Ancient Texts Workshop March 17, 2018

Great Plains-Rocky Mountain Region

Society of Biblical Literature

Harold B. Lee Library

Donald Parry (Brigham Young University), Dead Sea Scrolls (p. 2)

Roger Macfarlane (Brigham Young University), Latin Papyri (p. 4)

Lincoln H. Blumell (Brigham Young University), Greek Papyri (p. 6)

Kristian Heal (Neal A. Maxwell Institute, BYU), Syriac Texts (p. 15)

John Gee (Neal A. Maxwell Institute, BYU) & Lincoln H. Blumell (Brigham Young University), Coptic Papyri (p. 16)

2

Dead Sea Scrolls: Resources for Scholars and Researchers Donald Parry

I. Online and digital resources: 1) The Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library. The IAA is collaborating with Google

to upload all of the digitized Scrolls images online, enabling users to explore the manuscripts and their contents in a number of languages and formats. Ultimately, the images will be accompanied by meta-data including transcriptions, translations and detailed bibliography. https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/about-the-project/the-iaa?locale=en_US

2) The Orion Center for the Study of the Dead Sea Scrolls and Associated Literature.

Aims to foster research on the Scrolls, particularly the great task of integrating the new information gained from the Scrolls into the body of knowledge about Jewish history and religion in the Second Temple period. Website provides resources regarding activities, bibliographic resources, forthcoming symposia, and more. http://orion.mscc.huji.ac.il/

3) The Dead Sea Scrolls Electronic Reference Library: Nonbiblical Texts. Vol. 1

(Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1999) (edited by Emanuel Tov). Includes Hebrew Bible (with morphological tags), non-Biblical Dead Sea Scrolls (with morphological tags), high-resolution images, advanced search engine, plus much more.

4) The Dead Sea Scrolls Electronic Reference Library: Biblical Texts. Vol. 2 (Leiden: E.

J. Brill, 2014) (edited by Donald W. Parry and Andrew Skinner). Includes the Hebrew Bible (with morphological tags), the Dead Sea Scrolls Hebrew Bible (with morphological tags), high-resolution images, advanced search engine, plus much more.

5) Accordance Bible Software. Offers resources for the study of the Qumran and

other Dead Sea Scrolls. Includes the Hebrew Bible (with morphological tags), the Dead Sea Scrolls Hebrew Bible and non-Biblical scrolls, advanced search engine, plus much more. https://www.accordancebible.com/store/Hebrew-Studies

II. Hardcopy resources: 6) Discoveries in the Judaean Desert. Series began in 1951. Forty authoritative volumes

present workable scholarly editions of the texts of the major scroll discoveries accompanied by introductions, transcriptions, translations, notes, indices, photographic plates, and hand drawn figures. https://global.oup.com/academic/content/series/d/discoveries-in-the-judaean-desert-djd/?cc=us&lang=en&

7) The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants. Edited by Eugene

Ulrich. (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2010). Presents the Hebrew biblical manuscripts recovered from the eleven caves at Qumran and provides a transcription of each identifiable fragment in consecutive biblical order together with the textual variants it contains. The purpose is to collect in a single volume all the biblical editions originally published in a wide variety of books and articles.

3

8) Dead Sea Scrolls Handbook. Edited by Devorah Dimant and Donald W. Parry (Leiden:

E. J. Brill, 2015). Presents Hebrew and Aramaic transcriptions of approximately 450 non-biblical texts from Qumran, arranged according to the sequential number of the composition and the Qumran Cave. Thus, the texts are arranged as follows: 1Q14, 1QpHab, 1Q15, 1Q16, 1Q17, and so forth. This arrangement provides straightforward access to the texts in a single volume and facilitates usage of the Handbook.

9) The Dead Sea Scrolls: Major Publications and Tools for Study. Joseph A. Fitzmyer

(Society of Biblical Literature Resources for Biblical Study, no. 20. Atlanta, Ga: Scholars Press, 1990). A basic reference book that allows you to see what has been published about each scroll.

10) A Bibliography of the Finds in the Desert of Judah, 1970–1995: Arranged by Author

with Subject and Scriptural Indices. Edited by Florentino García Martínez and Donald W. Parry (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1996). Contains a bibliography of the research on the Dead Sea Scrolls published during the last 25 years. Each bibliographical entry is alphabetically listed in the first part of the book; the second part offers a sophisticated classification of the materials by themes, topics and key words.

11) Scribal Practices and Approaches Reflected in the Texts Found in the Judean Desert. Emanuel Tov (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2004). Deals in detail with the material, shape, and preparation of the scrolls; scribes and scribal activity; scripts, writing conventions, errors and their correction, scribal signs; scribal traditions; differences between different types of scrolls (e.g., biblical and non-biblical scrolls), the possible existence of scribal schools, such as that at Qumran. The findings have major implications for the study of the scrolls and the understanding of their relationship to scribal traditions in Israel and elsewhere.

12) The Dead Sea Scrolls Reader, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Volume 1. Texts Concerned with Religious Law, Exegetical Texts and Parabiblical Texts. Edited by Donald W. Parry and Emanuel Tov (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2014).

13) The Dead Sea Scrolls Reader, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Volume 2.

Calendrical Texts and Sapiential Texts, Poetic and Liturgical Texts, Additional Genres and Unclassified Texts. Edited by Donald W. Parry and Emanuel Tov (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2014). The purpose is to enhance the research facilities of the individual texts within their respective genres. The nature of the Dead Sea Scrolls publication project was such that texts belonging to the same literary genre were published in different volumes in the Discoveries in the Judaean Desert (DJD) series, although those from cave 4 were often published by subject. The dispersion of these texts in several different volumes complicates their analysis, a problem that is now overcome in DSSR.

4

Latin Papyri: Resources for Scholars and Researchers Roger Macfarlane

A bibliography for engaging the study of Latin Papyri Adams, J. N. 1977. The Vulgar Latin of the Letters of Claudius Terentianus (P. Mich. VIII, 467-

72). Manchester: Manchester University Press. Ballaria, G. 1993. Esempi di scrittura latina dell’età romana, I: Dal III-II secolo a.C. al I secolo

d.C., Torino. Bartoletti, G. and I. Pescini. 1994. Fonti documentarie in scrittura latina. Repertorio (sec. Vii

a.C. — vi d.C. Firenze. Bischoff, B. and V. Brown. 1985 and 1992. “Addenda to Codices Latini Antiquiores,”

Mediaeval Studies, 47: 317-366 and 54:286-307. Breveglieri, B. 1983. “Materiali per lo studio della scrittura minuscola latina: i papiri letterari”,

in Scrittura e civiltà, 7:5-49. Bruckner, A., R. Marichal, J.-O. Tjäder, A. Petrucci et al. 1954-2004. Chartae Latinae

Antiquiores. Facsimile-Edition of the Latin Charters Prior to Ninth Century, I-IV, Olten-Lausanne. V-LXXIV, Dietikon Zürich.

Capasso, M. 2003. Il ritorno di Cornelio Gallo. Il papiro di Qaṣr Ibrîm venticinque anni dopo, con un contributo di P. Radiciotti, Napoli.

Capasso, M. 2005. Introduzione alla Papirologia: dalla pianta di papiro all’informatica papirologica. Bologna: Mulino.

Casamassima, E. and E. Staraz. 1977. “Varianti e cambio grafico nella scrittura dei papiri latini. Note paleografiche, in Scrittura e Civiltà, 1:1-31.

Cavallo, G. 2009. “Greek and Latin Writing in the Papyri,” in The Oxford Handbook of Papyrology, ed. by R. Bagnall. Oxford University Press. 137-48 treat Latin paleography in the papyri.

Dickey, E. 2009. “The Greek and Latin Languages in the Papyri,” in The Oxford Handbook of Papyrology, ed. by R. Bagnall. Oxford University Press. Pages 142-166 treat Latin language in the papyri.

Herman, J. 2000. Vulgar Latin, trans. R. Wright. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.

Lowe, E.A. 1934-66. Codices Latini Antiquiores. A Paleographical Guide to Latin Manuscripts Prior to the Ninth Century, I-XI, Oxford; supplement, Oxford, 1971 (riedizione del II volume, ibidem, 1972);

Mallon, J. 1952. Paléographie romaine. Madrid. Mallon, J., R. Marichal and C. Perrat. 1939. L’écriture latine de la capitale romaine à la

minuscul. Paris. Seider, R. 1972-1981. Paläographie der lateinischen Papyri. Vol. I, tavole, parte prima,

Urkunden, Stuttgart, 1972; vol. II, 1, tavole, parte seconda: Literarische Papyri, tomo 1: Texte klassischer Autoren, Stuttgart, 1978; vol. II, 2, tavole, parte seconda: Literarische Papyri, tomo 2: Juristische und christliche Texte. Stuttgart.

Väänäen, V. 1963. Introduction au latin vulgaire. Paris: Klincksieck.

5

The special case of C. Cornelius Gallus Anderson, R.D., P. Parsons, and R.G.M. Nisbet. 1979. “Elegiacs from Qasr Ibrim,” Journal of

Roman Studies 69:125-155. Ballaria, G. 1993. Esempi di scrittura latina dell’ età romana. 31-42 deal with Gallus papyrus. Capasso, M. 2003. Il ritorno di Cornelio Gallo: il papiro di Qasr Ibrim venticinque anni dopo,

con un contributo di Paolo Radiciotti. Gli Album del Centro di Studi Papirologici dell’ Università degli Studi di Lecce, 5. Lecce: Graus.

Hollis, A.S. 2007. Fragments of Latin Poetry, c. 60 BC - AD 20. Oxford University Press. Kenney, E.C. 1993. Fragmentary Latin Poets. Oxford University Press. The special case of Herculaneum Benario, H.W. “The ‘Carmen de bello Actiaco’ and Early Imperial Epic,” Capasso, M. 1991. Manuale di Papirologia Ercolanese. Lecce: Congedo. Costabile, F. 1984. “Opere di oratoria politica e giudiziaria nella biblioteca della Villa dei Papiri:

i PHerc. Latini 1067 e 1475,” in Proceedings of the 17th International Congress of Papyrology, Naples, 591-606.

Del Mastro, G. 2005. “Riflessioni sui Papiri Latini Ercolanesi,” Cronache Ercolanesi 35: 195-200.

Garuti, G. 1958. C. Rabirius: Bellum Actiacum e papyro Herculanesi 817. Bologna: Zanichelli. Janko, R. 2008. “New Fragments of Epicurus, Metrodorus, Demetrius Laco, Philodemus, the

Carmen de Bello Actiaco and other texts in Oxonian disegni,” Cronache Ercolanesi 38: 5-95.

Kenney, E.C. 1993. Framentary Latin Poets. Oxford University Press. Kleve, K. 1989. “Lucretius in Herculaneum,” Cronache Ercolanesi 19:5-27. ———. 1990. “Ennius in Herculaneum,” Cronache Ercolanesi 20: 5-16. ———. 1996. “How to read an illegible papyrus. Towards an edition of PHerc. 78, Caecilus

Statius, Obolostates sive Faenerator,” Cronache Ercolanesi 26: 5-14 ———. 2010. “Lucretius Herculanensis, PHerc 395, and Disegno Oxoniense 1615,” Cronache

Ercolanesi 40: 95-97. ———. 2011. “The Enigma of Lucretius,” Cronache Ercolanensi 41: 231-34. Macfarlane, R.T. 2010. “P.Herc. 817 from Facsimiles to MSI: a case for practical verification” In

Proceedings of the 25th International Congress of Papyrology, Ann Arbor 29 July – 4 August 2007. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.

Olsen, A.K. 2008. A Review of the Latin Papyri of Herculaneum: a description and comprehensive database of the contents [with digital images of all hands]. MA Thesis, Brigham Young University.

Radiciotti, P. 1998. “Osservazioni paleografiche sui papiri latini di Ercolano,” Scritura e Civilità 22:353-70.

Scott, W. 1885. “Fragmenta Herculanensia.” The BYU military diploma Welch, John W. & K D. Lambert. 2006. "Two ancient Roman plates," BYU Studies 45:45 -76.

6

Greek Papyri: Resources for Scholars and Researchers

Lincoln H. Blumell Introductions and Primers to Greek Papyrology Bagnall, R.S. Reading Papyri, Writing Ancient History. London and New York: Routledge,

1995. –––––. Oxford Handbook of Papyrology. Oxford, 2009. David, M. and B.A. van Groningen. Papyrological Primer. 4th ed.; Leiden, 1965. Montevecchi, O. La Papirologia. Torino, 1973. Pestman, P.W. The New Papyrological Primer. 2nd rev. ed.; Leiden, 1994. Turner, E.G. Greek Papyri: An Introduction. Oxford, 1980.

7

Editing Sigla Appearing in Papyri In transcriptions of Greek papyri the following sigla from the so-called Leiden system are

most common; see ChrEg 7 (1932): 262–69. α̣β̣γ̣ uncertain letters either because of damage or because they are otherwise

difficult to read . . . illegible letters; dots correspond to approximate number of letters [αβγ] text in lacuna reconstructed by conjecture or from a parallel ( ) resolution of a symbol or abbreviation

〚αβγ〛 letters within the brackets are deleted in the original ⸌αβγ⸍ letters enclosed by these two dashes are added above the normal line of

writing ⟨αβγ⟩ the letters are added by the editor {αβγ} the letters noted within the brackets are regarded as mistaken or rejected

by the editor vac. vacat: empty space on the papyrus

Additional Sigla

⎜ signals a line break in the text → fiber orientation of papyrus runs horizontal (recto) ↓ fiber orientation of papyrus runs vertical (verso)

Documentary Papyri: texts of principally “non-literary” character: e.g. letters, receipts, contracts, petitions, leases, declarations, wills, registers, lists, orders, invitations, etc. Literary Papyri: texts of literature: e.g. Homer, Euripides, LXX, New Testament, etc. Useful Websites Reggiani, N. Digital Papyrology I: Methods, Tools and Trends. Berlin/Boston, 2017.

“The volume represents the first attempt to deal monographically with the electronic resources for the papyrological research, tracing an epistemology, a historical sketch and an overview of the main trends in the developing network of the digital tools for the study of Graeco-Roman papyri.”

http://papyri.info (Documentary Texts)

Contains editions of Greek (and a few Coptic) documentary texts. Contains the “Checklist of Editions.”

http://aquila.zaw.uni-heidelberg.de (Documentary Texts)

Searchable database of scholarly metadata pertaining to published Greek and Latin documents.

https://www.trismegistos.org/ldab/ (Literary Texts)

Searchable database with information pertaining to published literary texts.

8

https://www.trismegistos.org

An interdisciplinary portal of papyrological and epigraphical resources associated with Egypt and the Nile valley between ca 800 BC and AD 800.

Essential Resources (Documentary Texts) Berichtigungsliste der griechischen Papyrusurkunden aus Ägypten.

Index that registers all the updates, corrections, supplements, emendations––whether readings or interpretations––brought to papyrus editions subsequent to their publication.

Wörterlisten.

Index of Index (PDF) of Greek and Latin terms from documents published since 1996. http://www.zaw.uni-heidelberg.de/hps/pap/WL/WL.pdf

Paleography Tools Cavallo, G. “Greek and Latin Writing in the Papyri,” in R.S. Bagnall (ed.), The Oxford Handbook

of Papyrology. Oxford, 2009, 101–148.

Documentary http://www.pappal.info

Contains images of objectively dated papyri, very useful for dating documentary papyri. Literary Cavallo, G. and H. Maehler. Greek Bookhands of the Early Byzantine Period, A.D. 300—800.

London, 1987.

Roberts, C.H. Greek Literary Hands, 350 B.C.—A.D. 400. Oxford, 1956. Schubart, W. Griechische Palaeographie. Munich, 1925. Seider, R. Paläographie der griechischen Papyri. Bd. I Urkunden, Bd. II Literarische Papyri, Bd.

III Text, pt. 1 Urkundenschrift. Stuttgart, 1967, 1970, 1990. Turner, E.G. Greek Manuscripts of the Ancient World. 2nd ed. rev. and enl. by P.J. Parsons.

London, 1987.

New Testament Papyri Nongbri, B. “The Use and Abuse of P52: Papyrological Pitfalls in the Dating of the Fourth

Gospel,” HTR 98 (2005): 23–48. Orsini, P. and W. Clarysse, “Early New Testament Manuscripts and their Dates: A Critique of

Theological Paleography,” ETL 88/4 (2012): 443–474.

9

Grammars Gignac, F.T. A Grammar of the Greek Papyri of the Roman and Byzantine Periods, vol. I,

Phonology, vol. II Morphology. Milan, 1976, 1981. Mandilaras, B.G. The Verb in the Greek Non-literary Papyri. Athens, 1973. Mayser, E. Grammatik der griechischen Papyri aus der Ptolemäerzeit mit Einschluss der

gleichzeitigen Ostraka und der in Ägypten verfassten Inschriften. Berlin/Leipzig, 1906—1970. I, Laut und Wortlehre, 1906, rp. 1923. I 1, Einleitung und Lautlehre, 2nd ed. by H. Schmoll. Berlin 1970. I 2, Laut- und Wortlehre, pt. II Flexionslehre, 2nd ed. 1938. I 3, Laut- und Wortlehre, pt. III Stammbildung, 2nd ed. 1936. II 1—2, Satzlehre, Analytischer Teil. 1933—1934. II 3, Satzlehre, Synthetischer Teil. 1934.

Abbreviations Gonis, N. “Abbreviations and Symbols,” in R.S. Bagnall (ed.), The Oxford Handbook

of Papyrology. Oxford, 2009, 170–178. McNamee, K. Abbreviations in Greek Literary Papyri and Ostraca. Atlanta, 1981.

10

Onomastica https://www.trismegistos.org/ref/index.php Trismegistos People Name Database Foraboshi, D. Onomasticon alterum papyrologicum, Supplemento al Namenbuch di F.

Preisigke. Four vols. Milan 1967—1971. F. Preisigke, Namenbuch enthaltend alle griechischen, lateinischen, ägyptischen, hebräischen,

arabischen und sonstigen semitischen und nichtsemitischen Menschennamen, soweit sie in griechischen Urkunden (Papyri, Ostraka, Inschriften, Mumienschildern usw.) Ägyptens sich vorfinden. Heidelberg 1922, repr. Amsterdam 1967.

E. Lüddeckens, E. and H. J. Thissen. Demotisches Namenbuch. Wiesbaden 1980—. To date, vol. 1 in 16 fascicles, covering the entire alphabet.

Chronology Bagnall, R.S. and K. A. Worp. Chronological Systems of Byzantine Egypt (2nd ed.). Leiden and

Boston, 2004. Bagnall, R.S. “Practical Help: Chronology, Geography, Measures, Currency, Names,

Prosopography, and Technical Vocabulary,” in R. S. Bagnall (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Papyrology. Oxford, 2009, 179–96.

Civil Administration of Ptolemaic, Roman, and Byzantine Egypt

General Falivene, M. R. “Geography and Administration in Egypt (332 BCE –642 CE),” in R.S. Bagnall

(ed.), Oxford Handbook of Papyrology. Oxford, 2009, 521–40. Pestman, P.W. 1994. The New Papyrological Primer (2nd ed.). Leiden, 1994, 24–29. Montevecchi, O. La Papirologia (2nd ed.). Milan, 1988, 139–74.

Ptolemaic Egypt Bagnall, R.S. The Administration of the Ptolemaic Possessions outside of Egypt. Leiden, 1976. Collomp, P. Recherche sur la chancellerie et la diplomatique de Lagides. Strasburg, 1926. Falivene, M.R. “Government, Management, Literacy: Aspects of Ptolemaic Administration in the Early Hellenistic

Period,” Ancient Society 22 (1991): 203–27. Hölbl, G. A History of the Ptolemaic Empire. London and New York, 2001. Lenger, Marie-Thérèse. Corpus des ordonnances des Ptolémées, 2e éd. Bruxelles, 1980. Lloyd, Allen B. “The Ptolemaic Period (332–30 BC),” in I. Shaw (ed.), The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, 388– 413. Oxford, 2000. Mooren, L. La hiérachie de cour ptolemaïque. Contribution à l’étude des institutions des classes dirigeantes à l’époque ptolémaïque. Leuven, 1977.

Roman Egypt Bowman, A.K. The Town Councils of Roman Egypt. Toronto, 1970. –––––. Egypt After the Pharaoh. 332 BC – AD 642: From Alexander to the Arab Conquest. Berkeley, 1986, 21–88. Bowman, A. and D. Rathbone. “Cities and Administration in Roman Egypt” JRS 82 (1992): 107–27. Brunt, P.A. “The Administrators of Roman Egypt,” JRS 65 (1975): 124–47. Capponi, L. Roman Egypt: The Creation of a Roman Province. New York and London, 2005. Cockle, W.E.H. “State Archives in Greco-Roman Egypt from 30 BC to the Reign of Septimius Severus,” JEA 70

(1984): 106–22. Lewis, N. Life in Egypt Under Roman Rule. Oxford, 1986, 9–84. Thomas, J.D. “The Administration of Roman Egypt: A Survey of Recent Research and Some Outstanding

Problems,” A.PapCongr. XXII (2002): 1245–54.

11

Byzantine Egypt Bagnall, R.S. Egypt in Late Antiquity. Princeton, 1993, 45–172. Gascou, J. “L’Égypte byzantine (284 – 641),” in C. Morrisson (ed.), Le monde byzantin I – L’empire romain

d’Orient (330 – 641). Paris, 2004. Heinen, H. “Das spätanike Ägypten (284–646 n. Chr.),” in M. Krause (ed.), Ägypten in Spätanik-Christlicher Zeit:

Einführung in die koptische Kultur, 35–56. Wiesbaden, 1998. Jones, A.H.M. The Later Roman Empire, 284–602: A Social, Economic, and Administrative Survey (Vols. 1 & 2).

Baltimore, 1964, passim. Keenan, J. “Egypt.” In Averil Cameron (ed) et al., The Cambridge Ancient History (Vol. XIV). Late Antiquity:

Empire and Successors, A.D. 425–600. Cambridge, 2001, 612–37. –––––. “The Provincial Administration of Egyptian Arcadia,” MPhL 2 (1977): 193–201. Lallemand, J. L’administration civile de l’Égypte de l’avènement de Dioclétien à la creation du diocèse (28–382).

Bruxelles, 1964. Minnen, P. van. “The other cities in later Roman Egypt, ” in R.S. Bagnall (ed.), Egypt in the Byzantine World, 300–

700. Cambridge, 2007. Palme, B. “The imperial presence: Government and army,” in R.S. Bagnall (ed.), Egypt in the Byzantine World,

300–700. Cambridge, 2007, 244–70. Rouillard, G. L’administration civile de l’Égypte byzantine, 2e éd. Paris, 1928.

Prefects Bastiani, G. “Lista dei prefetti d’Egitto dal 30a al 299p,” ZPE 17 (1975): 263–328. –––––. “Lista dei prefetti d'Egitto dal 30a al 299p. Aggiunte e correzioni,” ZPE 38 (1980): 75–89. Hübner, H. Der Praefectus Aegypti von Diokletian bis zum Ende der römischen Herrschaft. München, 1952. Reinmouth, O.W. The Prefect of Egypt from Augustus to Diocletian. Leipzig, 1935. –––––. “A Working List of the Prefects of Egypt 30 B.C. to 299 A.D.” BASP 4 (1967): 75–103. Stein, A. Die Präfekten von Ägypten in der römischen Kaiserzeit. Bern, 1950.

Epistrategoi

Thomas, J.D. The Epistrategos in Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt. I. The Ptolemaic Epistrategos. Opladen, 1974. –––––. The Epistrategos in Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt. II. The Roman Epistrategos. Opladen, 1982.

Strategoi and Royal Scribes Hohlwein, N. Le stratège du nome. Bruxelles, 1969. Kruse, T. Der königliche Schreiher und die Gauverwaltung. Untersuchungen zur Verwaltungsgeschichte Ägyptens

in der Zeit von Augustus bis Philippus Arabs (30 v. Chr. - 245 n. Chr.). Band I-II. München/Leipzig, 2002. Mooren, L. “On the Jurisdiction of the Nome Strategoi in Ptolemaic Egypt,” A.PapCongr. XVII (1984): 1217–25. Oates, J.F. The Ptolemaic Basilikos Grammateus (BASP Supplements 8). Atlanta, 1995. Whitehorne, J. Strategi and Royal Scribes of Roman Egypt: (Str.R.Scr.2) Rev. ed. Firenze, 2006.

Nomarchs Clarysse, W. “Nomarchs and Toparchs in the third century Fayum,” in M. Capasso (ed.), Archologia e papiri nel

Fayyum, Atti del convegno Internazionale. Siracuse, 1997, 69–76. Reiter, F. Die Nomarchen des Arsinoites. Ein Beitrag zum Steuerwesen im römischen Ägypten, Pap. Col. 31. Köln,

2004. Samuel, A.E. “The Internal Organization of the Nomarch’s Bureau in the Third Century B.C.,” in Essays in Honor

of C. Bradford Wells. New Haven, 1966, 213–229.

Komarchs Missler, H.E.L. Der Komarch: Ein Beitrag zur Dorfverwaltung im ptoläischen, römischen und byzantinischen

Ägypten. Marburg, diss., 1970.

Village Scribes Hagedorn, U., D. Hagedorn, L.C. Youtie and H.C. Youtie (eds.). Das Archiv des Petaus. (Pap. Colon. IV). Opladen,

1969. Pestman, P.W. “The Official Archive of the Village Scribes of Kerkeosiris. Notes on the So-Called Archive of

Menches,” in Festschrift zum 100-jährigen Bestehen der Papyrussammlung der Österreichischen

12

Nationalbibliothek. Papyrus Erzherzog Rainer. (P. Rainer Cent.). I: Textband. Wien, 1983, 127–34. Turner, Eric G. “Village Administration in the Roman Empire,” in E.G. Turner, The Papyrologist At Work, Durham,

1973, 32–47. Verhoogt, A. Menches, Komogrammateus of Kerkeosiris: The Doings and Dealings of a Village Scribe in the Late

Ptolemaic Period (120 – 110 B.C.). Leiden, 1998.

Gymnasiarch Sijpesteijn, P.J. Nouvelle liste des gymnasiarques des métropoles de l’Égypte romaine. Zutphen, 1986.

Exegetes

Kraut, B. H. “Seven Heidelberg Papyri Concerning the Office of Exegetes,” ZPE 55 (1984): 167–90.

Dioiketes Hagedorn, D. “Zum Amt des dioiketes im römischen Aegypten,” YCS 28 (1985): 167–210.

Idios Logos Swarney, P. The Ptolemaic and Roman Idios Logos. Toronto, 1970.

Pagarchs Liebeschuetz, W. “The Origin of the Office of the Pagarch,” BZ 66 (1973): 38–46. Mazza, R. “Ricerche sul pagarca nell'Egitto tardoantico e bizantino,” Aegyptus 75 (1995): 169–242.

Liturgies Lewis, N. The Compulsory Public Services of Roman Egypt, 2nd ed. Pap.Flor. XXVIII. Florence, 1997. Oertel, F. Die Liturgie: Studien zur Ptolemäischen und kaiserlichen Verwaltung Aegyptens. Leipzig, 1917.

Nomes, Toparchies, Pagi Dack, E. van. “La Toparchie dans l’Égypte ptolémaïque,” CdE 23 (1948): 147–61. Derda, T. Nomos Arsinoites: Administration of the Fayum under the Roman Rule. Warsaw, 2007. –––––. “Toparchies in the Arsinoite Nome: A Study in Administration of the Fayum in the Roman Period,” JJP 33

(2003): 27–54. –––––. “Pagi in the Arsinoite Nome.” JJP 31 (2001): 30–31.

Metropoleis Jördens, A. “Das Verhältnis der römischen Amtsträger in Ägypten zu den ‘Städten’ in der Provinz,” in W. Eck (ed.),

Lokale Autonomie und römische Ordnungsmacht in den kaiserzeitlichen Provinzen vom 1. bis 3. Jahrhundert. Schriften des Historischen Kollegs Kolloquien 42. Munich, 1999, 141–80.

Geography https://www.trismegistos.org/geo/index.php Trismegistos Places Calderini, A. and S. Daris. Dizionario dei nomi geografici e topografici dell’Egitto greco-

romano. V vols. Roma: 1935–1996. S. Timm (ed.), Das christlich-koptische Ägypten in arabischer Zeit: Eine Sammlung christlicher

Stätten in Ägypten in arabischer Zeit unter Ausschluss von Alexandria, Kairo, des Apa-Mena-Klosters (Der Abu Mina), der Sketis (Wadi n-Natrun) und der Sinai-Region, ed. S. Timm. 6 volumes. Wiesbaden 1984—1992. (Tübinger Atlas zum vorderen Orient, Beihefte, Reihe B, Geisteswissenschaften, 41, 1-6). [Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag]. See: Index zu Das christlich-koptische Ägypten in arabischer Zeit (Stefan Timm), ed. K.-H. Brune, Wiesbaden 2007. (Tübinger Atlas zum vorderen Orient, Beihefte, Reihe B, Geisteswissenschaften, 41, 7). [Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag]

13

Early Christianity and the Papyri http://www.csntm.org

The Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/home

New Testament Virtual Manuscript Room, Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung https://www.mq.edu.au/pubstatic/public/download/?id=45105

Papyri from the Rise of Christianity in Egypt, Macquarie University Bagnall, R.S. Early Christian Books in Egypt. Princeton and Oxford, 2009. Blumell, L.H. and T.A. Wayment, Christian Oxyrhynchus: Texts, Documents, and Sources.

Waco, 2015. Blumell, L.H. Lettered Christians: Christians, Letters, and Late Antique Oxyrhynchus. Leiden,

2012. Bruyn, T. De. Making Amulets Christian: Artefacts, Scribes, and Contexts. Oxford, 2017. Bucking, S. “Christian Educational Texts from Egypt: A Preliminary Inventory,” in

B. Kramer (ed.), Akten Des 21. Internationalen Papyrologenkongresses, Berlin 1995. Stuttgart, 1997, 132–138.

Charlesworth, S.C. “Public and Private – Second- and Third-Century Gospel Manuscripts,” in H. D. Zakarias and C. A. Evans (eds.), Jewish and Christian Scripture as Artifact and Canon. London and New York, 2011, 148–175.

–––––. Early Christian Gospels: Their Production and Transmission. Florence, 2016. Choat, M. Belief and Cult in Fourth-Century Papyri. Belgium, 2006. –––––. “Christianity,” in C. Riggs (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Egypt. Oxford, 2012,

474–492. Comfort, P.W. and D.P. Barrett, The Text of the Earliest New Testament Greek Manuscripts:

New and Complete Transcriptions with Photographs. Wheaton, 2001. Epp, E. “The Oxyrhynchus New Testament Papyri: ‘Not Without Honor Except in Their Own

Hometown’?” JBL 123 (2004): 5-55. Hurtado, L.W. The Earliest Christian Artifacts: Manuscripts and Christian Origins. Grand Rapids, 2006.

––––– “Early Christian Manuscripts as Artifacts,” in H.D. Zakarias and C.A. Evans (eds.), Jewish and Christian Scripture as Artifact and Canon. New York, 2011, 66–81.

Jones, B.C. New Testament Texts on Greek Amulets from Late Antiquity. London and New York, 2016.

Kotsifou, C. “Books and Book Production in the Monastic Communities of Byzantine Egypt,” in W.E. Klingshirn and L. Safran (eds.), The Early Christian Book. Washington, 2007, 54–66.

Kruger, M.J. “Manuscripts, Scribes and Book Production within Early Christianity,” in S.E. Porter and A.W. Pitts. (eds.), Christian Origins and Greco-Roman Culture: Social and Literary Contexts for the New Testament. Leiden, 2013, 15–40.

Luijendijk, A.-M. Greetings in the Lord: Christian Identity and the Oxyrhynchus Papyri. Cambridge, Mass., 2008.

––––– . A.M. Forbidden Oracles? The Gospel of the Lots of Mary. Tübingen, 2014. Maravela-Solbakk, A. “Monastic Book Production in Christian Egypt,” in H. Froschauer and C.

Römer (eds.), Spätantike Bibliotheken: Leben und Lesen in den frühen Klöstern Ägyptens. Vienna, 2008, 25–38.

14

Martinez, D. “The Papyri and Early Christianity,” in R.S. Bagnall (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Papyrology. Oxford, 2009, 590–622.

Mugridge, A. “What is a Scriptorium?” in J. Frösén, T. Purola, and E. Salmenkivi (eds.), Proceedings of the 24th Congress of Papyrology, Helsinki, 1–7 August, 2004. Helsinki, 2007, 781–792.

–––––. Copying Early Christian Texts: A Study of Scribal Practice. Tübingen, 2016. Roberts, C.H. Manuscript, Society and Belief in Early Christian Egypt. London, 1979. Roberts, C.H. and T.C. Skeat. The Birth of the Codex. London, 1983. Royse, J.R. Scribal Habits in Early Greek New Testament Papyri. Leiden, 2007. Skeat, T.C. “Early Christian Book-Production: Papyri and Manuscripts,” in G.W.H.

Lampe (ed.), The Cambridge History of the Bible: The West from the Fathers to the Reformation. Cambridge, 1969, 54–79.

Wayment, T.A. The Text of the New Testament Apocrypha (100 – 400 CE). New York and London, 2013.

15

Syriac Texts: Resources for Scholars and Researchers Kristian Heal

Introductory Resources http://syri.ac/ (Essential gateway to Syriac studies). https://cpart.mi.byu.edu/home/ssrl/ (Guide to essential out-of-copyright books available online). Comprehensive Bibliography http://www.csc.org.il/db/db.aspx?db=SB Prosopography/Hagiography/Gazetteer/Encyclopedia/Clavis http://www.syriaca.org/ (Growing resource that conforms to the highest standards of DH). Online Corpora http://cal.huc.edu/ (Broad, searchable corpus of texts with lexical annotations). http://wwwb.library.vanderbilt.edu/exist/apps/syriac-corpus/index.html (Raw texts being added to this temporary site, which will eventually will be migrated to www.syriaccorpus.org). http://wordcruncher.com/ (Text search and analysis tool with Syriac texts in Library). Manuscripts http://syri.ac/manuscripts (Guide to manuscript collections and catalogues). http://syri.ac/digimss (Guide to what manuscripts are available online). http://www.mss-syriaques.org/ (Growing online catalogue of Syriac manuscripts). https://digi.vatlib.it/mss/ (Vatican Library, organized by fond). https://www.vhmml.org/ (Largest collection of Syriac manuscripts online). Lexica http://dukhrana.com/lexicon/ (Access all of the main lexica in a single search). https://sedra.bethmardutho.org/ (Growing online dictionary ). Further Reading: Kristian S. Heal, “Digital Humanities and the Study of Christian Apocrypha: Resources, Prospects and Problems.” Pages 270-281 in Forbidden Texts on the Western Frontier: The Christian Apocrypha in North American Perspectives. Proceedings from the 2013 York University Christian Apocrypha Symposium. Edited by Burke, Tony. Eugene, Oregon: Cascade Books, 2015.

16

Coptic Texts: Resources for Scholars and Researchers

John Gee and Lincoln H. Blumell

Dictionaries Crum, W. E. A Coptic Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1934.

Although over eighty years old, this is still the standard Coptic Dictionary. It is organized by roots rather than strictly alphabetically. It is the only dictionary to deal with dialectical forms, but some of the dialects and their sigla have been changed in the intervening years (e.g. A2 is now L for Lycopolitan and the term Sub-Akhmimic is no longer used). It is filled with examples of usage, although many are cited in unpublished manuscripts that have since been published. It came out before the discovery of the Nag Hammadi Library and is missing some of that vocabulary. It is massive and not portable. It only rarely gives etymologies. Its biggest disadvantage is that it does not have any of the numerous Greek loan words in Coptic.

Černý, Jaroslav. Coptic Etymological Dictionary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,

1976. This dictionary gives known etymologies for Coptic words in Crum that do not originate in Greek or Latin. It also gives definitions for those words.

Smith, Richard. A Concise Coptic-English Lexicon. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 1999.

This small glossary is compact and is largely based on vocabulary from Nag Hammadi. Like Crum, it is organized by roots and lacks Greek loan words. The only dialects it deals with are Sahidic and Lycopolitan.

Azevedo, Joaquim. A Simplified Coptic Dictionary (Sahidic Dialect). Lima: Peruvian Union

University, 2013. This portable dictionary only covers the Sahidic dialect. It is strictly alphabetical with numerous cross-references to main entries. One advantage is that it does have many Greek loan words. Unfortunately, in many cases there is no definition or gloss given but merely tells the reader what Greek word to look under in a separate Greek dictionary.

Clackson, Sarah, Erica Hunter, Samuel N. C. Lieu, and Mark Vermes. Dictionary of Manichaean

Texts Vol. I: Texts from the Roman Empire. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepolis, 1998. This is a dictionary of Manichaean texts, all of which are in the Lycopolitan dialect. Words of Greek and Egyptian origin are listed in separate dictionaries. Definitions are skewed towards Manichaean terms. Entries are organized by roots but all spelling variants are given.

Förster, Hans. Wörterbuch der grieschischen Wörter in den koptischen dokumentarischen

Texten. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2002.

17

This dictionary only covers Greek loan-words in Coptic and only those in documentary texts. Theological texts are not covered. The glosses are into German.

Makar, Adeeb B. The Abbreviated Coptic-English Dictionary. San Francisco: St. Antonius Coptic Orthodox Church, 2001.

This dictionary covers the Bohairic dialect. It is arranged strictly alphabetically and includes Greek loan words.

Grammars Plumley, J. Martin. An Introductory Coptic Grammar (Sahidic Dialect). London: Home and Van

Thal, 1948. This grammar covers all of the basics of Coptic and incorporates most of the insights of Polotsky. Though older and lacking both vocabulary and chrestomathy, it is my preferred teaching grammar.

Till, Walter C. Koptische Dialektgrammatik. München: C. H. Beck, 1961.

Though cursory and often inadequate, this is still the only real grammar of Coptic dialects. It covers neither Lycopolitan nor Mesokemic, as most of the works in those dialects had not been published when Till wrote the grammar.

Till, Walter C. Koptische Grammatik (Saïdischer Dialekt). Leipzig: VEB Verlag, 1978.

This is the standard Coptic reference grammar and covers the basics of Coptic. It does not fully incorporate the insights of Polotsky.

Walters, C. C. An Elementary Coptic Grammar of the Sahidic Dialect. Oxford: B. H. Blackwell,

1983. This is a teaching grammar based on Sahidic. It is harder to find.

Lambdin, Thomas O. Introduction to Sahidic Coptic. Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press,

1983. This is the older standard teaching grammar. It is limited to Sahidic and most of the examples and exercises were simply invented by Lambdin and thus many not accurately reflect actual Sahidic.

Layton, Bentley. A Coptic Grammar. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2000.

This grammar was intended to be the standard reference grammar incorporating all of the grammatical work of Polosky. The grammar is largely based on Coptic works that are translations from Greek rather than Coptic written by native speakers. Many phenomena are more fully explored than previous treatments but many basic phenomena are poorly described or missing. Layton’s incorporation of linguistic jargon impedes understanding particularly when he reuses older vocabulary to describe different phenomena.

Layton, Bentley. Coptic in 20 Lessons. Leuven: Peeters, 2007.

Layton’s teaching grammar is much more accessible to students than his reference grammar.

18

Brankaer, Johanna. Coptic: A Learning Grammar (Sahidic). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2010.

This concise teaching grammar follows on Layton’s new jargon. Paleography Bagnall, R.S. and K.A. Worp. K. “Dating the Coptic Legal Documents from Aphrodite,” ZPE

148 (2004): 247–252. Emmel, S. “Recent Progress in Coptic Codicology and Paleography (1988–1992),” in T. Orlandi

(ed.), Acts of the Fifth International Congress of Coptic Studies. Washington, 1993, 33–49.

Cramer, M. Koptische Paläographie. Wiesbaden, 1964.

For all its faults and serious need of updating, this remains the standard Coptic paleography.

Layton, B. “Towards a New Coptic Paleography,” T. Orlandi and F. Wisse (eds.), Acts of the

Second International Congress of Coptic Studies. Rome, C.I.M., 1985, 149–158. Stegemann, V. Koptische Paläographie: 25 Tafeln zur Veranschaulichung der Schreibstile

koptischer Schriftdenkmäler auf Papyrus, Pergament und Papier für die Zeit des III.-XIV. Jahrhunderts, mit einem Versuch einer Stilgeschichte der koptischen Schrift. Heidelberg, 1936.

Torallas Tover, S. “Progress in Coptic Palaeography and Codicology 2004-2012,” P. Buzi - A.

Camplani (eds.), Coptic Society, Literature and Religion from Late Antiquity to Modern Times Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress of Coptic Studies, Rome, Leuven: Peeters, 2016, 431-456.

Worp, K.A. “Dated Coptic Papyri from the Pre-Conquest Period,” APF 2 (1990): 139–143. Biblical Texts Schlüsser, Karlheinz. Das sahidische Alte und Neue Testament. Leipzig: Harrassowitz, 1995–

present. Vol 1.1–4: sa 1–120 (sa = manuscript number) Vol 2.1–2: sa 121–260 Vol 3.1–4: sa 500–585 Vol 4.1–4: sa 586–780

The series Biblia Coptica presents a systematic compilation of all biblical texts of the Old and New Testament for the first time from the area of the ancient Coptic Church of Egypt in Sahidic Coptic. Karlheinz Schüssler succeeded in largely reconstructing the original structure and amount of different codices, being able to collate numerous manuscript sheets to the original manuscript, which were torn from the codices in former times and are now kept in widely scattered museums and libraries. Each text contains detailed information, including its depository. Each single part of the compilation contains a register

19

of bible passages, a section of plates, and the fourth part of each volume includes a comprehensive register. The complete collection of the Sahidic Old and New Testament is of fundamental importance for both Biblical theology/exegesis/textual criticism and church and canonical history.

Other Aids Atiya, Aziz S. The Coptic Encyclopedia. New York: Macmillan, 1991.

This eight volume work provides basic information on Coptic and is still a standard reference work. In particular the eighth volume has an excellent overview of the various Coptic dialects.

Metzger, Bruce M. Lists of Words occurring frequently in the Coptic New Testament (Sahidic

Dialect). Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1961. This is an extremely useful little book that arranges Coptic words that occur in the Sahidic New Testament by order of frequency. The student can concentrate on learning the words that he or she is most likely to encounter. Unfortunately Greek loan words are not included.

Sterling, Gregory E. Coptic Paradigms. LeuvenL Peeters, 2008.

This book provides lists of various paradigms in Coptic grammar. Timm, S. (ed.), Das christlich-koptische Ägypten in arabischer Zeit: Eine Sammlung christlicher

Stätten in Ägypten in arabischer Zeit unter Ausschluss von Alexandria, Kairo, des Apa- Mena-Klosters (Der Abu Mina), der Sketis (Wadi n-Natrun) und der Sinai-Region, ed. S. Timm. 6 volumes. Wiesbaden 1984—1992. (Tübinger Atlas zum vorderen Orient, Beihefte, Reihe B, Geisteswissenschaften, 41, 1-6). [Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag]. See: Index zu Das christlich-koptische Ägypten in arabischer Zeit (Stefan Timm), ed. K.-H. Brune, Wiesbaden 2007. (Tübinger Atlas zum vorderen Orient, Beihefte, Reihe B, Geisteswissenschaften, 41, 7). [Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag]

This set of volumes helps one find one’s way around the various geographic names in Coptic.

Websites

Coptic websites are noted for the ephemerality. Many wonderful Coptic resources have been put on the web only to vanish without a trace a few years later. Until recently most electronic resources in Coptic were not Unicode compliant and the correct font was necessary to read the Coptic.

Brussels Coptic Database: http://dev.ulb.ac.be/philo/bad/copte/baseuk.php?page=accueiluk.php

This database of Coptic documentary texts is run by Alain Delattre of the Université Libre de Bruxelles, Centre de Papyrologie et d'Épigraphie grecque. The database is not intuitive and seems to work better in the French version of the site (http://dev.ulb.ac.be/philo/bad/copte/base.php?page=accueil.php). The results of queries give the essentials of the metadata (including bibliography) but not the texts themselves. It was last updated in 2014.

20

The Coptic Network: http://www.coptic.net/CopticWeb/ This is a site associated with the Coptic Orthodox Church of Egypt. It contains information about the Coptic Church, mostly in English. It also provides links to other Coptic organizations. It was last updated in 2008 and many of the links are broken.

Coptic Scriptorium: http://copticscriptorium.org/

This site has a small corpus of orthodox Coptic text in Unicode (apothegmata patrum, some Besa and Shenoute), and also asmall electronic dictionary. It is run by Caroline T. Schroeder and is associated with the North American Patristics Society. It was last updated in 2018.

Coptica: http://www.coptica.ch/

This French site, run by Pierre Cherix of the Université de Genève, contains links to a wide variety of Coptic texts. Last updated 2018.

Koptische Abteilung Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn:

http://digitale-sammlungen.ulb.uni-bonn.de/topic/view/17261 This is a collection of digitized books in Coptic maintained by the library at the University of Bonn. There are seventy-eight books from the seventeenth through early twentieth centuries in pdf format.