achilles
– Odysseus • Wooden horse
– Menelaus• Helen’s Husband• Brother of Agamemnon
• Troy (Trojans)– Hector
• Greatest Trojan Warrior
– King Priam• Father of Hector and
Paris
– Paris• Helen’s Abductor• Priam’s Son
With whom did the gods side?With whom did the gods side?• Greeks
– Hera – Zeus’ Wife– Poseidon - Sea– Athena - War
• Trojans– Apollo - Sun– Aphrodite - Love
Zeus tries to remain neutral, but he shows empathy for Priam and Hector (Trojans).
How did it start?How did it start?
• Eris, goddess of discord, was not invited to a wedding banquet on Mt. Olympus.
• Into the banquet hall, Eris tossed a golden apple inscribed “For the Fairest.”
• Athena, Hera, and Aphrodite asked Zeus to decide who deserved the apple.
• Zeus would not choose. (He’s no fool!)• Zeus says Paris is an excellent judge of beauty,
and refers the goddesses to him.
The Judgment of ParisThe Judgment of Paris
• Paris was the son of King Priam of Troy.• He was rather weak and cowardly.• Priam had sent him away from Troy because a
prophecy said that he would be the ruin of the city.
• When the goddesses appeared to him, they each offered him a bribe:– Athena would make him a great warrior.– Hera would make him ruler of Europe and Asia.– Aphrodite would give him the most beautiful woman in
the world.
Whom did he choose?Whom did he choose?
• Paris gave the apple to Aphrodite.
• She then took Paris to Helen, the most beautiful woman in the world.
• Hera and Athena, however, vowed revenge.
HelenHelen
• Helen was a daughter of Zeus.
• She was the wife of Menelaus.
• Menelaus was the brother of the Greek King, Agamemnon.
• See the problem?
The Greeks RespondThe Greeks Respond
• Menelaus asks all of Greece to help.
• Greek armies set off across the sea to lay siege to Troy and leave it in ashes.
• And so begins the Trojan War.
• Helen is often referred to as “The Face that Launched a Thousand Ships.”
Odysseus and Achilles Join LateOdysseus and Achilles Join Late• Odysseus didn’t want to fight for Helen.
– He thought her a faithless woman.– He did not want to leave his home (Ithaca).
• Achilles was kept back by his mother.– His mother knew that he was going to die at Troy.– She had dipped him in the river Styx to try and give
him immortality. (She held him by the heel.)
• Both of these great Greek warriors were later called (forced) into battle where they played important roles in many battles.
The Battle RagesThe Battle Rages
• Due to the influence of various gods and goddesses, the war went back and forth for many years.
• For details of the war, read the epic poem by Homer called The Iliad, a word which means “a series of disastrous events.”
Agamemnon Agamemnon
• Leader of all Greek forces during Trojan War
• Sacrificed his daughter to Artemis in order to get favorable winds for the ships to sail to Troy
• Offended Achilles by taking his “prize” after one battle
Achilles PoutsAchilles Pouts
• Because Agamemnon offended him, Achilles refused to fight.
• Then things went badly for the Greeks, and they begged him to return.
• He allowed his friend Patroclus to fight in his place, wearing his armor.
• Patroclus was killed by Hector (who thought it was Achilles).
Achilles ReturnsAchilles Returns
• Enraged over the death of Patroclus, Achilles returns to battle.
• His mother procures for him some new armor.
• He kills Hector and desecrates the body.
Achilles RelentsAchilles Relents
• King Priam sneaks into the Greek camp and begs Achilles to give him Hector’s body so that his son may have proper funeral rites.
• Achilles allows Priam to take the body.
• After Hector’s death, Achilles does not have long to live.
The Death of AchillesThe Death of Achilles
• Achilles was unconquerable by mortal men, but Apollo stepped in.
• Apollo guided Paris’s arrow into the only weak spot Achilles had: his heel.
• Achilles dies from the wound.• The remaining Greeks decide his divine
armor should go to the bravest remaining warrior.
Odysseus WinsOdysseus Wins
• Odysseus makes a speech explaining why he deserves it, and he is awarded the armor of Achilles.
• He then devises the final plan to end the Trojan War.
The Trojan HorseThe Trojan Horse
• The Greeks pretend to retreat, leaving behind a large wooden horse.
• The Trojans, in celebration, drag the horse inside their city as a war prize.
The Trojan HorseThe Trojan Horse
Odysseus and many other Greek Odysseus and many other Greek warriors are hiding inside the horse.warriors are hiding inside the horse.
The Fall of TroyThe Fall of Troy
• They wait until the Trojans are asleep, and then they come out and slaughter them.
• The Trojan War is ended.• The Greeks won.• The Trojans lost.• Odysseus is the greatest hero remaining
alive…but now he has to get home…
The Odyssey Begins…The Odyssey Begins…
• The story of The Odyssey is about Odysseus’ journey home (to Ithaca) after the Trojan War.
GovernmentGovernmentCity States
• At first ruled by a monarchy (government headed by a king), they later became ruled by the upper class or aristocracies, finally tyranny took over (government ruled by an individual or tyrant, who seizes power by force), tyranny did not last long and democracy took its place.
Birth of DemocracyBirth of Democracy
• In early times, Athens was governed by a Monarchy.– Monarchy – a system of government ruled by a king
or queen. – Ruler called a Monarch.
• Tyranny – was the next form of government.– Ruler was chosen by soldiers and was forced to
obey their wishes to stay in power. Very Unpopular.
OligarchyOligarchy
• Government ruled by a few people (members of rich and powerful families).
• Many Athenians also thought this type of government was unfair.
DemocracyDemocracy
• After several types of governments failed, Athens formed a democracy.
• Government run by the people.
• Athens was the world’s first democracy.
• Assembly – lawmaking body in a democracy.– In Athens, the assembly was made up of male
citizens over the age of 18.
The PolisThe Polis
• 750 B.C. Greece was made up of more than 200 city-states (all independent)
• Polis – Greek City State– Each polis had its own government
– Most powerful – Sparta and Athens
AcropolisAcropolis
• Greek word meaning “high city”
• A hill-top fortress which is one of the world’s most magnificent landmarks.
• Citizens met at the acropolis to discuss affairs.– Largest building was the Parthenon.
GovernmentGovernmentGreek Democracy
• Born in Athens between 508 B.C.
and 338 B.C.
• Once every ten years the male
citizens met in an assembly.
• Each man was allowed to speak,
to propose laws, and to vote.
• Women, foreigners, and slaves
were not considered citizens and
were not allowed to assemble.
AthensAthens
• Located on the Attica Peninsula– Athenians named the city for the goddess
Athena. – Grew as a center of trade.
– Athenians were the most skillful sailors.
– Did not have a strict military life – Athenians believed in living freely.
Life in AthensLife in Athens
• Agora – Central marketplace of the city.– Surrounded by shops, temples, and
government buildings.
– Marketplace• Fruit, vegetables, bread, fish, cheese, pottery,
toys, cloth, jewelry, and many other goods.
Early GovernmentEarly Government
• Archons – three officials ruled with their own interests above those of the polis.
• Citizens met, but those that were not nobles were powerless – Citizenship was an issue.
• Small Farmers = Debt Slavery = Upset– Gave rise to middle class upheaval
Foundations of DemocracyFoundations of Democracy
• Draco = Archon = Written code of laws.– Death penalty for many offenses.– All laws public– Judges had to apply laws equally
Beginnings of ReformBeginnings of Reform
• Solon– Abolished debt slavery– Freed citizens that were forced into slavery– Limited amount of land one could own– Extended citizenship to some artisans from
other cities– Kept prices down and cut down on selling
grain abroad
Solon’s ResultSolon’s Result
• Citizens obtained right to approve government decisions.
• Milder law code enforced.– Land owners served as jurors
Land OwnershipLand Ownership
• Land Ownership was basis of power.
• Landless citizens could not hold many official positions, and families that were freed of slavery could not afford to buy land.
Cleisthenes’ ReformsCleisthenes’ Reforms
• All citizens, regardless of owning land, took part in the Assembly.
• Granted citizenship to immigrants and former slaves.
• Set up council of 500 citizens over age 30 to propose and administer laws.
OstracismOstracism
• Invented under Cleisthenes– Temporary exile of a citizen from the city.
– If person was a threat, people would vote on a piece of pottery to ostracize him.
– 6,000 votes = 10 years
Athenian CitizenshipAthenian Citizenship
• Citizenship was a privilege & responsibility
• At 18, men took an oath to defend the city & its gods for 2 years. After this, they became citizens and took their place in the Assembly
• Athenian education prepared men for citizenship. – Public Speaking, Religion, War, and Sports.
Women in GreeceWomen in Greece
• No political or legal rights. Could not hold office, own property, or go to the Assembly.
• Strict seclusion, marriage chose by parents.
• Husbands and wives lived separate.
SpartaSparta
• Located on Southern tip of Peloponnesus
• Military State
• Little trade with others
• No colonies
• Gained wealth by conquering other city-states.
SpartaSparta
• Strong military state to suppress the slaves of Sparta. 201 Ratio– Helots – Slaves that were conquered by Spartans
• Monarchy headed by 2 kings and 28 elder advisors.– Each year 5 overseers of daily life were selected.
Spartan way of life.Spartan way of life.
• Strong military state dominated all interests.
• Strict discipline & loyalty.– Boys taught military skills at a very young age.– At 20, soldiers married & lived in barracks.– Each soldier was provided land and slaves.– Women – Obedience and loyalty to fathers and
husbands.
Spartan Way of LifeSpartan Way of Life
• Boys spent time reading and writing. – Expected to give short answers. Laconian…
– Women took part in public group exercises and military drills. Also participated in gymnastics.
– Art and literature had no place in Spartan life.– Would not let people leave the city and would not use
coined money.
HerodotusHerodotus
• Wrote the only account in history of the wars fought by the Greeks and the Persians.
• Imagine a war fought today with only one person recording the events as they happened?
Why did the Persians invade Greece?Why did the Persians invade Greece?
In 519 B.C. the Persians conquered a group of people
who lived in Asia Minor called the Ionian Greeks.
In 499 B.C. the Ionian Greeks asked the
mainland Greeks to help them rebel
against the Persians. Why? Democracy!
Athens sent warships to help them, but they were
not strong enough to defeat the Persian army.
This made the Persian King, Darius, very angry with Greece.
Who were the Ionian Greeks?Who were the Ionian Greeks?
• Known as some of the best traders in the Mediterranean.
• Always were looking for better prices.
• Like Democracy and the idea of representing themselves. Darius did not give them that opportunity.
Crushing the RevoltCrushing the Revolt• Emperor Darius of Persia crushed the
revolt rather quickly
• He decided to punish Athens for helping the colonies
• After training for a few years Darius sent troops to invade Greece
How to get to the fight? How to get to the fight? Darius has 2 options:Darius has 2 options:
• By land, supported logistically by the navy.– Persian strength – Army
– Not limited on the number of troops
– Long, difficult, time consuming route.
• By sea, with an amphibious landing.– Direct route
– Persia is not a naval power.
– Size of invasion force limited by transport capacity.
In 490 B.C. Darius sent 600 ships and thousands of soldiers to invade Greece. He wanted to punish the Athenians for helping
the rebels.
The Persians greatly
outnumbered the Greeks.
Marathon
The Persians were amazed at the
strong will of the small Athenian
force. They had no horses or archers, only
fierce foot soldiers.
Persian Empire
Athens
Sparta
A Serious MismatchA Serious Mismatch
• Persian troops—100,000
• Athenian troops—20,000
• Did Athens really have any hope against these odds?
The Battle of MarathonThe Battle of Marathon
• Athens asked Sparta to help, but Spartan troops would not arrive for 9 days (they were in the middle of religious festivals)
• Other jealous city-states decided not to help Athens against the Persian Empire
• So Athens took on the mighty Persian Empire by themselves
Conduct of the BattleConduct of the Battle
• Athenians attack Persians on the beach.– They extend the phalanx, reinforce the flanks and thin their
center.– Persians push through the weakened Greek center.
– The strong Greek flanks destroy the lightly armed Persian flanks, and collapse on the Persian center (double envelopment).
– Hand-to-hand combat = decisive victory for Athenians.
VictoryVictory• The Athenian army was well-trained and
did not break formation as they charged the Persian lines
• The organized charge surprised the large but scattered (and poorly organized) Persian army
A SlaughterA Slaughter
• The Athenian army almost drove the Persians back to the sea
• Final tally– Persians—6,400 dead– Athens—192 dead– Darius returned to Persia never to return to
Greece
Connection to the PastConnection to the Past• The modern marathon has its roots in the Battle
of Marathon
• A Greek soldier, Phidippides, ran from Marathon to Athens (26 miles) to tell the Athenians of the Greek victory and to warn them that the Persians may try to attack
• Phidippides died from exhaustion after delivering his message
• Today’s 26 mile marathon races remember his heroic act of martyrdom
Back for RevengeBack for Revenge
• The Persian Emperor Darius never returned, but his son Emperor Xerxes did in 480 B.C.
• Xerxes said, “No democracy on my watch”
• They brought even more men this time around
Relating the Past to TodayRelating the Past to Today• Has there ever been a time where a father has lost a
war and his son has gone back to defeat the same people?
• Why do people fight?– Pride Greed– Ambition Protector– Imperialistic Opportunist
– Scapegoat??? Weak Opponents?
Persia Invades Persia Invades GreeceGreece
• The Persian army had little trouble as it moved through northern Greece.
• It came to a narrow mountain pass called Thermopylae, there 7,000 Greeks waited for the Persians. The pass was the only way to access the rest of Greece from the north.
• For several days they stopped the Persian army from moving forward
A Small Spartan force of about 300 men commanded by King Leonidas, guarded the mountain pass of Thermopylae.
They held out heroically against he enormous Persian force for three days.
They were betrayed when someone told the Persians how to get in behind the army.
They were defeated, but won valuable time for the rest of the Greeks.
Here come the PersiansHere come the Persians
• The Persians poured into Greece
• They got their revenge by wreaking havoc
• They even burned Athens to the ground
• What were the Greeks to do?
The Battle of SalamisThe Battle of Salamis
• As their city-state burned, the Athenian people and the army escaped to the island of Salamis
• Salamis was one mile to the southwest of Athens. Themistocles was the commander of the Athenian Fleet of Ships
Salamis or Corinth?Salamis or Corinth?
• Themistocles wanted to stay at Salamis
• Other Greek commanders wanted to go to the Isthmus of Corinth so they had a way of retreating.
• Themistocles sent a messenger to tell Xerxes of their plan.
Xerxes acts quicklyXerxes acts quickly
• Hearing that the Greeks are going to retreat to a colony of theirs in Italy, Xerxes decides to act swiftly.
• Xerxes and his men surround the Greeks at Salamis.
Who won at Salamis?Who won at Salamis?
Salamis
The Greek fleet consisted of 380 Ships (Trireme’s)
Debate was whether to stay or go from Salamis to
the Isthmus of Corinth.
Athens
Thermopylae
The large Persian ships could not maneuver in the water. The smaller Greek ships destroyed them.
More than 600 Persian
ships attacked the
Athenian navy near the
island.
Why Salamis?Why Salamis?
• Themistocles argued– 1. Persians will have an advantage in open
water.– 2. If Greeks moved, they would not fight
together.– 3. If they moved, over half of the fleet would
return go to their colony in Italy.
The Final BattleThe Final Battle
• The Battle of Plataea
• The Greeks and Persians at equal strength
• Athens and Sparta fought side by side
• Greek military superiority won out and Persia retreated for good.
How did the Greeks do it?How did the Greeks do it?
• Three reasons– Advantage of the defender
• Are you more loyal fighting at home or abroad?
– They were better soldiers• Persians were poorly trained.
– They used the element of surprise• Persians had bad intelligence.
U.S. Involvement in the World TodayU.S. Involvement in the World Today
• If you were the only historian writing about the U.S. involvement in the world today, what would you focus on and why?
• For example:– Humanitarian Efforts Role of Protector– Violence abroad Imperialists– Military Advances Opportunists
PericlesPericles
• Ruler of Policy in Athens– Joined the assembly when he was 20– Beautifies Athens and Rebuilds ruined
temples.– Athens becomes center for Greek Culture.– Opens political office to all citizens.– Trial by jury. – Jurors were paid.
Athens in the Age of Athens in the Age of PericlesPericles
The wise and skillful leadership of Pericles brought about a Golden age in
Athens.
This was from about 460 to 429 B.C. and is often called the Age of Pericles.
Pericles believed that all male citizens, regardless of wealth or social class, should take part in government.
He paid salaries to men who held public office. This enabled the poor to serve
in the government.
The assembly met several times a month and needed at least 6,000 members present to take a vote. This was
direct democracy, a large number of citizens took part in the day to day affairs of the government.
ArchitectureArchitecture• Parthenon
built between 447 B.C. and 432 B.C., a rectangular building supported by stately marble columns, inside there is a gold and ivory statue of Athena (goddess of war) and in her hand a small, winged figure of Nike (goddess of victory).
Justice for All?Justice for All?
• Democracy in Athens did not give freedom to everyone.
• Only male citizens were allowed to vote and take part in the assembly.
• Women were not allowed to vote.
• Slaves were not allowed to participate in govt.
The Athenian EmpireThe Athenian Empire
• Athens gains great power from the victories in the Persian War.
• The Delian League– Founded in 477 B.C. to unite Greek City-States
against Persia.– Led by Athens.
• Enjoyed political freedom and prosperity.
Greek against Greek against GreekGreek
Many Greeks resented the Athenian domination.
The Greek world split into rival camps.
To counter the Delian League, Sparta and other enemies of Athens formed the Peloponnesian
League.
Sparta encouraged an Oligarchy (government run by business) in the states of the
Peloponnesian League, and Athens supported democracy.
The war broke out in 431 B.C. engulfing all of Greece
Peloponnesian WarPeloponnesian War
• Athens and allies battled the Peloponnesian League.
• Spartan army marches into Athens and kills 1/3 of the Athenians and Pericles.
• Fighting Lasts 27 Years.– W/Aid of Persia, Sparta blocks Athenian ports.
• Athens surrendered in 404 B.C.• Athens loses empire, navy, and democratic
government.
The Legacies of The Legacies of Ancient GreeceAncient GreeceThe Legacies of The Legacies of Ancient GreeceAncient Greece
What is a legacy?What is a legacy?
Traditions, skills and knowledge of a culture that get passed on to people in
the future
Something a culture is known for
A gift from the past
What is your Legacy?
The Legacies of Ancient The Legacies of Ancient GreeceGreece
The Legacies of Ancient The Legacies of Ancient GreeceGreece
architecturearchitecture
philosophyphilosophy
OlympicsOlympics
epicsepics
Greekmythology
Greekmythology
tragedycomedytragedycomedy
trial by jury
trial by jury
democracydemocracyscientificmethod
scientificmethod
SocraticMethod
SocraticMethod
theatertheater
classificationclassification
marathonmarathon
HippocraticOath
HippocraticOath
DemocracyDemocracy
Athens developed the first democracy
Greek word meaning “power of the
people”
A government where the people have the right to make decisions about leaders and
laws
The U.S. government is based on Athenian
democracy.
Democracy in AthensDemocracy in AthensDemocracy in AthensDemocracy in Athens Athens had the first democratic
constitution (a set of rules for how the government should run)
All men over 18 years old could participate in the Assembly (the lawmaking group)
Each year 500 names of citizens were drawn to be on the Council of Five Hundred who ran the daily business of Athens
Trial By JuryTrial By Jury
When a group of citizens decides if a person is innocent or guilty of a crime
Serving on a jury was a citizen’s duty
About 500 jurors for a trial
Jurors were paid for service
EpicsEpics
Long poems written about gods, heroes, and history of a culture
Wrote the Illiad about the Trojan War
Homer most famous author of Greek epics.
The Odyssey about a Trojan War hero, Odysseus
Greek MythologyGreek Mythology
Myths are stories about gods & goddesses that were used to explain events in nature
Poseidon Hades Hermes
Hera Apollo Artemis Hephaestus
Athena Demeter Aphrodite
Ares
Zeus
12 Major Gods & Goddesses of Mt. Olympus
TheaterTheater
Grew out of festivals dedicated to Dionysus and developed into stories that were acted out
Theater was carved into a hillside
Only male actors but women could watch
Plays were performed at festivals and became competitions
Actors wore masks to show gender, age & mood
Tragedy & ComedyTragedy & Comedy
Types of plays first developed by the Greeks
Tragedy: plays about suffering
Comedy: plays with a happy ending that pokes fun at certain types of people
Aeschylus
Aristophanes
Olympic GamesOlympic Games
Festival held in Olympia to honor Zeus
Every four years-began 776.b.c.
Called a truce from war
Only men: women couldn’t watch
Won an olive wreath
Olympians swore not to cheat
Winners were heroes
Olympic GamesOlympic Games
Foot races
Pancratium
Boxing
Warrior’s Race
WrestlingPentathlo
n
Javelin
Discus
Messengers &
Trumpeters
MarathonMarathon
Greeks defeated the Persians at Marathon
Phidippides ran to Athens (about 26 miles) to announce the victory
He reached Athens, cried out Nike! (goddess of victory), and fell over
dead.
Footrace that is 26 miles, 385 yards long
ArchitectureArchitecture
CorinthianDoric Ionic
The art and science of building
Greeks well known for using three styles of columns in their buildings
ArchitectureArchitecture
The Temple of Athena Nike located very close to the Parthenon was built in the Ionic style.
The Parthenon on the Acropolis in Athens was built in the Doric style.
ArchitectureArchitecture
The design of many buildings today has been influenced by the classical style of the Greeks.
Supreme Court Building in Wash. D.C.
Why would many U.S. government buildings have been built using Greek architecture?
PhilosophyPhilosophy
Love of wisdom; trying to figure things out through learning and reasoning
Socrates Socratic Method
Plato
Aristotle
Political Science
Science & Logic
Socratic MethodSocratic Method
Teaching through step-by-step questions that are designed to lead the student to
the truth
Socrates was a Greek philosopher
who wanted people to question
and think for themselves
Athenians were afraid and
threatened by his ideas, so he was tried and put to
death.
Classification of Living Classification of Living ThingsThings
A system of grouping plants and animals that have similar
characteristics
Developed by Aristotle
Helps scientists to handle a lot of info.
Still used today
Scientific MethodScientific Method
Process used by scientists to study something
1Collect
Info
2Form
Hypothesis
3Test
Hypothesis
Hippocratic OathHippocratic Oath
A list of rules about practicing medicine that doctors today still
promise to follow
Hippocrates was the “Father of Scientific Medicine”
Believed that disease came from
natural causes not evil spirits
4. Keep the secrets of patients
3. Never give poisons
2. Do their best for the sick
1.Honor their teachers
Human ReasonHuman Reason
• Philosophers – Seekers of Wisdom
• Scientific Approach to Reason– Studied all areas of human knowledge.– Physics, astronomy, music, & art.– Detailed approaches to illness & disease.
• Hippocrates– Founder of moral code of medicine – Hippocratic Oath
PhilosophersPhilosophers
• Socrates– Most famous philosopher– Important to examine laws, social customs, and
religious values.– Socratic Method– Condemned to death.
PhilosophersPhilosophers
• Plato– Student of Socrates– Wrote ideas of Socrates down.– Established the Academy that lasted 900 yrs.
– Meaning of justice, truth, & the rights and responsibilities of citizenship.
PhilosophersPhilosophers
• Aristotle– Student of Plato– Taught Alexander the Great– Explored biology, philosophy, & the arts– Praised self-control and self-reliance– Believed in all forms of government –
monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy.– The enlightened King
Spread of Greek CivilizationSpread of Greek Civilization
• Philip of Macedonia – King– Hired Greek generals to train his military &
modeled his society after Greece’s.– Aristotle taught his son – Alexander.– Looked to expand his power over Greece
• Defeats Athens and Thebes– Proclaims himself master of Greece.– Plans invasion of Persia.– Assassinated.
Alexander the GreatAlexander the Great
• Macedonia conquered the Greek Islands.
• Taught the Greek ways by Aristotle as a boy.
• Crowned king when he was 20
• Never lost a battle and was never forced to retreat.
Blend of East and WestBlend of East and West
• ATG spread the Greek culture throughout the lands he conquered.
• Built cities based on the Greek polis.
• Est. 70 cities named Alexandria across his empire.
• Why was he successful?
Roles of men, women and Roles of men, women and childrenchildren
• Men• met in the morning to discuss business matters• spent part of the day in the gymnasium (exercised,
bathed, and had his body massaged with scented oils)
• Women and girls
• stayed in the home doing household chores (washing, cooking, and cleaning)
• were not allowed to vote or attend school
Group Questions #1Group Questions #1• How does monarchy differ from oligarchy?
• What was the Assembly and what role did it play in Athenian democracy?
• In what ways could Athenians take part in government?
• What was the Age of Pericles and how did it get its name?
• How does American democracy differ from the democracy that grew under Pericles?
Group Questions #2Group Questions #2• Do the roles of Greek goddesses
resemble the roles of Greek women?
• What similarities and differences are there between Egyptian and Greek gods?
• What is the subject of Homer’s two epics?
• Who were the philosophers of Ancient Greece?
• What are three of the most important Greek legacies that they left?
Group Questions #3Group Questions #3• How did the Olympic Games come about?• Compare and contrast how people found out
who won ancient Olympic events and how people find out the winners today.
• How do the modern Olympics honor their origins in ancient Greece?
• What are two ways in which today’s Olympic Games differ from the ancient Games?
• Why do you think the Olympics have remained such a popular sports tradition for so long?